Mark schemes

(a) radio
1 1

(b)

award 1 mark for each correct line

if more than one line is drawn from any em wave then none of those
lines gain credit
3

(c) ionising
1
[5]

2 (a) magnification =
1

dividing by an object height of 1 cm gives the same (numerical) value

1

(b) accept anything practical that would work eg:

use a taller object

use a (travelling) microscope

attach a scale to the screen and use a magnifying glass

1

(c) both points plotted correctly

1

correct line of best fit drawn

a curve passing through all points (within ½ square), judge by eye
1

Rossett+School Page 3 of 55
(d) values of 1.4 and 0.6 extracted from the graph
1

2.33 times bigger

accept any number between 2.3 and 2.5 inclusive
1

(e) by dividing the distance between the lens and the image by the distance between the lens
and the object
1

at least one correct calculation and comparison eg 100÷25 = 4 which is the same as the
measured magnification
1
[9]

Rossett+School Page 4 of 55
 Level 3 (5–6 marks):
3 A detailed and coherent plan covering all the major steps is provided. The steps in the method
are logically ordered. The method would lead to the production of valid results.

A source of inaccuracy is provided.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

The bulk of a method is described with mostly relevant detail. The method may not be in a
completely logical sequence and may be missing some detail.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements are made. The response may lack a logical structure and would not lead to
the production of valid results.

0 marks:
No relevant content.

Indicative content

place a glass block on a piece of paper

draw around the glass block and then remove from the paper

draw a line at 90° to one side of the block (the normal)

use a protractor to measure and then draw a line at an angle of 20° to the normal

replace the glass block

using a ray box and slit point the ray of light down the drawn line

mark the ray of light emerging from the block

remove the block and draw in the refracted ray

measure the angle of refraction with a protractor

repeat the procedure for a range of values of the angle of incidence

possible source of inaccuracy

the width of the light ray

which makes it difficult to judge where the centre of the ray is

[6]

Rossett+School Page 5 of 55
 (a) Level 3 (5–6 marks):
4 A detailed and coherent plan covering all the major steps is provided. The steps in the
method are logically ordered. The method would lead to the production of valid results.

A source of inaccuracy is provided.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

The bulk of a method is described with mostly relevant detail. The method may not be in a
completely logical sequence and may be missing some detail.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements are made. The response may lack a logical structure and would not lead
to the production of valid results.

0 marks:
No relevant content.

Indicative content

place a glass block on a piece of paper

draw around the glass block and then remove from the paper

draw a line at 90° to one side of the block (the normal)

use a protractor to measure and then draw a line at an angle of 20° to the normal

replace the glass block

using a ray box and slit point the ray of light down the drawn line

mark the ray of light emerging from the block

remove the block and draw in the refracted ray

measure the angle of refraction with a protractor

repeat the procedure for a range of values of the angle of incidence

possible source of inaccuracy

the width of the light ray

which makes it difficult to judge where the centre of the ray is

6

(b) velocity / speed of the light decreases

allow velocity / speed of the light changes
1
[7]

Rossett+School Page 6 of 55
 (a) any one from:
5
• (visible) light
• UV / ultra violet
• X-ray
• gamma / γ-ray
1

(b) less than

1

less than
1

the same as
1
[4]

(a) use of infrared:

6 remote controls
fibre optic (communications)
1

use of microwaves:
mobile/cell phones
accept mobiles
accept phone signals
satellite (communications/TV)
wi-fi
Bluetooth
1

(b) any two from

• same speed
or
travel at the speed of light (in a vacuum)
• transverse
accept a full description of a transverse wave
• transfer energy (from one place to another)
• can be reflected
• can be refracted
• can be diffracted
• can be absorbed / transmitted
• can travel through a vacuum/space
• can be polarised
travels in straight lines is insufficient
2
[4]

(a) electromagnetic
7
accept e.m.
1

Rossett+School Page 7 of 55
 (b) (i) 2.2 (arbitrary units)
allow an answer between 2.1 and 2.3
1

(ii) the thicker the tissue the lower the intensity

accept more intensity is needed to pass through thicker tissue
1

the relationship is not linear

accept the line is not straight
allow for 1 mark
it still goes through with thicker tissue
or
intensity does not reach zero
or
at 5 cm X rays still pass through
1

(iii) Both variables are continuous

1

(c) (they are) absorbed

accept (they are) stopped
1

(d) With a charge-coupled device (CCD).

1

(e) (i) X-rays are ionising

1

(ii) stand behind a (protective) screen

accept leave the room
accept wear a lead apron
1
[9]

(a) ultrasound is not ionising

8
allow ultrasound does not harm the (unborn) baby
1

but X-rays are ionising

1

so X-rays increase the health risk to the (unborn) baby

accept specific examples of health risks, eg cancer, stunted growth,
impaired brain function etc
X-rays are dangerous is insufficient
1

Rossett+School Page 8 of 55
(b) ultrasound/waves are partially reflected

(when they meet a boundary) (between two different media / substances / tissues)
must be clear that not all of the wave is reflected
1

the time taken is measured (and is used to determine distances)

1

(c) 1600 (m/s)

800 (m/s) gains 2 marks
160 000 (m/s) gains 2 marks
0.0016 (m/s) gains 2 marks
allow 2 marks for

or

80 000 (m/s) gains 1 mark

0.0008 (m/s) gains 1 mark
allow 1 mark for

or

allow 1 mark for evidence of doubling the distance or halving the

time
3

(d) (i) they are absorbed by bone

allow stopped for absorbed
X-rays are reflected negates this mark
1

they are transmitted by soft tissue

allow pass through for transmitted
allow flesh / muscle / fat
accept less (optically) dense material for soft tissue
1

(the transmitted) X-rays are detected

1

(ii) short
accept small
1
[12]

Rossett+School Page 9 of 55
 (a) the image would decrease in size
9 1

the image would change (from virtual) to real

accept that the image (of bulb M) can be projected on to a screen
1

the image would change (from non-inverted) to inverted

1

(b) a ray through the centre of the lens

rays should be drawn with a ruler
ignore arrows
1

a ray parallel to the principal axis and passing through the principal focus to the right of
lens
accept solid or dashed lines
accept a ray drawn as if from the principal focus to the left of the
lens, emerging parallel to the principal axis
1

image drawn where rays cross

image should be to left of the lens
1

Rossett+School Page 10 of 55
 (c) (i) (because the glass in) lens A has a greater refractive index
accept lens A is more powerful
accept lens A has a shorter focal length
1

(ii) when the magnification increases by 1, the image distance increases by 10 cm

accept for 1 mark it is a linear pattern
or
as the image distance increases, the magnification increases
do not accept directly proportional
2

(iii) diagram showing the surfaces of a convex lens C having greater curvature than lens
B
the size of the lens drawn is not important
1
[10]

(a) B
10
must be in correct order
1

A
1

D
1

(b) (i) mass increases as refractive index increases

accept weight / density increases as refractive index increases
1

(ii) thinner
accept thin
1

heavier
accept heavy
1

(iii) maximum one advantage and one disadvantage of each design

water-filled
advantages:
• lenses are light
• wide range of focal length
• allows fine adjustment
• allows lenses to be altered independently.
1

Rossett+School Page 11 of 55
 disadvantages:
• unattractive
• lens might burst
• lens might leak
• uncomfortable.
1

sliding lenses
advantages:
• hard-wearing
• look like conventional glasses
• easy to adjust
• allows lenses to be altered independently.
1

disadvantages:
• heavy
• might slide out of position
• might get dirt between the lenses.
1

(c) any two from:

the image is
• blurred
• coloured
• inverted
• diminished.
accept not focussed
1
1
[12]

Rossett+School Page 12 of 55
 (a) (i) reflection of wave K at or within the ionosphere
11
allow dashed lines
1

angle i = angle r
‘judge by eye’

tolerance for the reflected ray is between the first e and last r
ignore arrows
a reflected ray to the receiver doesn’t score 2 nd mark
additional rays shown don’t score 2 nd mark
1

(ii) normal
1

(b) (i) microwave

1

(ii) refraction
1

(c) All electromagnetic waves are transverse.

1

All electromagnetic waves have the same speed in a vacuum.

1
[7]

(a) (i) microwave

12 1

(ii) refraction
1

Rossett+School Page 13 of 55
(b) (i) wave M continues as a straight line to the ionosphere and shown reflected
accept reflection at or within the ionosphere
1

correctly reflected wave shown as a straight line reaching the top of the
receiver
if more than 2 rays shown 1 mark maximum

ignore arrows
1

(ii) normal drawn at point where their M meets the ionosphere

(c) any two from:

• transverse
• same speed (through air)
accept speed of light or 3 × 108 m / s
• can be reflected
• can be refracted
• can be diffracted
• can be absorbed
• transfer energy
• can travel through a vacuum
an answer travel at the same speed though a vacuum scores 2
marks
• can be polarised
• show interference.
travel in straight lines is insufficient
2
[7]

Rossett+School Page 14 of 55
 (a) (i)
13

(ii) 1 degree
1

(iii) 1.6
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 0.80 / 0.5 provided no
subsequent step shown
working showing 1.59(9…..) scores zero
2

(b) 2nd diagram ticked

(c) (i) any one correct description:

• upright
• virtual
• diminished.
treat multiple words as a list
1

(ii) 0.25
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 1 / 4 or 5 / 20 provided no
subsequent step shown
ignore any unit
2

(iii) Correcting short sight

1
[9]

Rossett+School Page 15 of 55
 (a) 20,000
14
accept 20 kilo
or
20 k
or 20 001
1

an atom
1

(b) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners
should also refer in the Marking Guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the
marking.

0 marks
no relevant content

Level 1 (1−2 marks)

At least one relevant statement is given for either type of wave

Level 2 (3−4 marks)

either
a use, risk and precaution is given for one type of wave
or
A medical use is given for both types of wave
plus
a risk or precaution for one type of wave

Level 3 (5−6 marks)

At least one medical use is given for both types of wave linked to the risks and any
precautions necessary

Rossett+School Page 16 of 55
Examples of the points made in the response

Medical use of X-rays

Any one from:
• Detecting bone fractures
• Detecting dental problems
• Killing cancer cells
• CT scanning.
Ignore details about how X-rays / ultrasound work
accept any specific use of X-rays, eg
• detecting heart / lung disorders (with chest
X-rays)
• mammograms / breast cancer detection
• detecting stones / bowel disease (with abdominal X-rays)

Risks with X-rays

X-rays pose a risk / danger / hazard
accept are harmful

X-rays cause ionisation / damage to cells

or
mutate cells / cause mutations / increase chances of mutations
or
turn cells cancerous / produce abnormal growths / produce rapidly growing cells
or
kill cells
accept a description of what ionising is
instead of cell, any of these words can be used: DNA / genes /
chromosomes / nucleus
accept (may) cause cancer

Operator precautions with X-rays

The X-ray operator should go behind a (metal / glass) screen / leave the room when
making an X-ray / wear a lead lined apron
accept appropriate precautions for the patient e.g. limit the total
exposure / dose (in one year)
wear a radiation badge is insufficient

Medical use of ultrasound

Any one from:
• Pre-natal scanning
• Imaging (a named body part).
• removal / destruction of kidney / gall stones
• removing plaque from teeth
cleaning teeth is insufficient
• accept examples of repair, eg alleviating bruising, repair scar damage, ligament
/ tendon damage, joint inflammation.
accept physiotherapy
accept curing prostate cancer or killing prostate cancer cells

Rossett+School Page 17 of 55
 Risks with ultrasound
Ultrasound poses no risk / danger / hazard (to the user / patient)
accept ultrasound is safer than using X-rays

Ultrasound is not ionising

or
Ultrasound does not damage (human) cells

Precautions with ultrasound

The operator needs to take no precautions when making an ultrasound scan
this can be assumed if it is stated that ultrasound is harmless or it is
safer than using x-rays or it is non-ionising
6
[8]

(a) (i) line drawn at 90 degrees to the normal:

15

ignore (partial) reflection of the ray

1

(ii) 1.5
award both marks for an answer that rounds to 1.5
award 1 mark for correct substitution ie 1 / sin 41
or 1 / 0.656(059)
2

(b) 26
award 3 marks for an answer that rounds to 26
award 2 marks for

1.3 =
or
r = sin -1(0.57(3576) / 1.3)

award 1 mark for correct substitution.ie 1.3 =

or
sin 35° shown correctly, ie 0.57(3576), or used correctly in the
calculation
an answer of 0.44 scores 2 marks
an answer of 26.9 scores 0
3
[6]

Rossett+School Page 18 of 55
 (a) refraction
16 1

(b) towards the normal

1

(c) (i) convex

1

(ii) principal focus

accept focal point
1

(d) parallel on left

1

refracted towards the normal at first surface

1

refraction away from normal at second surface

1

passes through or heads towards principal focus

1

(e) refractive index

accept material from which it is made
1

(radius of) curvature (of the sides)

accept shape / radius
do not accept power of lens
ignore thickness / length
1
[10]

(a) (i) frequency

17 1

wavelength
1

(ii) 10-15 to 104

1

(b) 2.0 × 105

correct substitution of
3.0 × 108 / 1500 gains 1 mark
2

Hz
1

(c) (i) (skin) burns

1

Rossett+School Page 19 of 55
 (ii) skin cancer / blindness
1

(d) (i) any one from:

• (detecting) bone fractures

• (detecting) dental problems
• treating cancer
1

(ii) any one from:

• affect photographic film

• absorbed by bone
• transmitted by soft tissue
• kill (cancer) cells
answer must link to answer given in (d)(i)
1

(iii) 9 / 36 = 0.25
0.5 / 2 = 0.25
4 / 16 = 0.25
accept:
36 / 9 = 4
2 / 0.5 = 4
16 / 4 = 4
2

conclusion based on calculation

two calculations correct with a valid conclusion scores 2 marks
one correct calculation of k scores 1 mark
1
[13]

(a) wavelength correctly shown

18 1

(b) (i) increased

1

decreased
1

(ii) 17-18 inclusive

1

evidence of measurement divided by 3 or mean of 3 separate measurements

1

mm
accept cm if consistent with answer
1

Rossett+School Page 20 of 55
 (c) (i) red shift
1

(ii) moving away

1

(iii) the furthest galaxies show the biggest red shift

1

(meaning that) the furthest galaxies are moving fastest

1

(so the) Universe is expanding

1

(extrapolating backwards this suggests that) the Universe started from an initial
point
1

(iv) cosmic microwave background radiation

allow CMBR
1
[13]

(a) (i) infrared / IR

19 1

(ii) UV / X-rays / gamma rays

1

appropriate use corresponding with given wave:

dependent on first marking point

• UV: security marking or tanning

• X-rays: medical imaging or checking baggage
• gamma rays: sterilising surgical instruments or killing harmful bacteria in
food
accept any sensible alternative uses
1

(b) D
1

gap must be comparable to wavelength

accept converse
1

can create gap of that size in classroom

dependent on first marking point
1

(c) (i) Q
1

Rossett+School Page 21 of 55
 (ii) sound waves reflected
accept ‘it’ for sound waves
ignore bounce
1

at EF
1

angle of incidence equal to angle of reflection

1

(iii) stop sound going direct from clock to ear

1

(iv) 22 (m)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie
330 = 15 × λ scores 1 mark
2

(v) outside audible range

1
[14]

(a) (i) short sight

20
accept myopia
1

(ii) diverging
1

(b) light
1

Rossett+School Page 22 of 55
(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the quality of communication as
well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also apply a
‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

There is a basic description of one advantage or disadvantage of using either of the
methods

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

There is a description of some advantages and / or disadvantages of using both
methods
or
a full, detailed description of the advantages and disadvantages of using either of the
methods.

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

There is a clear description of the advantages and disadvantages of using both
methods.

examples of the points made in the response

extra information

laser surgery

advantages:

• appearance
• permanent effect
• no glasses which need changing

disadvantages:

• risks associated with surgery

• large cost
• not able to drive etc straightaway
• (still) might need glasses for reading

wearing glasses

advantages:

• able to function straightaway

• any problems easy to sort out

disadvantages:

• easily broken
• easily lost
• need changing
• overall cost might be greater if several changes in vision
• might eventually need two pairs of glasses
Rossett+School Page 23 of 55
 6

(d) move lens

1

closer to film
1
[11]

(a) decreases
21
correct order only
1

increases
1

(b) (i) intensity (of transmitted light ) depends on thickness

or
to enable a valid comparison
or
it is a control variable
accept absorption depends on thickness
it would affect the results is insufficient
fair test is insufficient
1

(ii) transmits the least light

or
absorbs the most light
accept very little light is transmitted
do not accept transmits none of the light
do not accept absorbs all of the light
any reference to heat negates this mark
1
[4]

Rossett+School Page 24 of 55
 (a) transmits
22
correct order
1

absorbs
1

(b) light
allow ultra violet or UV or infrared or IR or gamma
1

(c) 20

allow 1 mark for correct working, ie provided no subsequent

step
2

(d) Killing cancer cells

1
[6]

(a) long
23 1

(b) lens A
1

it is a concave / diverging lens

this mark is only gained if lens A is stated
any reference to lens material or mass of lens negates this mark
allow it will focus light onto the retina
1

(c) The refractive index of the lens material

1

(d) 4
ignore any signs

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie provided no

subsequent step
2

(e) Cauterising open blood vessels

1

(f) 5

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie provided no

subsequent step
2
[9]

Rossett+School Page 25 of 55
 (a) (sound waves) which have a frequency higher than the upper limit of hearing for humans
24 or
a (sound) wave (of frequency) above 20 000 Hz
sound waves that cannot be heard is insufficient
a wave of frequency 20 000 Hz is insufficient
1

(b) 640
an answer of 1280 gains 2 marks
allow 2 marks for the correct substitution
ie 1600 × 0.40 provided no subsequent step

allow 2 marks for the substitution

provided no subsequent step
allow 1 mark for the substitution 1600 × 0.80 provided no
subsequent step
allow 1 mark for the identification that time (boat to bed) is 0.4
3

(c) any one from:

• pre-natal scanning / imaging
• imaging of a named organ (that is not surrounded by bone), eg stomach,
bladder, testicles
accept heart
do not allow brain or lungs (either of these negates a correct
answer)
• Doppler scanning blood flow
1

(d) advantage

any one from:

• (images are) high quality or detailed or high resolution
clearer / better image is sufficient
• (scan) produces a slice through the body
• image can be viewed from any direction
allow images are (always) 3D / 360°
• an image can be made of any part (inside the body)
allow whole body can be scanned
• easier to diagnose or see a problem (on the image)
1

disadvantage

any one from:

• (the X-rays used or scans) are ionising
allow a description of what ionising is
• mutate cells or cause mutations or increase chances of mutations
allow for cells:
DNA / genes / chromosomes / nucleus / tissue

Rossett+School Page 26 of 55
 • turn cells cancerous or produce abnormal growths or produce rapidly growing
cells
• kill cells
damage cells is insufficient
• shielding is needed
can be dangerous (to human health) unqualified, is insufficient
1
[7]

(for both fibres) increasing the wavelength of light decreases and then increases the percentage /
25 amount of light transmitted
accept for 1 mark:
(for both fibres) increasing the wavelength (of light) to 5 (x 10-7
metres), decreases the (percentage) transmission
1

(for both fibres) the minimum transmission happens at 5 (x 10-7 metres)

or
maximum transmission occurs at 6.5 (x 10-7 metres)
accept for a further 1 mark:
(for both fibres) increasing the wavelength of the light from 5 (x 10-7
metres) increases the amount of light transmitted
increasing wavelength (of light), decreases the percentage
transmitted is insufficient on its own
1

the shorter fibre transmits a greater percentage of light (at the same wavelength)
accept for 1 mark:
Any statement that correctly processes data to compare the fibres
1
[3]

(a) the oscillation / vibration (causing the wave)

26
a movement causes the wave is insufficient
1

for a transverse wave is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

accept direction of wave travel
1

and for a longitudinal wave is parallel to the direction of energy transfer

accept direction of wave travel
if no marks awarded allow 1 mark for correctly linking perpendicular
with transverse and parallel with longitudinal
the marks may be scored by the drawing of two correctly labelled
diagrams
1

Rossett+School Page 27 of 55
 (b) for radio waves:
accept converse for each mark

are transverse
1

travel at speed of light / higher speed

1

have greater frequencies

1

can travel through vacuum

accept sound waves are not electromagnetic for 1 mark
1
[7]

(a) (i) magnified

27 1

upright
1

(ii) v = −6(cm)
max 2 marks if no minus sign
6(cm) gains 2 marks
1/v = 1/12 − 1/4 = −1/6
gains 2 marks
1/12 = 1/4 + 1/v
gains 1 mark
−5.99(cm)
using decimals gains 3 marks
3

(b) it is virtual
1
[6]

(a) (i) (visible) light

28
accept visible
1

(ii) microwaves
1

(b) J
1

(c) (i) B
1

(ii) shorter than

1

Rossett+School Page 28 of 55
 (d) (i) To find out if using a mobile phone is harmful to health
1

(ii) any two from:

• (X has a) low(er) SAR value

“it” refers to mobile phone
accept has a low(er) rate

• (maximum) energy absorbed (by the head) is less

accept energy emitted (by phone) is less
accept radiation for energy

• (if mobiles are harmful) less likely to cause harm

accept will not cause harm
accept it is safer
2
[8]

(a) C
29 1

(b) reflection at the mirror of ray from shoe to person’s eye

may be drawn freehand
1

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

judged by eye
a ruler must have been used
1

arrow to show correct direction on either incident or reflected ray

only one arrow needed but if more drawn must be no contradiction
both incident and reflected ray must be shown
1

(c) virtual
1
[5]

Rossett+School Page 29 of 55
 (a) vibrate / oscillate
30
accept a correct description
move is insufficient
1

(b) 336
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 420 × 0.8(0) provided no
subsequent step shown
2
[3]

(a) (i) perpendicular

31
accept correct description 1
1

(ii) light off – no / slow rotation

1

light on – fast(er) rotation

accept starts rotating
ignore references to energy transfers
1

(b) one ray drawn from wrist watch and reflected by mirror
accept solid or dashed lines
1

two rays drawn from wrist watch and reflected by mirror with i = r for both rays
judge angles by eye
1

one ray traced back behind mirror

accept solid or dashed lines
1

image in correct position

judged by eye
accept image marked where two reflected rays traced back cross
behind the mirror
1

(c) cannot be formed on a screen

accept image formed behind the mirror

or

rays of light seem to come from it but do not pass through it

1
[8]

(a) 10–15 metres to 104 metres

32 1

Rossett+School Page 30 of 55
 (b) (i) any one from:

• (TV / video / DVD) remote controls

mobile phones is insufficient

• (short range) data transmission

accept specific example, eg linking computer peripherals

• optical fibre (signals)

do not accept Bluetooth
1

(ii) 0.17
an answer 17 cm gains 3 marks
an answer given to more than 2 significant figures that rounds to
0.17 gains 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 3 × 108 = 1.8 × 109 × λ
3

(c) (maybe) other factors involved

accept a named ‘sensible’ factor, eg higher stress / sedentary
lifestyle / overweight / smoking more / diet / hot office / age
not testing enough people is insufficient
unreliable data is insufficient
1
[6]

(a) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
33 Written Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking guidance, and apply a
‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant / correct content.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

There is a basic description of either wave
OR
What happens to either wave when they enter the body. However there is little other
detail.

Rossett+School Page 31 of 55
Level 2 (3-4 marks)
There is either:
A clear description of BOTH waves
OR
A clear description as to what happens to BOTH waves inside the body
OR
A clear description of ONE of the waves with clear detail as to what happens to either
wave inside the body.

Level 3 (5-6 marks)

There is a detailed description of BOTH of the waves
AND
A detailed description as to what happens to EITHER wave inside the body.

Rossett+School Page 32 of 55
Examples of the points made in the response:

Description of an X-ray

• X-rays are electromagnetic waves / part of the electromagnetic spectrum

do not allow a description of a property – eg X-rays travel

• X-rays are (very) high frequency (waves)

through a vacuum / at the speed of light

• X-rays are (very) high energy (waves)

• X-rays have a (very) short wavelength

• Wavelength (of X-rays) is of a similar size to (the diameter of) an atom

• X-rays are a transverse wave

correct description acceptable – oscillations / vibrations are
perpendicular (at 90°) to direction of energy transfer

• X-rays are ionising radiation

Description of ultrasound

• ultrasound has a frequency above 20 000 (hertz)

or

ultra sound is above 20 000 hertz

• ultrasound is above / beyond the human (upper) limit (of hearing)

accept ultrasound cannot be heard by humans

• ultrasound is a longitudinal wave

correct description acceptable – oscillations / vibrations (of
particles) are parallel (in same direction) to direction of energy
transfer

Statement(s) as to what happens to X-rays inside the human body:

• X-rays are absorbed by bone

• X-rays travel through / are transmitted by tissue / skin

Statement as to what happens to ultrasound inside body:

• ultrasound is (partially) reflected at / when it meets a boundary between two

different media

• travel at different speeds through different media

6

Rossett+School Page 33 of 55
 (b) (because the X-rays) are ionising
accept a description of what ionising is
1

(they will) damage cells

instead of cell, any of these words can be used:
DNA / genes / chromosomes / nucleus

or

mutate cells / cause mutations / increase chances of mutations

or

turn cells cancerous / produce abnormal growths / produce rapidly growing cells
do not accept they can be dangerous (to human health)
do not accept damage to soft tissue

or

kill cells
1

(c) any one from:

• removal / destruction of kidney / gall stones

• repair of damaged tissue / muscle

accept examples of repair, eg alleviating bruising, repair scar
damage, ligament / tendon damage, joint inflammation
accept physiotherapy
accept curing prostate cancer or killing prostate cancer cells

• removing plaque from teeth

cleaning teeth is insufficient
1
[9]

(a) any two correct construction lines:

34
if more than 2 construction lines treat as a list
2

• line passing straight through centre of lens (& out other side)

• line travelling parallel to principal axis & then being refracted through principal
focus (on RHS)

• line travelling through principal focus (on LHS) & then being refracted to be
parallel to principal axis (on RHS)

inverted image drawn (with arrow) in correct location

1

Rossett+School Page 34 of 55
 one arrowhead from object to image on any construction ray
conflicting arrowheads negate this mark

(b) any two from:

• inverted
accept upside down

• real

• diminished / smaller
allow ecf if ray diagram wrongly drawn but descriptions must relate
to their image
a converse negates mark, eg real and virtual scores zero
2
[6]

(a) (i) gamma

35
accept correct symbol
1

(ii) any one from:

• (ultraviolet has a) higher frequency

ultraviolet cannot be seen is insufficient

• (ultraviolet has a) greater energy

• (ultraviolet has a) shorter wavelength

ignore ultraviolet causes cancer etc
1

(b) 1.2 × 107 / 12 000 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 3 × 108 = f × 25
2

Rossett+School Page 35 of 55
 hertz / Hz / kHz / MHz
do not accept hz or HZ
answers 12 000 kHz or 12 MHz gain 3 marks
for full credit the numerical answer and unit must be consistent
1

(c) (i) away (from each other)

accept away (from the Earth)
accept receding
1

(ii) distance (from the Earth)

accept how far away (it is)
1

speed galaxy is moving

1

(iii) (Universe is) expanding

1
[9]

(a) all three lines correct

36

allow 1 mark for each correct line

if more than one line goes from a device then all lines from that
device are wrong
3

(b) (i) skin cancer

do not accept cancer
do not accept sunburn
correct answer only
1

(ii) other factors may be involved

accept may have been in the Sun too long
accept (over)-use of sunbeds and (over)- exposure to the Sun
(both) give the same symptoms
accept any other sensible factor that could lead to doubt
do not accept irrelevant answers eg may be run over by a car
do not accept killed by exposure to the Sun
1

Rossett+School Page 36 of 55
 (iii) can assess risk
answers should be in terms of assessing our own health risk

or

make your own decision

accept so you limit its use / don’t use one
do not accept so you don’t get skin cancer
do not accept so you don’t get sunburn
1
[6]

less / no light pollution

37
accept no / fewer streetlights
1

less cloud cover / above clouds

1

less atmospheric pollution

accept air for atmosphere
accept idea of thinner atmosphere
do not accept closer to stars
1
[3]

(a) (both graphs show an initial) increase in count rate

38
accept both show an increase
1

(b) only the right kidney is working correctly

1

any two from:

if incorrect box chosen maximum of 1 mark can be awarded
reference to named kidney can be inferred from the tick box

• count-rate / level / line for right kidney decreases (rapidly)

it decreases is insufficient

• count-rate / level / line for left kidney does not change

it does not change is insufficient

• radiation is being passed out into urine – if referring to right kidney

• radiation is not being passed out – if referring to the left kidney

• left kidney does not initially absorb as much technetium-99

2
[4]

Rossett+School Page 37 of 55
 (a) C or 0.18 mm
39 1

(b) 0.6 (m)

allow 1 mark for correct substitution and/or transformation or 1
mark for changing frequency to Hz
answer 600 gains 1 mark
2

(c) creates an alternating current

accept ‘ac’ for alternating current
accept alternating voltage
1

with the same frequency as the radio wave

accept signal for radio wave
accept it gets hotter for 1 mark provided no other marks scored
1

(d) X-rays cannot penetrate the atmosphere

accept atmosphere stops X-rays
do not accept atmosphere in the way

or

X-rays are absorbed (by the atmosphere) before reaching Earth

ignore explanations
1
[6]

(a) (i) answer in the range 3.0 ↔ 3.1 inclusive

40
accept for 1 mark
3.6 ÷ 1.2 or 3.7 ÷ 1.2
or 36 ÷ 12 or 37 ÷ 12
or 18 ÷ 6 or 18.5 ÷ 6
or 10.2 ÷ 3.4 or 102 ÷ 34
or answer in the range but with a unit eg 3 cm
2

(ii) (principal) focus / focal (point(s)) / foci / focus

accept ‘focusses’
accept focals
do not accept focal length
1

Rossett+School Page 38 of 55
 (iii) at the intersection of virtual / imaginary rays
or ‘where virtual / imaginary rays cross’
or the rays of (real) light do not cross
or the image on the same side (of the lens) as the object
or the image is drawn as a dotted line
or the image is upright
do not accept ‘cannot be put on a screen’
do not accept any response which refers to reflected rays
1

(b) (i) another correct observation about relationship between values of d

example
15 is three times bigger than 5 but
1

(but) not the relationship between corresponding values for magnification

2.0 is not three times bigger than 1.2
1

(ii) when the distance / d increases the magnification increases

or the converse
accept ‘there is a positive correlation’
do not accept any response in terms of proportion / inverse
proportion
1

(iii) (student has) no evidence (outside this range)

accept data / results / facts for ‘evidence’
1
[8]

(a) (i) X-ray(s)

41 1

(ii) gamma rays

1

(iii) infrared
1

(b) the same speed as

1

(c) (i) horizontal arrow drawn pointing to the right

judge by eye
accept drawn anywhere on diagram
1

(ii) Y
1

Rossett+School Page 39 of 55
 (iii) any one from:

• any type of electromagnetic wave

accept electromagnetic wave(s)

• water (wave)
do not accept seismic waves

• (earthquake / seismic) S waves

do not accept P waves
do not accept earthquakes
1

(d) (i) 3
1

(ii) 3.6

or

their (d)(i) × 1.2 correctly calculated

v=f×λ
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 3 or their (d)(i) × 1.2 provided that no subsequent step is shown
2
[10]

(a) (i) to check rise in temperature (of other thermometers) was due to the
42 (different wavelengths of) light
accept as a control / comparison
to measure room temperature is insufficient
1

(ii) any two from three:

• different colours produce different heating effects / (rises in)

temperatures

• red light produces the greatest heating effect / (rise in)

temperature

or

• violet produces the least heating effect / (rise in) temperature

• all colours produce a greater heating effect than outside the spectrum
an answer
the longer the wavelength the greater the (rise in) temperature
or
the lower the frequency the greater the (rise in) temperature gains
both marks
2

Rossett+School Page 40 of 55
 (b) move a thermometer into the infrared region / just beyond the red light
allow use an infrared camera / infrared sensor
1

the temperature increases beyond 24(°C)

accept temperature higher than for the red light
1

(c) v=f×λ

9.4 × 10-6
accept 9.375 × 10-6 or 9.38 × 10-6

or

0.0000094
accept 0.000009375
or 0.00000938
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 3 × 108 = 3.2 × 1013 × λ
2

(d) at night the surroundings are cooler

accept at night the air is colder
there is no heat from the Sun is insufficient

or

at night there is a greater temperature difference between people and

surroundings
1

(so surroundings) emit less infrared (than in daytime)

accept camera detects a greater contrast

or

gives larger difference in infrared emitted (between people and surroundings)

1
[9]

(a) (i) converging

43 1

(ii) (x) 2
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 10/5 or 20/10 or 2/1
ignore any units
2

Rossett+School Page 41 of 55
 (b) decreases
1
[4]

(a) (i) two correct rays drawn

44
1 mark for each correct ray

• ray parallel to axis from top of object and refracted through focus
and traced back beyond object

• ray through centre of lens and traced back beyond object

• ray joining top of object to focus on left of lens taken to the lens
refracted parallel to axis and traced back parallel to axis beyond object

an arrow showing the position and correct orientation of the image for their rays
to gain this mark, the arrow must go from the intersection of the
traced-back rays to the axis and the image must be on the same
side of the lens as the object and above the axis
1

(ii) (x) 3.0

accept 3.0 to 3.5 inclusive
or

correctly calculated
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into equation using their figures
ignore any units
2

Rossett+School Page 42 of 55
 (b) any two from:

in a camera the image is:

• real not virtual

• inverted and not upright

accept upside down for inverted

• diminished and not magnified

accept smaller and bigger
accept converse answers but it must be clear the direction of the
comparison
both parts of each marking point are required
2
[7]

(a) any two from:

45
• travel (at same speed) through a vacuum / space
do not accept air for vacuum

• transverse

• transfer energy

• can be reflected

• can be refracted

• can be diffracted

• can be absorbed

• travel in straight lines

2

(b) can pass through the ionosphere

accept atmosphere for ionosphere
do not accept air for ionosphere
accept travel in straight lines
accept not refracted / reflected / absorbed by the ionosphere
1

(c) v=f×λ

1.2 × 106 / 1200 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 3.0 × 108 = f × 2.5 × 102
2

Rossett+School Page 43 of 55
 hertz / Hz
do not accept hz or HZ
accept kHz or MHz
answers 1.2 MHz or 1200 kHz gain all 3 marks
for full credit the unit and numerical value must be consistent
1
[6]

(a) two rays drawn from the bulb and reflected by the glass
46
angle I = angle R judged by eye
allow 1 mark for one incident and reflected ray even if angle I
doesn’t equal angle R
2

at least one arrow drawn in correct direction

any conflicting arrows negate this mark
ignore any arrows drawn on construction lines behind the glass
1

Rossett+School Page 44 of 55
 position of image correct

judged by eye
1

(b) image is formed by virtual / imaginary rays crossing

accept construction lines only show where the light seems
to come from
accept the image is behind the glass / mirror
accept image is seen through the glass / mirror
accept (real) rays of light do not pass through the image
accept (real) rays do not cross
accept the image is a reflection (of the object)
accept the image is formed by reflection
do not accept a virtual image can’t be formed on a screen
do not accept the object / image is reflected
1
[5]

Rossett+School Page 45 of 55
 (a) higher frequency
47
general properties / uses are neutral
or
shorter wavelength
do not accept different frequency / wavelength / energy
or
greater energy
1

(b) the same (speed)

accept they travel at the speed of light
1

(c) pass through / transmitted by the plastic / casing

1

reflected by the metal / plates

do not accept bounce / deflected etc for reflected
if neither marking point scores an answer reflected (back to boat /
from the device) scores 1 mark
1

(d) (i) waves are not reflected from the walls

accept microwaves / radar for waves
do not accept bounce / deflected etc for reflected
or
only waves (reflected) from the device are detected
accept to stop reflected waves affecting results
1

(ii) different types (of device) can be compared

fair test is insufficient
accept idea that only one variable is then changed
1

(iii) so (measurements / results / scientists) are not biased towards one type /
manufacturer of device/s
accept to avoid bias
accept so they are not biased
1

Rossett+School Page 46 of 55
 (e) (i) any two from:
if temperature is mentioned rather than angle a maximum of 1 mark
can be scored

• (for any angle) A values < B values

or converse eg B values are higher / better / stronger

• A values increase with (increasing) angle

accept weakest at 0° strongest at 15°
values go up is insufficient

• B values decrease with (increasing) angle

accept strongest at 0° weakest at 15°
values go down is insufficient

• A values do not vary as much (as B values)

2

(ii) D
mark is for the reason
reason cannot score if D is not chosen

values are always over 2(.0)

1
[10]

1.4
48
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 14 ÷ 10
or
28 ÷ 20
[2]

(a) converging (lens)

49
accept ‘con vex (lens)’
accept biconvex
1

(b) (principal) foci

accept ‘focus’ / ‘focuses’ / ‘focis’
focal point(s)
1

(c) (i) formed where (real) rays (of light) intersect / meet / cross
accept rays (of light) pass through the image
accept ‘image is on the opposite side (of the lens to the object)’
accept (construction) lines cross over
a response relating to a screen or similar is neutral
lines are solid and not dotted is neutral
1
Rossett+School Page 47 of 55
 (ii) inverted
accept any unambiguous correct indication
1

(d) (i) smooth curve which matches the points

judge by eye but do not accept point to point by ruler or otherwise
1

(ii) continuous
1

(iii) as distance increases, magnification decreases

accept negative correlation
a statement ‘inversely proportional’ is incorrect and limits maximum
mark for this part question to 1
1

further detail eg magnification falls steeply between 40 and 50 cm

or
magnification begins to level out after / at 70 cm
1
[8]

(a) (i) (concave) mirror / reflector

50
do not allow convex mirror / reflector
1

(ii) refraction
1

(b) (i) converging

1

(ii) 4
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 20 / 5 or 4 / 1
ignore any units
2
[5]

(a) 85
51 1

(b) (i) thickness (of glass)

accept how thick the glass is
do not accept light intensity
1

Rossett+School Page 48 of 55
 (ii) transmits less infra red
accept radiation / or heat for infra red
accept transmits less energy (at all wavelengths)
accept (glass B) absorbs more infra red
accept infra red is the same as heat
ignore reference to visible light
1

infra red has a heating effect

or
infra red warms the room
ignore references to conservatory
keeping cool
1
[4]

(a) (i) microwaves

52 1

(ii) can pass through the ionosphere

accept travels in a straight line
accept atmosphere for ionosphere
do not accept air for ionosphere
1

(b) higher the frequency, further the wave travels

(into the atmosphere before reflection)
1

(c) 15 000
allow 1 mark for correct transformation and substitution

ie

an answer of 15 000 000 only gains 1 mark

allow both marks for an answer of 15 MHz (unit must be changed)
an answer of 15 gains no credit
2
[5]

(a) (i) bat(s)

53 1

(ii) elephant(s)
1

(iii) any example in the inclusive range 5 ↔ 29 Hz / hertz

appropriate number and unit both required
1

(b) (i) B
1

Rossett+School Page 49 of 55
 (ii) F
1
[5]

(a) (i) answer in the range 3.0 ↔ 3.1 inclusive

54
accept for 1
3.6 ÷ 1.2 or 3.7 ÷ 1.2
or 36 ÷ 12 or 37 ÷ 12
or 18 ÷ 6 or 18.5 ÷ 6
or 10.2 ÷ 3.4 or 102 ÷ 34
or answer in the range but with a unit eg 3 cm
2

(ii) (principal) focus / focal (point(s)) / foci / focus

accept ‘focusses’
accept focals
do not accept focal length
1

(iii) at the intersection of virtual / imaginary rays

or ‘where virtual / imaginary rays cross’
or the rays of (real) light do not cross
or the image on the same side (of the lens) as the object
or the image is drawn as a dotted line
or the image is upright
do not accept ‘cannot be put on a screen’
do not accept any response which refers to reflected rays
1

(b) (i) another correct observation about relationship between values of d (1)

(but) not the same relationship between corresponding

values for magnification (1)
example
15 is three times bigger than 5 but
2.0 is not three times bigger than 1.2
2

(ii) when the distance / d increases the magnification increases

or the converse
accept ‘there is a (strong) positive correlation’
do not accept any response in terms of proportion / inverse
proportion
1

(iii) (student has) no evidence (outside this range)

accept data / results / facts for ‘evidence’
1
[8]

Rossett+School Page 50 of 55
 (a) (i) infra red (rays)
55
accept IR
or
radio (waves)
do not accept heat waves
do not accept TV waves
1

(ii) radio (waves)

this answer only
1

(b) frequency
1

(c) (i) answer should be in terms of establishing if harmful or not

harmful ie trying to clear up any uncertainty
do not accept answers that assume it is harmful
eg Wi-Fi systems will make you ill

need to know if it is harmful / makes you ill

accept idea that safety issue may worry people
accept idea that (more) research may reassure people
accept idea of finding out (the truth)
1

(ii) an opinion
1
[5]

Rossett+School Page 51 of 55
 (a) (i) any two from:
56
• travel at the same speed (through a vacuum)
accept travel at the speed of light
accept air for vacuum

• can travel through a vacuum / space

do not accept air for vacuum

• transfer energy

• can be reflected

• can be refracted

• can be diffracted

• can be absorbed

• can be transmitted

• transverse
accept any other property common to electromagnetic waves
accept travel at the same speed through a vacuum for both marks
do not accept both radiated from the Sun
2

(ii) infra red

both required for the mark

radio(waves)
accept IR for infra red
1

(b) 2 400 000 000

correct transformation and substitution gains 1 mark

ie or

an answer of 24 000 000 gains 1 mark

either 2 400 000 kHz
or 2 400 MHz scores 3 marks but the symbol only scores the 3rd
mark if it is correct in every detail
2

hertz
accept Hz
do not accept hz
1

Rossett+School Page 52 of 55
 (c) (i) presented (scientific) evidence / data
do an experiment / investigation is insufficient
1

(ii) to find out if there is a hazard (or not)

accept to find out if it is safe
accept not enough evidence to make a decision
not enough evidence is insufficient
1
[8]

(a) any two for 1 mark each

57
deduct (1) from the first two marks if a ruler has not been used but
the intention is clear

ray from the object's arrowhead

• through centre of lens

• parallel to the axis then, when it reaches the lens, through F on the right

• through F on the left then, when it reaches the lens parallel to the axis
example of a 4 mark response

if more than two construction lines have been drawn all must be
correct to gain 2 marks
construction lines drawn as dashed lines do not score credit
2

image shown as vertical line from axis to where their rays intersect
image need not be marked with an arrowhead but, if it is, it must be
correct
1

ray direction shown

only one correct direction
arrow needed but there must not be any contradiction
1

Rossett+School Page 53 of 55
 (b) any two from:

• inverted
accept ‘upside down’

• magnified
accept ‘bigger’

• real
accept ‘not virtual / not imaginary’
one correct feature gains 1 mark
ignore any reference to position
an incorrect feature negates a correct response
2
[6]

(i) X-rays
58
infra red (rays)

radio (waves)
all three in correct order
allow 1 mark for 1 correct
2

(ii) to kill cancer cells

1

(iii) energy
1
[4]

(a) (i) shorter than

59 1

(ii) increase slightly

1

(b) (i) go up in the same ratio

or (directly) proportional or as speed (of the tennis ball) increases so does the
(difference in) frequency
accept as one goes up, so does the other
accept positive correlation
1

(ii) 20 (m/s)
allow 1 mark for showing correct method on graph
(ie horizontal or vertical line anywhere on graph)
if indicated by a cross, must be ± half square of correct value)
2

Rossett+School Page 54 of 55
(iii) frequency and speed are both continuous variables
1
[6]

Rossett+School Page 55 of 55