LESSON 1A
Globalization
Three Systems and Structures
- Political Governance/Leadership
- Socio-cultural Legacy and
Transformation
- Economic Dependence and
Interdependence
Intensified Social Relations and Structures
Cyber and Digitized Information System
- Integrative Dynamic Society
- Global Society
- Fragmegrative Dynamic Society
Global Interconnections
Different Perspectives in Understanding
Globalization
- Approaches > Holistic Interconnected
Interdependence
- Economic Process
- Social Process
- Political Process
Globalization refers to the ongoing process of
increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence worldwide. Multifaceted
phenomenon characterized by the exchange of
goods, services and ideas across national
boundaries.
- Refers to the processes by which more
people across large distances become
connected (connectivity and
interconnectivity) in more different
ways.
- This happens when a country loses of
control our own system.
Technology
- Environmental Challenges
- Social Problems
- Loss of Cultural Identity
4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
TECHNOLOGIES
- Robotic
- Internet of Things
- Virtual Reality
- AI
3 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
TECHNOLOGIES
- Automation Information
- Information Communication
- Technology
INDICATORS OF GLOBALIZATION
The jet engine, the internet, e-banking, e-books,
e-bike, the LRT, MRT and other inventions of
science and technology are attributable to the
spread of globalization. These improvements
that people enjoy today in this contemporary
world have been major factors in globalization
which have generated further interdependence
in economic and cultural activities among
nations.
PROCESSES OF UNDERSTANDING
GLOBALIZATION AS A SCIENTIFIC
PHENOMENON
- Economic
- Political
- cultural
Globalization, as an economic process, refers
to the increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence of countries through the
exchange of goods, services, capital,
technology, and information on a global scale.
Globalization, as a political process, refers to
the growing interdependence and influence of
political actors, institutions, and policies on a
global scale.
Globalization, as a cultural process, refers to
the diffusion, exchange, and blending of cultural
practices, values, beliefs, ideas, and
expressions on a global scale.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
GLOBALIZATION
- There is a greater demand in business
and industry, health, engineering and
technology to have people who can
work with people of other nations and
cultures.
- There is a greater demand of promoting
the local business and industry to other
countries and if need be, owners travel
independently and internationally for a
better promotion.
- These global challenges need to be
solved as soon as possible through the
gathering and sharing of information
 across disciplines, institutions, and other
entities on a global scale.
According to Neil Kokemuller (n.d.), a writer,
globalization is the expansion of local
economies and businesses into a broader
international marketplace. Why?
- Small businesses have gotten active in
the global environment as the Internet
and mobile technology have enabled
communication across continents and
countries.
REASONS FOR GLOBALIZATION
- Rapid shrinking of time and distance
across the globe. One can easily cross
the bridge going to the other side of the
marketplace due to advanced tools of
technology than before.
- Domestic markets are no longer rich as
a consequence of many interlocking
factors.
- To reduce high transportation costs if
one goes globally using the advanced
tools of communication and information.
- To be close to raw materials and to
markets for their finished products which
are not available in the country of origin.
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
- An open economy spurs fast
innovations with fresh ideas from
abroad.
- Export jobs often pay more than other
jobs.
- Free of capital flow keeps interest rates
low.
- Living standards go up faster
- Several people lose their jobs when
companies import cheap labor or
materials or shift production abroad.
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
- A perspective that globalization is
essentially the expansion of the
capitalist system around the globe. The
Capitalist world-system originated in the
16th century, when European’s traders
established enduring connections with
Asia, Africa and America.
WORLD POLITY THEORY
-State remains an important component
of world society, but primarily attention
goes to the global cultural and
organization. All-encompassing world-
polity and its associated with world
culture, which supplies a set of cultural
rules or scripts that specify how
institutions around the world should deal
with common problems.
WORLD CULTURE THEORY
- The world culture is indeed new and
important, but less homogeneous
than world polity. Globalization
is a process of relativization. World
society thus consists of a complex set of
relationships among multiple units in the
global field.
HOMOGENOUS WORLD
- Certain activities or institutions become
global, they must displace existing local
variable activities and institutions. If
there are more linkages, global
institutions, and global values,
presumably this means that more
people will have more in common.
Reasons Why Globalization will not make the
World Homogeneous
- Cultural and political differences have
themselves become globally valid. The
notion that the people and countries are
entitled to their particularity of
distinctiveness is itself part to global
culture.
- Cultural and political differences have
themselves become globally valid.
- The notion that the people and countries
are entitled to their particularity of
uniqueness/distinctiveness is itself part
of global culture.
Is Globalization Harmful?
- Globalization may be harmful to the
well-being (fears) of individuals,
countries and cultures.
Interdisciplinary Understanding of
Globalization
Political Scientist
- Political activity increasingly takes place
at the global level. Under globalization,
politics can take place above the state
through political integration schemes
such as the European Union, the
ASEAN integration where the
Philippines is involved though
intergovernmental organizations such as
the IMF, the WB, and the WTO.
Economist
- Integration through international trade of
markets in goods and services as
reflected in variety of possible measures
(direct measures of barriers such as
tariffs and transport costs, trade
volumes and price related measures).
Sociologist
- An on-going process that involves
interconnected changes in the cultural
and social spheres. It involves the
spread and diffusion of ideologies-
values, ideas, norms, beliefs
and expectations - that foster, justify and
provide legitimacy for economic and
political globalization fueled by globally
integrated communication systems.
Historian
- Historians follow rather than lead the
way. Globalization is not new as a
phenomenon but the word itself took
hold only recently which records shows
first use in English in 1930 and shows
that usage soared suddenly in the
1990's.
LESSON 1B
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
Deterritorialization is the process through
which the constraints of physical space lose
their hold on social relations.
- The process by which capitalism
expands across the globe as powerful
economic actors seek profit in global
markets and impose their rules
everywhere.
- Also known as Neoliberalism.
- Means different things to different
people.
ROOTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalizing forces have been evolving
since the beginning of human history
(over 5,000 years).
2. Globalization began with the rise of the
modern era and the development of
capitalism; 500 years ago (Immanuel
Wallerstein).
3. Globalization became intense in the 2nd
half of the second century (post-
industrial economies and contemporary
restructuring of capitalism.
Immanuel Wallerstein (1930 – present)
- It was with the emergence of the
modern world economy in 16th century
Europe that we saw the economic
predominance of market trade.
- This was the system called capitalism.
- Capitalism and a world economy…are
observed sides of the same coin.
POWER CONTROLLED BY MNCs/TNCs
- Cheap Labor
- Capital Accumulation
- Dependency
- Exploitation of Natural Resources
- Social Problems/Rise of Social
Discontentment
World System Theory > Expansion of the
Capitalist Economy
A theory of Globalization that explains
capitalism
World-System Theory – a perspective that
globalization is essentially the expansion of the
capitalist system around the globe.
The capitalist world system originated in the
16th century when European traders/colonizers
established connections/colonies in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America.
3 TYPES OF WORLD SYSTEMS
1. WORLD EMPIRES
- Rome, Medieval China
2. WORLD ECONOMIES
- No one nation has control
3. SOCIALIST WORLD GOV’T
 - Does not/has not existed - An economic system operating along
Core Nations capitalist lines now encompasses most
- Capitalist nations/highly developed regions of the world, and economic
(finished products) motivates always have been important
Semi Peripheral Nations in creating global linkages,
- Capitalist nations globalization takes place in
Peripheral Nations many spheres for many reasons.
- Developing nations (struggling and - The economy may be a driving force in
exploited nations) export raw materials creating global change in some periods,
but its effects depend on what
Emergence of Globalization happens outside of the world market.
- Globalization has been happening for a
long time. (16th century Europe as the IMPACT TO SOCIETIES
original source.) Homogenous World
- Europeans established worldwide trade - Activities or institutions become global,
connections on their own terms, displacing existing local variable
brought their culture to different activities and institutions.
regions by settling vast areas, and - Linkages, global institutions, and global
defined the ways in which the values----- means that more people will
different people were to interact with have more in common (outcome of
each other. interconnectivity)
- Late 19th century the period of intense
globalization, when millions migrated,
trade generally expanded and new
norms (Western orientation) and
organizations came to govern
international conduct.
- the 20th-century movement of people,
goods, and finance across national
borders was at least as free and
significant as it is today. The 2nd half of
the 20th century was a significant period
of globalization in its own right.
- World War II gave globalization a new
impetus. Obscured by Cold War
divisions, the transformation of world
society – in terms of linkages,
institutions, culture, and consciousness
was nevertheless profound.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE EXPANDING

MARKET

Expanding Market
- is the process of offering a product or
service to a wider section of an existing
market or into a new demographic,
psychographic or geographic
market.