Name: __ =eme The Composition And structure Of Earth Tesson Targets: a Lesson Tartine module, you shoud be able to Raferenees cya Engineers ve iJenty the compostion and structure ofthe earth Gaceay Ft oa qceLean 2 Berine crust movements and its causes secre 2B Determine techniques on how fo make a structure ee hitps:/otusarise.corv/interior-of- the-earthy, ee ‘A. LESSON PREVIEWIREVIEW Introduction (5 mins) so frst of al this question arises in your mind that why you should study the interior of the earth? what are the benefits of understanding the basic structure of the earth? Here is the answer- Understanding the earth's interior is essential to understand the nature of changes that take place over and below the earth's surface. Pe understand a geophysical phenomenon like volcanism, earthquakes, etc. To understand the internal structure of various solar system objects. ‘To understand the evolution and present composition of the atmosphere, Future deep-sea mineral exploration et. B.MAIN LESSON Content Notes (20 mins) TTR OO Pol kom aU is made up ‘Seismic studies have shown that the structure of tf divided into three main layers as follows: ® Crust > Mantle * Core ‘The crust, mantle and core and any internal layers they may possess are distinguished fro ym each Jifferent seismic velocities. Core, mantle, and crust are divisions based on compostion oinerby ine This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATIONIL ENGINEERS c1e114: GEOLOGY FOR IVIL ENG ‘Module #2 Student Acti uN EDUCATION — Date: __— ‘schedule: ____— Section ental CRUST crust makes up less than 1 percent of Earth by mass, consisting of oceanic crust and contins D «FUR tis the outermost solid pat and a thin ayer ofthe earth with total thickness normally between 30-50 km, ntinental areas. inder the oceanic and conti sora gna igneous and + The lower layer of the crust cor + The average density of the outs + The continents are composed of lighter silicates sili have the heaver silicates—silica + magnesium (also called ‘sima’). MANTLE ‘The mantle is hot and represents about 68 percent of Earth's mass. ine portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle, + The mantle extends from Moho's discontinuity (35 km) to a depth of 2,900 km + The density of mantle is higher than the crust and varies from 3.3 to 5. + Itcontains 83 percent of the total volume and 68 percent of the total mass + The mantle has been formed largely of silicate minerals rich in iron and ma +The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are called the lithosphere. 200 km, + The upper portion of the mantle is called the asthen * The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere, It is in a solid-st * The core is separated from the mantle by the Gutenberg discontinuity CORE * The core is mostly iron metal. The core makes uf 0 I, Ip about 31% of . ras aaa 2900 km and 6400 km below the earth's curfoce Earth : an inner core and outer core with the whole core ( ‘The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. TE TT an The density of the core is higher than the mantle and vari n id varies from 5.5 to 1 There is made up of heavy material mostly constituted by nickel and ron ite Mass of core are 16% and 32% of the total volume and mass of the earth respectively ively This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION——_—_——7=~ cie114: GEOLOGY FO! ‘Module #2 Stu’ J cIVIL ENGINEERS ident Activity sheet Name: ___ ee Section: _ ‘Schedule: ______— Types of earthquakes include: TECTONIC va tectonic earthquake is one thal occurs on rocks and adjoining plates VOLCANIC sa voleanic earhquake is any earhquake that occurs in conjunction with a volcanic activity COLLAPSE ‘are small earthquakes that are caused from the explosion of rock on the surface, EXPLOSION earthquake that is the result of the detonation of & nuclear explosion. earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes called aftershocks. ‘a major earthquake by days. or in Some collapse earthquakes: an explosion earthquake is an 4 The adjustments that follow a major In addition, small earthquakes called foreshocks often precede cases, by as much as several years, ¢ CThe focus) the place within the earth where earthquake waves originate. The epicenter is the location on ‘The most probable position of the epicenter is offen assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. Intensity is a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. Whereas magnitude relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to estimate the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. Ow 4 Folds are bends in rocks that are due to compressive forces. Anticlines are upward folds, while synclines are downward and symmetrical folds. Ifthe pressure that is applied to a rock undergoing a fold is greater than the internal strength of the rock, then the rock will fracture. This is how faults are formed. © Fauts ae defined as large fractures and the displacement of rock that were once connected along a fault ine. Types of Faults * normal faults * reverse faults *« transcurrent or strike-slip faults. Epicenter Fou This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATIONGEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS 4: G cen Module #2 Student Activity ‘Sheet Name Section: schedule’ ure 4 More important changes may occur because parts of the rigid outer shell of the Earth (the lithosphere) move on top of the asthenosphere. The study of the movement of these rigid shell parts (or plates) is known as plate tectonics. The essential concept of plate tectonics is that the entire surface of the Earth is composed of a series of rigid, undeformable, thin (<150 km thick) plates, ander plates cover most of the Earth's surface, namely the Pacific Plate, the African Plate, the Indian Plate, the Eurasian Plate, the Antarctic Plate, the North and South American Plate, and the Nazca Plate. Many smaller plates exist in addition to these, such as the Caribbean Plate, which is sited at the Caribbean Sea, The plates are continuously in motion, both in relation to each other and to the Earth’s axis of rotation. > Earthquakes (also called crust movement) are vibrations caused by movements of rocks and produced by the rapid release of energy. itis any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth's rocks, Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth's crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fractureqn Ee lett: GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS ity Shee! gS PMN EDUCATION Module #2 Student Activity: Name Class number e le Date:_—— Section: Schedule’ nother set of terms based on mechanical ree layers or shells: incorporating the crust and jelding andis therefore 4 Concentric layering in the Earth can be defined using a properties which are strength and viscosity. Again there are th «The lithosphere is the outermost shell and is about 100 km thick (hv uppermost mantle) tcan support large surface loads, ike voleanoes, without yi figid. Its thickness ranges from 10-200 km. ithosphere and is 700 km thick Iti at a high temperature (C62 Temetting point). has litle strength, and can flow when stress is applied over © period of time. The asthenosphere is partially molten upper mantle material that behaves plastically and can flow. The nerated, It is the main source of magma that upper asthenosphere is the zone where magma Is ge! Tene is way to the surface during volcanic eruptions. Ithas a density higher than the crust. tis considered to be extending up to 400 km. + The asthenosphere underlies the li by farthe thickest, including most ofthe mantle and +The innermost shell is the mesosphere, which is Inosphere and more viscous than the lithosphere. extending to the core. It is more rigid than the asthe! rust rigid 5-70 km thick Lithosphere - rust & uppermost solid Mantle Mantle - Solid 1 2850 km thick Gutenburg discontinuity, Outer core - liquid, .¢, 2200 km thick Core - 6. 3470 km thick: Inner core - solid - 41270 km thick document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATIONeens i: LoGy FOR CIVIL ENGIN! ce #2 Student Activity Sheet 0 Module Class number: Name: _ ee oe Section: _ schedule: _ — = sotto, Sar ces) EARTH'S LAYERS- SEISMIC DISCONTINUITIES + Conorod Discontinuity- between upper and lower crust Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho or M discontinuity) ~ separates the crust from the mantle, its average depth being about 36 km. + Repiti Discontinuity — between the upper and lower mantle Sutenterp Discontinuity — lies between the mantle and the outer core, Below 2900 km from earth's face. + Lehman Discontinuity- between inner and outer core. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATIONENGINEERS .ge0L0cy FoR CW oa Module #2 Student Activity Sheet 4 Damage to man-made structures 4 Changos inthe flow of groundwater Impact on human and animal ife Liquefaction of sandy grou 4 Severe damage along the oceans & Landslides and m Tsunamis Ea PAW Aee TES 4 Froating foundation 4 enduum power & Shove seston & Ginmetry claprragms, and cross bracing 4 Rocking core-wall % Seismic engineering ‘Activity 1: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (15 mins + 5 mins checking) White True i the statement is true, ifnet, encircle the word that makes the statement wrong, and write the word that would make the statement current. 3 ——_kven__ 1. There are jajor plates that cover most of the Earth's surface. 1 Fon [sek 2. The thickness of plate tectonics ingaetae an TOE. ond 3. The focus is located directly below the epicenter [ij 4 The core is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovitie discontinuity ‘ymiat_Manly The Ithosphere is composed ofthe crust an ‘in 6. The adjustments that precede a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes called aftershocks. toe 7. The study of earthquakes is under structural geology. TZ[iymmeal — 8. Synclines are downward and Gasymmetiicadiolds epee — 6. EplosD earthquakes are small earthquakes that are ‘frock on the surface. on 40. Any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth's rocks is called Crust Movement Activity 2: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Question: As a Civil Engineer, what can you do to make sure that every structure that earthquake resistant? . You consiuct's “a 0 il gi ) eyo deck He on Fhe ve ver Re re ary by build avd L.A cl all as mei 3 qld pater gg etrucing He tlang} dd nnaku cute ial Ct a al Ha eeded WNT in Hate scholar paca dnd Hon ye aut mobo etd bake er rr cc cece This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATIONCIE114: GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS 2 PUINMA EDUCATION Module #2 Student Activity Sheet Name: Section, C, LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 3: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) att mpyrtant Shay Hat Shee feamet 1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today? oy Wu of herd comptionand Gruhn oy (e-cort 2) Which part of today's lesson do want to learn more about’ My 5 3). What topic was dificult for you to understand? Nic kam mica fa feck and You are done wth the session Lets rack your progress = _ [ered red rated CEE > fen fafa 16] 17] 18] 19 | 20] 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 2 FAQs 1) Can earthquakes be predicted? Answer: With the present state of scientific knowledge, itis not possible to predict earthquakes and certainly not possible to specify in advance their exact date, time and location, although Scientists have carried out research on a wide variety of attempted prediction methods 2) Where do earthquakes normally occur? Answer: Earthquakes occur all over the world; however, most occur on active faults the major tectonic plates of the earth. 90% boundaries (that represent about 10% of the Pacific Ocean, that define of the world's earthquakes occur along these plate surface of the earth). The "Ring of Fire” circiing the and including Canada's west coast, is one of the most active areas in the world. his document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION