Kingfisher School of Business and Finance

Name: Shanika Joy S. Angeles Student No.: 1210013

Course: Bachelor of Science in Accountancy

Written Work No. 1: Basketball

I. History of Basketball
The game of basketball as it is known today was created
by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield,
Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold
months. Naismith was a physical education instructor at
YMCA International Training School (now known as
Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Upon the request of his boss, Naismith was tasked to
create an indoor sports game to help athletes keep in
shape in cold weather. It consisted of peach baskets and
a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new
game. He divided his class of eighteen into two teams of
nine players each and set about to teach them the basics
of his new game. The objective of the game was to
throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the
lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was
scored, the game was halted so the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball.
After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball
game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892. After basketball
became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American
National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar
enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American
culture.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_basketball#Early_history
Kingfisher School of Business and Finance

II. Equipments
● The Ball

The most important thing for training is the ball. There

are certain guidelines which one needs to follow when
buying a basketball. For practicing, one can play with
a rubber ball. For professional competitions, one needs
to use an inflated ball made of leather. Official size of
a basketball is 29.5 to 30 inches in circumference for
men’s game and 28.5 inches in circumference for women’s game.
It should weigh 18 to 22 ounces. When bounced off 6 feet from the
floor, a well inflated ball should bounce 49 to 54 inches in height.

● Shoes
One needs specialized shoes when playing basketball.
It should be able to give better support to the ankle as
compared to running shoes. The basketball shoes
should be high-tipped shoes and provide extra comfort
during a game. These shoes are specially designed to
maintain high traction on the basketball court.

● Hoop or Basket
The hoop or basket is a horizontal metallic rim, circular in
shape. This rim is attached to a net and helps one score a point.
The rim is mounted about 4 feet inside the baseline and 10 feet
above the court.

● Basketball Court
The basketball court is the next important thing for
shooting balls in this game. The court is usually made
of wooden floorboard. The court size is about 28m x
17m according to the International standards. The
National Basketball Association (NBA) regulation
states the floor dimension as 29m x 15m. The standard
court is rectangular in shape and has baskets placed on
opposite ends.
Kingfisher School of Business and Finance

● Backboard

The backboard is the rectangular board that is placed

behind the rim. It helps give better rebound to the ball.
The backboard is about 1800mm in size horizontally
and 1050mm vertically. Many times, backboards are
made of acrylic, aluminum, steel or glass.

● Shot Clock

The offense is allowed a maximum of 24 seconds to

have a ball in hand before shooting. These 24 seconds
are counted on the shot clock. If the offense fails to
shoot a ball that hits the rim, they will lose the
possession of the ball to the other team.

Source: https://sports862.wordpress.com/2017/11/15/equipments-used-in-basketball/

III. Basic Skills

● Dribbling

Dribbling is perhaps the most important basketball fundamental for all

players. This offensive skill will allow you to move up and down the court,
maneuver past defenders and execute plays. As players move up in level,
dribbling requires ball-handling skills with both hands and the ability to perform a
variety of crossovers.

● Shooting

In order to score points and be an effective offensive player in the game of

basketball, you need to be able to shoot the ball into the hoop. A proper shot
requires precise aiming, arm extension, lift from the legs, and a strong follow
through. There are different types of shots you need to learn, including layups,
free throws, and three-pointers.
Kingfisher School of Business and Finance

● Running

Running is an understandably important skill of basketball. In a full-court

game, you will find yourself running back and forth as the game quickly
transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball, running will
help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket quicker. As a defensive player,
you often will find yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during
fast breaks, to prevent an easy layup or dunk.

● Passing

Because you are on the court with four other players from your team at all
times, it is incredibly important to be able to effectively pass the ball, even if you
are not a point guard trying to accumulate assists. The three types of pass are
chest pass, bounce pass, and overhead pass.

● Jumping

Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is.
Jumping is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking
shots, fighting for an offensive rebound off of missed shots, and sometimes while
trying to catch a pass.

Source: https://www.sportsrec.com/8072917/the-five-basic-skills-of-basketball

IV. Hand Signals

Stop Clock – To stop the clock at any point in the game, the referee will
raise one hand straight over head with his palms facing out and finger tips
pointed.

Start Clock – Beginning with one hand raised above head, the start of the
clock is indicated by dropping the raised hand directly towards the floor.

Full Timeout – When an official wishes to signal for a full timeout it is

indicated by two arms spread to the sides forming a “T” shape.
Kingfisher School of Business and Finance

Thirty Second Timeout – To indicate a thirty second timeout has been called
by one of the teams, the official will take both hands and place them on top of
his shoulders with his elbows out.

Jump Ball – When both players have control over the ball at the same time,
it is indicated by both thumbs pointing upwards with arms extended.

Substitution – If a substitute player wishes to enter the game it is indicated

by having one hand facing the time keeper, raised in a “stop” manner, and
the other hand waving the substitute player into the game.

Player Control Foul (Charge) – One hand on the back of the head and the
other pointing in the opposite direction of the play indicates a charge call
has been made.

Hand Check – When a player commits a hand check foul, it is signaled by

having one arm extended in front of the chest with the fingers up, and the
other arm grabbing the wrist.

Blocking – If a defensive player commits a blocking foul the official will

have both hands, in fists, touching his hips, and his elbows in tight against
his body.

Holding – The holding signal is made by having one arm extended upwards
in front of the face, and the other hand grabbing the wrist.

Pushing – To signal a pushing foul, the official will have both hands
extended straight in front of him, with his palms facing outward.

Intentional Foul – When a player commits an intentional foul, the official

will put both arms above his head and cross them.
Kingfisher School of Business and Finance

Technical Foul – To signal a technical foul has occurred the referee will place
both his hands in front of him and put them in the formation of a letter “T”.

Double Foul – If two players have committed a foul at the same time, the
referee will put both hands, in fists, extended out towards the sides.

Illegal Hand Use – An illegal hand use foul is signaled by the official putting
both of his hands in front of him, at waist level, and grabbing one of his
wrists with the other hand.

Traveling – When a player has committed a traveling violation, the official will
signal it by placing both of his hands in front of him and moving them in a
circle.

Carrying or Palming – In order to signal a palming or carrying violation, the

referee will have one hand at the side, flipped over from palm up to palm down.

Double Dribble – The official will signal a double dribble violation has been
committed by putting both of his hands in front of him, with palms down, and
alternating them up and down, as if dribbling a basketball.

Three Seconds – The official will indicate that a player has committed a three
second violation by having three fingers raised, and the hand makes a swiping
motion back and forth at the side.

Five Seconds – In order to signal a five second violation the official will have
five fingers raised with arm extended upward.
Kingfisher School of Business and Finance

Ten Seconds – The ten second violation is shown when the official has ten
fingers raised with both arms extended upwards.

Kicking the Ball – When a player kicks the ball, the referee will have one foot
raised in front.

Two Point Basket Scored – When a two point basket is scored, the official will
extend one arm parallel to the floor and point with two fingers.

Three Point Basket Scored – The official will extend both arms directly
upwards with fingers pointed to signify that a player has scored a Three Point
Basket.

Goal Count – The referee signals a goal by raising his/her fist above the shoulder
and lowering the fist down to the waist.

Basket Does Not Count – To “wave off” a basket, or indicate it does not count
because a foul has occurred, the referee will start with both hands at the
shoulders, elbows out, and extend hands out directly towards the side.

Bonus Free Throws – When a player at the free throw line is to be awarded a
bonus free throw, the official will extend both of his arms out to his sides
completely straight and then move one up and down.

Lane Violation – If a player is shooting a free throw and a lane violation

occurs, the referee will signal it by raising one of his arms out to his side and
holding it there until the free throw is completed.

Source: https://inspirationalbasketball.com/understanding-basketball-referee-signals/