MBurton Thesis

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF
PRIVATE COLLEGES IN DASMARIÑAS CITY, CAVITE
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE COLLEGES

IN DASMARIÑAS CITY, CAVITE
MERCY L. BURTON
INTRODUCTION
Waste is a very serious issue. The unsuitable waste disposal has been acknowledged as a
very serious problem of anthropogenic origin and the environment is slowly destructing
because of the disposal of huge quantities of waste. Rapid growth of population, urbanization,
modernization and intensifying economic activities have all subsided to generation of waste
(Singh et al., 2022).
Solid waste management relates materials produced to human activities, and the
process generally takes on to endure its effects on health, the environment and the aesthetics.
It reduces or eliminates contrary impacts on the environment and human health rather
supports economic development and enhances the quality of life. In today’s polluted world,
learning the correct methods of handling the waste generated has become essential (Marello &
Helwege, 2014). Thus, this study evaluated the extent of implementation of solid waste
management practices in selected private universities and colleges (PUCs) in Dasmarinas City,
Cavite in terms of waste reuse, waste reduction, waste collection, waste recycling, waste
treatment, and final waste disposal. This study would be significant in producing baseline data
for policy makers and PCUs management to look deeper into the problem which is
normally associated with urbanization.
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All of the methods of waste prevention and waste management oblige

public participation. Oliva as cited by Villanueva (2013) said that education is an
important component of solid waste management that should be present to
create a good program for the community. According to Baula as cited by
Punongbayan (2014), awareness complemented by participation is the key for
students to be involved in the waste management program of the schools where
effective and maintainable implementation of the proper waste management
practices could be achieved.
Human activities create waste and the amounts tend to increase as the
demand for quality of life increases. This study will give an assurance that learning
the methods of solid waste management is transferable and contributes to spread
the discipline of solid waste management practices in the community.
Statement of the Problem
Generally, the study aimed to identify the solid waste management practices of
private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite.
Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the school characteristics of private colleges in Dasmarinas City,

Cavite in terms of:
a. years of existence;
b. school population; and
c. operation hours/day?
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2. What are the percentage of solid waste generated daily by schools according
to types and volumes in terms of:
a. biodegradable waste;
b. residual waste;
c. recyclable waste; and
d. hazardous waste?
3. What are the solid management practices employed by the private colleges
for different type of solid waste in terms of:
a. storage;
b. collection and transportation;
c. disposal; and
d. waste reduction strategies?
4. What are the problems encountered by the private colleges on solid waste
management?
5. What are the solid management policies implemented by the private colleges
in Dasmarinas City, Cavite?
6. Is there a significant relationship between solid waste generated and school

characteristics in terms of:
c. Operation day/day?
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Objectives of the Study
Generally, the study was conducted in order to determine the solid waste
management of private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite.
Specifically, the study aimed:
1. To describe the school characteristics of private colleges in Dasmarinas

City,Cavite in terms of:
c. operation hours/day
2. To describe the percentage of solid waste generated daily by schools

according to types and volumes in terms of:
a. biodegradable waste
b. residual wastes;
c. recycle wastes; and
d. hazardous wastes.
3. To determine the solid waste management practices employed by the private

colleges for different type of solid wastes in terms of:
a. storage
b. collection and transportation;
c. disposal; and
d. waste reduction strategies.
4. To identify the problems encountered by the colleges on solid waste

management.
5. To identify the solid waste management policies imp[lamented by the private

colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite.
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6. To determine if there is a significant relationship between solid waste

generated and school characteristics in terms of:
c. operation hours/day.
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses for this study are:
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between years of existence and the volume of
solid waste generated by school.
Ho2: There is no significant relationship between school population and the volume of
solid waste generated by school.
Ho3: There is no significant relationship between school operation hours and the volume
of solid waste generated by school.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study would provide information about the solid waste management of
private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite. This study would be beneficial to the private colleges
as this would give insights on what best practices to employ on solid waste management. This
would further help to improve their business operation. This study would help the future
researchers who would be interested in solid waste management and might be used as their
reference data.
Lastly, the results of the study would be a great help to establish a sound solid waste
management such as the private colleges waste management practice, proper compliance of
private colleges to RA 9003 Act of 2001 which helped the students and faculty members in the
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college to be aware for their health which can be started from the simple cooperativeness to
schools’ regulations in solid waste management.
Time and Place of the Study
The study was conducted in areas of Dasmarinas City, Cavite from June 2008 to
February. The researchers conducted the study in the 20 private colleges in Dasmarinas City,
Cavite.
Scope and Limitation of Study
The study focused only on the solid waste management of private colleges in
Dasmarinas City, Cavite. The study includes the business profile of private colleges in
Dasmarinas City, Cavite which includes years of existence, school population, and operation
hours per day gathered from pollution control officers and for the verification purpose, random
students in each private college also participated in the study. The study could also be a source
if there are any questions about solid waste management in private colleges in Dasmarinas City,
Cavite.
Definition of Terms
Biodegradable is a type of waste compostable materials like grasses, food leftovers that
are capable of decaying.
Collection is not only gathering of wastes and recyclable materials but also the transport
of these materials after collection to the location where the collection vehicle was
emptied.
Composting is nature’s way of recycling. Composting biodegraded organic waste

examples are food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop
residue etc., and turns it into a valuable organic fertilizer.
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Disposal refers to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any
solid waste into any land.
Department refers to the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources.
Final Disposal generally takes place sanitary landfill which is the ultimate fate of all solid
wastes whether residential, residual or commercial.
Hazardous Waste is a waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or
environment.
Higher Education Institution (HEI) is level of education that is provided by
universities, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutes

of technology and other collegiate level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade
schools and career colleges that award academic degrees or professional certifications.
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic

substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are described as “thermal treatment”. Incineration of waste materials
converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
Landfill is a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and
covering it with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.
Local Government Unit is an administrative and political government unit subsidiary to

the national government which could itself insist on sub-units as in the case of provinces
or a municipality.
Open Dumping means a site on which any solid waste is placed, discharged, deposited,
injected, dumped or spilled so as to create a nuisance or present a threat of a release of
harmful substances into the environment or present a hazard to human health.
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Policies refers to a Republic Act 9003 and school policies in terms of solid waste
management.
Pollution Control Officer is a technical person competent in pollution and environmental

management, performing the duties and responsibilities in a particular establishment
and officially accredited by the Environment Management Bureau (EMB) Regional Office
to perform such responsibilities.
Private College is an independent school that sets its own policies and goals, and it is
privately funded. It is generally smaller than public or private universities.
Private Contractor also known as the independent contractor is a person or entity

contracted to perform work or provide services to another entity as a nonemployee. As
a result, independent contractors must pay their own Social Security and Medicare
taxes. The payer must correctly classify each payee as either an independent contractor
or employee. Another term for an independent contractor is a freelancer.
Private Higher Education Institutions refers to institutions of higher learning that are
organized under the Corporation Code and governed by special laws and the general
provision of the Code.
Recycling is the conversion of recyclable waste materials into usable or functional

materials.
Recyclable Waste refers to any material retrieved from the waste stream and free from
contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use. These may be
transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose
their identity.
Residual Waste are solid waste materials that are non-compostable and non-recyclable.
It should be disposed of ecologically through a long term disposal facility or sanitary
landfill.
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Solid Waste refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous

institutional and industrial waste, street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural
waste and other non-hazardous and non-toxic solid waste.
Solid Waste Management refers to the discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid
waste in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health,
conservation and other environmental considerations.
Storage means a garbage can, dumpster or other container used or designed for the
deposit or storage of solid waste before transport to the landfill.
Transportation is the movement of waste over a specific area by trains, tanker, trucks,
barges, or other vehicles.
Waste Reduction is a set of processes and practices intended to reduce the amount of
waste produced by reducing or eliminating the generation of harmful and persistent
wastes, waste minimization supports efforts to promote a more sustainable society.
Waste Segregation is the process by which waste is separated into different elements.
From biodegradable waste, non-recyclable waste, and hazardous waste.
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Conceptual Framework
The school profile of private colleges which include the years of existence, school
reputation and school operation were the independent variables and the volume of
waste generated by schools per day was the dependent variables.
Figure 1 shows the relationship between school profile and volume of waste
generated daily by the private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite towards solid waste
management.
Volume of waste Solid Waste

School Characteristics generated by schools Management
per day
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the relationship between school characteristics and

volume waste generated by schools per day towards solid waste management.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter focuses on different literature gathered from various sources to support
and further understand the study. These are solid waste management, 3Rs. Philippine solid
waste management, international solid waste management, private colleges, waste
characterization and waste management practices in colleges, problems encountered and
Republic Act No. 9003.
Solid Waste Management
Solid waste, in form, is a problem that must be properly managed. Every one of us
knows that garbage is harmful, so we need to dispose of our garbage properly (Smyth et al.
2010). Proper waste disposal is of great importance to both rural and urban areas. Not doing
this may bring us to danger in many ways and surely everybody knows this. Time and again,
people are always being educated about of waste but then this process should not stop because
every now and then, people forget (Pamplona et al., 2015)
Based on the solid wastes generation data and the perceived solid waste management
practices of the employees’, the researchers drew a proposed institutional solid waste
management flowchart. It will suggest that the waste generation will be collected by the
maintenance team three to four times daily. Depending on the amount of solid wastes
generated by offices and classrooms. Color coding bins must be installed for practicing solid
waste segregation, collection can be easier and much time energy can be saved. Providing a
storage area for collected waste was necessary to avoid filling up the temporary landfill
provided by the school which was located at the back of the campus. Collection of solid wastes
will become organized since it is already segregated and packed. Solid wastes for transfer and
transport may be collected by the municipal or barangay solid waste council while the
high-value solid waste were processed for recovery and other means of solid wastes reusing and
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recycling technique. Final disposal of the campus solid wastes will become organized and will
lead to sustainable solid waste management practices. (Pamplona et al., 2015).
Solid waste management has been an integral part of every human. The approaches of
SWM should be compatible with the nature of a given society, and, in this regard, Asian
countries are no exception (Shekdar, 2009). However, Asnani (2006) defined solid waste
management as the basic essential services provided by the municipal authorities in the country
to keep urban centers clean. However, it is among the most poorly rendered services in
the-basket. The systems applied are unscientific, outdated and inefficient; population coverage
is low; and the poor are marginalized. Comprehensive solid waste management programs are of
the greatest challenges to achieving campus sustainability. (Smyth, 210).
In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid wastes
generated by human activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster,
such as general domestic garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging
from other emergency supplies, rubble resulting from the disaster; mud slurry deposited by the
natural disaster; and fallen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other
specialist wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also
need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note (World Health
Organization, 2011)
Takele Tadesse (20040 gave another point of view about solid waste. Solid wastes are all
the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as
useless or unwanted. The term solid waste as used in this text is all-inclusive, encompassing the
heterogeneous mass of throwaways from the urban community as well as the more
homogeneous accumulation of agricultural, industrial, and mineral wastes. Because of their
intrinsic properties, discarded waste materials are often reusable and may be as a resource in
another setting. Integrated solid waste management is the term applied to all of the activities
associated with the management of the community’s waste. The basic goal of solid waste
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management is to manage community waste in a manner that meets public health and
environmental concerns and the public’s desire to reuse and recycle waste material. Solid waste
management in the urban area of Ethiopia is under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Division of
Health;. All municipalities (except Addis Ababa) and certified urban centers are mandated by
Proc. No. 206 of 1981 to provide, maintain and supervise environmental health services along
with their other activities in their municipalities and urban centers. Thus, solid waste
management services are the responsibilities of these municipalities and urban centers. Most of
them have no institutional setup and resources for discharging their duties effectively. This
aggravated by the low priority usually accorded to sanitation activities.
Solid waste has emerged as the most visible environmental priority in the cities and
rises, while collection efficiencies are dropping as service levels deteriorate. Treatment and
disposal facilities are facing closure because of improper waste management also known as
“Pekash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga”. The ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage
anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage facilities; dumping of unclean
and not segregated waste at the redemption/center; discharging human feces along the creeks
and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and
establishments; and burning garbage particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires
residents to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles,
plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly
segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special wastes will be
brought to the material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed
of in coordination with concerned government agencies according to prescribed methods. The
local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable, and non-biodegradable
waste material from the material recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is
scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).
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3R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
The Environmental Protection Agency has determined three tiered approaches for
managing solid waste. Each of these used to be practiced to reduce the amount of material
headed for final disposal.
They are in order of importance:
Reduce, the best way to manage solid waste. Do not create waste in the first place! Buy
only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable
items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that
you use often.
Reuse, the better to manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they
are completely worn out.
Recycle, a good way to manage solid waste. Recycle means taking something old and
making it into something new. In Seminole country, all residents who live in a single family
home can recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or
condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers,
plastic bottles, green, clear and brown, glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all
be recycled at the curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That’s it; it’s very simple
and very worthwhile. Not only does it keep items out of landfill, recycling conserves natural
resources (Seminole Government, 2012). Solid wastes may be recycled into useful products.
Nowadays, as reported by Guzman et al., (2010), recyclable materials recovered from municipal
refuse. Many municipalities require that those who generate solid wastes must separate and
keep bottles, cans, newspaper, cardboards and other recyclable items. Special trucks pick these
wastes and transfer them to the recycling facilities.
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Philippine Solid Waste Management
Philippine solid waste (2017) study shows that solid waste management remains a major
challenge in the Philippines especially in urban areas like Metro Manila. Improper waste
disposal, inefficient waste collection and lack of disposal facilities are among the dominant
concerns in the country’s solid waste management. Unless these are addressed, the waste
generated from various sources will continually lead to health hazards and serious
environmental impacts such as ground and water contamination, flooding, air pollution and
spread of diseases.
The Philippines’ waste generation continues to arise with the increase in population,
improvement of living standards, rapid economic growth, and industrialization especially in
urban areas. The NSCWMC calculated that from 37, 427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s
waste generation steadily increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated capita waste
generation of 04.0 kilograms per day for both urban and rural. The National Capital Region
(NCR), as expected, generated the biggest volume of wastes for the past five years due to its
population size, bigger numbers of establishments and modernized lifestyle. With an estimated
population of 12 million people, Metropolitan Manila generated 9,212.92 tons per day of
wastes in 2016. It is followed by Region 4A with waste generation of 4,440.15 tons per day
(11.08 %) and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day (9.70 %) (Normal Solid Management
Commission)
Solid wastes are generated from residential, commercial, industrial and institutional
sources. Residential accounts for more than half (57 %) of the total solid wastes (e. g. kitchen
scraps, yard waste, paper and cardboards, glass, bottles, etc.) Wastes from commercial sources,
which include commercial establishments and private/public markets, accounts for 27 percent.
Waste from institutional sources such as government offices, educational and medical
institutions accounts for about 12 percent while the remaining 4 percent waste is coming from
the industrial or manufacturing sector (National Solid Waste Commission).
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The country’s solid waste typically contains more organic components than other
materials. According to NSWMC, disposed waste is dominated by biodegradable waste with 53
percent, followed by recyclable waste which accounts for 29 percent and residual at 18 percent.
Biodegradable wastes come mostly from food waste and yard wastes include plastic packaging
wastes, metals, glass, textile, leather and rubber. The significant shares of biodegradables and
recyclables indicate that composting and recycling have great potential in reducing solid wastes.
International Solid Waste Management
A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with
sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of
Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning SWM in Mysore was obtained
through questionnaires, individual field visits, interacting with people and authentic records of
municipal corporations. Photographic evidence was also made about generation, storage,
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This study reveals the present
system of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mysore City is not satisfactory based on
Municipal Solid Waste Management and handling rules 2000 (Chandra et al, 2009).
This study highlights the result of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid
waste practices of waste generators, and the extent of their compliance with the republic Act
90003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The study was
conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007. The findings of this study served as the basis in
developing a handbook on solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).
Open Dumps. As reported by Cunningham and Cunningham (2006), often, the way
people dispose of waste by simply dropping it in some places. Open unregulated dumps are still
the predominant method of waste disposal in most developing countries. The giant third world
megacities have an enormous garbage problem.
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Incineration. This could be a process of burning wastes to generate electricity. This
process is considered harmful to the environment as it adds a lot of emission to the atmosphere
making the already fast speed scale of global warming escalate even further (Guzman et al.,
2010). Recycling solid waste may be recycled into useful products. Nowadays, as reported by
Guzman et al., (2010). Recyclable materials recovered from municipal refuse. Many
municipalities require that those who generate solid wastes must separate and keep bottles,
cans, newspaper, cardboards and other recyclable items. Special trucks pick up these wastes
and transfer them to the recycling facilities. Burning wastes in cities that do not have enough
and available for landfills, controlled burning of wastes at high temperature to produce steam
and ash is a preferred waste disposal technique. Combustion reduces significantly the volume of
wastes to be disposed. Moreover, solid wastes can provide for a continuously available source
for generating energy through combustion. This energy can be channeled into useful purpose
(Debashree, 2012).
Composting. Biodegradable wastes can be transformed into fertilizer or soil conditioner
in the form of compost. Compost is a humus-like material that usually results from the aerobic
biological stabilization of the organic materials in solid wastes. The operation is preparing the
refuse and degrade organic matter by aerobic microorganism. The refuse is pre-sorted to
remove materials that might has a salvage value cannot be composted, then it is ground to
improve efficiency of the decomposition process. This can be a soil conditioner and a fertilizer
for flower heads, vegetable gardens, trees and shrubs (Guzman et al., 2010) Burning wastes. In
cities that do not have enough land available for landfills, controlled burning of wastes at high
temperatures to produce steam and ash is a preferred waste disposal technique. Combustion
significantly reduces the volume of wastes to be disposed of. Moreover, solid waste can provide
for a continuously available and alternative source for generating energy through combustion.
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This energy can be channeled into useful purposes (Debashree, 2012). Open dumps as
reported by Cunningham and Cunningham (2006), often, the way people dispose of waste is to
simply drop it in some places. Open, unregulated dumps are still the predominant method of
waste disposal in most disposal in most developing countries. The giant third world megacities
have an enormous garbage problem.
Source Reduction. According to Cunningham and Saigo (2003), the most fundamental
way to reduce waste is prevent it from becoming waste in the first place. Source reduction
means using less materials when making a product or converting from heavy packaging
materials to lightweight ones. Some packaging materials are converted to lightweight aluminum
and plastic and reducing the thickness of packaging, thus reducing the amount of packaging
wastes. In 2003, plastic milk jugs weigh half of what they weighed when they were first
introduced. On an individual level, one can reduce the amount of wastes generated. Every
personal commitment accumulates results of a significant reduction of municipal solid wastes.
Private Colleges
A private college is an independent school that sets its own policy and goals and is
privately funded. Public colleges are generally smaller than public or private universities. A
private university is simply a university whose funding comes from tuition, investments, and
private donors, not from taxpayers (Grove, 2018). The average enrolment of private colleges is
only 2,000 students. Private universities by contrast can have over 30,000 students (Petersons,
2017) Schools accumulate tons of waste from papers and computers to food and Books. Sharing
knowledge on proper waste management in schools will influence positive change within
schools leading to healthy environments. Every school has a legal duty to ensure that that an
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efficient school waste management system in place, aiming to reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Increasingly, schools are being viewed as role models for eco-friendly waste management and
this is somewhat tough responsibility must be addressed appropriately by every school
(Environmental Management Agency, 2015).
Assessing waste production in schools highlights the contribution of school children and
school staff to the total amount of waste generated in region, as well as any poor practices of
recycling (the so-called separate collection of waste) in schools by the students, which could be
improved through educational activities. Educating young people regarding the importance of
environmental issues is essential, since instilling the right behavior in school children is also
beneficial to the behavior of their families. This way waste management was carried out in
different schools in Trento (northern Italy) was analyzed: a primary school, a secondary school,
and three high schools were taken as cases of study. The possible influence of the age of the
students and of the various activities carried out within the schools on the different behaviors in
separating waste was also evaluated. The results showed that the production of waste did not
only depend on the size of the institutes and the number of occupants, but especially on the
type of activities carried out in addition to the ordinary classes and on the habits of both pupils
and staff. In the light of the result obtained, some corrective measures were proposed to
schools, and aimed at increasing the awareness of the importance of the right behavior in waste
management by students and the application of good practices of good recycling (Dewil, 2016).
Higher education institution can be considered as a key growth in low and
middle-income earning countries like the Philippines. With the rise of other countries in the East
Asia Pacific Region, the way for middle income earners to catch up and climb the ladder is to
invest on its productivity. Higher education is a critical point in this countries, this can add up to
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the skills of individuals that will lead to an increase in their productivity. Individuals having years
of high education tend to have higher scores in a skill competency tests compare to those who
have fewer years in education.
Higher education institution provides the skill enough for an increase in productivity and
to be able to compete in the global scheme. Moreover, quality is more important than quantity.
The idea of producing these individuals with skills is a good jumpstart but having just too many
is bad (Gropello, et al, 2012).
Waste Characterization and Waste Management Practices in Colleges
Waste audits or waste characterization is a step in determining how much food, plastic,
and solid waste is discarded in the school’s waste stream. The audit typically involves collecting,
sorting, counting, and weighing schools’ generated waste. Finalized audits can show school
districts how to plan for new waste production strategies, set up recycling programs, and
conserve funding and other resources (CalRecycle Reduce Waste in Schools, 2008).
Gakungu (2012) undertook a study on solid waste management in Public Technical
Training Institutions in Kenya. Specifically the study sought to assess the Generation, collection
and disposal of solid waste. It was established that 29 institutions generate 23 tons of waste per
week. The amount of waste generated at each institution was directly related to the number of
students. The type and amount of waste would be predicted and hence the management of the
waste was planned for. It was also established that the students are the main generators of
waste. However, there was adequate awareness among students on the need for a clean
environment and their responsibility in ensuring this is achieved. The quantities of waste
measured on site gave the first indication of an individual institution’s inability to effectively
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manage waste. Smaller quantities were interpreted to be indicators of continuous collection
and disposal. Analysis of results indicated that all the institutions evaluated, collected and
disposed of solid waste from their institutions without involving the local authorities, where the
institutions are located in handling the solid waste. Ineffectiveness of the institution in
collecting and disposing of the waste can therefore be attributed to the institutions only and not
any other agent. The results of data analysis indicated that all the institutions disposed of their
waste in open disposal sites. That waste then was left to decompose or burnt. Decomposing of
waste, as a Waste management practice, has the limitation of providing a good breeding Place
for vectors such as flies and rats. There also the danger of water pollution when leachate from
the dump sites enter surface water or groundwater resources. Uncontrolled burning which is
also the most favored practice for disposing of solid waste is associated with air pollution
within the institutions and beyond. These solid waste management practices were causing
environmental degradation with the institution and their immediate localities. The study
recommended the use of landfills instead of open dumping. When properly managed, landfills
are relatively inexpensive method of disposing waste in way that minimizes their impact on local
environment.
Bailey, et al., (2015) carried out a study on recycling as waste management practice at
the University of West Indies, Cave Hills Campus, Barbados. It specifically focused on the
attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of the university staffs and students towards waste
management. The research findings indicated that the main motivators for recycling were to
maintain cleanliness within the campus and to generate income as well as protect natural
resources on which tourism, a key sector in the economy of Barbados, is dependent. The key
barriers to recycling were: lack of motivation among staff, possibly due to the perception that
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there were no direct benefits; high bin contamination levels and overflowing recycle bins, as
well as lack of knowledge regarding the benefits of recycling. Another major finding from the
study was that the plastic bin category recorded the highest contamination levels while the
glass category recorded the lowest. Additionally, it was noted that bins located in ‘high traffic
areas’ experienced higher level of contamination than bins located in ‘low traffic areas’. At the
time of study the major waste management challenges affecting the University of West Indies
and Barbados as a whole was limited financial resources. The study concluded that improved
recycling not only enhance the environment on campus, and generate income but would also
benefit the community and country by reducing resource consumption band minimizing the
negative impacts of waste on the natural environment. It recommended the need for education
and awareness creation as well as strategies to minimize contamination levels.
Although relevant, Bailey (2015) study focuses only on recycling as a waste management
practice and ignore other practices. Furthermore, it is only based in one campus of the
University of West Indies and therefore its findings and conclusion might not reflect the current
situation in the university. The current study is more comprehensive as it focuses on all waste
management practices in all the Campuses of the University of Nairobi.
Smyth (2010) conducted study to determine the amount and composition of waste
generated within the Prince George campus of the University of Northern British Columbia
(UNBC). The study was further aimed at providing recommendations to senior university
administration on strategies for waste minimization, higher of recycling and composting and
improving the overall sustainability of the campus waste management program. The study
findings showed that during the 2007-2008 academic year, the Prince George Campus produced
between 1.2 to 2.2 metric tons of waste per week, of which more than 70% could have been
diverted through waste reduction, recycling and composting activities. Paper and paper
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products, disposable drink containers and compostable organic material represented three of
the most significant material types for targeted waste reduction and recycling efforts. The study
suggested various educational and policy techniques, which may be used to promote campus
community waste minimization behavior in the long term. These include information
dissemination, replacement of poorly labeled and unevenly distributed waste receptacles,
packaging surcharges to change consumer behavior and the use of financial incentives. The
findings of this study provide a basis of comparison with the current study.
Waste Generation
Carolina Armijo de Vega et al., (2008) study that the waste generated in administration
and academic buildings in one university in Carolina, the larger proportion is presented by paper
of which 33% is potentially recyclable. This percentage could be higher if, from the moment it is
generated, paper did not mix other waste such as leftover food, which contaminate paper
making it unfit for sale to recyclers. It is important to point out that, besides it’s recycling
potential waste such as paper has high reduction potential. For example, white paper found
in the UABC waste had been used in most cases only on one side of the sheet, which shows that
the reuse of paper I UABC is practically non-existent. Sanitary waste was the second largest
component in the waste generated in buildings. Due to its nature, this type of waste cannot be
recycled or reused; nevertheless, strategies can be devised to create awareness to reduce the
waste of sanitary nature.
LPU-Laguna is composed of three main buildings with detached gym and Huge entrance
pavilion. It also has spacious parking lots and a soccer field. The maintenance team is collecting
all solid waste generated by all classrooms, offices, and school vicinity. They are using a
collecting container and this was the basis used by the researcher to estimate the solid waste
23
generation of the campus . Researcher spent three consecutive days to estimate the average
daily frequency of solid waste collection. The data gathered were also the basis for weekly and
monthly projection of solid waste generation. Among the area of the campus, PHL building has
the highest solid waste generated with an average of eight collecting containers daily, giving a
projections for weekly and 208 for monthly containers respectively. PHL building is housing the
Campus Cafeteria, College of Arts and Sciences, College of Engineering, and College of Allied
Medicine Offices, Palestra Consortio Office, Guidance and Testing Center, and the Graduate
School. The Capital Market and the Library are also found in the building as well as some
classrooms and laboratories. The high solid waste generated can be attributed to the presence
of the cafeteria which is frequently visited by the students, faculty, and staff. PHL building was
the highest solid waste contributor with 30.73% of total solid waste generation of LPU-Laguna.
(Pamplona et al., (2016). While Taghizadeh et al., (2012) study reveals that the daily generation
of Solid waste in the main campus of University of Tabriz is around 2.5 tons, 80% of which can
be reduced, recycled or composted. The percentages of wastes that are compostable or
recyclables are 45% and 37% respectively. Various educational and practical strategies, for the
management and reuse of wastes that could be used were discussed. The result shows that
compost production from the organic wastes is the best strategy for solid waste management
within the University of Tabriz campus.
Various estimates have been made on the quantity of solid waste generated and
collected per person per day. The amount of solid waste collected is estimated to be 2.7
kg/capita/day, of which about 0.6 kg is residential. Averages are subject to adjustment
depending on many factors: time of the year, habits, education, an economic status of the
people; number and type of commercial industrial operations; whether or urban or rural area;
24
and location. Each community should be studied and actual weighing made to obtain
representative information for design purposes. Community wastes are not expected to exceed
1000kg/capita/year. With the emphasis placed on source reduction such as less packaging,
waste recovery and recycling such as of papers, metals, cans, and glass the amount of solid
waste requiring disposal is reduced. The volume occupied by solid waste under certain
conditions determines the number and size or type of refuse containers, collection vehicles,
and transfer stations Transportation systems and land requirements for disposal are also
affected (Tadesse, 2004).
Environment Monitor (2001) reveals that there are ten million tons of Municipal solid
waste was generated in 2000. Waste generation rates are affected by socio-economic
development, degree of industrialization, and climate. Generally, the greater a country’s
economic prosperity and the larger its urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste
generated. It is estimated that in 2000, the 76 million Filipinos generated over ten million tons
of municipal solid waste and this is expected to increase by 40 percent during the current
decade. Metro Manila accounts for a quarter of the national waste generation… Metro Manila
produces about 2.5 million tons/year or a quarter of the country’s generated waste as a whole.
The generation rate in Manila has grown 4.5 percent annually in the last four years. It has been
estimated that people living in urban areas including Metro Manila produces between 0.5-07
kg/day, while those in rural areas generated 0.5 kg/person/day. These values are comparable to
other lower middle income countries. Metro Manila currently is a major contributor to national
GDP, and therefore, has the highest consumption rates and consequent waste generation.
Eventually, as the rest of the country develops. Metro Manila’s share will begin to decline as
other urban centers generate more waste.
25
Problems Encountered
According to the study of Rada et al., (2016) schools with adequate material is not
sufficient to obtain satisfactory rates SC yields. The conscious Involvement of all the people
working and studying inside schools is much more important. The during the weeks of analysis,
several critical issues were identified, such as: the presence of bins without clear instructions (or
no instructions at all) of the bins dedicated to a particular fraction of waste (e. g., in the
courtyard of school C, there was no bin for lightweight packaging); the lack of attention in
correctly separating waste by teachers and school staff, who should give examples of the correct
behavior; the lack of regular emptying of bins located inside the classrooms, especially in
school; incorrect application of the SC by the students, due to carelessness or lack of
information; the presence of additional waste fractions that could be collected separately (e. g.,
glass in school C) and which are instead disposed of as residual fraction. However, I these cases,
the real value in activating a dedicated SC must be assessed.
The study of Susan Atieno Aseto (2016) sought to establish the challenges faced by the
University of Nairobi in managing the waste it generates. Majority of the respondents felt that
the study area faces challenges in managing its waste. Only 29.12% of the respondents
indicated that the study did not face any challenges in waste management. Accordingly, lack of
sufficient waste containers is a major challenge to solid waste management in the study area.
The respondents indicated that in most instances, the few waste containers available were not
evenly spread out thus hampering waste disposal efforts. It was also noted that the volume of
waste generated has increased overtime due to mainly increased student population. Ignorance
by the students and staff was the other major challenge of waste management. It was evident
during data collection that the study respondents did not be aware of sustainable waste
26
management practices of source reduction, reuse and recycling. For instance, the application of
source reduction practice in the use of water is likely to reduce the amount of waste generated
and reduced costs. Furthermore, there are opportunities for wastewater reuse and recycling,
for instance in general cleaning and in toilet cisterns. The three major to waste management in
the study area namely, lack of sufficient waste containers, high volumes of waste generated and
ignorance by staff and students together accounted for 87.21% of the responses, thus signifying
the significance of these challenges. On the other hand, lack of waste segregation facilities and
low motivation to sustainably manage waste were mentioned by only 6.85% and 5.94%,
respectively of the total responses.
Republic Act No. 9003
An act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the
necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and
providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes.
Declaration of Policies
It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management program which shall:
(a ) Ensure the protection of public health environment;
(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable
resources and encourage resources conservation and recovery;
(c) Ste guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through
source and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery,
green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate
and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecological
27
sustainable development principles;
(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment, and disposal
of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in
ecological waste management excluding incineration;
(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste
management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement
and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.
(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;
(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local
government units establishing a cooperative effort with the national government, other local
government units, non-government organizations, and private sector.
(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the
application of market-based instruments;
(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of
national and local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and
(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource
conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal
education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.
Waste Characterization
For the initial source reduction and recycling element of a local waste management plan,
the LGU waste characterization component shall identify the constituent materials which
comprise the solid waste generated within the jurisdiction of the LGU. The information shall be
representative of the solid waste generated and disposed within that area.
The constituent materials shall be identified by volume, percentage in weight or its
28
volumetric equivalent, material type, and source of generation which includes residential,
commercial, industrial governmental or other sources. Future revision of waste characterization
studies shall identify the constituent materials which comprise the solid waste disposed of at
permitted facilities.
Collection and Transfer
The plan shall take into account the geographic subdivisions to define the coverage of
the solid waste collection area in every barangay. The barangay shall be responsible for ensuring
that a 100% collection efficiency from residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural
resources, where necessary within its area of coverage is achieved. Toward this end, the plan
shall define and identify the specific strategies and activities to be undertaken by its component
barangays, taking into account the following concerns:
(1) Availability and provision of property designed containers or receptacles in selected
collection points for the temporary storage of solid waste while awaiting collection and transfer
to processing sites or final disposal sites,
(2) Segregation of different types of solid waste for reuse, recycling and Composting;
(3) Hauling and transfer of solid waste from source or collection points to processing
sites or final disposal sites; Issuance and enforcement of ordinances to effectively implement a
collection system in the barangay; and Provision of properly trained officers and workers to
handle solid waste disposal. The plan shall define and specify the methods and systems for the
transfer of solid waste from specific collection points to solid waste management facilities Solid
waste facility capacity and final disposal The solid waste facility component shall include, but
shall not be limited to, a projection of the amount of disposal capacity needed to accommodate
the solid waste generated, reduced by the following: Implementation of source reduction,
recycling, and composting programs required in this Section or through implementation of
other waste diversion activities pursuant to Section 20 of this Act; Any permitted disposal
29
facility which will be available during the 10-year planning period; and All disposal capacity
which has been secured through an agreement with another LGU, or through an agreement
with a solid waste enterprise. The plan shall identify existing and proposed disposal sites and
waste management facilities in the city or municipality or in other areas. The plan shall specify
the strategies for the efficient disposal of waste through existing disposal facilities and the
identification of prospective sites for future use. The selection and development of disposal
sites shall be made on the basis of internationally accepted standards and on the guidelines set
in Sections 41 and 42 of this Act. Strategies shall be included to improve said existing sites to
reduce adverse impact on health and the environment, and to extend life span and capacity.
The plan shall clearly define projections for future disposal site requirements and the estimated
cost for these efforts. Open dump sites shall not be allowed as final disposal sites. If an open
dump site is existing within the city or municipality, the plan shall make provisions for its closure
or eventual phase out within the period specified under the framework and pursuant to the
provisions under Section 37 of this Act. As an alternative, sanitary landfill sites shall be
developed and operated as a final disposal site for solid and, eventually, residual wastes of a
municipality or city or a cluster of municipalities and/or cities. Sanitary landfills shall be
designed and operated in accordance with the guidelines set under Sections 40 and 41 of this
Act.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the process and methods that the researchers followed to attain
the objectives of the study. The study was conducted in areas of Dasmari?as City, Cavite. The
respondents are the pollution control officer and a selected number of students in each private
college of Dasmariñas City, Cavite.
30
Research Design
Descriptive and correlation methods were utilized since the researchers aimed to
describe and discuss the solid waste management in transitions using questionnaires in the
study of solid waste management of private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite. Descriptive
research is used as a tool to organize data into patterns that materialized during analysis. This
often used visual aids such as graphs and charts to support the reader. Descriptive research may
be used to explore relationships between two or more variables. A correlational study is also
used where a researcher seeks to understand what kind of relationships naturally occurring
variables have with one another.
Sources of Data
The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data in this study were
gathered through a survey questionnaire in private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. The
primary data gathered from the PCO are the school characteristics, solid waste management
practices of private colleges, and problems encountered and policies of private colleges. While
the data gathered from students are profiles of respondents, solid waste management practices
of private colleges and problems encountered and policies of private colleges. The secondary
data is the list of private colleges obtained from College on Higher Education (CHED).
Participants of the Study
The participant schools of the study were 20 private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite.
The participants were the pollution control officers (PCO) or the person in charge of solid waste
management practices of the college. There was also a participation of 200 students divided
proportionally in the number of private colleges to make the study more reliable.
31
This study also used the z-score formula to determine the sample size of the students
and divided it proportionally by the number of private colleges in Cavite.
The formula for z-score is:
n = - Z2 /e2 (p (1-p))
where:
Z=value of z-score
p = estimated proportion
e = proportionality error
n = sample size
Computation:
n=(1.96)2( 0. 7 )2((0.05 (1 - 0.05))
n =-((0.0049)3.8416)(0.05 ) (0.05)
n = 784 (0.05 ) (0.05)
n = 196
where:
Z = 1.96
p = 0.5
e = 0.7
32
n = sample size
Sampling Technique
There searchers used purposive sampling technique which involves the nonrandom
selection of elements based on the researcher's perception and knowledge about the
population, which would be also useful when a group of experts are desire to validate research
information, which is used to choose a total enumeration of pollution control officer in private
colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. The purposive sampling technique is a type of
non-probability sampling that is most effective when one needs to study a certain cultural
domain with knowledgeable experts within. Purposive sampling may also be used with both
qualitative and quantitative research techniques.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers presented a letter of request to collect the necessary information to

each private college in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. A survey questionnaire was used to gather the
information and it was used as the source of primary data. The questionnaire for the pollution
control officer was divided into three parts. The first part was to identify the school
characteristics, which included the name of the school, years of existence, school population,
and operating hours. The second part determined the solid waste management practices of the
college which included the generation of waste, storage, collection and transportation, disposal
and waste reduction strategies. Last part was the problems encountered and policies compiled
by private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite.
For the verification purpose, the questionnaire of the selected number of students was
divided into three parts. The first part was to identify the basic profile of the respondent which
included the name of the respondent (optional), and the name of school. The second part was
33
the solid waste management practices of the college which included the storage and waste
reduction strategies. Last part was the problems encountered and policies compiled by private
colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite.
Their responses were evaluated and interpreted through the use of statistical tools and
Likert scale to derive the results of the study.
Data Analysis
To obtain and analyze the results of the study, researchers used descriptive statistical
tools.
Frequency count was used in presenting the students, private colleges involved SWM in
Dasmariñas City, Cavite and it was used in presenting the waste reduction strategy. Next,
frequency count and rank was used to present the type of waste generated by the private
colleges. Likewise, frequency count and percentage were used to present the volume of waste
generated daily by the private colleges and it were also used in presenting the solid waste
management practices employed by the private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. In addition,
also the frequency count and percentage were used to identify the problems encountered by
private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite.
Lastly, Likert scale was used in order to determine the degree of implementation of
policies, procedures and regulations of private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. The Likert
scale is composed of three practices, each composed of sub-practices consisting of two to four
statements and should be answered using the scale of 1-5 (5 - highly implemented , 4 -
moderately implemented, 3 - occasionally implemented, 2 - poorly implemented, and 1 - not
implemented). After identifying the averages of each statement, the general mean of the three
practices was computed to determine the degree of implementation of policies, procedures and
regulations of private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. The frequency of the statement was
measured on the basis of a five-point scale presented in Table 1.
34
Table 1. Parameters for the degree of implementation of policies in private colleges IN

Dasmariñas City, Cavite
MEAN VERBAL QUALITATIVE

RANGE INTERPRETATION DESCRIPTION
4.20 - 5.00 Highly Implemented Private colleges always

compiled with the policies
from Republic Act 9003 Sec 2
3.40 - 4.19 Moderately Implemented Private colleges always

2.90 - 3.39 Occasionally Implemented Private colleges always

1.80 - 2.89 Poorly Implemented Private colleges always

1.00 - 1.79 Not Implemented Private colleges always

35
Statistical Treatment of Data
Data collection was classified for analysis using descriptive statistics such as frequency
counts and percentage.
The percentage is computed by using this formula.
P = F/N ? 100
where:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = total no. of respondents
Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship of years of existence, school
population, and school operation hour to daily volume of waste generated by schools.
The formula for chi-square is: (Weiss and Hasset, 1996)
x 2 = [ (Oi-ei ) 2 ei
where:
X2 = chi-square coefficient
X = summation
0;= observed frequencies
36
e?= expected frequencies
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section reports the result of the study. It discuss the findings presentation, analysis,
interpretation and discussion about solid waste management of private colleges in Dasmarinas
City, Cavite
School Characteristics of Private Colleges
The school characteristics of private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite include years of
existence, school reputation, operation hours per day and type
of school as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. School characteristics of private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(n=2) (%)
Years of Existence
10-22 11 55
23-36 5 25
37-50 3 15
65 above 1 5
Mean: 44
Max: 75
Min: 13
School Population
Below 1,000 11 55
1,001 – 3,500 6 30
More than 3,500 3 15
Mean: 2,085
Max: 4,000
37
Min: 170
Operation Hours per day

8-9 2 10
10-11 14 70
12-13 3 15
More than 13 1 5
Mean: 14
Max: 11
Min: 8
Years of existence. The average number of years of existence of private colleges in

Dasmariñas City, Cavite is 44 years while the range is 62 years. In terms of years of existence, 55
percent of the participant schools have been in operation from 10 to 22 years, schools with 23
to 36 years of existence are at 25 percent, and those with 37 to 50 years of existence comprise
15 percent, while only one school has been in existence for 65 years and above.
The number of Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines has grown rapidly over
the past decades. Between 2007 and 2016 alone, the number of HEIs increased from 1,776 to
1,943. That makes the Philippines the country with the highest number of HEIs in Southeast
Asia. According to the Manual of Regulations for Private Higher Education (2008) the school site
of every private higher education institution must be suitable and adequate for its activities.
The institution should own the site. If not owned, there should be a definite and feasible
program for ownership thereof within a reasonable period, or reasonable and adequate
provisions for continued use by the school through a long-term lease or usufruct of at least 10
years.
School population. The average school population of private colleges in Dasmariñas City,
Cavite is 2,085 and the range is 3,830. Most of the participant schools have a population of
below 1,000 (55%). This is followed by schools with students and staff numbering between
1,001-3,500 at 30 percent, and schools with a population of more than 3,500 has the
38
percentage of 15 percent. This result is supported by the study of Petersons (2017) that private
colleges are generally smaller than public or private universities. In addition, the average
enrollment at private colleges is only 2,000 students or less. Private universities, by contrast, can
have over 30,000 students.
According to Petersons (2017) the major difference between public universities and
private colleges lies in how they are funded. This affects students because funding is tied to
tuition prices. As the Republic Act 10931 (Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act)
entered the law, Filipino students began benefitted from the free tuition law starting in the
school year of 2018 to 2019. The free tuition law signed by President Rodrigo Duterte covers a
total of 112 state universities and colleges, and 78 local universities and colleges nationwide. It
has a big effect for the students and parents to choose public tertiary schools rather than
private schools (RA 10931, 2017).
Operation hours. The average of operation hours of private colleges in Dasmariñas City,
Cavite is 14 hours while the range is three hours. Out of the 20 participant schools in the study,
14 or 70 percent operated from 10-11 hours a day or 6am to 5pm. There were three schools
that operated from 12-13 hours (15%), while two schools operated from eight to nine hours
only at 10% and only one school operated for more than 13 hours a day.
As stated in Section 24 of Manual of Regulations for Private Higher Education, school
facilities shall be considered an extension class when administrative and support facilities are
not available at the site but merely the classrooms. As a private sector and having smaller
establishments than private universities, it considers extension classes to support the needs of
students. On the other hand, private schools rely on tuition, endowments and donations for
them to choose extension classes rather than extending their establishments (College
Resources, 2017).
39
Percentage of Solid Waste Generated Daily by

Schools According to Types and Volumes
Solid waste, in any form, that must be properly managed. Every one of us knows that
garbage is harmful, so we need to dispose of our garbage properly (Smythe et al ., 2010).
The types and volume of solid waste generated by schools includes biodegradable
waste, residual waste, recyclable waste, and hazardous waste as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Percentage of solid waste generated daily by schools according to types and volumes
TYPES OF
WASTE FREQUENCY VOLUME (WEIGHT)
less than 26kg - 51 kg - 75kg –

25kg 50kg 75kg 100kg
P (%) P (%) P (%) P (%)
Biodegradable 20 65.52 24.14 10.34 0

Residual 20 100 0 0 0
Recyclable 20 58.62 24.14 10.34 6.9
Hazardous 20 86.2 6.9 0 6.9
Less than 25kg. Majority of the respondent schools generate residual waste daily at 100
percent average in less than 25kg category. Some examples of this waste are rubber, Styrofoam,
dry cloth, feathers, leathers and napkins, which is not commonly consumed in school premises.
Followed by hazardous waste at 86.2 percent. Some examples of this waste are
chemicals from labs, batteries, electrical wastes from computer labs and oil automotive fluids.
According to Newhampshire Department of Environmental Service(2017), schools should try to
reduce or eliminate as many of their waste streams as possible. If a school is not generating
hazardous waste, the associated disposal costs, potential spills, potential health and safety
hazards, and record keeping requirements will not be applicable. It is good for the institution to
generate hazardous waste less than 25kg to lessen the problem in disposing of such waste.
40
Biodegradable waste at 65.52 percent and the third most generated waste in less than
25kg represent small private colleges in the study; in terms of their school population, than
other private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. They generated this type of waste daily with
this amount only without reaching at least 26kg to 75kg of waste per day. Some example of this
waste are the kitchen waste, animal waste, yard trimmings and soiled wipes/pads
Lastly, 8 out of 20 participant schools responded that they consumed less than 25kg of
recyclable waste daily at 58.62 percent and majority of them reaches only less than 25kg
because of having small number of students, faculty and staff that consumes such waste as
shown in school population of private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite.
Twenty six to 50kg. Out of 20 private colleges, 24.14 percent of biodegradable and
recyclable goods are generated at 26kg-50kg and those who collected hazardous wastes are
generated only 6.9 percent. No collection is made in residual. Philippine Solid Waste (2017)
study reveals that there are significant shares of biodegradable and recyclable generated in the
Philippines and based on the study by Sepideh Taghizadeh et.al. (2012) also shown that the
daily generation of solid waste of the campus is 80 percent of recyclable and biodegradable and
therefore, it is expected that some school would generate this kind of wastes in 26kg-50kg daily.
One of the 20 private colleges generated 26kg-50kg daily of hazardous waste, it has
characteristics that pose a risk to human health or the environment (Philippines Environment
Monitor, 2001) and therefore expected that it would not generate a large portion of waste.
Fifty one to 70kg. The results show that the schools have generated biodegradable
waste and recyclable waste at 10.34 percent average in the 51-75kg category. Examples of
biodegradable waste are kitchen or food waste, yard or garden waste, leaves, and twigs. Whilst
recyclable wastes are paper and cardboard waste, plastics, metals, glass, textiles, leather, rubber
which are normally generated by the schools.
41
Biodegradable waste comprises about (10.34%) of SWM although primary data suggest
that figures can range from 10 percent to as much as 11 percent. Typical bio-waste consists of
kitchen or food waste and yard or garden waste. In addition, many school and office supply
companies are responding to the growing demand for biodegradable products. According to
physorg.com, some companies are now producing biodegradable pens, mechanical pencils,
rulers, pencil cases, page protectors and project folders (Erwin, 2008). Sivakumar (2010)
observed that the food waste is usually the predominant component in the waste stream due to
the habit of fresh food consumption and composition of all other types of waste are low in all
schools. It was found that kitchen waste mostly consisting of biodegradable waste like vegetable
peels, spoiled food and fruits, and food remains after consumption, are generated daily.
Recyclable wastes at 10.34 percent of SWM with an estimated volume of 51kg to 75kg
generated wastes daily. Plastic packaging materials comprise around 27 percent of this waste
fraction and followed by paper and cardboard waste, which contributes about 58 percent. The
remaining 19 percent is made up of metals, glass, textile, leather and rubber. Students must
have awareness about environmental problems so that they can play their role very effectively
in proper waste management (Tartiu, 2011). They needed to have knowledge on how to
manage recyclable waste.
Seventy six to 100kg. of recyclable waste generated in one (6.9%) school that is
averaging 0.00761 tons/day, Sara Ojeda-Benitez et.al (2008) study about solid waste
management in university and results shows that the common waste of the students in the
school premises were plastics and papers and the large portion of waste is found in the
recyclable and potentially recyclable categories which as whole represent 55% in the case of
buildings, 88% in the case of gardens and 85% in the case of the community center. Plastic bags
constitute a high amount of private colleges' waste composition and take hundreds of years to
decomposed. In addition, the process of recycling plastic bags is inefficient. Therefore, reducing
plastic bags was proposed by several respondents as one of the solutions to improve the
42
schools SWM system. One of the key components to reduce plastic bags is encouraging
manufacturers and retailers to use recycled bags made of recyclable waste or materials for
packaging goods (Tom & Janet, 2010).
Private colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite approximately generate hazardous waste at

6.9 percent in the 76kg-100kg category. Therefore, computer schools are one of the leading
participants in the study that reaches this amount of waste. Some examples of this wastes are
chemicals from labs, batteries, electrical wastes and oil automotive fluids. Many of these
chemical substances are considered toxic or otherwise hazardous to humans and other living
beings. If it is not properly disposed of, the consequences are dangerous (Yadav & Mishra,
2004). So there is an urgent need to streamline and sensitize young minds to the environmental
problems and concerns.
Solid Waste Management Practices Employed by the Schools
Without good solid waste management, you can't build a sustainable and livable city. It's
not just about technical solutions. There are climate, health, and safety impacts, as well as,
important social considerations (Vasquez, 2018).
The solid waste management practices include generation of waste, storage, collection
and transportation, disposal and waste reduction strategies as shown in Table 4.
43
Table 4. Solid waste management practices of private colleges in Dasmariñas City,

Cavite
PRACTICES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(n=20) (%)
Storage
Empty drums 2 10
Garbage bags 16 80
Plastic container 2 10
Collection
Private Contractor 5 25
Local Government Unit 15 75
Responsibilities of
Contractors
Collects only 9 44
Collect and Transports 11 55
Frequency of Collections
Daily 2 10
Weekly 18 90
Disposal
Open dumping 2 10
Composting 2 10
Incineration 2 10
Land filling 14 70
Table 4. Continued
PRACTICES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(n=20) (%)
Waste Reduction Strategies 1 5

Decreasing consumption
Using paper bags, cups, etc. 19 95
and recycling non-biodegradable
44
Storage. Most of the school participants employed garbage bags as their means of
storing solid wastes at 80 percent, others used empty drums and plastic containers at 10
percent each. The plastic bags are much cheaper than buying empty drums and plastic
containers and it is more useful in wet wastes specifically in kitchen waste in schools. According
to Sebola (2015), plastic garbage bags are fairly lightweight and are particularly useful for messy
or wet rubbish, as is commonly the case with food waste, and are also useful for wrapping up
garbage to minimize odor.
Collection. Solid wastes from the participant schools in the study are mostly handled by
the Local Government Units having jurisdiction over them in terms of collection and
transportation (75%). Only 25 percent of them have waste handled under contract to private
contractors. Under RA 9003, collection, transport and disposal of solid wastes are the
responsibilities of the local government units (LGUs). At present, most LGUs administer their
own collection systems or contract out this service to private contractors (Philippine Solid Waste
at a Glance, 2017).
In addition, most of the responsibility of contractors are collecting and transporting only
the waste from private colleges at 55 percent and 45 percent for collecting only. Collection,
transport and disposal of solid wastes are the responsibilities of the local government units
(Philippine Solid Waste at a Glance, 2017).
Frequency of collection of solid waste by LGU and private contractors were mostly on a
weekly basis at 90 percent. Only 10 percent said that it is collected daily. When daily waste
disposal is practiced, it helps to prevent additional pollution which can improve public health.
Polluted air increases the risk of respiratory illness (Full Service Environmental Contractors,
2014). The numerous result in frequency of collection came from the private colleges that are
mostly handled by LGU, which are based on a weekly schedule of collecting waste in a particular
barangay in Dasmariñas City, Cavite.
45
Disposal. With regards to waste disposal, participants believed that land filling is used
most at 70 percent, others employed open dumping, composting, and incineration at 10
percent each. Land filling of the solid waste is the economical and satisfactory method of
disposal among other alternative disposal methods, but only if appropriate land is available
within the economic hauling distance (Yaseen, 2017). Local Government Unit are most likely
doing the land filling. According to National
Solid Waste Management Status Report 2008-2014 (2015), prior to RA 9003, there are four
sanitary landfills in the Philippines. These are at Carmona (Cavite), San Mateo (Rizal), Subic Base
(SBMA) and Inayauan (Cebu) sanitary landfills. This is mandated by the Local Government Unit
that landfills should be used in solid waste disposal.
Waste Reduction. The participants recycled non-biodegradable wastes and used paper
bags, cups, and the likes as their strategy in reducing waste (95%) and only 5 percent said they
decreased their consumption to reduce wastes. Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse and Recycle" waste hierarchy (Banerjee, 2015). The result of the study showed
that it is better to recycle non-biodegradable waste as a way of reduction instead of letting the
wastes to be collected by LGUs and dispatch the wastes to landfills.
Cross tabulation of solid waste management practices of private colleges in Dasmariñas City,
Cavite in terms of Collection.
The researchers used a method of cross tabulation to quantitatively analyze the

relationship between multiple variables in solid waste management practices of private colleges
in terms of collection as shown in Table 5. Cross tabulation is also known as contingency tables
or cross tabs, cross tabulation groups variables to understand the correlation between different
variables.
46
Table 5. Cross tabulation of solid waste management practices of private colleges in Dasmariñas
City, Cavite in terms of collection.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT PRIVATE CONTRACTOR
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Responsibilities of
contractors
Collects only 3 81.82 2 18.18
Collect and 8 61.11 7 38.89
Transports
Frequency of
Collection
Daily 0 0 0 0
Weekly 18 90 2 10
Responsibilities of contractors. The responsibilities of contractors under the

management of local government units in collecting only the waste from the school premises is
at 15 percent while 2 (10%) is under the private contractors. The collect and transport of solid
wastes from the school premises to landfills under the contract of LGUs is at 40 percent and 35
percent under the private contractors.
Frequency of collection. All private contractors employed a daily basis of waste
collection at 100 percent. While on the weekly basis of waste collection, 18 (90%) are under the
local government units and only two (10%) are under management of the private contractors
chosen by schools.
47
Problems Encountered on Solid Waste Management

According to the study of Rada et al ., (2016) during the weeks of analysis, several critical
issues were identified such as lack of attention in correctly separating waste by teachers and
school staff, who should give examples of the correct behavior; the lack of a regular emptying of
bins located inside the classrooms; incorrect application of the SC by the students, due to
carelessness or lack of information; the presence of additional waste fractions that could be
collected separately and which are instead disposed of as residual fraction.
The problems encountered includes the list of common problems in schools
when it comes to contractors, compliance of schools itself and concessionaire in the solid waste
management of the school as shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Problems encountered on solid waste management
PROBLEMS FREQUENCY RANK
Missed schedule of waste collection 20 1

Increasing cost of waste collection 12 2
Colleges failed to comply with implementation
of solid waste management system 10 3
Leftovers or residues in the area after collection 8 4.5
Concessionaires failed to comply with
implementation of school policy 8 4.5
*Some of the respondents indicated multiple responses.
It is common for the schools to have problems on solid waste management. In this study,
the collection schedule appeared to be the foremost. The schools experienced inconvenience
from the contractors on the sudden change of time of collection and this resulted in the delay
48
on collection and transportation of solid waste from the school to its final disposal. It is followed
by increasing cost of waste collection, this included additional cost in storing their solid waste
such as units to be used in storing the generated wastes daily and weekly. Although the
companies and contractors agreed on specific terms, cost in collecting waste could also increase
depending on the unexpected circumstances. These circumstances included the unnecessary
increase in the price of oil, unexpected breakdown of the haulers, and unforeseen change of
weather. (Damayo & Vidallon, 2016).
Third, the private college failed to comply with strict implementation of the solid waste
management system. For instance, the study in solid waste management policies implemented
by private colleges revealed that the policy "Ensure the proper segregation, collection,
transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption
of the best environmental practices in ecological waste management excluding incineration."
ranks lowest in the implementation of solid waste management policies by private colleges and
therefore the private colleges would drive more efforts towards responsible waste
management. In the study of Philippine Solid Waste (2017), the results reported that more than
15 years after the passage of RA 9003, enforcement and compliance with the law remains a
daunting task due to technical, political and financial limitations of concerned agencies and
LGUs.
Also problems seen are the leftovers or residue of solid waste area after collection and
concessionaires compliance to the school policies in solid waste management. In these
problems, the private colleges experienced inconvenience from the LGU or private contractors
and lack of knowledge on proper solid waste management as well as lack of employee
discipline. In addition, past studies have reported that collection, transfer, and transport
processes are affected by poor collection schedules, improper bin collection systems,
insufficient infrastructure, and low number of vehicles for waste collection (Moghadam, 2009).
49
Policies on Solid Waste Management
Table 7 shows the policies implemented to maintain their capability of producing

favorable outcomes in terms of solid waste management. The policies are from RA
9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000).
Table 7. Solid waste management policies implemented by private colleges
POLICIES MEAN INTERPRETATION
Ensure the protection of public health 5 Highly Implemented

and environment methods
Utilize that they maximize environmentally-sound 4.75 Highly Implemented

the utilization of valuable resources conservation
resources and recovery.
Set guidelines and volume target reduction for 4.75 Highly Implemented
solid through source reduction and waste
minimization measures.
Ensure transport, the proper storage, segregation, 4.34 Highly Implemented

treatment and disposal of solid waste through the
formulation and adoption of the best environmental
practices in ecological incineration.
Encourage greater private sector 4.66 Highly Implemented

participation in solid waste management.
Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of 4.44 Highly Implemented

solid waste management with local government
units while establishing a cooperative effort
among the national government, other local
government units, non government organization
and the private sector.
50
Table 7. continued
POLICIES MEAN INTERPRETATION
Institutionalize public participation in the 4.38 Highly Implemented

development and implementation of national
and local integrated, comprehensive and
ecological waste management programs.
Strengthen Solid waste the integrated 4.66 Highly Implemented

management of and resource conservation
and education recovery curricula of topics formal
orderintoandthetonon-formal academic promote
environmental awareness and action among the
citizenry.
OVERALL 4.62 Highly implemented
Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 is
an act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the
necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited
and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes.
The researchers enumerated seven policies to be able to determine whether the
schools follow certain guidelines with regards to solid waste management. To determine
the degree of implementation of policies in colleges, the researchers use the Likert
Scale as the measurement.
Ensuring the public health and environment got the highest rank because solid
waste management launched for the health of people. The Zero WasteAtMy School
(2018) stated that the unsound management of solid waste is one of the most serious
environmental problems, given its high negative impact on natural resources and
human health. Therefore, it is necessary to foster a culture at schools, aimed at
alleviating the environmental and social problems caused by trash.
51
Ensuring the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and

disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental
practices in ecological waste management excluding incineration got the lowest rank
because it is ensuring the manners of the college students, their lack of knowledge
about solid waste management is present in this statement. This result
is supported by the study of Madrigal and Oracion (2018) that solid waste management
awareness, attitude, and practices of the students and university employees are closely
linked which suggest that one strategic approach to successfully implement a solid
waste management program is education.
The result of the study in policies on solid waste management of private colleges
shows that the participant schools are highly implementing the policies as required by
RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Wastes Management Act) in their colleges. The participant
schools got a score of 4.20 to 5 which has the equivalent of highly implemented as
indicated in the Likert Scale of the study and with an overall mean of 4.62.
Significant Relationship between School Characteristics and Volume of Waste

Generated by Schools per Day
The significant relationship of school characteristics that includes the years of

existence, school population and school population to volume of waste generated by
schools per day was shown in Table 8.
52
Table 8. Relationship of school characteristics to solid waste generation
CHARACTERISTICS x2 CRITICAL df P REMARKS

VALUES
Years of existence 23.4 21.03 12 0.02 Significant

Population 25.33 25 15 0.04 Significant
Operational Hours 16.96 16.92 9 0.04 Significant
*P Value < 0.05 Significant

** P Value > 0.05 Not Significant
Years of existence. Using Chi-squared test, years of existence is found to be

significant with p-value of 0.02. This indicates the years of existence has a significant
relationship with volume generated by schools. However, the direction of the
relationship is not determined.
Patrick Foster (2019) study reveals that we live in a new generation of business,
the strategies that have been working for decades can still work to grow your business
today and this makes the business more popular and attracts more people and
according to Vella Atienza (2008), if there is an increasing of population, the volume of
waste generated per day is expected to continue increasing.
School population. Using Chi-squared test, school population is found to be

significant with p-value of 0.04. This indicates the school population has a significant
relationship with volume generated by schools. But, the direction of the relationship is
not determined.
These findings are consistent with the findings of Damayo and Vidallon (2016)
stating that the employee population could contribute to the volume of solid waste
generated daily and Philippine Solid Waste (2017) revealed that the Philippine waste
53
generation continues to rise with the increase in population and rapid economic growth.
This means that as the school population increases, the volume of waste generated per
day also increases.
School operation hours per day. Using Chi-squared test, school operation
hours per day is found to be significant with p-value of 0.04. This indicates the school
operation hours per day has a significant relationship with volume generated by
schools. However, the direction of the relationship is not determined.
The result revealed that the hypothesis is rejected meaning there is a significant
relationship between school operation hours and the volume of solid waste generated
by school. However, the findings agree with Damayo and Vidallon (2016) who
established that the volume of solid waste generation is dependent on the duration of
the operation. This means that solid waste generated per day was dependent on how
much time the school will operate. The longer the operation hours of the school, the
higher the solid waste will be generated.
The result revealed that the volume of solid waste generation is dependent on
the years of existence as well as the school population. However, the school operation
hours could also be considered as another factor that could contribute to the volume of
solid waste generated daily.
54
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The chapter gives the findings of the study; the conclusions based from the
findings;and the recommendations of the research.
Summary
The study sought to find out the solid waste management practices of schools in
Dasmarinas City, Cavite. Specifically, it wanted to know the types of solid waste
generated here as well as its volume; how they are disposed of; the strategies
implemented to reduce/ dispose them; and the problems associated in managing them.
The study utilized the descriptive method of research as this wanted to describe
a certain phenomenon at the time of the conduct of the study. Survey questionnaires
was the main instrument in obtaining the data needed. The participants were 20 private
colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite. Certain statistical tools were used in the analysis
and interpretation of the data collected using frequency and percentage, weighted
mean, chi-square test of association.
The study found out that most private colleges in Dasmarinas City, Cavite have
been in existence for 10 to 22 years. Most of them also have a school population below
3500 students. On average, these schools mostly operated 10-11 hours daily.
These private schools said that among the top solid wastes that they generate
recyclable wastes in Rank 1; followed by biodegradable wastes and hazardous wastes.
The least generated among the wastes is residual wastes, most of them averaged at
less than 25kg of solid wastes generated per day.
55
They used various way of storing their wastes but the most used is garbage
bags, with regards to the collection/ transportation of solid wastes to disposal sites,
most schools relied on the local government units and only a handful were in contract
with private firms to collect and transport their solid wastes. Solid wastes from these
schools are collected by LGU's and private firms on a weekly basis.
Schools also employed certain methods of disposing of their wastes. Most of

them chose land filling as their own way of disposal (70%). The rest used open
dumping, composting, and incineration.
Since reduction of waste is said to be the primary and most effective means of
managing solid wastes, participants reduce wastes generated by recycling non
biodegradable materials at the foremost, they also re-use materials made out of paper
using paper bags, cups, etc. Last in the strategies they employ is decreasing the
consumption of materials that can generate wastes.
Schools also experienced problems associated with the way how they managed
their solid wastes. Foremost among the problems they usually encountered is the
schedule of collection of their wastes by LGU and private contractors as the case
maybe.
Lastly, in terms of the policies of these schools on solid waste management, it

can be said that they strictly adhere to this as required by RA 9003 (Ecological Solid
Wastes Management Act) for the implementation of solid waste management in the
institution.
56
Conclusions
The study concludes that years of existence, school population and school
operation hours have a relationship with waste generated but the direction of the
relationship is yet to be identified. Thus, if there is an increasing population, extending
their operation hours and continues operating in the school industry, the volume of
waste generated daily is expected to continue to change and therefore might create
serious damage to the environment and to human health if not be managed properly.
Recommendation
Based on the results and conclusion of the study, the following are highly
recommended:
The study finds that colleges failed to comply with implementation of solid waste
management systems. To strengthen the compliance with RA 9003 private colleges in
Dasmarinas City, Cavite, the study recommended putting more effort into raising
students' awareness by awareness campaigns that can bring about considerable
changes in the attitude and perception of them towards solid waste management.
Also, the researchers have seen that most schools are implementing rules and
regulations that help to provide a sound solid waste management. But also, it is very
important to have an available person or designated employee to strictly monitor the
implementation of policies, procedures and regulations inside the school premises or
they can execute fines to those who are not following the school rules and regulations
implemented.
Lastly, for the future researchers it is highly recommended to study the
relationship of each type of solid waste and the volume level of solid wastes generated
daily by schools to the school characteristics to conduct further studies connected to
solid waste management. Also tackle the factors that affect the solid waste
management practices in Dasmarinas City, Cavite such as programs and projects done
by the LGU.
57
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Participation and Community Mobilization: The Experience of Los Ba?os,
Laguna, Philippines. Retrieved from https://en.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/uploads/
fckeditor/publications/journal/RJAPS_V24_Atienza.pdf
Villanueva, R. (2013). Proper Solid Waste Management: Education, Engineering

Enterprise and Enforcement. Article. The Philippine Star. Retrieved from
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wastemanagement-education-engineering
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House. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269520226
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_Waste_Management/download
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63
APPENDICES
64
APPENDIX 1:
LETTER OF REQUEST
65
PEARL OF THE ORIENT THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND COLLEGES
Date:
Dear Sir/Madam: Good Day!
I am a fourth year Business Administration student majoring in Operations Management of

Cavite of the Pearl of the Orient Theological Seminary and Colleges. I am currently
conducting our undergraduate research entitled "SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE
COLLEGES IN DASMARIÑAS CITY, CAVITE."
In line with this, I would like to ask permission from your good office to allow us to conduct a
survey from your College's Pollution Control Officer and at least 5five random students from
your campus. Your approval participation will be a great help to the success of my study.
I am looking forward to your positive response regarding this request. Thank you very much and
God bless!
Attached herewith is the sample questionnaire for your perusal.
Respectfully yours,
Mercy L. Burton
Noted:
Dr. Leilanie D. Perido

Thesis Adviser
66
APPENDIX 2:
Survey Questionnaires
67
Pearl of the Orient Theological Seminary and Colleges
Date:
Dear Respondents,
Good Day!
I, Mercy L. Burton, fourth year, Business Administration student Major in Operations

Management of Pearl of the Orient Theological Seminary and Colleges. I am currently
conducting my undergraduate research entitled "SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF
PRIVATE COLLEGES IN DASMARIÑAS CITY, CAVITE." Please provide answers to the
following items with all honesty. Your participation will be a great help to the success of
the study.
Respectfully yours,
Mercy L. Burton
68
Pollution Control Officer - Questionnaire
I. School Characteristics
Name of School
Years of existence
School population
Operation hours/day
II. Solid Waste Management Practices of Private Colleges
Generation of Waste?
What type of solid waste does your college generate per day? Please check (v)
the estimated weight in each corresponding waste.
WEIGHT OF SOLID WASTE DAILY
SOLID WASTE Less than 26 kg - 51 kg - 76 kg -

25 kg 50 kg 75 kg 100 kg
Biodegradable waste
(Ex. Kitchen waste,
animal waste, yard trimmings
and soiled wipes/pads)
Residuals waste (Ex. rubbe,

styrofoam, dry cloth, feathers,
leathers and napkins
Recyclable waste (Ex. paper,

plastic, cardboards, tin cans,
metals, bottles and glasses)
Hazardous waste (Ex.

chemicals from laboratories,
batteries, electrical wastes and
automotive oils fluids)
Others, please specify:
69
B. Storage
1. Where do you store the solid wastes?

empty drums garbage bags
built-in garbage container plastic containers
C. Collection and Transportation
1. Who collects and transports the College solid wastes?
Private Contractor LGU
2. What are their responsibilities towards school solid wastes?
Collect solid waste from theSchool Premises

Transport solid wastes from the school premises to landfills
Collectand transport solid wastes from the school premises to landfills
Direct disposal of solid wastes
3. How frequent is the collection and transportation of solid wastes generated by

college?
everyday every week

every month every quarter of the year
D. Disposal
1. What method/s does your college use in waste disposal?

open dumping incineration
composting land filling
others, please specify:
E. Waste Reduction Strategies
1. Does the College employ reduction of wastes?

Yes No
2. If yes, what are the practices employed by the College?

by decreasing consumption
by recycling the non-biodegradable wastes
by using paper bags, paper cups, and other biodegradable
materials as a substitute for plastic bags etc.
70
III. Problems Encountered and Policies of Private Colleges

A. Problems Encountered
Please check ( ) the problems encountered by the College with its Solid
Waste Management
PROBLEM REMARKS
Colleges failed to comply with implementation of solid waste

management systems.
Missed schedule of waste collection.
Leftovers or residues in the area after collection.
Increasing cost of collection.
Concessionaires failed to comply with implementation of school

policy.
71
Policies continued:
ALWAYS VERY OFTEN SOMETIMES RARELY NEVER

POLICIES
Ensure proper segregation, collection,

transport, storage, treatment and
disposal of solid waste through the
formulation and adoption of the best
environmental practices in ecological
waste management excluding
incineration.
Encourage greater private sector

participation in solid waste management.
Retain primary enforcement and

responsibility of solid waste management
with LGU while establishing a cooperative
effort among the National Government
Units, Non-Government Organization and
the Private Sector.
Institutionalize public participation in the

development and implementation of
national and local integrated,
comprehensive and ecological waste
management programs.
Strengthen the integration of ecological

solid waste management and resource
conservation recovery topics into the
academic curricula of formal and
non-formal education in order to
promote environmental awareness and
action among the citizenry.
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS!
72
Date:
Dear Respondents,
Good Day!
I, Mercy L. Burton, fourth year, Business Administration student Major in Operations

Management of Pearl of the Orient Theological Seminary and Colleges. I am currently
conducting my undergraduate research entitled "SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF
PRIVATE COLLEGES IN DASMARIÑAS CITY, CAVITE." Please provide answers to the
following items with all honesty. Your participation will be a great help to the success of
the study.
Respectfully yours,
Mercy L. Burton
73
Student - Questionnaire
I. Profile of the Respondent
Name (Optional)
Name of School
II. Solid Waste Management Practices of Private Colleges
Storage
1. Where do you store the solid wastes?
empty drums garbage bags
built-in garbage container plastic containers
B. Waste Reduction Strategies
1. Does the College employ reduction of wastes?

Yes No
2. If yes, what are the practices employed by the College?
by decreasing consumption
by using paper bags, paper cups, and other biodegradable
materials as a substitute for plastic bags etc.
74
III. Problems Encountered and Policies of Private Colleges
A. Problems Encountered
Please check (✔) the problems encountered by the College with its Solid Waste
Management.
PROBLEM REMARKS
Colleges failed to comply with implementation of solid waste

management systems.
Missed schedule of waste collection.
Leftovers or residues in the area after collection.
Increasing cost of collection.
Concessionaires failed to comply with implementation of school

policy.
A. Policies
75
Please check (✔) the policies that are being implemented by the College regarding
Solid Waste Management.
POLICIES ALWAYS VERY SOMETI RARELY NEVER

OFTEN MES
Ensure the protection of public health

and environment.
Utilize the environmentally-sound

methods that maximize the utilization of
valuable resources and encourage
resources conservation and recovery.
Set guidelines and targets for solid

waste avoidance and volume reduction
through source reduction and waste
minimization measures.
Ensure proper segregation, collection,

transport, storage, treatment and
disposal of solid waste through the
formulation and adoption of the best
environmental practices in ecological
waste management excluding
incineration.
Encourage greater private sector

participation in solid waste
management.
Policies continued:
76
POLICIES ALWAYS VERY SOMETI RARELY NEVER

OFTEN MES
establishing a cooperative effort among

the National Government Units,
Non-Government Organization and the
Private Sector.
Retain primary enforcement and

responsibility of solid waste
management with LGU while
.Institutionalize public participation in

the development and implementation
of national and local integrated,
comprehensive and ecological waste
management programs.
Strengthen the integration of ecological

solid waste management and resource
conservation recovery topics into the
academic curricula of formal and
non-formal education in order to
promote environmental awareness and
action among the citizenry.
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS!
77
APPENDIX 3:
List of Private Colleges
In Dasmarinas City, Cavite
List of Private Colleges in Dasmariñas City, Cavite
78
1) AMA Computer College - Dasmariñas
2) Brookfield College in Cavite
3) Emilio Aguinaldo College-Cavite
4) Far Eastern Polytechnic College
5) FEAPITSAT College of Dasmariñas
6) Imus Computer College - Dasmariñas Branch
7) Imus Computer College - Govenor's Drive Branch
8) Imus Computer College - Salawag Branch
9) Marasigan Institute of Science and Technology
10) National College of Science and Technology
11) Oxfordian Colleges
12) Philippine Christian University - Dasmariñas
13) PNTC Colleges
14) Presbyterian Theological Seminary
15) St. Francis of Assisi College Dasmariñas
16) St. Paul Technological Institute of Cavite
17) Southern Luzon College
18) STI College - Dasmariñas
19) St. Jude College - Dasmariñas
20) Technological University of the Philippines - Cavite
79
APPENDIX 4:
Routing Slip
80
Name of Student : Mercy L. Burton
Type Study : Thesis
Title of Study : Solid Waste Management of Private Colleges
in Dasmariñas City, Cavite
Date Received Date Released Remarks
Dr. Lelanie D. Perido

Thesis Adviser
81

MBurton Thesis

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF

PRIVATE COLLEGES IN DASMARIÑAS CITY, CAVITE

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE COLLEGES

All of the methods of waste prevention and waste management oblige

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the school characteristics of private colleges in Dasmarinas City,

b. school population; and

c. recyclable waste; and

b. collection and transportation;

d. waste reduction strategies?

6. Is there a significant relationship between solid waste generated and school

b. school population; and

Objectives of the Study

Specifically, the study aimed:

1. To describe the school characteristics of private colleges in Dasmarinas

b. school population; and

2. To describe the percentage of solid waste generated daily by schools

c. recycle wastes; and

3. To determine the solid waste management practices employed by the private

b. collection and transportation;

d. waste reduction strategies.

4. To identify the problems encountered by the colleges on solid waste

5. To identify the solid waste management policies imp[lamented by the private

6. To determine if there is a significant relationship between solid waste

b. school population; and

The following hypotheses for this study are:

Significance of the Study

Time and Place of the Study

Scope and Limitation of Study

Composting is nature’s way of recycling. Composting biodegraded organic waste

Department refers to the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources.

Higher Education Institution (HEI) is level of education that is provided by

universities, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutes

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic

Local Government Unit is an administrative and political government unit subsidiary to

Pollution Control Officer is a technical person competent in pollution and environmental

Private Contractor also known as the independent contractor is a person or entity

Recycling is the conversion of recyclable waste materials into usable or functional

Solid Waste refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous

Volume of waste Solid Waste

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the relationship between school characteristics and

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Solid Waste Management

They are in order of importance:

International Solid Waste Management

Composting. Biodegradable wastes can be transformed into fertilizer or soil conditioner

have an enormous garbage problem.

personal commitment accumulates results of a significant reduction of municipal solid wastes.

this is somewhat tough responsibility must be addressed appropriately by every school

(Environmental Management Agency, 2015).

Higher education institution can be considered as a key growth in low and

have fewer years in education.

is bad (Gropello, et al, 2012).

Waste Characterization and Waste Management Practices in Colleges

Gakungu (2012) undertook a study on solid waste management in Public Technical

and awareness creation as well as strategies to minimize contamination levels.

management practices in all the Campuses of the University of Nairobi.

dissemination, replacement of poorly labeled and unevenly distributed waste receptacles,

waste of sanitary nature.

be reduced, recycled or composted. The percentages of wastes that are compostable or

within the University of Tabriz campus.

kg/capita/day, of which about 0.6 kg is residential. Averages are subject to adjustment