J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.
(2013) 35:479–491
DOI 10.1007/s40430-013-0045-7
TECHNICAL PAPER
Development of volume of fluid methods to model free surface flow
using new advection algorithm
Mohammad Javad Ketabdari • Hassan Saghi
Received: 3 December 2011 / Accepted: 14 February 2012 / Published online: 4 July 2013
Ó The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2013
Abstract In this paper, a new advection algorithm is
presented to model free surface flows using volume of fluid
method. To model the fluid flow, Navier–Stokes equations
are solved as governing equations using two-step projec-
tion method on the Cartesian staggered grids. In the vol-
ume of fluid method, several algorithms such as flux-
corrected transport (FCT) and Youngs’ algorithms are used
to model the free surface. In these methods, for staggered
grids, fluxes to neighboring cells are estimated based on
cell face velocities. It means that fluid particles in the cell
have the same velocity of the cell faces. However, in
practice, the particles velocity varies between two adjacent
cell faces velocities. In the present research, modified
Youngs’ and flux-corrected transport methods are pre-
sented. In these methods, the velocity in mass center of
fluid cell is estimated and used to calculate cell face fluxes.
The performance of the modified schemes has been eval-
uated using a number of alternative schemes taking into
account translation, rotation, shear test and dam break on
dry bed. The results showed that the modified Youngs’
method is more accurate than the original one particularly
in coarse grid. It is also more accurate than the modified
flux-corrected transport method.
Technical Editor: Francisco Cunha.
M. J. Ketabdari (&)
Faculty of Marine Technology, Amirkabir University
of Technology, 15875-4413 Tehran, Iran
e-mail: Ketabdar@aut.ac.ir
H. Saghi
Department of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi University
of Mashhad, 91779-48974 Mashhad, Iran
e-mail: has.saghi@stu-mail.um.ac.ir
Keywords Navier–Stokes equation  Free surface flows 
Volume of fluid (VOF)  Shear test  Advection
List of symbols
t Time (s)
V Velocity vector (m2/s)
p Hydrodynamic pressure (N/m2)
m Kinematic fluid viscosity (m2/s)
g Gravity acceleration (m/s2)
F Scalar function of VOF method
Un Velocity field in old time level (m/s)
U^ Intermediate velocity field (m/s)
U nþ1 New velocity field (m/s)
convn Convection term
Diff n Diffusion term
Bn Body force including gravity acceleration
dx Mesh sizes in the x direction
dy Mesh sizes in the y direction
1 Introduction
In the numerical computations of free surface flows such as
water waves and splashing droplets, accurate representa-
tion of the interface is very important. Some researchers
used different methods such as immersed boundary, cut
cell, deformable mesh, level set and volume of fluid
methods to model interfacial flows between water–solid or
water–air (e.g. [1, 2, 4, 5, 21, 24, 28, 29, 31]. The volume
of fluid (VOF) method is a convenient and powerful tool to
model the free surface flows. In this method, the VOF
function is averaged over each computational cell and is set
as unity and zero in full fluid and empty cells, respectively.
While between these values, it presents the free surface
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Fig. 1 Definition of velocity
arrangement in MFCT method
(a)
(c)
Fig. 2 Interface orientation in a free surface (i,j) cell
cells. Using this function, the VOF method is able to model
flows with complex free surface geometries such as rising
bubbles [3] and the merging and fragmentation of the drop
[15]. In addition, in comparison with other methods, it is
remarkably economical in computational point of view. It
is due to requiring only one array for storing the VOF
function and a simple algorithm to advect the function
during each computational time step. Several volume
advection techniques were developed with the aim of
maintaining sharp interface. The more famous ones are the
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J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491
(b)
(d)
simplified line interface calculation (SLIC) method of Noh
and Woodward [20] such as SOLA-VOF [18] or its cor-
rected form as in NASA-VOF2D [30], the VOF method of
Hirt and Nichols [12] and the method of Youngs [25, 32].
VOF advection algorithm can be classified according to the
free surfaces reconstructing technique in each cell and the
method of computing boundary flux integration. Some
VOF methods represent free surface interfaces as a line
parallel to one of the grid co-ordinates which are referred to
as piecewise constant scheme. Some of them are the
methods used by Nichols et al. [18], Hirt and Nichols [12],
Torrey et al. [30] and Duff [6] where free surface interfaces
are constructed in a stair-shaped profile. The alternative
methods are known as piecewise linear schemes. They are
developed by Rider and Kothe [23], Harvie and Fletcher
[10], Harvie and Fletcher [11], Geuyffier et al. [7] and
Scardovelli and Zaleski [26, 27]. In these methods, oriented
free surface interface is in a direction perpendicular to the
locally evaluated VOF gradient. These schemes are com-
plex but more accurate than their piecewise constant
counterparts associated with more computational costs. In
this research, a new advection method in FCT and YV
methods as modified flux-corrected transport (MFCT) and
modified Youngs’ VOF (MYV) methods are presented.
J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491 481

Fig. 3 Definition of velocity

arrangement in MYVM method

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Table 1 Velocity calculation

Velocity Case Velocity of center gravity
for new arrangement in MFCT
method Horizontal velocity of a UCG ¼ U ðI;J ÞþU
2
ðI1;J Þ
mass center ðUCG Þ
b UCG ¼ U ðI;J ÞþU
2
ðI1;J Þ

c UCG ¼ 12 ½U ðI; J Þ þ U ðI  1; J Þ þ ð1  F ðI; J ÞÞ½U ðI  1; J Þ  U ðI; J Þ

d UCG ¼ 12 ½U ðI; J Þ þ U ðI  1; J Þ þ ð1  F ðI; J ÞÞ½U ðI; J Þ  U ðI  1; J Þ
Vertical velocity of mass a VCG ¼ 12 ½V ðI; J Þ þ V ðI; J  1Þ þ ð1  F ðI; J ÞÞ½V ðI; J  1Þ  V ðI; J Þ
center ðVCG Þ
b VCG ¼ 12 ½V ðI; J Þ þ V ðI; J  1Þ þ ð1  F ðI; J ÞÞ½V ðI; J Þ  V ðI; J  1Þ
c VCG ¼ V ðI;J ÞþV2 ðI;J1Þ
d VCG ¼ V ðI;J ÞþV2 ðI;J1Þ

2 Governing equations oF
þ ðmrÞF ¼ 0; ð3Þ
ot
For viscous, Newtonian and incompressible fluids, the 2D
where F has a specific value in each scalar cell as
continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations (NSE) are:
follows. Specific technique must be used to discrete
rV ¼ 0 ð1Þ Eq. 3.
oV    8
þ ðVrÞV ¼ rp=q þ r m rV þ rV T þ B: ð2Þ >
ot <1 inside water
F¼ 0 inside air : ð4Þ
To model the free surface by VOF method, a step function >
:
of F(x, y, t) is used. This function is expressed as [20]: between 0 and 1 free surface cells

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482 J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491

Table 2 Velocity calculation

Velocity Case Velocity of center gravity
for new arrangement in MYV
method Horizontal velocity of mass a UCG ¼ UðI; JÞ þ S3b ðU ðI  1; J Þ  U ðI; J ÞÞ
center ðUCG Þ
b UCG ¼ UðI; JÞ þ 3SðSr þ2S l
r þSl Þ
ðU ðI  1; J Þ  U ðI; J ÞÞ
 
c 4S2 þ4S2b 5St Sb
UCG ¼ UðI  1; JÞ þ 1  t 3ðSt þS bÞ
ðU ðI; J Þ  U ðI  1; J ÞÞ
 2

d UCG ¼ UðI; JÞ þ 1  63 3ð1St Þ ð1Sl Þ
ð1St Þð1Sl Þ ðU ðI  1; J Þ  U ðI; J ÞÞ
 Sl

Vertical velocity of mass a VCG ¼ VðI; JÞ þ 1  3 ðV ðI; J  1Þ  V ðI; J ÞÞ
center ðVCG Þ  
b 4S2 þ4S2r 5Sr Sl
VCG ¼ VðI; JÞ þ 1  l 3ðSl þS rÞ
ðV ðI; J  1Þ  V ðI; J ÞÞ
c VCG ¼ VðI; JÞ þ 3SðtSþ2S b
t þSb Þ
ðV ðI; J  1Þ  V ðI; J ÞÞ
 
d 3ð1St Þð1Sl Þð2þSl Þ
VCG ¼ VðI; JÞ þ 1  63ð1St Þð1Sl Þ ðV ðI; J  1Þ  V ðI; J ÞÞ

Fig. 4 Lid-driven cavity test:

a boundary condition, b induced
eddies

Fig. 5 Lid-driven cavity test, mesh independency for a Re = 100 and b 3,200

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J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491 483

Fig. 6 Lid-driven cavity test, comparison between results of horizontal velocity of present model and those of Ghia et al. for a Re = 1,000,
b 10,000

Fig. 7 Lid-driven cavity test, comparison between results of vertical velocity of present model and those of Ghia et al. for a Re = 1,000,
b 10,000

The present method is explicit and first order in time,

3 Solution algorithm and stability criteria whereas the order of the space discretization depends on
the scheme used for the convective terms. The velocity
In this study, two-step projection method is used to solve field must satisfy the continuity equation. Therefore, taking
the time-dependent NSE. The governing equations are the divergence of Eq. 6, the Poisson’s equation for the
discretized on a Cartesian staggered grid system [9]. The pressure is obtained:
two-step advancement algorithm is used as: 1 ^
r2 Pnþ1 ¼ rU: ð7Þ
Dt
^  Un
U
¼ convn þ Diff n þ Bn ð5Þ At first, the intermediate velocity field is obtained by
Dt
Eq. 5. Then, the pressure distribution in the new time level
U nþ1  U n is obtained using Eq. 7. In this step, the new velocity field
¼ rPnþ1 : ð6Þ
Dt is calculated using Eq. 6. The position of the free surface is

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then updated using VOF method. In this procedure, proper
selection of Dt is very effective in the accuracy of final
results. Therefore, time step was selected based on two
stability criteria as Courant and diffusion conditions,
respectively, as follows [22]:
" ! !#
Dxi Dyj
Dtc ¼ min min   ; min   ð8Þ
ui;j vi;j
2 3
16 1 7
Dtm ¼ 6  7: ð9Þ
2 4  1 2  1 2 5
me Dxi þ Dyj
Using the above-mentioned relationships, the time step
must be calculated to consider the smaller in the numerical
simulation.
4 Definition of new advection method
In solution procedure of governing equations, it is required
to store the velocity components. Staggered and collocated
grids can be used to evaluate this problem. On staggered
grids, the velocity components are stored at the cell faces
and the scalar variables such as pressure are stored at the
central nodes. However, on collocated grids, all parameters
are defined at the same location at the central nodes. The
staggered grids method gives more accurate pressure gra-
dient estimation. However, collocated grids method is
simpler for solving the equations [14]. Among developed
volume advection techniques, flux-corrected transport
(FCT) and Youngs’ VOF (Y-VOF) are used in this
research. In these methods, free surface is tracked based on
fluxes between two neighboring cells [13, 19]. In the
staggered grids, the velocity components are defined in the
cell faces. Fluxes are then estimated using these velocity
components. Flux translation is estimated as volume of
fluid passed through the cell faces with constant velocities,
while the particles of fluid between two adjacent faces have
different velocities. In this paper, new advection methods
based on velocity in the mass gravity of fluid in a cell are
developed denoted by MFCT and MYV methods to
increase the accuracy of free surface simulation.
5 Modified flux-corrected transport method
In Zalesak’s FCT method, the interface is reconstructed using
a straight line parallel to one of the co-ordinate directions. It
is a direction-split algorithm during which only cell neigh-
bors in the sweep direction are used to determine the inter-
face reconstruction. For example, the fluxes from right cell
face (Fr) shown in Fig. 1d is estimated as:
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J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491
Uði; jÞdtdy if U ði; jÞdt\Fði; jÞdx
Fr ¼ : ð10Þ
Fði; jÞdxdy if U ði; jÞdt [ Fði; jÞdx
Other fluxes are estimated similarly. In the above
formulas, the horizontal fluid particles velocity is
assumed equal to cell face velocity (U(i,j)). While in
practice, they are varied between two neighboring cell
faces velocities (U(i,j) and U(i - 1,j) in cell (i,j)). In the
developed model, fluxes are estimated based on horizontal
and vertical velocities of fluid mass center (CG). Figure 1
shows new arrangement of velocity in MFCT method.
The new equations of velocity in the mass center are
presented in Table 2. For example, horizontal velocity of
particles in Fig. 1d is estimated as:
1
UCG ¼ ½U ði; jÞ þ U ði  1; jÞ þ ð1  F ði; jÞÞ
2
 ½U ði; jÞ  U ði  1; jÞ  dt  dy: ð11Þ
Fluxes from cell faces are estimated using these new
velocities. For example, Eq. 10 is rewritten using Eq. 11
as:
UCG ði; jÞdtdy if UCG ði; jÞdt\Fði; jÞdx
Fr ¼ : ð12Þ
Fði; jÞdxdy if UCG ði; jÞdt [ Fði; jÞdx
6 Modified Youngs’ VOF method
Youngs’ method uses a more accurate interface recon-
struction than FCT method. At first, estimation is made for
the interface orientation b. The interface within a cell is
then approximated by a straight line segment with orien-
tation b as shown in Fig. 2.
Free surface cuts the cell in such a way that the frac-
tional fluid volume is given by F(i,j). The geometry of the
fluid resulting from this reconstruction is then used to
determine the fluxes through any side on which the velocity
η (cm ) MFCT methoad
6 MYV method
Nakayame and Washizu [28]
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
t (sec)
Fig. 8 Comparison between new models result and that of Nakayama
and Washizu [17]
J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491 485

Fig. 9 Numerical results of

advection test for validation of
VOF model a exact solution,
b Hirt–Nichols, c FCT,
d MFCT, e YV, f MYV

is directed out of the cell. For example, flux from right cell In the developed model, fluxes are calculated based on
face (Fr) in Fig. 3a can be estimated as: horizontal and vertical velocities of fluid cells mass center.
(   Figure 3 shows new arrangement of velocity in MYV
1
Uði; jÞdt 2  Uði;jÞdt Sr dy if Uði; jÞdt\Sb dx method.
Fr ¼ 2 S b dx :
Fði; jÞ  dx  dy if Uði; jÞdt [ Sb dx For example, fluxes from cell faces in Eq. 13 are esti-
ð13Þ mated using these new velocities as:

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486 J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491

Fig. 10 Final shape of circle

after 2,000 steps forward and
then 2,000 steps backward for
different mesh sizes using YV
and MYV methods: a,
b NX = NY = 50; c, d
NX = NY = 100; e,
f NX = NY = 200

(  
1
2  UCGSði;jÞdt 7 Model validation
2 UCG ði; jÞdt dx Sr dy if UCG ði; jÞdt\Sb dx
Fr ¼ b :
Fði; jÞ  dx  dy if UCG ði; jÞdt [ Sb dx To validate the modified models, a series of standard tests
ð14Þ such as lid-driven cavity, sloshing problem, constant uni-
The new equations of velocity in the mass center are directional velocity field, shear test and dam break over a
estimated using equations summarized in Tables 1 and 2. dry bed was carried out.

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J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491 487

Fig. 11 Final shape of circle

after 2,000 steps forward and
then 2,000 steps backward for
different mesh numbers using
FCT and MFCT methods: a,
b NX = NY = 50; c,
d NX = NY = 100; e,
f NX = NY = 200

7.1 Lid-driven cavity side walls. Due to the simplicity of the cavity geometry,
applying a numerical method on this flow problem in terms
Lid-driven cavity is the fluid flow in a rectangular container of coding is quite easy and straight forward. Despite its
which moves tangentially to itself and parallel to one of the simple geometry, the driven cavity flow retains a rich fluid

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488 J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491

Fig. 12 Results for shearing

field using YV and MYV
methods, respectively, and
NX = NY = 100: a, b After
1,000 steps forward; c, d After
2,000 steps forward; e, f After
2,000 steps forward and then
2,000 steps backward

flow physics manifested by multiple counter rotating
recirculation regions on the corners of the cavity depending
on the Reynolds number. The boundary condition and
induced eddies are shown in Fig. 4.
A sensitivity analysis is performed on mesh size. For
example, horizontal velocities for Re = 100 and 3,200
and for different mesh sizes are shown in Fig. 5. This
figure shows the mesh size independency of the
problem.
The model is then performed for various Reynolds
numbers in a range of 100–10,000. The results were
compared with those of Ghia et al. [8]. For example, the
results for Re = 1,000 and 10,000 are presented in Figs 6
and 7. The agreement between the results is good.

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J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. (2013) 35:479–491
Fig. 13 Dam breaking test, comparison of models’ results with that
of Martin and Moyce
Table 3 Comparison of SSE and SAE errors of different VOF
algorithms in dam break test
Error FCT MFCT YV
SSE 0.67 0.48 0.25
SAE 1.364 1.3 0.97
7.2 Sloshing problem
Sloshing of a liquid low amplitude wave under forced
movement is another problem to test the interfacial flow
solver. In this test, a rectangular tank with a width of 0.9 m
and a water depth of 0.6 m was exposed to a horizontal
periodic sway motion as X ¼ 0:002 sinð5:5tÞ leading to
exciting acceleration as ax ¼ 0:0605 sinð5:5tÞ. The dis-
placement of a node on the free surface in contact with
right-hand sidewall ðgÞ was calculated and compared with
those of Nakayama and Washizu [17]. The results are
presented in Fig. 8. The existence of a good agreement
between results is evident.
8 Numerical results
Herein, VOF solvers are validated by different volume-
tracking schemes using standard tests.
8.1 Constant, unidirectional velocity field
The simplest test involves advection of a geometric shape
in the computational domain. In this test, the geometric
shape should remain intact, and total amount of the fluid
within the region should be conserved. The test examined
here is a hollow box being translated by a uniform constant
velocity field. This is chosen to highlight the problem
existing in some recent methods [7]. The 2D Cartesian
region shown in Fig. 9 has dimension of 1 m 9 1 m and is
composed of equally sized cells. A square fluid blocks of
dimensions 0.1 9 0.1 m move with equal horizontal and
489
vertical velocities of 1 m/s toward the top right-hand cor-
ner of the computational domain. Figure 9 shows the fluid
position computed using the Hirt and Nichols, FCT, YV,
MFCT and MYV methods, for 0.7 s by 0.1 s time steps.
The computational time step in these calculations 1 
103 s yields a courant number of 0.1.
It is evident in these figures that the geometric shape of
the translated hollow square in modified models of MFCT
and MYM has not been improved relative to FCT and YM
models.
8.2 Shear test, the Rudman vortex
The final advection test examined in this study employs a
non-uniform vorticity field with stretch and shear free
surface interfaces as fluid is translated through the com-
MYV
putational domain. A 2D computational domain with
0.15 dimensions of 3.1 9 3.1 m composed of Nx  Ny uni-
0.81 formly sized square cells is used in the shear test. The
velocity field is specified as:
U ðx; yÞ ¼ A sinðpxÞ cosðpyÞ ð15Þ
V ðx; yÞ ¼ A cosðpxÞ sinðpyÞ; ð16Þ
which A equals 1 for first N computational time step, and
-1 for the second N time steps. The initial fluid geometry
is a circle of radius 0.2 m. Time step is selected using
courant number of 0.25 based on the maximum velocity
within the computational domain. A sensitivity analysis is
performed on the mesh sizes. The final shape of circle
after 2,000 steps forward and then 2,000 steps backward
for different mesh numbers is estimated using different
VOF methods. The results are presented in Figs. 10
and 11.
The results show that the present methods improve the
results relative to original ones for coarse grids. But they
have the same accuracy for fine grids. The results in three
steps for NX = NY = 100 and for YV and MYV methods
are presented in Fig. 12.
8.3 Dam break over a dry bed
Another test problem used for free surface case is the
collapse of water column over a dry bed. This problem was
first studied and used as benchmark by the developers of
SOLA-VOF [18]. It is a very useful benchmark providing
extreme conditions to assess the numerical stability as well
as the capability of the model to treat the free surface
problem. In this test, a square computational domain with a
length and height of 22.8 cm is set. A water column with
the width of L = 5.7 cm and height of 2L is assumed at the
left of the computational domain surrounded by walls with
no-slip boundary condition. The spatial step sizes in the
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horizontal and vertical direction are Dx ¼ Dy ¼ 0:1L. The
results were compared with the experimental data given by
Martin and Moyce [16] and shown in Fig. 13. In this figure,
X is the location of wave front in time t. It is seen that the
developed models’ result well agree with experimental
data.
To compare the results obtained using different VOF
algorithms, two error criteria as sum square error (SSE) and
sum absolute error (SAE) are used. The results are sum-
marized in Table 3.
9 Discussion and conclusion
In this research, modified volume of fluid methods based
on FCT and Youngs’ VOF algorithms denoted by MFCT
and MYV methods are presented. In these methods, for
staggered grids, fluxes to neighboring cells are estimated
based on cell face velocities. However, in practice, these
particles have a variable velocity between velocities of two
adjacent cell faces. In the developed models, the velocity in
mass center of fluid cell is estimated and used to estimate
fluxes. To validate the modified models, a series of stan-
dard tests such as lid-driven cavity, sloshing problem,
constant unidirectional velocity field, shear test and dam
break over a dry bed was carried out. The results showed
that in some cases such as constant, unidirectional velocity
field, geometric shape of the translated hollow square in
modified models of MFCT and MYM has not been
improved relative to FCT and YM models. It is due to this
fact that the velocity field is constant in this physical
problem. Therefore, velocities of mass center and cell faces
are the same. In some other cases such as Shear test, MYV
model improves the results. However, they have the same
accurate results in fine grids. In dam break test, both MYV
and MFCT methods improve the results. However, effi-
ciency of new advection method in MYV is more than
MFCT algorithm. Therefore, the MYV method is sug-
gested as a new VOF algorithm to model the free surface
problems.
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