úuid n,uq j, .=K w.

=K
M a n g o s t e e n

ue x.=ia lshkafka f,dl= l=vd ljqre;a

tlfia m%shlrkq ,nk m,;=rls' tjka jQ
rgj, nyq,j j.d
,xldfõ f;;a l,dmShj b;d id¾:lj
flf¾'

m,;=rl fmdaIKSh iy T!Iëh j.d l< yels by< wdodhula ,nd.;

.=Khka ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu fuu yels fnda.hls'
,smsfha wruqKhs' ulaksido fuu
m,;=re fnda.h wo jkúg b;d fuu m,;=r b;d rij;a jk w;r
wvqfjñka hk neúks' kuq;a th tfia uDÿ yd ;rula weUq,a rihlskao hqla;
fkdúh hq;=h' .=Ü*f¾ (Gutiferae) fõ' îc me< u.ska iy noaO me<
l=,hg wh;a jk uex.=ia b;d wk¾> uÕska m%pdrKh l< yelsh' îc me<
m,;=rla jk w;r th WoaNs; úoHd;aulj uÕska m%pdrKh l< o j¾.fha fjkialï isÿ
Garcinia mangostana Linn f,i fkdjkqfha fuh i;H îc uÕska m%pdrKh
yeoskafõ' fkdjk neúks'

m,;=re f,dfõ /csk jYfhkao uoh iqÿ meye;s jk w;r bÿKq M,fha
y÷kajk uex.=ia" >¾u l,dmSh iodyß; M,djrKh ;o oï meye;sh' uofha wvx.=
Ydlhls' fuu Ydlh iqkavd ÿm;a iy ìla .Kk mqIamfhaa l,xlfha fnÿKq
bkaÿkSishdfõ fud¨laldia ¥m;a wdY%s;j ixLHdj u; ;SrKh fõ' M,fha
iïNjh ù we;s w;r ksrs; os. wdishdkq w;HjYH fmdaIK øjH o nyq,h' uo

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 1
 fukau M,djrKh o b;du;a by< ueka.kSi
a ñ,s .%Eï 0.102
jQ T!Iëh .=Khka iys; ridhksl fmdia*ria ñ,s .%Eï 8
j¾. j,ska fmdfydi;ah' T!Iëh .=K fmdgEishï ñ,s .%Eï 48
imhk Tlaisldrl ixfhda. fndfyduhla fidaähï ñ,s .%Eï 7
wvx.=fõ' uex.=ia uo .%Eï 100 l wvx.= iskal
a ñ,s .%Eï 0.21
jk fmdaIK ;;a;ajh my; olajd we;'
uex.=ia ifï frda. i|yd
Yla;sh lsf,da le,ß 73 fyd| m%;sldrhla jYfhka
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü .%Eï 17. 91 ie,lsh yelsh' tfukau ;=jd, iqj
;ka;= .%Eï 1.8 ùu myiq lrjhs' mdpk frda.S ;;a;ajhkag
fïoh .%Eï 0.58 b;d .=Kodhlhs' ;jo uq;%d ud¾.h wdYs%;
fm%daàk .%Eï 0.41 wdidokhka i|yd o .=Kodhl fõ'

úgñk
tfukau fndfyduhla frda. i|yd
;hñka (B1) ñ,s .%Eï 0.054
m%;sYla;sldrl .=Khla fmkajhs'
rhsfnda*af,aúka (B2) ñ,s .%Eï 0.054
m%;sms<sldrl .=Khla fmkajk ridhksl
ksheiska (B3 ) ñ,s .%Eï 0.286
ixfhda. iy uex.=iaáka (Mangostin)
mekafgdf;ksla wï,h (B5) ñ' .%Eï 0.032
iekaf;dkSia (xarthones) jeks ridhksl
úgñka B6 ñ,s .%Eï 0.018
øjH j,ska fmdfydi;ah'
f*daf,aÜ (B9) ñ,s .%Eï 31
úgñka C ñ,s .%Eï 2.9
M,djrKfha o m%;sTlaisldrl .=Kfhka
LKsc
hq;a ridhksl ixfhda. fndfyduhla
le,aishï ñ,s .%Eï 12
wvx.= fõ' fuu ixfhda. m%;sms<sldrl
hlv ñ,s .%Eï 0.3
.=K olajk ridhkslhka fõ'
ue.akSishï ñ,s .%Eï 13

2 f.dúlï iÕrdj
;jo M,djrKfha m%;snelaàrshdldrl ixfhda. nyq,hs' fuu m,;=frys iy
.=Kh fmkajk ridhksl ixfhda. M,djrKfha m%;sTlaisldrl nyq,j
wvx.=h' fuu ixfhda. f,i wvx.=j we;'
Polyoxygenatedxanthones, mangotin, »» M,djrKh fhdod ilia lrk fnfy;a
Mangostinnormangostin, Qartanin j¾. wdhq¾fõofha boSóu je<elaùug
ye|skaúh yelshs' uex.=ia j, iy iqjlsÍug" ;=jd, iqjlsÍug"
ixLHd;aulj 40 lg jvd iajNdúl mdpkh je<elaùug iy md,khg"
m%;sTlaisldrl wvx.= fõ' fïjd xanthones lIdh j¾. ilia lsÍug fhdod .kS'
ldKavhg wh;ah' fndfyduhla frda. j,ska ;jo m;% j, hqI ;=jd, i|yd m%;sldr
wdrlaIdùfï .=Khla fuu m,;=r i;=hs' lsrSugo fhdod .kS'

wid;añl (Allergy) ;;a;aj j,ska fujeks fmdaIKSh iy T!Iëh .=Khkaf.ka

wdrlaIdùu i|yd jeo.;a jk wKQk uex.=ia jeämqr j.dlr" yels muK
fm%diag.a,eksäka (Prostaglanidin E2) mrsfNdackh i|yd fhdod .ekSu b;du;a
ridhkslh wvx.=h' M,djrKfha mshhqre fhda.H fukau ld,Sk wjYH;djhla o fõ'
ms<sld u¾Okh l< yels ridhksl
uex.=ia j, .=Kd.=K ms<sn| f;dr;=re
ixfhda. fndfyduhla (Garcinone E, f.dúlï iÕrdjg tla lf<a"

Mangostin jeks øjH) wvx.=h' ví' ã' f,ia,s

iyldr lDIsl¾u wOHlaI ^m¾fhaIK&

wdhq¾fõo .=K m,;=re m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" fydrK

»» wdhq¾fõofha oS jd; ms;a; frda.

i|yd uex.=ia m,;=r b;d .=Kodhl
nj i|yka fõ' fuhska wdydr
cSrKh myiq lrjhs' ;jo
Y=l%dkQ ksIamdokh jeä lrjhs'
reêr isks idkaøKh wvqlrjhs'
iajNdúl *SSfkda,Sla ixfhda.
nyq, jk w;ru ;j;a Ydlidr
j, wvx.= ys;lr ridhksl

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 3
 à' mS' Ô wreK himd,s;" lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl" fiajd.u" fmdf<dkakrej

lrú, úfYaI 60 la muK f,dj mqrd jefvk úfYaIhla jk fuh Y%S ,xldjg
jHdma; ù we;s w;r fndfydauhla tjd wdfõkslh' furg úh<s l,dmSh jkdkaka;r yd
bkaÈhdkq l,dmfha úisÍ we;' lrú, t,s fkdlrk ,o ìïj, fukau l,d;=rlska
l=l¾ìfÜisfha (Cucurbitaceae) l=,hg we;eï j;= j,o oelsh yelsh' iuyre
wh;a fnda.hla jk w;r w;r ;udf.a mdßfNdackhg fukau w,xldrhg o
j.djla f,i jjk úfYaIhka lrú, je,la folla f.j;= j, isgqjdf.k
fukau jk.;j iajNdúlj jefjk we;s nj oelsh yelsh'
úfYaIhkao wvx.=h' iajNdúlj jefjk
úfYaI fndfydauhla bkaÈhdfõ oelsh yels ;=U lrú, fukau ngq lrú, jef,ys m;%h

w;r ,xldfõo ;=U lrú, yd ngq lrú, idudkH lrú, je,l m;% j, yevhg yd

f,i iajNdúl úfYaI folla oelsh yelsh' j¾Khg fukau u,a j, iajNdjhgo fnfyúka
iudkh' kuq;a f.äfha m%udKh yd yevh
Momordica denudata hk kñka fuh fmr fjkia fõ' ngq lrú, je,a iuyrúg
ye¢kajqjo idudkH lrú, jk o¾Yhla w;=fnfoñka úYd, m%foaYhla mqrd me;sr ;sf-
f,i o iuyre i,lkq ,nhs' iajNdúlj nkq oelsh yelsh' fuu je, idudkH lrú,

4 f.dúlï iÕrdj
je, fukau tal .DyS fõ' M, f.da,dldr
yevfha isg ;rula È.eá yevh olajd úúO
fõ' f.ähla fikaáóg¾ 3 - 7 È.ska yd
fikaáóg¾ 2'5 - 3'5 m<,lska hqla; úh
yelsh' msg; iajNdjh idudkH lrú,
f.ählg iudk jk w;r j¾Kfhkao
fld, meyehla .kS' bÿKq miq ;eô,s mdgg
yef¾' bfok úg tys weg jgd we;s udxY,
fldgia o r;= meye;sfõ' ìc" idudkH lrú,
îc j,g jvd uola l=vd kuq;a yevfhka
iudkh' f.ä bÿKq miq há me;af;ka mqmqrd
weg jeà m%pdrKh iajNdúlj isÿfjñka
mrïmrdj wLKavj mj;ajd .kS' fuu lrú,
j, idudkH lrú, j,g jvd lDñ yd frda.
Wjÿre wvqh'
ngq lrú, jk.; t<j¿jla f,i w;S;fha
isg ñksiqka Ndú;d lr we;' fuu lrú,
idudkH lrú, j,g jvd ;s;a; .;sfhka jeä
jk w;r fmdaIK .=Kfhka uola by<h'
weUq,la f,i fukau f;f,ys neo wdydrhg
.; yelsh' ngq lrú, j, m;%" weg yd uq,a
wdhq¾fõo yd foaYSh fjolfï§ Èhjeähdj"
w¾Yia frda." mKq frda. yd ifï frda. i|yd
fhdod.kS' m%;slaIqø Ôú ldrl .=K we;' fuu
lrú, je,la f.or isgqjd .ekSfuka miq
c,h fmdfydr" lDñkdYl fh§fuka f;drj
myiqfjka j.d lr.; yels w;r je,g ydkshla
fkdfõ kï ;u mrïmrdj o wLKavj /l.kS'
fï ksid Tng È.ska È.gu wiajekak ,ndfok
fujeks jákd Ydlhla Tfí f.j;af;ao isgqjd
wdydrhg f.k Tn;a ksfrda.S jkak'
47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 5
 ñÈ j.d lmamdÿj ksjeros ;dCIKhg
wkql+,j isÿ fkdjk ksid Y%S ,xldfõ ñÈ
wiajekak b;d iS>%fhka my; jefgñka
mj;S' fï fya;=j ksid ñÈ j.dfjka f.dú
uy;=ka o b;d fõ.fhka bj;aj hdug mgka
f.k we;' fufia fï wdldrfhka mej;sh
fyd;a ñÈ j.dj krshdg fuka wmgo weUq,a
úh yelsh'
wfkl=;a m,;=re fNda. j,g idfmaCIj ños
j.dfõ lmamdÿjg ,eî we;af;a iqúfYaIS
ia:dkhls' fuh ños j.dfõ wiajekak
flfrys iDcqju n,mdkq ,nk idOlhls' ños
u,a yg .kq ,nkafka kj ßls,s j, ksid
fuu rsls,s m%udKh jeälr .ekSug;a frda.S
w;= bj;a lr .ekSug;a wmf.a j.d l%uhg
wkqj ños je, mqyqKq lr .ekSug;a
wksjd¾fhkau ñosje, lmamdÿ l< hq;=h' ños
jef,ka Wmßu M,odjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd
ksjeros wdldrfhka isÿ lrkq ,nk ños
lmamdoqj w;HjYH fõ' ños me<hla isgqjd
ksjeros wdldrfhka kv;a;= lf,a kï udi
09 la muK .; jk úg m<uqjk lmamdÿj
isÿ l< yels w;r wjqreÿ 01 la muK .;
jk úg wiajekak fk,Su o isÿ l< yelsh'
wjqreoaog foj;djla ños j.dj lmamdÿ l<
hq;= w;r lmamdÿ l< osk isg udi 03 l
muK úh,s ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhla mej;sh
hq;=h' fï i|yd wjqreoafoa uehs ui w.
fyda cqks ui uq, yd foieïn¾ ui w.
fyda ckjdrs ui uq, isÿ lsÍu jvd
fhda.Hh fõ'
6 f.dúlï iÕrdj
ños lmamdoq lsÍug osk 10 lg muK fmr
j.djg c, iïmdokh k;r l< hq;= w;r
lmamdÿj isÿ fldg osk 05 la 06 la muK
hkf;la j.djg c,h fhoSu isÿ fkdl<
hq;=h' ños lmamdoqj isÿ l< hq;af;a wjika
jrg lmamdÿj isÿ l< ia:dkfha isgh' kj
YdLd Tiafia .eg 05 la 06 la muK b;sß
lr m¾jfha yß ueog jkakg ños w;a;
lmd oeñh hq;=h' fï i|yd tu YdLdj
mekai,l >Klug jvd jeä >Klulska
hqla; úh hq;= w;r ;o ÿUqre meyehg
m;aj ;sìh hq;=h' fuhg wkql+, fkdjk w;=
Bg wvq .eg ixLHd j,ska lemSu" isÿ l<
hq;=h' fufia w;= lmamdÿ lsrSfuka wk;=rej
tu lemqï mDIaGfha ks¾foaYs; os,Sr
kdYlhla wdf,am l< hq;=h'
lmamdÿj isÿ fldg i;s 03 la 04 la muK
hk úg o¿ ,sh,d u,a yg .ekSu o
wdrïN lrhs' ños lmamdÿ fldg m<uq udih
blau hk úg ños u,a j,ska 90] la yg
.kakd neúka tu lkakhg wod< ños
wiajekak ms,sn| ;lafiarejla tu
wjia:dfõoSu wmg ,nd .; yelsh' ños
j.dfõ ksjeros ;dCIKsl lmamdÿ Ys,amSh l%u
f.dú uy;=ka w;g m;a lr,Su u.ska ños
j.dj i|yd id¾:l fyg oskhla <Õd lr
osh yelsh'
;dCIK f;dr;=re /f.k tkafka"
ysud,a m%oSma .=K;s,l - lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl
m,;=re m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" fydrK
neÈ jrld lemamdßia ì%úiamskd
(Capparis brevispina) f,i WoaNso
úoHd;aulj y÷kajkq ,nk w;r lemamrdisfha
(Capparaceae) l=,hg wh;a me<Eáhls' bx.%Sis
NdIdfjka bkaÈhka lem¾ (Indian caper) f,i
y÷qkajhs' fuhg {d;slï olajk úfYaIhla f,i iqÿ
fj,a,ka.sßh oelaúh yelsh' ndysr iajNdjfhka
meÕsß ke;fyd;a foys mjqf,a .ilg iudk jqj;a
meÕssß iqj|la wvx.= fkdfõ' .fia fuu ndysr
iajNdjh ksid iuyre j,a foys f,i o fuu
Ydlh y÷kajhs' Y%S ,xldfõ yd bkaoshdfõ jHdma;j
we;' wfma rfÜ fmdf<dkakrej" wkqrdOmqrh
jeks úh,s l,dmfha ldIaGl úh<s m%foaYj,
úfYaIfhka oelsh yelsh'

idudkHfhka óg¾ 1 - 3 muK Wig m÷rla

wdldrhg jefvk l=vd Ydlhls' fuys m;%
b,smaidldr - ,kaidldr yevhla .kakd w;r
fj,a,ka.srsh m;%j,g ;rula iudkh' m;%hla
os.ska fikaáóg¾ 5 - 11 la yd m<,ska
fikaáóg¾ 2 - 2'5 la muK fõ' m;% taldka;r"
iïuqL yd i¾ms,dldr hk l%u Tiafia w;=j,g
iúù we;' m;%hla w;a;g iïnkaOjk ia:dkfhka
fndfydaúg lgq folla mek k.sk w;r fuu
lgq folu m;%h me;af;ka m;%h iïnkaO jk
ia:dkhg fomiska msysghs'

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 7
 fuys u,a iqÿ mdg wÕ,a 1 - 2 la muK
yrialvla we;s úYd, tlls' fïjd ;ks ;ksj
we;s jk w;r msmqKq miq ´lsâ u,la n÷h'
u, fm;s y;rlska iukaú;fõ' Wvq fm;s
foflys we;=¿ me;af;ka ly mdg me,a,ï folla
we;s w;r tu ,m l,a hdu;a iuÕu furEka
mdgg yef¾' uf,a ueo m%foaYfhka úysfok os.=
f¾Kq iys;h' fikaáóg¾ 7 - 9 muK os.eá
fikaáóg¾ 3 - 4 muK m<, È.= kgqjla
iys;j M,hla we;sfõ' f.äfhys my<g h;au
l%ufhka isyskafõ' yevh ;rula ud¿ ñßia
lr,la n÷qh' u;=msg mDIaGh os,sfik iq¨
isks÷ tlla kuq;a wl%uj;a .;shlska hqla;h'
,má ld,fhaoS ,d fld< meyehla .kakd w;r
bfok úg l%ufhka ly - ;eô,s meyehla f.k
wjidkfhaoS oSma;su;a r;= meyehg m;afõ'
f.äh ;=< îc .Kkdjla mj;sk w;r tu
îc jgd iqÿ mdg udxi, fldgila o we;'
f.ähl idudkHfhka uÿ¿ 30 - 50 la muK
wvx.==h' uÿ¿ jeks fujka jHQy f.äh ;=<
msÍ we;s neúka .eñhka neos jrld f,i
y÷kajhs' îch ñ,sóg¾ 7 - 8 os.ska yd
ñ,sóg¾ 5 - 6 m<,lska hq;a ÿUqre meye;s
8 f.dúlï iÕrdj
´j,dldr tlls' jHdma;sh îc u.ska isÿfõ'
jk m<;=rla f,i wdydrhg .kafka îc jgd
we;s iqÿ meyehg yqre udxi, fldgih' tys
thg wdfõKsl meKs rila we;' ySka ysUqgq
rihg ;rula lsÜgqh' úfYaI iqj|la wvx.=
fkdfõ' bÿKq miq f.äfha fmd;a; myiqfjka
.,jd uÿ¿ fjka lr.; yelsh' fuu uÿ¿
ish,a,u lgg oud iQmamq lr weg bj;alrkq
,nhs' udxi,h wegfhka iïmQrKfhka fjka
fkdfõ' wdhq¾fõofha§ mKq frda." ikaê
wudre" reêr kd,j," f;,a ;eïm;a ùu
wdoshg m%;sldr lsÍug fhdod .kS'
ÿ¾,N jk m<;=rla jk fuh úh<s l,dmfha
le,E .sks ;eîu wdoS ls%hd ksid wo jk
úg l%ufhka úkdY uqLhg hñka mj;S'
fuu .i /l .ekSug Tn wm ieuf.a
wjOdkh fhduq ùu ld,Sk wjYH;djhls'
f.dúlï iÕrdjg f;dr;=re tla lf<a"
à' mS' cS' wreK himd,s;
lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl" fiajd.u" fmdf<dkakrej'
 rg f.dv .ekSu
tahs uy;=ka mqf;a" WU okakjo isxy, rcacqrejkaf.a ldf,a ysgmq wfma ó uq;a;kag
úodfka mhskavhla yïnqKq yeá'

ta ldf,a fyd|u wx.ïfmdr okak fhdaofhla bkaoshdfõ boka weú;a rcacqrejka

jykafia neyeoel,d ñksyf.a ymxlx .ek mqridrx fodv,d fï rfÜ wx.ïfmdr
w,a,kag mq¿jka olaifhla bkakjdkx mrdo lrkag mq¿jka nj okaj,d ;sfhkjd'

ta .uk rcacqrefjda wvfnrhla .iaij,d tanj rgjeishkag oekqx ÿkak¨' fmdf¾g leu;s
flfkl=g bosßm;a fjkag lsh,d' talg lkaoSmq wfma uq;a;d ta fhdaohd tlal fmdr w,a,kag ys;df.k ud,s.djg .syska
rcacqrefjda bosßmsg jeo jeá,d ;uqkaf.a woyi oekqïoS,d ;shkjd'

rcacqrefjda myqfjksod fik. /ialrj,d wx.ïfmdf¾ mgka.kag kshulrd¨' t;fldg wfma uq;a;d fmd,af.ähla
f.kakdf.k jx wf;a je,ñfgka .y,d tal f,,s .y,d ol=Kq wf;a weÕs,s j,ska fmd,af.äh ñßl,d fmkakqj¨'

tal oelmq fhdaohd nhfj,d rcacqrefjda bosßmsg ;uqkaf.a mrdch ndr.;a;¨' fï .ek meyeosÉÑ rcacqrefjda wfma uq;a;g
úodfka mhskavhl=;a tf.dv m;a;=fjka ù wuqKq y;rl nvjeä,a,l=;a lvqlia;dkhl=;a ;E.s úoshg oS,d ;sfhkjd'

ux fï l,amkd lf¾ ta ldf,a ñksiaiq lEfõ îfõ fï uy fmd,fõ yefok foaj,a ú;ruhs' mD;=.Sis ,kafoais bx.%Sis
ldrfhda tlal hqoaolfr;a wfma fmd,fõ yefok foaj,ska nvmqrjdf.k'

Bfha fm¾od ge,súfidx rEm fmÜáfha lshkfldg ;uhs ux oek.;af;a wms lk fndk foaj,a fndfyduhla f.akafka msgrg
j,ska¨' fïõjg fudk ;rx fnfy;a .ykjo okafka;a kE' ñßia ÆKq uqx weg ú;rla fkfjhs fld,a¨" l=rlalka jf.a
cd;Ska f.kakkj¨' fïjg remsh,a fldaá m%fldaá .kkska úhox fjkj¨' ta wiafia fï lkafka ù wiajekak úl=Kkag fjk
uykaish .ek;a iEfyk foaj,a lshkjd oelald'

w¨;a lDIsl¾u weu;s W;a;uhd lshdmq úosyg wlalr .kx f.dúm,j,a j,ska fmdä fldgila fjka lrf.k rgg Wjukd
w;sf¾l fnda. cd;s os.gu j.d lfrd;a lkak fol ;=kla hkfldg tõjd ráka f.kakk tl k;r lr.kag mq¿jka fjhs'
úid, uqo,a iïndrhla rgg b;=re lr.kag mq¿jka fjhs'

w;S;fha jf.au f.dhs;eka lrk we;a;kag rg f.dv.kag mq¿jka ùu .ek wdvïnrfhka l;dlrkag;a mq¿jka fjhs'

a;d
is ,sx w;

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 9
 ó u e
k
i
v
s
;
c
a
k
;
m
=
o
l
h
g
l
oia ì|la
h q ; = l s Í u i | y d W mf

ksji wi, myiqfjka ksÍCIKh l< yels mßÈ

ó ueis ckmoh ia:dms; lrkak'

ó ueis ckmofha fodrgqj iq,x yuk ÈYdjg

iu.dój;a" j¾Idj mj;sk ld,hg f;;ukh r|d
fkdmj;sk f,ig;a" WKqiqï ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajh
hgf;a wõ rYañh fkdjefgk f,ig;a ksji wi,
fi!uH mßirhl ia:dk.; lrkak'

ó ueis ckmoh kv;a;= lsÍu myiqùu i|yd;a

fmr,Sfuka fyda msúiSfuka isÿjk ydksh wju
lr.ekSu i|yd;a jvd Wia fkdjQ iqÿiq myiq
Yla;su;a wdOdrlhla' ^Wi wä 2 la muK& u;
r|jkak'

w¨;ska ckmohla ;eïm;a l< úg kj jo ilia

lr ì;a;r oud megjqka we;sjk ;=re f.aÜgq ;yvqj
bj;a fkdlrkak'

10 f.dúlï iÕrdj
 Tnf.a YÍrfha iqj| ^fydafudak& i;=kag
wd.%ykh ùu i|yd ckmoh wi< iq¨
fõ,djla yels muKska /£ isákak'

wäfha ,E,a,g tl;=jk wmú;% øjH msßisÿ

lr.ekSu i|yd rd;%shg muKla Èk follg
jrla f.aÜgq ;yvqj bj;a lrkak'

megjqka bj;ajQ ÿ¾j¾K jo bj;a lr w¨;ska

jo ilia lsÍug wjldY i<ikak'

Èñhka" weU,hska" l+ôka jeks i;=kaf.ka

o yQkka" lgqiaika jeks úf,damslhkaf.ka
o ckmoh wdrCId lr.kak' wjg we;s
ul=¿oe,a o bj;a lrkak'

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 11
 úÿ,s nqnq¿ j, wdf,dalh iDcqju ó
ueis ckmo j, fodrgqj u; m;s; ùu
je<flk f,i ia:dmkh lrkak'

hï ia:dkhl ia:dk.; lsÍula isÿlr

we;s ckmohla fjkia lsÍug wjeis
jQ úg j¾Id ojil kï iji 6'00 ka
miq;a WKqiqï ojil kï rd;%S 8'00 ka
miq;a fjkia lsÍu isÿlrkak'

msßñ ó ueiaika .ykh jeäfhka isák

wjia:d j,;a" mrd. iS.%fhka /f.k tk
ld¾hnyq, wjia:d j,;a f.aÜgq ;yvqj bj;a
lrkak' ^ysñÈßh Woh fm'j' 5 -7 f.dïuka
iji m'j' 5- 7&

ksis l,g ckmo wNsckkh lrkak" ke;akï

mßirhg tlaùug bvyßkak' ta i|yd
/ðkh msgùug wjeis bv o ,ndfokak'
/ðk fldaI md,kh lrkak'

12 f.dúlï iÕrdj
 wd.ñl" ixialD;sl" mQckSh øjHhla
f,i;a" T!IOhla f,i;a" laIKsl
Yla;sh ,ndfok wdydr ksIamdokhla
f,i;a rEm,djkH lghq;= i|yd;a
nyq,j fhdod .kakd ó meks kdia;s
fkdjk f,i bj;a lr.kak'

u;ameka wd.%ykh isÿùu" ÿïjeá

oe,aùu" li, ms<siaiSu" lDIs ridhk
øjH úisrùu" r;s[a[d iy
fjäfnfy;a wdY%s; ksIamdok oe,aùu
msmsrùu jeks lreKq ó ueis ckmo
wi, isÿ fkdlsÍug j.n,d .kak'

wdydr ysÕ j¾Id ld,hg iSks ñYs%; fldams"

fn,su,a jeks T!IO ødjKhl=;a" úh<s ld,.=Khla
mj;sk wjia:djl kejqï m,;=re hqIo ødjKhla
f,i;a ,ndfokak'

tia' fÊ' tia' lreKdr;ak

ó ueis md,l
WoHdk fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh"
.kafkdarej

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 13

lõms .=,a,ka
j ¾;udkfha udI fnda. j.djg f.dúhka
jeä Wkkaÿjla olajhs' udI fnda. j,g
,efnk jeä b,a¨u yd wd¾Ól ,dNh thg
m%Odk fya;=jla f,i ye|skaúh yel' tfukau
j¾;udkfha ñksidf.a fm%daàka wjYH;djh
imqrd .ekSu i|yd uI fnda. j,ska
,efnkafka by< odhl;ajhls' fnda fkdjk
frda. j,ska fmf,kakkag o fuh .=Kodhl
wdydrhls'
fm%daàk wêl udI fnda. jYfhka lõms" uqx"
fidahd yd Wÿ jeks rks, fnda. ye|skaúh
yelsh' f.dùkag fukau mdßfNda.slhkag
o udI fnda. .nvd lr ;nd .kakd úg
uqyqK oSug isÿjk m%Odk .eg¨jla jkafka
.=,a,kaf.a ydkshhs' fuu fnda. j,g j.d
ld,h ;=< oS úúO m<sfndaOlhkaf.ka isÿjk
ydkshg jvd .nvdlr flá ld,hla ;=<
oS fuu m<sfndaOlhkaf.ka isÿjk ydks úh
jeäh'
14 f.dúlï iÕrdj
udxI fnda.
.=,a,kaf.a Ôjk pl%h
fndaxÑ .=,a,d
fuf,i ydks lrkq ,nkafka lõms .=,a,ka
yd fndaxÑ .=,a,d hk l=reñKs úfYaIhka fõ'
Tjqka udI fnda. îc u; ì;a;r oukq ,nhs'
fï ì;a;r îc u; fyd|ska we,S mj;S'
idfmalaI wd¾ø;djh 70] la yd WIaK;ajh
fi,aishia wxYl 27 la we;s mßirhl oS
osk 5 l oS ì;a;r j,ska lSghska msgfõ'
fuu lSghka îch ;=<g we;=,aù tys fldgia
^msh,s& wdydrhg .kq ,nhs' bkamiq fuu
lSghd îch ;=,u fldaI .;fõ' miqj jevqkq
if;l= njg m;ajQ miq îcfhka msgfjhs'
îcfhka msgjQ ia:dkfha j,hdldr isÿrla
olakg ,efí' jevqkq i;df.ka îc j,g
ydkshla isÿjkafka ke;' Tjqka b;d flá
ld,hla cSj;a fõ'
udI fnda. îc wLKavj wdrlaIdjlska
f;drj .nvd lr ;snqKfyd;a uq¨ukskau
mdfya fuu ydksfhka úkdY ùug bv we;'
ydks jQ îc j, isÿre ksid;a" îc msh,s
j,g ydks ù we;s ksid;a" .=,a,kaf.a wmøjH
;=<ska yuk ÿ.| ksid;a fuys wd¾Óluh
jákdlu wvqfõ' ;jo îc m%frdayK
yelshdjo wvqfõ' hï fj<|fmd,l we;s
îc fufia ydks jqjfyd;a tajd wf,ú lsÍug
fkdyelsh' rcfha .nvd j, we;s îc f;d.
osk 30 - 40 lg jrla OQudhkh lrkq
,nhs' thska .=,a,ka" Tjqkaf.a ì;a;r lSghka
yd fldaI .; isák i;=ka o úkdY fõ'
.=,a,ka u¾Okh
wiajkq fk,k wjia:dfõ isgu fï ms<sn|j
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' .nvd ;=<
lDókaf.a .yKh jeä jk úg ta wi, j.d
j, wiajekakg fuu i;=ka ydks lrkq ,nhs'
;=jd, jQ fyda wvla msmsreK lr,a j,ska îc
j,g ydks isÿúh yelsh' m¨ÿ fkdjQ lr,a
j, îc j,g ydks isÿfkdlrhs'
tneúka lr,a meiqKq ú.i mud fkdù
wiajkq fk<sh hq;=h' lr,a j, msg;
wdjrKhg ydks fkdjk wkaoñka úh<d
lr,a msákau .nvd lsÍfuka îc fjka
lr .nvd lr.kakjdg jvd jeä ld,hla
;nd .ekSug yelsh' f;;ukh 14] - 15]
jk fia fyd|ska úh,d wd¾ø;djh wvq
ia:dkhl .nvd lsÍu iqÿiqh' îc f.daksj,
oud .nvd lsÍfïoS ks;r mÍlaIdldß úh
hq;=h' úYd, f;d.j, fuu i;=ka md,kh
i|yd lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks¾foaYs;
ridhksl øjH Ndú;d l< hq;=h' fï i|yd
fmdiamSka (Phosphine) jdhqj uÕska Oqudhkh
lsÍu wju jYfhka osk 30 - 45 lg jrla
l< hq;=h' ridhksl øjH fhdok ,o îc
wdydrhg .ekSfïoS ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'
w;S;fha oS f.dúhka fuu .=,a,ka md,kh
lr .ekSu i|yd úúO l%u Ndú;d lr
we;' tajdkï" lr,a jYfhka úh,d ÿï josk
ia:dkhl ;nd .ekSu" îc jYfhka .nvd
lrk úg thg fldfydU fld<" foysfld<"
;,dfld< jeks øjH úh<d l=vq lr îc
iuÕ ñY% lr .nvd lr we;' oej w¿
iuÕ ñY% lr ;nd .ekSfuka fï ydksh
;jÿrg;a wvqlrf.k we;'
;, f;,a" tvref;,a" fldfydUf;,a" t<j¿
f;,a hk ñksidg ys;lr f;,a j¾. fuu
i;d md,kh i|yd fhdod .; yelsh' îc
lsf,da.%Eï 1 lg fuu f;,a f;a ye|s tlla
ñY% lr ish¨u îc j, ;ejÍug
yeÍfuka fuu lDóka md,kh lr .;
yelsh' fmd,s;Ska nE.hlg fuu îc oud
wjYH muKg f;,a oud fi,ùfuka îc
ish,af,au f;,a ;jrd .; yelsh' fuúg îc
u; ì;a;r oeóu wvqjk w;r îc u; oud
we;s ì;a;r úkdY ù hhs'
fuu ì;a;r j, tla fl<jrl jdhq isÿre
we;' fuu isÿre j,ska l<,fha j¾Okhg
wjYH jd;h ;nd .kS' fhdok ,o f;,a
ì;a;r j, ;ejreKq miq fï isÿre ;=,g
f;,a .,d hdfuka isÿre jeiS hdu ksid
ì;a;r ;=<g wjYH Tlaiscka fkd,eîfuka
l<,h úkdY fõ'
rks, .=,a,d md,khg fujeks mßir
ys;ldó md,k l%u fhdod .ekSfuka wdydr
úI ùula isÿfkdjk w;r mßirhgo lsisÿ
n,mEula we;s fkdfõ' tfukau fuu md,k
l%u f.dú uy;=kag o ,dNodhS jk w;r
ñksidf.a fi!LHhg o ys;lr fõ'
udI fnda. j, .=,a,ka md,kh ms<sn| Tnj oekqj;a lf<a"
ví' ã' ta' iurfldaka
lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl
me<Eá ixrCIK fiajh" .kafkdarej
47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 15
 fj<|mf,a we;s weiqreï l<
wdydr ñ,oS .ekSfïoS tajdfha m<;=re fyda t<j¿" iïm%odhslj j.d l< (Conventional)

f,an, mÍlaId lr ne,Sfuka tajdo ldnkslj j.d l< (Organic) tajdo wdoS jYfhka

mdßfNda.slhdg wjYH fyd|u foa fjkalr y÷kd.ekSug m%fhdackj;a oekaùula lr

f;dard.kak mq¿jka' kuq;a m,;=re ;sfnkjd' tu iaálrh y÷kajkq n,kafka mS' t,a' hQ' fldaâ

iy t<j¿ f;dard .kakd úg tajdg (PLU Code - Produce Look Up Code) f,ihs'

f,an,hla fkdue;s ùu ksid fyd|u mS't,a'hQ' fldaâ Ndú;fha mj;skafka oekg oYl
foa f;dard .ekSug álla wmyiq follg muK fmr isgh' osfkka osk ji úI iys;
fjkjd' wdydr fõ.fhka fj<|fmd, wdl%uKh lsÍu;a iuÕ

wfma rfÜ iqmsß fj<|ie,a mdßfNda.slhdg fuu mS't,a'hQ' fldaâ i|yd jeä wjodkhla

osfkka osk iqmsß fõ.hlska ìysfjñka fhduq lrkakg isÿù ;sfí'

mj;skjd' tu fj<|ie,aj,
m,;=re ñ,oS .ekSfï§ f,an,h ms<sn|j
iy idudkH m,;=re rdlal
Tn oek isáhdo @
j, we;s weiqreï fkdl<
cdkuh fjkia l< ldnksl f,i idïm%odhslj
wem,a" fodvï" flfi,a jeks j.d l< j.d l<
m,;=re j, úúO j¾Khkaf.ka
hq;a iaálrhla w,jd ;sfnkjd
Tn oel ;sfío@ fndfyda fofkla
is;kqfha tu iaálrh f.äh
l,a;nd .ekSug lsishï fnfy;a
úo tu ia:dkh jeiSug w,jk wxl 5 la iys; wxl 5la iys; wxl 4la iys;
iaálrhla f,ihs' wxl 8ka wxl 9ka wxl 3ka fyda 4ka
mgka .kakd mgka .kakd mgka .kakd
Tn tu isálrh fyd|ska mÍlaId
lr ne¨fjd;a tys b,lalï
4 la fyda 5 la iys; wxlhla
oel.kak mq¿jka' tu wxl j,ska
Tn ñ,oS .kakd m,;=r ms<sn|j
b;d jeo.;a f;dr;=re rdYshla
wka;r.; fõ' tu wxlfhka

16 f.dúlï iÕrdj
 9 b,lalfuka mgka .kakd b,lalï 5 la iys;
wxlfhka lsishï ksIamdokhla ldnksl f,i
j.dl, (Organic grown) tajd nj okajd
isákjd' tu ksIamdok ridhksl øjH fhoSfuka
f;drj yd cdkuh fjkia lsÍï j,g Ndckh
fkdjQ tajdhs' tu ksIamdok fj<|fmdf,a
we;s wdrlaIdldÍu ksIamdokhs' yels ;rï
ldnksl j.djka uÕska ksIamdokh l< wdydr
mßfNdackhg .ekSu jvd;a jeo.;a jqj;a
fndfyduhla m%dfhda.sl lreKq ksid th
is;k ;rï myiq lreKla fkdfõ' tu ksid
2014 jk úg wdydr j¾. 1500 lg
t<j¿" m,;=re f;dard .kakd úg ridhksl
wdikak m%udKhla i|yd mS't,a'hQ' fldaâ
øjH yd m<sfndaOkdYl øjH Wrd.ekSfï
y÷kajd§ ;sfnkjd' j¾;udkfha b,lalï
yelshdj jeämqru we;af;a l=uk j¾.fha
y;f¾ wxl 3000 isg 4999 mrdifha
ksIamdok j,go hkak is;d ne,Suo b;d
mj;skjd' b,lalï y;rla iys; wxlfhka
jeo.;a fjkjd' t<j¿ iy m,;=re j,ska
tajd l=uk j¾.hl t<j¿jla fyda m,;=rlao
iafg%dafnß" wem,a" fn,afmm¾" ksú;s" w¾;dm,a"
hkak i|yka jkjd' b,lalï 4 la iys;
iy i,do Bg WodyrK f,i oelaúh yelsh'
wxlh bosßfha 0" 8 fyda 9 we;=,;a lrñka
b,lalï 5 lska hq;a wxlh ielfikjd' idïm%odhsl f,i j.d l< o iuyr
m,;=re iy t<j¿ j,g t;rï ridhksl
b,lalï 3 ka fyda 4 ka mgka .kakd b,lalï 4 l
øjH yd m<sfndaOkdYl Wrd fkd.kakd
wxlfhka lsishï ksIamdokhla iïm%odhslj
w;r tu ksIamdok wfma isrerg t;rï
j.d l< nj okajd isákjd' thska
ydksodhl jkafka keye' tajd w;rg ÆkQ"
woyia lrkafka tu ksIamdok j,g j,a kdYl"
w,sfmar" wkakdis" iaúÜfldaka" lekag¨ma" meKs
ridhksl fmdfydr" os,Sr kdYl fyda lDñ
flduvq iy n;, wdÈh we;=,;a jkjd' tneúka
kdYl øjH fhoSula lr we;s njhs'
fj<|fmd, wdydr j¾. ÿgq iekska ñ,oS
uq,g 8 b,lalu we;=<;a jk" b,lalï myl .ekSfuka je<lSu;a" tajdfha f,an,a j,
wxlhla we;s ksIamdok cdkuh jYfhka úúO wvx.= lreKq fyd|ska lshjd n,d wjfndaO
fjkia lsÍï j,g ,la l< tajdhs' tkï cdk lr.ekSu;a Tn wmf.a fi!LHhg kï b;d
cSj bxcsfkare ;dlaIKh (Gene Technology) b;d ys;lr jkjd fkdwkqudkhs'
Ndú;d lr úYd,j jeãug fyda blaukska
f;dr;=re f.k wdfõ"
jeãug tajdfha cdk fjkia lr ;sfnkjd' tu
tia' à' fca' nKavdr
l%shdj,sh ksIamdok j,g ydks isÿlrkjd fiau
lDIsl¾u fufyhqï ks,Odß
wmf.a fi!LHhgo fndfyda úg wk;=reodhl foaYSh wdydr m%j¾Ok yd ldka;d lDIsl¾u jHdma;s tallh"

úh yelsh' jHdma;s yd mqyqKq uOHia:dkh"

lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïk;=j" fmardfoKsh

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 17

wdoS udkjhska j¾;udkfha Ndú;d jk yd
mßfNdackh jk wdydr rgdjg jvd
fnfyúka úYd, mrdihl jQ úúO;ajhlg
wh;a me<Eá úfYaI yd udxY úfYaI
;ukaf.a ffoksl wdydrhg .ekSug ;rï
jdikdjka; jQy'
tfy;a lDIs ;dlaIKfha oshqKqj;a iuÕ
tajdhska iq¿ m%;sY;hla muKla Ndú;hg
.eksk' udkj YsIaGdpdrh f.dv ke.=fka
OdkH j¾. m%uqL fldg f.kh' ;sßÕ= iy ù
j,g miqj w¾;dm,a iy nv bßÕ= f,dalfha
m%Odk wdydr fnda. w;rg tlaúh'
wdos udkjhd îchlska ,nd.;a Ydlhla
yefrkakg wdlkaO uÕska mi hg jefvk
w, j¾. wdydrhg iqÿiq hehs oekf.k
fkdisá nj fmfka'
18 f.dúlï iÕrdj
w;S;fha w¾;dm,a jeks iqÿ meye;s udxY,
.;shlska hq;a wdlkaOhla Tjqkg l=;=y,hla
f.k fokakla úh' ;jo tl, cSj;ajQjka
w¾;dm,a wdlkaO" ,dÿre frda.Skaf.a
ll=,aj,g iudk l< w;r tu ,dÿre
frda.h je<fokafka úlD;s wdlkaO wdydrhg
.ekSfuka hk ielhla Tjqka ;=< ls|d nei
;snqKs'
w¾;dm,a WoaNso úoHd;aulj fid,kï
áhqnfrdaiï (Solanum tuberosam) f,i kï
lrk w;r fid,fkaisfha l=,hg wh;a fõ'
w¾;dm,a fnda.h ol=Kq weußldfõ wkaosia
l÷jeáfhka ndysrj m%p,s;ùug fndfyda
ld,hla .;úh'
1830 oS muK reishdfõ we;s jQ fld<rd
frda.h;a w¾;dm,a j.dj y÷kajdoSu;a tlu

w¾;dm,a j.d iys; ol=Kq weußldfõ wkaosia l÷jeáh' ' '
ld, mrdihl isÿùu fya;=fldgf.k j.dj
m%p,s;ùu m%udo úh'
bkamiq w¾;dm,a j.dj uq,skau m%p,s;j j.d
lsÍug mgka .;a uq,au hqfrdamd rg jQfha
wh¾,ka;hhs' thg fya;= jQfha l=vd bvul
w¾;dm,a j.dlr bka ,efnk
wiajekafkka ;u mjq, kv;a;= lsÍug
yelsùu;a fjk;a fnda.hla j.d fldg tjka
wdodhula fkd,efnk nj;a wh¾,ka;
f.dùka wjfndaO lrf.k isàu ksihs' l%s'j'
1623 muK fuu w¾;dm,a fnda.h
fulaisfldajg /f.k f.dia m%p,s; lrk
,oafoa iamd[a[ cd;slhka úisks' l%s'j' 1500
g m%:u w¾;dm,a m%Odk jYfhka f.j;=j,
W;=re wh¾,ka;h
wh¾,ka;h
j.d lsÍug mqreÿ úh' m%:ufhka r;=
bkaoshkajre jk o¾Yhla f,iska fidhd
.;a w¾;dm,a ;ukaf.a m%Odk wdydr fõ,g
wdfoaYlhla yd úl,amhla nj f;areï
.;ay' ol=Kq wefußldkq cd;slhka w;S;fha
w¾;dm,a fnda.h zzmhdiaZZ f,i ye|skajQy'
th iamd[a[ NdIdfjka w¾;dm,a j,g
Ndú;d lrk ,o ;j;a jpkhls' ksoiqkla
f,i wdos mSre ueá l¾udka;fha Ndú;d jQ
ix{djla f,i l%s'j' 200 oS o Ndú;d ù
we;s njg idOl we;' fï w;r" hqfrdamfha
wfkl=;a rgj, w¾;dm,a j.dj b;d
ukao.dó iajNdjhlska isÿjQ w;r" m%xYh
jeks rgj,;a th t;rï ckm%sh fkdùh'
47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 19

1789 jkf;la m%xY cd;slhka fuu w¾;dm,a fnda.h
.ek is;d isáfha y;= j¾.hla f,igh' ;jo
b;d,sfha gkal=ka m%foaYfha w¾;dm,a fnda.h m%p,s;
jQfha 6 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha§h' l%s'j' 1815 jk
úg;a w¾;dm,a ol=Kq tx.,ka;fha jeo.;a fnda.
hla f,i j.d fkdjk w;r" ksß; os. hqfrdamfha
fnda,alka m%foaYj, jeishka 19 ishji f;la is;d
isáfha w¾;dm,a fmdf<dj hg jevqkq Ydm l,
wdydrhla f,igh'
j¾I 1824 oS weußld tlai;a ckmofha fld<rdfvda
m%dka;fha r;%ka lekSug meñKs wh w;ro w¾;dm,a
fnda.h ckm%sh jQ w;r w¾;dm,a j.djlska jd¾;d jQ
m%:u m,sfndaOlhd jk flda,sfhdmafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a
fld<rdfvda w¾;dm,a l=reñKshd (Calorado potato
beetle/ Leptinotarsa decemlineata) ìysjQfha fuu
20 f.dúlï iÕrdj
jljdkqj ;=<oSh' tu lDñhd ksid
weußld tlai;a
ckmofhka hqfrdamd rgj,g iy
wfkl=;a wdishd;sl rgj,g w¾;dm,a
wdkhkh lsÍu o ;ykï flßK'
j¾I 1840 jk úg úfYaIfhkau
hqfrdamd rgj, w¾;dm,a fnda.hg
w¾;dm,a mYaÑu wx.udrh (late
blight/ Phytopthora infestans) keue;s
os,Sr frda.h je<|Sfuka j.djka
jix.;hla wdldrhg oreKq f,i
ydkshg m;aúh' wh¾,ka;hg th
oeä f,i n,mE w;r" weußld
tlai;a ckmoh olajdu wod, os,Sr
frda.h ixl%uKh ùug mgka .eksk'
Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH cd;slhka úiska
1815 oS wdl%uKh fldg furg
md,kh lrk l,ayS tjlg f,dj
mej;s m%Odk OdkH fNda. jk ù"
;sßÕ yd nvbßÕ= fNda. j,g
wu;rj m%uqL;djh we;s w¾;dm,a
fNda.h kj y÷kajdoSula f,i
1850 j¾IfhaoS muK Y%S ,xldfõ
kqjrt<sh m%foaYfha f.dú ck;djg
y÷kajd oS we;'
f.dúlï iÕrdjg f.k wdfõ"
tï' ta' ch;s,l nKavdr
iyldr lDIsl¾u wOHCI ^ixj¾Ok&
ksfhdacH wOHCI ^îc& ld¾hd,h" kqjrt<sh
j Üg l a l d f
Wohg mehla f.ñÿf,a ieß
yjig jqk;a ú.yska f.org
j
.y fld< uf.a ud tk;=re u.
k a
ierejd
osõjd
ne,qjd
lymdáka msmqKq u,l fm;s .,jd
f.j;= wisßfhka ud osrsu;a jQjd
oyhg fmr mrd.kh l< hq;= fjkjd
tfyu jqfkd;a jÜglald mQoskjd
l,a h,a n,d fmdä fmdä j,j,a lemqjd
mud jqfkd;a u,a fiaru mr fjkjd
yels muKska li,ska th msrjqjd
fkdoek jqj;a j, ál ál f.dv jQjd
ál ál fyñka f.ä oekakï f,dl= fjkjd
jÜglald weg folla tys ueo isgjQjd
ueiai;a álska ál wvq jeä lr fokjd
n,d bosoaos f.ä j, w¿ u;= fjkjd
osk fol ;=fkka msh,s folla tys u;= jQjd
kdUr úfha M, orejka miq fjkjd
ysf;a i;=g ta fudfydf;a jevs jQjd
mia ál ál ,xlr c,h o oeuqjd
fldgyla lmd wy, my,g;a fno,d
n,d bosoaos je, ug w; jekqjd
fldgyla lmd fmd,a wUrd fyu Whd,d
ne,qjd rie;s kj ksmehqï w;ayo,d
orejd ksid fmdâvla ;rjgq lr,d
bosß oskl mjikakï ri n,,d
whdf,a fkdhd ksjeros u. fmkakd,d
uf.a ukdfmg je, fmdâvla yrjd,d
B,Õ lkakfh;a isgqjd ch .kak
hk yeá n,d isáhd osk osk weos,d
meiqKq îc fidaod mjfka fõ,d .kak
yels jqjfyd;a b,aÆQ flfkl=g fokak
ßls,s lvd o,q ál ue,a¨ï lkakhs
îc álla mrsiaiug wiqrd .kak
fldia weg oud bõfjd;a ri jeä fjkakhs
jef,a ßls,s tlsfkl jeä lr .kakhs
i;=g uf.a f.j;af;au /f|kakhs
f.vs u,a j,ska fï je, imsfrkakhs
ñysr uf.a ;j ;j me< yokakhs
oekqu uf.a wka whg;a fnokakhs
hk tk w;r mSfok f.vs u,a ÿgqjd
me;=u uf.a rfg;aa f.j;= jefjkakhs
i;=gla oefka fyg ta u,a mqoskjd
jid ukd f,i tA f.ä u,a wiqrkq fhdojd jÜglaldfjka f.j;a; ire lf<a"
/l .; hq;=hs b,a ueiaika m,jd yrjd id.ßld r;aku,,
lDIsl¾u WmfoaYsld
WoHdk fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 21
 ,xldfõ k.r .ï okõj, mosl
fõosldfõ isg iqmsß fj<|ie, olajd
m,;=re úl=Kk ;eka ;sfhkjd' ta fndfyda
;ekaj, ;sfhkafka msgráka tk wem,a" ños
lymdg fodvx" kdrx jf.a foaj,a' kuq;a Bg
jvd fjkia wf.a l, hq;= úosyg m,;=re
úl=Kk flfkla wmg yuq Wkd ta ;uhs
kqjr fnda.ïnr tia' msh;=x. uy;auhd'
Tyq m,;=re fj<|du .ek wjqreÿ ;sylg
jeäh m,mqreoaola ;sfhk flfkla Tyqf.a
msh;a uykqjr k.rfha mosl fõosldfõ
meks fodvï úl=KQ wfhla' msh;=x. uy;auhd
m,;=re úl=Kkafka kqjr fmardfoKsh mdf¾
wd¾msflda iqm¾udlÜ ^Okisß iqm¾udlÜ&
tl ,Õ mosl fõosldj wi, f,dä cx.u
22 f.dúlï iÕrdj
lr;a;hlhs' fï ia:dkfha wjqreÿ yhlg
jvd jeä ld,hla Tyq m,;=re úl=Kkjd'
Tyq úl=Kkafka ,xldfõ jefjk jeämqr
ckm%sh fkdjk m,;=re j¾.hs' tajd W!K
Ndú; m,;=re f,io y÷kajkjd' fïjd
boùug ridhksl øjH wjYH jkafka keye'
kqjr kd.ßl r:.d, N+ñfha i÷od iy
isl=rdod oskj, meje;afjk fmdf,kq;a
ys;j;a f.dúuy;=ka lSmfofkl=f.kq;a Tyq
úlsKSu i|yd m,;=re ñ,oS .kakjd' fjr¿"
f,dú" fk,a,s" rg fk,a,s" W.=/iai" fldyq
wU" mskscïnq" ldurx.d jf.a m,;=re ;uhs
Tyq úl=Kkafka'
fï m,;=re wdY%fhka w.h tl;=l, ,xldfõ W!K Ndú; m,;=re j, fmdaIK

ksIamdok yeáhg ¨Kql=vq" ñrsial=vq oeuQ .=Kh b;d by,hs' lsisod ndysr ridhksl

fjr¿ yd f,dú;a ¨Kq oshrfha ñßial=vq øjHhla tjdfha wvx.= jkafka keye jf.au

oeuQ fjr¨ yd f,dú;a" lemQ fldyq wU;a fï .iaj,g rg fmdfydr oukafka o keye'

Tyq wf,ú lrkjd' fïjdfha ñ, kï kejqï ráka f.ak m,;=re ksIamdokh lrkag;a l,a

m,;=re j,g jvd álla jeähs' ;nd.kag;a fhdod .kakd ridhksl øjH
fldmuKoehs ksYaÑ;ju lshkag mq¿jka

fuu m,;=re fj<|dfuka jeä wdodhula lula keye'

fkd,enqK;a jfhdajDO foudmshka" nd,

ifydaorhd iy ifydaoßho /l n,d .kafka foaYSh foa w.h lrk ji úi ke;s

thska ,nk iq¿ ,dNfhka lsh,hs Tyq wmg ksIamdok wf,úlrk msh;=x. uy;auhd jeks

m%ldY lr isáfha' wh .ek f.dúlï iÕrdfjka Tng lshk

tl wfma hq;=lula yeáhghs wms ie,l=fõ'

fuu fj<|dfuka ,efnk wdodhu wvq jqj;a ta jf.au fuu fj<|du ksid foaYSh W!K

Tyq ljodj;a ráka f.ak ji úi we;s Ndú; m,;=re j.d lrk f.dú uy;=kag o

m,;=re úl=Kkakg n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla ke;s wd¾Ól jdishla jk ksid wmg i;=gq jkak

nj jeäÿrg;a wm iuÕ mejiQjd' mq¿jka'

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 23
 fld< md¿jg" nelaàßhd wx.udrhg"
kj ks¾foaYs; fnda. m%fNao - 2015
ÿUqre me< lSvE ydkshg yd f.dla ueiaidg
2015 fkdjeïn¾ ui 19 jk Èk .kafkdrej uOHia:j m%;sfrdaëh'
fiajd ixialrK wNHdi wdh;kfha§ mej;s Èjhsfka ´kEu m%foaYhl j.djg ks¾foaY
kj fnda. m%fNao ksoyia lsÍfï lñgq /
lr we;'
iaùfïoS my; i|yka kj m%fNao furg
j.djka i|yd ks¾foaY lrk ,È'

m%fNaofha ku ( ANKG 2
m%fNaofha ku ( At 311
Ndú;d lrk ku ( ,xld cïfnd
wkaj¾: kduh ( wïn,kaf;dg kSfrda.S

,laIK (
jhi - udi 03'
r;= ndiau;S ldKavhg wh;a úfYaIhls' ,laIK (
idudkH wiajekak fylaghdrhg fgdka 5'6 idudkH wiajekak fylaghdrhg fuá%la
la fõ' fgdka 2'5 - 3'0 la fõ'
weo jeàula ke;' lr,l fnd,a m%udKh wiajkq fk,Su i|yd Èk 110 - 115
7] la muK jk w;r wiajkq fk<Sfï§ ld,hla .;fõ'
îc ye,Su 1] muK fõ' îc 100 l nr .%Eï 75 - 78 fõ'
n; msiSfï§ iy,a iy c,h iu mßudjg lr,l wvx.= îc m%udKh folls'
fh§fuka fkdwef,k iq¿ n;la imhhs' úYd, îc iys; rg lcq m%fNaohla jk
msiQ n; m%ikak iqj|lska hqla;h' fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka udi 3 1$2 l
fmdaIK .=Kfhka wkQkh' wvq .a,hsfiñla muK ld,hla ;=<§ wiajekak fk,d
w.hla iys;h' .ekSug we;s yelshdjhs'

24 f.dúlï iÕrdj
m%fNaofha ku ( MI Chili Hybrid 01
m%fNaofha ku ( .kafkdarej yhsì%â ìg¾
f.daâ M15
Ndú;d lrk ku ( kSfrda.d

,laIK (
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks¾foaYs;
m%:u fouqyqï ñßia m%fNaoh fõ'
wuq ñßia i|yd fhda.H m%fNaohls'
úh<s ñßia i|yd o fhda.Hh' kuq;a wuq
ñßia yd úh<s ñßia w;r wkqmd;h 5(1 ls
úNj wuq ñßia wiajekak fylaghdrhg ,laIK (
fuá%la fgdka 32 ls' wdl¾YkSh fmkqula we;s fouqyqï

idudkH wiajekak fylaghdrhg fuá%la m%fNaohls'

fgdka 25 lg jeäh' msg; wdjrKh ,d fld< meye;sh'

ñrsia fld< fldvùfï ixlS¾Khg yd È<sfik iq¿ u;=msgla we;'

msms[a[d úÑ;% ffjrih i|yd uOHia: lgq rys; iqug odr iys; neúka weisÍug

m%;sfrdaë fõ' yd m%jdykhg myiqh'

lr,l È. fikaáóg¾ 10 - 13 la jk wdkhksl lrú, m%fNao yd ;rÕldÍ

w;r m<, fikaáóg¾ 1'58 la fõ' wiajekakla ,nd foa'

u,a msmSug .;jk ld,h Èk 65 - 75 ls' idudkH wiajekak fylaghdrhg fuá%la fgdka

isgqùu i|yd fhda.H mr;rh fikaáóg¾ 15 - 20 muK fõ'

60 X 45 ls' lr,l nr .%Eï 200 - .%Eï 250 w;r

tla j<l tla me<h ne.ska isgqùu fõ'

fhda.Hh'

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 25
 m%fNaofha ku ( .kafkdarej uiala uE
m%fNaofha ku ( .kafkdrej yhsì%â Ndú;d lrk ku ( .kafkdrej A9 uE
lemaislï 1
Ndú;d lrk ku ( .kafkdrej m%d¾:kd

,laIK (
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ksl=;a lrk
,o m%:u fouqyqï uE m%fNaohhs'
fylaghdrhlg fgdka 21 - 24 lg jeä

,laIK ( wiajekakla ,ndfok fuu kj m%fNaofhka

lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%:ufhkau Èk 59 È muK m<uq wiajekak fk,sh

ks¾foaY l, fouqyqï ud¿ ñßia m%fNaohhs' yelsh'

fylaghdrhlg fgdka 21 g jeä È.=" udxY," fld< meye;s lrf,ys

wiajekakla ,efí' idudkH È. fikaáóg¾ 64 la yd nr .%Eï

lr,l nr .%Eï 37 ls' 30 la jk w;r îc ÿUqre me,a,ula iys;

È<sfik iq¿ fld< meyehla .kS' l¿ meye fõ'

ier .;sh jeäh' f., l=Kqùfï frda.hg fCIa;%fhaÈ

nelaàßhdkq ysgq ueÍfï frda.hg uOHia: m%;sfrdaë;djhla olajk m<uq m%fNaohhs

f,i m%;sfrdaë fõ' rifhka jeä w;r" È.= ld,hla l,a

fjf<|fmd, b,a¨ula we;s Èla ;nd.; yel'

;%sfldaKdldr yevhla .kSS' tla foaY.=Ksl l,dmhlg iSud fkdù

,xldj mqrdu j.d l< yelsh'

26 f.dúlï iÕrdj
 l<uKdlrk ;;a;aj hgf;a mj;ajdf.k
hd yelsh'
ldnksl fmdfydr j,g m%;spdrh jeähs'

m%fNaofha ku ( ANKTHF1 ldnksl fmdfydr yd u;=msg mia 1 ( 1

Ndú;d lrk ku ( pkaÿ ñY%Kfhka j, mqrjd thg oyhshd wÕ=re

lsf,da .%Eï 1 la muK l,jï lsÍfuka id¾:l
wiajekakla ,efí'
w;= j,ska ,nd .kakd me< isgqùu myiq
l%uh fõ'

m%fNaofha ku ( ANKTHM1
Ndú;d lrk ku ( úYau

,CIK (
úNj wiajekak fylaghdrhg fuá%la fgdka
28 la jk w;r Pdhdx.S ^.eyeKq& je,ls'
f.äfha meyeh ;o fld< meye;sh' yevh
´j,dldrh' f.dähl idudkHh nr .%Eï
40 - 45 la muK fõ'
m;% ;o fld, meye;sh' my< m;% fldgia
5 lg fnoS we;' ,CIK (
mqux.S ^msßñ& je,ls'
wjqreoafoa ´kEu ld,hl j.dj wdrïN
m;% ;o fld, meye;sh' my< m;%
l, yelsh'
meyeos,sj fnoS we;'
i;s 3 lska u,a yg.kS'
u,a ly meye;shs" úYd,hs'
lD;su mrd.kh WoEik 9'00 g l,ska isÿ uks m;% l¿ meye;shs'
l< hq;=h' fyd|ska jevqKq je,l osklg u,a 50 lg
u, msmS osk 12 - 15 w;r M,h fk,Sug jeä m%udKhla yg.kS'
iqÿiq fõ' mrd. ;o ;eô,s meyehla .kS'
i;shlg fojdrhla wiajkq fk,Su l< wjqreoaolg jeä ld,hla je,a kv;a;= l<
yelsh'
hq;=h
j.dj udi 6 isg wjqreoaolg jeä
ld,hla c, iïmdokh yd ksis fnda. j.d

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 27
 Ndú;d lrk m%fNao ku ( .kafkdrej iaùÜ
Ndú;d lrk m%fNao ku ( .kafkdrej
W.=/iai

,CIK (
f.ähl idudkH nr lsf,da .%Eï 2 - 4'5 ,CIK (
la fõ' f.ähl idudkH nr .%Eï 14 la muK fõ'
uofha j¾Kh ly meyehg yqre ;eô,s f.ähl úYalïNh fikaáóg¾ 2'8 muK
meye;sh' fõ'
uoh meKs rihs" ì%laia w.h 28 ls' bÿKq f.ä j, fmd;a; oï mdgh" uoh
uofha >Klu jeähs fikaáóg¾ ly ;eô,s mdgh'
1'5 - 1'9 ;a w;r >Klïh' bÿKq f.ä meKs rih' ì%laia w.h
flos yd msIaG iajNdjfhka hqla;h' 15 - 22 w;r fõ'
îcfha úYd,;ajh ;rula wvqh" îchl wjqreÿ 7 jhi .il f.ä lsf,da.%Eï
nr .%Eï 120 muK fõ' f.ähl we;s mqyq 25 - 30 muK yg.kS'
weg m%udKh jeäh' f.ähl îc 5 - 8 we;s w;r fnd,a weg
f.äh myiqfjka m,d uo bj;a lr 2 - 5 muK msysghs'
.ekSug yelsh' uofha >K nj ksid uÿ,q noaO me<hla isgqjd wjqreÿ 3-4 lska f.ä
j, yevh fjkia ùulska f;drj bj;alr yg .ekSu'
.; yelsh' lf|ys lgq fkdmsysghs'
noaO me< isgqjd wjqreÿ 6 - 7 lska
mSfok w;r wjqreÿ 10 jhi .ilska f.ä
20 - 25 la muK yg.kS'

m%fNaofha ku ( udl÷r jhsÜ

,CIK (
j.d udOH msÿre fyda ,S l=vq'

28 f.dúlï iÕrdj
È,Sr iQ;s%ld j¾Ok ld,h wjYH;djh u; îc yd
^îfc!IK ld,h& msÿre udOH Èk 20 - 25
frdamK øjH ksIamdokh i|yd
la yd l=vq udOH Èk 25 - 30 la fõ'
ìïuf,a meyeh - iqÿ meye;sh'
ksoyia lrk ,o m%fNao+
(Conditional Release)

my; ksoyia lrk ,o m%fNao hï hï úfYaIs;

m%fNaod;aul ,CIK u; mokïj wjYH;djh
u; îc yd frdamK øjH ksIamdokh i|yd
ksoyia lrk ,È' kuq;a mj;skakd jQ hï hï
wvqmdvq ilia lr kej; m%fNao ks¾foaY lsÍu
i|yd bÈßm;a l< hq;=j we;'

wÕ,a 4 - 6 muK È.e;s kgqjlska yd

wÕ,a 2 - 4 úIalïNhlska hq;a lema
m%fNaofha ku - MI fmdmafldaka
^CAP& tllska iukaú;h'
(MI Popcorn)
ìï u,l idudkH nr .%Eï 100 - 125
wiajekak .%Eï 650-750 ^udi 2 l ld,hla
;=<§&'
l,a ;nd .ekSu'
YS;lrKhl Èk 10 - 12 la'
újD; mßirfha Èk 04 - 05 la'
,CIK (
wju m<sfndaO ydksh'
újD; mrd.s; m%fNaohla fõ'
rifhka wkQkh" by< fmdaIK w.hla
úNj wiajekak - fylaghdrhg fuá%la
we;
fgdka 2- 2'5 ls'
wêl iS;, m%foaY yer Èjhsfka ´kEu
lr,l È. - fi'ó 18 -20 ls' fndfyda úg
m%foaYhl j.d l< yelsh'
.il ire lr,a folla yg.kS'
fjk;a jdKscj j.d lrk ìï u,a j,g
u,a msmSug .;jk ld,h - msrsñ u, osk
idfmaCIj wêl ,dNhla we;'
42 - 43 .eyeKq u, osk 45 - 46'
isgqùu i|yd fhda.H mr;rh - fi'ó' 60
X 30 tla ia:dkhl me< 2 la ne.ska'

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 29
 ,CIK (
foaYSh uix j,g jvd úYd, M, orhs
m%fNaofha ku ( .kafkdrej fudr 1 M,hl idudkH nr .%Eï 60 - 85 la
Ndú;d lrk ku ( ksfrdaOd muK fõ
,d fld< meye;s wem,a f.ählg iudk
wdl¾IKSh m,;=rls'
udxY,h wem,a fyda fmhd¾ia j,
rij;aNdjhg fndfydaÿrg iudkh'foaYSh
uix îc me< j,g myiqfjka noaO fldg
me< ksmojd .; yelsh'
,CIK ( noaO me<hla isgqjd jir 2 - 3 lska muK
foaYSh weg fudr j,g jvd udxY,h fyd| wiajekakla ,ndfohs' idudkHfhka
yd hqI iys; wdfõKsl iqj|ska hq;= b;d jirlg lsf,da .%Eï 50 - 200 l muK
rij;a m%fNaohls' fõ'
foaYSh fudr îc me< j,g noaO fldg n÷ka j.djg o id¾:lj Ndú;d l,
id¾:lj me< ksIamdokh lr.; yelsh' yelsh'
tf,i ilia lr.;a noaO me<hla isgqjd
jir 2 - 3 lska M, orKq ,efí' m%fNaofha ku ( .kafkdrej uix 2
jir 3 - 4 l§ .ilska M, 1800 l muK ^wr,.kaú,&
wiajekakla ,nd.; yelsh'
n÷ka j.djg o id¾:lj Ndú;d l<
yelsh'

m%fNaofha ku ( .kafkdrej uix 1 ^bínd.uqj&

,CIK (
foaYSh uix j,g jvd by< .=Kd;aufhka
hq;= M,hl idudkH nr .%Eï 10-16 la
muK jk m%fNaohls'
úh<s l,dmfha iy f;;a l,dmfha fyd|ska
j.dl, yelsh'

30 f.dúlï iÕrdj
b;d l=vd wem,a f.ählg iudk fyd|ska jevqKq Ydlhlska jirlg lsf,da
yevfhka hq;= M, ,d fld< meye;s jk .%Eï 200 - 300 la muK wiajekakla
w;r fyd|ska mefikúg ,d fld< ly ,nd.; yelsh
meyehg yefrhs' n÷ka j.djg o iqÿiqh'

foaYSh uix îc me< j,g noaO fldg

f;dr;=re (
id¾:lj me, ksIamdokh lr.; yelsh' wdpd¾h wñ;d fnkaf;dg"
f,alï - fnda. m%fNao ksoyia lsÍfï lñgqj"
n÷ka j.djg o b;d iqÿiqh'
wOHCI - ù m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh
isgqjd udi 6 - 8 lska muK M, oeÍu n;,f.dv

wdrïN jqj o fyd|ska M, oeÍug jir rka wiajkq f.dúlï iÕrdjg f.k wdfõ"
3 - 4 la .;fõ' ksÆIs o is,ajd"
lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl"
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok uOHia:dkh" lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%fNaofha ku ( frâ nkaÉ

iínodkx Oïuodkx ðkd;s

iín rix Oïurfida ðkd;s
iín r;sx Oïur;S ðkd;s
;KaylaLfhda iínÿlaLx ðkd;s
,CIK (
jeä ÈhqKq l< Wiia .=Kdx. iys; O¾u odkh
leì,a, m%fNaohls' ish¿ odkhka mrojd Èkhs'
O¾u rih
bÿKq úg ;o r;= oï meye;s l=vd
ish¿ rihka mrojd Èkhs'
f.ä iys; fmdl=re jYfhka M, orK O¾u Y%jKh lsÍfuka we;sjk m%S;sh
wdl¾IKSh rij;a m,;=re Ydlhls' wka ish¿ m%S;sh mrojd Èkhs'
fïjd weUq,a ñY% meKs rie;sh' ry;aM,h ish¿ ÿla mrojd Èkhs

m,;=re îu wd§ ksIamdok i|yd Ndú;d

- Oïu moh -
l< yelsh'

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 31
 È.amsáh k.rfhka ;rula wE;g jkakg msysá fl;aj;= j,ska wkQk ukrï .uls' .u ueÈka
ksi,j .,d nisk Th;a Bidk Èidfjka msysá l÷ j,,a,;a È.amsáh .fï iqkaor mßirhg
me,ekaÿ wdNrK follau úh' m%Nd;a i¾ È.amsáh ueÈ úÿyf,a Wiia fm< mka;s j,g
ridhk úoHdj W.kajhs' k.rfha ye§ jeã tysu wl=re l, m%Nd;a i¾ iqkaor È.amsáhg f,d,a
nekafoa .fï mdi,g rdcldß i|yd meñKs miqh' b;d lemùfuka b.ekaùfï lghq;= j,
fhÿKq m%Nd;a i¾ .fï fmdÿ jevj,§ yd ixúOdkhkays § uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lf,ah'
ksoyia yd ksrjq,a woyia we;s fkdmels< jQ woyia m%ldY lrk m%Nd;a i¾" .ï jeishkaf.a
fkduo wdorhg yd f.!rjhg ,la jQ pß;hlau úh' iqksu,a È.amsáh ueÈ úÿyf,a 12 fY%aKsfha
W.kakd orefjls' iqksu,ag wo m%Nd;a i¾ uqK .efikafka È.= i;s wka;fha ish ksjfia isg
m%Nd;a i¾ kej; È.amsáhg meñfKk w;f¾§h'

iqksu,a ( i¾" f.or bo,d tkjd jf.a' fyg biafldaf,a mgka .kakjdfka

m%Nd;a i¾ ( Tõ" iqksu,a f.or boka ;uhs' b;ska iqksu,a fldfyo fï

iqksu,a ( uu .shd i¾ l=Uqr me;af;a" ;d;a;d ;du j;=r n|skjd' ,nk i;sfha fmdfydr .ykak;a ;sfhkjd talg'
we;a;o i¾ fï ;d;a;,d lshkafka fmdfydr .ykak mgka .;a;g miafia mi talg mqreÿ jqKd' oeka
fmdfydr ke;=ju nE lsh,d'

m%Nd;a i¾ ( iqksu,a fyd| m%YaKhlafka weyqfõ' fï ldf,a f.dvla fokd Th .ek l;d fjkjd' we;a;gu iqksu,a tal
fmdfydrg mqreÿ jqKd fkfuhs' Thd,d okakjdfka wmg nv.skakg lkak ´k jf.au f.dhu yefokafk;a tl tl fmdaIl
´k lsh,d' uu tal biafldaf,È W.kak,d ;sfhkjdfka' b;ska f.dhug yefokak ´k lrk fï fmdaIl wvqjla ke;sj
,efnkjdkï ;uhs f.dhu fyd|g yefokafka' iqksu,a fï fmdaIl j,ska jeä fldgila mfika" j;=frka" l=Uqrg ouk
f.du" fld< fmdfydr j,ska ,efnkjd' fufyu ,eì,;a uÈfjk
fldgila ;sfhkjdfka' ta ál ;uhs wms fmdfydr úÈhg f.dhug fokak ´k' fyd|hs iqksu,a n;a lkfldg ms.dfka ál
bjr jqKdu nv.skak ;sfha kï fudlo lrkafka'

iqksu,a ( t;fldg i¾ b;ska ;j álla fnod .kakjdfka

m%Nd;a i¾ ( wkak yß iqksu,a talu ;uhs l=Uqfr;a fjkafka' f.dhï fyd|g yeÈ,d fyd| wiajekakla ,efnk fldg
l=Uqf¾ ;sfhk fmdaIl fldgia" fï lm,d f.g .kak ù ál;a tlal wms whska lrkjd' b;ska t;fldg wr msÕdkg wdhs;a
fnod .kakjd jf.a wms l=Uqrg wdfh;a fmdfydr oukak ´k' tfyu ke;=j fmdfydr j,g l=Uqr yß Thd,f.a t<j¿
fldrgqj yß mqreÿ fj,d fkfjhs'

32 f.dúlï iÕrdj
iqksu,a ( yß yß i¾" ug f;areKd t;fldg wms wiajekak .kakfldg f.dhï yefokak ´k foaj¨;a ta;a tlalu
.kakjd' l=Uqfrka wms okafku ke;=j' b;ska ta ál wms wdhs;a l=Uqrg oukafka ke;akï f.dhï yefokafka kE ;uhs fkao
i¾'

m%Nd;a i¾ ( yßhg yß iqksu,a' tal yßhg Th f.d,a,kaf.a f.or wr yhs lr,d ;sfhk j;=r gexlsh jf.au ;uhs'
gexlsfhka j;=r .kakfldg tal ysia fjkjd' b;ska wdhs;a fudagf¾ od,d ,sf|ka .ykak ´k fkao? tfyu ke;=j gexlsh
fudagf¾g mqreÿ fj,d fkfjhsfka' wms l;d lr lru huq iqksu,a' wms fokaku hkafka tlu me;a;gfka

iqksu,a ( Tõ i¾" l;d lr lru huq' i¾ tal lsõjdu ;uhs ug;a l,amkd jqfKa' t;fldg i¾ Th iuyr wh lshkafka
fmdar úihs' tajfha ner f,day ;sfhkjd lsh,d' tal yskaod oukak fyd| kE lsh,d'

m%Nd;a i¾ ( we;a; ;uhs iqksu,a' ta;a Thd okakjdo ,xldjg f.ak fmdfydr f.akak l,ska tajdfha m%ñ;sh .ek
iy;slhla wdKavqjg ´k lsh,d' Bg miafia fyd|hs lsh,d f;dar .kak fmdfydr;a ,xldjg f.kdjg miafiÈ f.dú
uy;a;=rekag ksl=;a lrkak l,ska tajdfha m%ñ;sh ,xldj we;=f,a§u wfmau m¾fhaIKd.dr j, mÍlaId lr,d n,kjd
lsh,d' b;ska ta úÈhg mÍlaId lr,d fyd| m%ñ;shla ;shk" ta lshkafka wr Thd lshmq ner f,day j¾. wju fmdar ;uhs
lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYh f.dùkag ,nd fokafka' tfyu ke;=j tl tl fldïmeKshg ´kE úÈhg ´kEu l=Kq f.dvla
,xldjg f.akak nE' we;a;gu iqksu,a wfma m%ñ;s wdh;kh fï fmdfydr j, yo, ;shk m%ñ;ska b;d by< uÜgul ;uhs
;sfhkafka'

iqksu,a ( yß i¾" i¾ b;ska ldrKd okakjdfka' ta úÈhg tl tl fldïmeKshg ´k ´k foaj,a fkfjhs' t;fldg
f.akafka f.ak fohla wfma m%ñ;Skag hg;aj ;uhs f.akafka' m%ñ;Ska yo,d ;sfhkafka wmsg W.kakmq úÈhg ñksiqkag jf.au
mßirhg;a ydkshla fkdù fyd| ;;a;ajfha NdKav yd fiajd mdúÉÑh" we;s lrkak fkao i¾ ?

m%Nd;a i¾ ( yßhg yß iqksu,a' Thd yßhgu f;areï .;a;d' tal ;uhs fjkaku ´k foa' wms fï foa yßhg f;areï
.kakjd kï lrejf,a w; m; ..d bkak ´k kEfka'

iqksu,a ( b;ska ta úÈhg kï i¾ wfma mia j," j;=r" t;fldg wms jjk foaj,a j, fï úi fjk ner f,day tfyu
;sfhkak nEfka' ta;a b;ska ks;ru ljqre;a lshkafka fï foaj,a Tlafldf.au úi ;sfhkjdh' fmdar j,ska f.kdmq ner f,day
j,ska wfma mia úi fj,dh lsh,d' ta .ek fudlo i¾ ys;kafka ?

m%Nd;a i¾ ( we;a;gu iqksu,a Th l;dj,a Tlafldu lsisu f;areula ke;=j lshk tajd' Thd fyd|gu okakjdfka
fï .fï ´md¥m fldÉpr blaukg me;sfrkjdo lsh,d' ´l;a ta jf.au ;uhs' lÜáhu ri lr lr wykafka Th jf.a
f;areula ke;s ´m ¥m we;a;gu iqksu,a wfma ,xldfõ m¾fhaIK lrk ia:dk j, ta jf.au úYj úoHd, j, lrmq
m¾fhaIK j,ska fldfy;au fmkakd §,d kE wfma mia" j;=r ta jf.au wms lk cd;s j, Th l;d lrk ner f,day
;sfhkjd lsh,d' ta yeu m¾fhaIKhlau lshkafka wfma mia" j;=r tfyu .;a;u tajd Th fjk;a rgj,a j, iuyr ;eka
jf.a ¥IKh fj,d kE lsh,d' wms huqflda uf.a f.orgu' t;fldg uu fmkajkakï Thdg we;a;u ;;a;ajh' uf.a ,.
;snqKd úoHd;aul m;%sld lsysmhla' tajfha ;sfhkjd ,xldfõ tl tl m%foaY j, j;=r" mia j, t<j¿ j, tfyu ;sfhk
ner f,day m%udKhka" we;a;gu iqksu,a ta m%udK .ek ys;=fjd;a tajd idudkHfhka ´k ;ekl ;sfhk m%udK' ta m%udK
fldfy;au ldgj;au úI ;;a;ajhla we;s lrkafka kE'

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 33
 fï n,kak'
wm rfÜ m%foaY lsysmhl îug .kakd c,fha we;s wdiksla yd leâñhï m%udKhka

leâñhï ^uhsfl%da wdiksla ^uhsfl%da

m%foaYh
.a?ï ,Sg¾ 1 lg& .a?ï ,Sg¾ 1 lg&
.srd÷refldaÜfÜ < 0.0027 - 0.031 < 0.15 - 0.92
yqre¿jej < 0.0027 - 0.033 < 0.15 - 0.319
wkqrdOmqrh 0.00 - 0.001 -

iqksu,a okakjo Th j.=fõ ;sfhk m%foaY j,ska yqre¿ jej Th l;d lrk jl=.vq frda.h ke;s m%foaYhla lsh,d'

ta jf.au iqksu,a okakjo f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh fndkak iqÿiqhs lsh,d .kafka Th leâñhï m%udKh ,Sgrhg
uhsfl%da .%Eï 3'0 lg wvqfjka ;sfhk j;=frka' b;ska wfma j;=f¾ Th ;sfhk ;;a;ajhka keyefka' ta jf.au ;uhs
wdiksla .;a;;a f,dal ixúOdkh wdiksla i|yd lshkafka j;=r j, wdiksla uhsfl%da .%Eï 10 g wvqfjka ;sfh-
kak ´k lsh,d'

fï n,kak iqksu,a fï j.=j Èyd' fufl ;sfhkafka ,xldfõ t<j¿ j, ;sfhk Th lshk ner f,day m%udKhka'
b;ska ta tllj;a jeämqr ner f,day keyefka' f,al fi!LH ixúOdkh lshk úÈhg f.dvla t<j¿ j, ;sfh-
kafka ´kEu t<j¿ .%Eï 1000 l leâñhï .%Eï 0'2 lg wvqfjkq;a" wdiksla kï .%Eï1'0 lg wvqfjkq;a'

iqksu,a (Tõ i¾' we;a;gu fï m¾fhaIKh wkqj fuf;la ;sfhk lsisu t<j¿jl nerf,day keyefka' .sh
i;sfha .fï mßir lñgqfõ§ i¾ l;djqKdfka t<j¿ j,g ;uhs jeämqr fmdfydr oukafka lsh,d'

m%Nd;a i¾ ( tal ;uhs iqksu,a" ta me;sj, jeämqr fmdfdyr mdúÉÑ lrkjd we;s b;ska jeämqr fmdfydr
od,d yok t<j¿ j, tfykï Th lshk nr f,day jeämqr ;sfhkak tmdhe' uu lSfõ iqksu,a" Th f.ak fmd-
fydr j, úi iys; ner f,day f.dvla ;sfhkjkx tfyu fjkak ´k fkao ?

Tõ i¾' wms we;a;gu fï .ek fyd|g ys;, ;uhs l;d lrkak ´k' kslïu ys;g tk foaj,a lsh lshd
iqksu,a (
bkafk ke;sj'

m%Nd;a i¾ ( yßhgu yß iqksu,a' wms we;a;gu ;SrK .kak ´k yßhgu lreKq ldrKd oekf.k' ta u;
mokïj fj,d ñila kslx ys;¿ l;d j,g nh fj,d fkfï' talg ;uhs wms úoHd;aul Ñka;kh lshkafka'

iqksu,a ( we;a;uhs i¾" wms kslï nh fjkak ´k kE fï .ek' uu fï .ek wksla <uhskg;a lshkakï i¾
;sir;a .sh i;sfha lfvka i,a,s §,d j;=r fnda;,a .;a;d fndkak lsh,d' fï lg l;dfjka i¾ t;fldg jdis
fjkafka j;=r fnda;,a lrk whg fkao@

34 f.dúlï iÕrdj
m%Nd;a i¾ ( iqksu,ag fydog f;afrkjd' iqksu,a ug;a jvd ÿr ys;kjd' j;=r .ek l;dlrk kï iqksu,a
m%Yakh ;sfhkafka Th lshk m%foaYj, j;=r j, úfYaIfhkau ,sx j;=rj, nerf,day ke;s jqKdg" tajfha jeämqr
laf,darhsâ" le,aishï" ue.akSishï jf.a whk jeämqr ;sfhkjd' ta j.fau fï j;=r j, ¨kq .;sh;a jeähs' tl
m%Ykhla fjkjo lshk tl we;a;gu wms fydhd .kak ´k'

iqksu,a ( j;=r kï yß lshuqfld' ta;a i¾ fmdfydr j,ska weú;a tajd mia j,g tl;= fj,d ;snqfKd;a miafia
yß tajd j;=rg tl;= fjkak mq¿jkafk'

m%Nd;a i¾ ( miaj, ;shkjdkï Th lshk ;rï úYd, m%udK' ta foa fjkak mq¿jka' ta;a m%YaKh ;sfhkafka
iqksu,a wfma fï ,xldfõ tl m<d;lgj;a Th jf.a ;;a;ajhla kE' n,kakflda fï j.=j

Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m<d;a j, j.dìï j, mfia we;s leâñhï yd wdiksla m%udKhka
leâñhï ^ñ,s .a?ï wdiksla ^ñ,s .a?ï lsf,da
m%foaYh Èia;%slalh
lsf,da .a?uhg& .a?uhg&
ueoj, kqjr 0'559 24'5
ud;f,a ud;f,a 0'471 28'0
lrfjâä hdmkh 0'952 4'5
nKavdrfj, nÿ,a, 0'165 12'2
udriaik kqjr 0'503 21'5
.,s.uqj lE.,a, 0'474 26'0
l|fmd, kqjrt<sh 0'41 16'1
oUq,a, ud;f,a 0'69 22'7

b;ska fïl wkqj wfma mia j,ska Th lshk ;rï ner f,day kE' ;shk m%udKh idudkHfhka ,xldfõ yeu
;eku jf.a tl lsÜgq .dKlg ;uhs ;sfhkafka' Th yd iudk m%udKhla ;uhs f,dal fi!LHh ixúOdkh"
moúh me;af;ka tl;= lrmq mia j,;a ;snqfka ta lshkafka mia lsf,da .%Eï tllg ñ,s .%Eï 0'3 l jf.a .Kkla'
iqksu,a okakjd o hqfrdamfha§ mila ner f,day jeähs lsh,d lshkafka ta mfia lsf,da .%Eï tll leâñhï
ñ,s .%Eï 3 lau jeäfhka ;snqfKd;a ú;rhs lsh,d' Thdg fï .ek ;j;a fohla lshkjdkï iqksu,a uu oelald
fï w¿;ska ñksiqkag fno,d fokak hk fudr.ylkao jHdmD;sfha mia j, ;sfhk leâñhï lshk ner f,day
m%udKh' tfy;a ;snqfKa mia lsf,da .a?ï tllg ñ,s .%Eï 0'55 ú;rhs' wdiksla ;snqfka mia lsf,da .%Eï tllg
ñ,s .%Eï 0'429 la b;ska ta me;af;a ñksiaiq ;ju l=Uqre j.d lrkak mgka .;a;d ú;rhs fka' t;fldg Th ner
f,day m%udKhka fmdfydr j,ska wdjd fjkak neyefka'

iqksu,a ( i¾" ta úÈhg n,k fldg ,xldfõ yeu ;eku jf.a tlu ;;a;ajhlafk ;sfhkafka' j.d lrmq bvï
j,hs ke;s bvï j,hs fjkila kE' jl=.vq frda.h ;shk m<d;a j,hs ke;s m<d;a j,hs fjkila kE' b;ska
fmdfydr fï yeu m<d;lu oukjdfka' t;fldg fmdfydr j,ska fï jf.a ner f,day weú;a kE' tfyu fkao
i¾ @

47 ldKavh - 1 l,dmh 35
 m%Nd;a i¾ ( yß iqksu,a' Thd fyd¢ka f;areï .;a;d' we;a; ;;a;ajh ;uhs ´l' ta ksid wms fï ner f,day
j,g we;a;gu nh fjkak fohla kE' kuq;a wms tl fohla ys;d .kak ´kE' Th lshk ner f,day we;a;gu wms
fï mdúÉÑ lrk f*daka tfla neÜß j, ta jf.au wms f.j,a j, yhs lr,d ;sfhk CFL n,aí j," áhqí ,hsÜ
j, ;sfhkjd' b;ska we;a;gu wms ta cd;s kï mdúÉÑ lr,d wfrfy fufy úis lr,d oukafka ke;=j mßiaiñka
wfma mßir wêldßh lshk úÈhg bj; oukjd kï wmg fï wfma ,iaik mßirh wdrlaId lr .kak mq¿jka
fjkjd'

wms ta jf.a cd;s ms<sfj,lg ke;sj kslx wfrfy fufy úislrkjd kï fmdfydr j,ska fkfuhs wfma mßirh
úkdY fjkafka" ux wr l,ska lshmq f*daka neÜß" CFL n,aí jf.a foaj,a j,ska'

Y%S ,xldfõ fj<|fmdf,a we;s t<j¿ lSmhl wvx.= ner f,day

leâñhï (Cd) wdiksla (As)

fndaxÑ 0.03 0.003
îÜ 0.03 0.001
f.dajd 0.01 0.001
lerÜ 0.04 0.003
,Slaia 0.02 0.001
w¾;dm,a 0.02 0.005
jïngq 0.02 0.001
lrú, 0.02 0.001
ud¿ ñßia 0.001 0.003
f,dal fi!' ix' ;sìh hq;= m%udKhka 0.2 1.0
iqksu,a ( we;auhs i¾" wms lrkaku ´k foa tal tajd mdúÉÑ lrk ljqre;a j.lSfuka ta foa lrkak ´k' i¾
yïnjqkdhska uu f.dvla foaj,a bf.k .;a;d' u hkakï i¾' fyg i¾ ldnksl ridhk úoHdfõ tk fnkaiSka
j<,a, .ekfka W.kakjdlSfõ' fkdo i¾

m%Nd;a i¾ ( Tõ" tõ iqksu,a' fyg mdvfï§ uu Thd,g fnkaiSka j<,a, .ekhs ta ixfhda. .ekhs lsh,d
fokakïflda

iqksu,a ( uu .syska tkakï i¾

m%Nd;a i¾ ( fyd|hs iqksu,a mßiaiñka hkak

f.dúlï iÕrdjg rpkd lf<a ' ' '

wdpd¾h m%shka; ùrisxy
w;sf¾l lDIsl¾u wOHCI
WoHdk fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" .kafkdarej

36 f.dúlï iÕrdj