r

Q. 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words (5) Shorter truth table method is inconvenient
from those given in the brackets : than truth table method. P
(1) Shorter truth table is an ... ..... .. method. Truth table is based on the principle of
... ect)
(direct/indir reductio-ad-absurdum. f'
(2) .......... method is based on the principle (7) Shorter truth table does not directly prove
of reductio-ad-absurdum . (Truth table/ whether a statement form is a tautology or
Shorter
_..., Truth Tab/'!) .. not~TR \JS.
(3) If both the antecedent and the consequent (8) Continge~cy is always true. f
of an implicative statement are false then

-
(9) If the consequent is true then !b.e ·
the statement is .. . ........ (true/false) implicative statement must be true. ~ r"AL'o~
(4) If inconsistency is obtained after assuming (10) Contradictory statement form is always
the given statement form to be false, then false. \~oe..
the statement form is proved to be ......... ..
( t ~ not a tautology) (11) 'p v ~ p' is a tautology. -f' ,~\.)€.. -
(5) When both the componen ts of a disjunctive Q. 3. Match the columns :
statement are false then the truth value of (A) (B)
the statemei;it is ........... (true/ false)
----- (1) Shorter Truth Table (a) Always true •
(6) When we deny tautology, we get .......... .
(2) Truth Table (b) Always f'1lse S.
(conp-adict j_on/ contingency)
J'......._,. ..,,_
(3) Contradict ion (c) Direct Method 2.. .
(7) If 'p' is true then '~p' is ........... (true/ \

false)
..,,._.....,_ (4) · Tautology (d) Reductio- ad- i .
(8) Shorter truth table is a ........... ( ~ absurdum
p,:__o~eg};I!;!!/ deductive proo~ Q. 4. Give logical _terms for the following :
th its A statement form which is always true.10.o ro ,~
(9) Equivalen ce is .......... when bo
componen ts are false. (true/ false) ':f
·
(10) .......... is a sym~
.,..,..,..,_
used f~r
.
negative
A decision procedure based on reductio-
ad-absurdu m. 5hc, * .
statement .(• £,.;;-j ""'o"°'ocl,~ ;.7
-= • -....,.~ JJY
A statement form which is true under all
Q. 2. State whether the following statements~tru th possibiliti es of its compone nts.la u-k>'
are true or false. . ·h· · d'
. A decision procedure wh1c is an m irect
(1) A negative statement is false when its method. ~:T
componen t statement is true.Tt:.._\)~ and ·
(5) Statement having anteceden t
Jlr If a conjunctiv e propositio n is false both consequen t as its componen ts. Con0 \~ (!)nol.
!' its componen ts must be false . ~AL9€
(6)
~e> ~,\:\oT"\
A statement form which 1s false under all
(3) '•' is a monadic connectiv e. PAL-~1;. possibiliti es. Con~""'~ cf 1c .\--ion
(4) Inconsiste ncy in a shorter truth table is (7) I A statement form which is true under
obtained when a rule of basic truth table is ~-som e possibiliti es and false under some
violated. t f\ "E. / ' possibiliti es. Con~n<:l eo~.
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There are three types of Deductive Proofs :
(I) Direct Deductive Proof: In this method conclusion is derived directly from the p .
relll1s
(2) Con~i_tional Proof : This method is used only when the conclusion of an argurne .es.
conditional statement. In this method the antecedent of the conclusion is take nt 1s a.
O
additional premise and the consequent of the conclusion is deduced with the heJ as %
required rules of Inference and rules based on the rule of replacement. P of the
(3) lndJrect Proof : This method is preferably used when the conclusion of an argu
other than a conditional statement. In this method we assume the negation of the con~en~ is
as an additional premise. c us 1on
From this, along with the original premises, we obtain a contradiction. And this is tak
be the proof of validity of arguments. en to

Exercises
Q. I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words (9) The rule of .. .. . . . . . states that 1·r
from those given in the brackets: implication is true and its conse a:
. h . quen
(1) 1s fa1se, t en its antecedent must also
[(p :J q) • p] :J q is the rule of ......... .
(Modus Ponens I Modus To/lens)
...,., a....t
.....
false. (MP.I MTJ, . I

(10) (p • p) = p is the rule of .......

(2) The rule of . . . . . . . . . consi~ts m
(Simplification / _Taut~
interchanging the antecedent and the
consequent by negating both of them. (11) The method of . . . . . . . . . is based o~ th(
(Commutation I '(_ransposj ti_p"f}) principle of reductio-ad-absurdurn
(Conditional ProofI Indirect .
....,., Proof)
a...

(3) The rule of Addition is based on the ..._,

basis truth table of ......... . Q. 2. State whether the following statcmc11t1

(Conjunction I [2is}u'!_ctionL are true or false.
(4) The . . . . . . . . . can be applied to the part of (1) The rule of Disjunctive Syllogism can be
the statement. (rules of inference I D!!!!! applied to the part of the statement. F
based on rule ofreplacement) (2) ~ ~ p =pis the rule of Tautology. r
(5) ~ (~ p v q) = ......... , according to De. (3) When the denial of the conclusion leads to
Morgan's Law. ((e • ~ CJ) I(~ P • q) contradiction, the argument is proved to be
(p :J q) = (~ p v q) is the rule of ......... . valid in the method of indirect proof. i
(6)
(MgJerial Imp lication I Material (4) Conditional Proof decides whether the
Equivalance) argument is valid or invalid. F

(7) The method of . . . . . . . . . is used only (5) Indirect proof is constructed for
when the conclusion of an argument is establishing the validity of arguments. T
an implicative statement. • mechanical
(6) Conditional proof is a
( q onqJ!._,i onq!__P~ogfI Indirect Proof)
In the method of ......... , ~e assume
procedure. T -n
(8) (7)
(p V q) =(
q V p) is Commutative Law.
the negation of the conclus10n as an ·
The rule of inference can be app ie
r
d to the
additional premise. · (8)
(Conditional ProofI J:zdire~ t 1:;5:of) whole statement only. T
I I
 (9) The Elementary valid arguments forms are
(4) l. Q V (P V R) / .' ~ Q ::> (~ R ::> (P V S)1
ca11e d th e rule of Rep lacement. l
(5) l. A V (8 ::> D)
Q. ,3. Match the columns :
2. A::> C
A B 3. B I :. ~ C ::> D
(1) Elementary valid (a) Antecendent of
argumen t forms (6) 1.D::>E
the conclusion is
2. D VG I :. E V G
assumed. "
(2) Conditional Proof (b) Principle of (7) l. W::>L
reductio-ad 2. T ::> (~ P • L)
absurdum. 3 3. W V T / :. L
(3) Indirect Proof ( c) Rule based on
(8) 1. T V B
rule of -t
replacement. 2. (T V N) ::) (L • S)
(4) De. Morgan's Law (d) Rules of j_ 3. ~ S / :. B
Inference (9) 1. R ::) (Q ::) P)
Q. 4. Give Logical Terms for the following : 2. S::) R
(1) The rules that can be applied only for the 3. T:)Q
whole statement. ~~e---rer-.<2.e I :. S:) ~T
4. ~P
(2) The elementary valid argument forms. ,,
(10) 1. (AV B)
(3) The method of establishing the validity of
2. (CV D ):) E
an argument by assuming the negation of
the conclusion. ~d,~Qc.~ ~oo~ I :. [~A:) (B V F)) • (D:) E)

(4) The deductive proof which is based on the (11) 1. (G ::> H) ::> J
principle of reductio-ad-absurdum. :I:"n°'\ ""'('ec\c- 2 ~ J / · G
P0\00 · ..
(5) The method which is used to establish (12) 1. L ::> (M v N)
the validity of argument, only when its
conclusion is an imQlicative statement. 2- T Y L / : · ~ M ::> (~ T ::> N)
cona.\U.C)(""\o.\ ~~oC)~ · (13) 1. A::> B
Q. 5. Construct Conditional proof or Indirect
proof of validity for the following 2. C :JD / :.· (A• C) :J (B • D)
arguments: (14) 1. K v (T • ~ W)
(1) ~Al :. A :J B 2. WV S I :. KV S

(2) 1. (L V M) :J (P • Q) ( 15) 1. A V (B :J C)

2. ~P I :. ~L 2. C :JD

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4. B VE I ,\ ~A:>E
2. ~R
I :. ~ S (16) 1. P :> (Q :> R)
3. A
2. (Q • S) V W I : . ~ R :> (P :>W)
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 'lbe process o o tallllllg a smgular proposition from a propositional fun ti b
• a constant for a variable is called Instantiation. c on Y
QU&Jltification and Generalization is a process of obtaining a general ·t1
• pro~sitional function by placing a universal or Existential quantifier befo~~
{unction.
Qualltifica~on is of tw~ cy_pes. (I) Universal Quantification/ generalization. (2)
• Quantificatton/general1zat1on
The Quantificational Deduction consists in deducing the conclusion of an argum t fro
• its premises with the help of certain rules. en m
Rules o!· q~antificational d~uctio~ are - (I). Un_iversal Instantiation (U I), (2) Universal
• Qenerahzation (U G). (3) Ex1stenhal Generahzahon (E G), (4) Existential Instantiation (B
n
The rules of UI and El are used to infer truth functional compound statements from general
• propositions.
The rules of UG and EG are used for inferring general propositions from truth functional
• compound statements.

Exercises

-
Q. 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words (9) .......... proposition is Universal Negative
from those given in the brackets : proposition. (E, OJ ·
(1) ......... .is an individual variable. (1/J,£ (10) .......... is a Universal Quantifier.
(2)
(3)
......... .is a predicate variable. (A, t].
Individual . . . . . . . . . . stands for a specific
--
[(x), (3x)J
( 11) .......... is either true or false. (Proposition/
.

individual. (Constant, propositional function) • ...

.,,-- ,.., .....,..,_ Variable)

(4) The process of .......... helps to derive (12) The expression 'Given anything' is
singular proposition. (Quantification, an . . . . . . . . . . Quantifier. (Existential/
Instantiation)
A ~
.
UnJversEI)
-...... -.

(5) General propositions are obtained by (13) In .......... logic proposition is taken as
the process of . . . . . . . . . . . (Instantiation, one unit. (PfO]!_D§jliQ!JE.llpredicate)
Generalization) (14) Propositions are analyzed in ........ •·
(6) neither true nor false. logic. -(prop·ositiomilJeredicate)

tJ
(P,:pJ?•.°sJ!i2.72lJu~ion, Proposition). ( 15) . . . . . . . . . . Propositional states that · an
(7) A predicate constant stands for . . . . . . . . . . individual po~sesses or does not .possess
· rty/ attribute (singular/
property. (any, specific) a certam prope · _ •
- \ I general)
(8) An individual variable stands fo~r ..... .... ;er..__
proposition. (specific,.f:!22 """-
 - Q. J. .!\latch the columns :
Q. l;;,Statc "hcthc r the following statement~
an· true or fabc. (A) (8)
r ( 1) The c, prcssion 'GJ, £D ~ny th ing' is an (I) Proposition (a) a G.
r E, istential Quantifkr. \..)ntVt'--< 6 Q\
(2) Propositional (b) (x) Sx 1.
I (2) A singular proposition ~an ?c obtai ned
fun ction
from 3 propositional function by the
process of Instantiation. (3) individual variable (c) B LJ.
1 (J) Agcneml proposition can be obtained from (4) Predicate constant (d) x B.
a propositional function by the process of
(5) Universal quantifier (e) Hx 2..
Quantification.
(6) Individual constant (f) (x) 6.
(4) The rule ofUG says that what is tme of the
whole class is true of each member of the Q. 4. Give logical terms :
class.
( 1) Branch of logic in which proposition .
• I
(5) The rule ofEG says that what is true of an taken as one unit. t"V"O? · \ ~,e..
arbitrary object is true of all the members
(2) Branch of logic that involves analysis
of a class. 0
proportion. f""e d\ ca~ lc~i c.
(6) The rule of EG says that an Existential
(3) Proposition which states that an individua
Quantification of a propositional function
possesses or does not possess a certai
can be val idly inferred from its substitution
property/attribute. 6ln<s,>t0rr pw~.
instance. .
y (7) (,P) is a universal Quantifier. (4) Proposition which makes an assertio
about class. gen f...,.o.1 ~ .
(8) In the formal proof of validity by
quantificational deduction, if both the mle (5) An expression which contains at least
UI and EI are to be used then E.I. should one (free/real) variable and becomes a
be used first. proposition when the variable is replaced

(9) The rules of UI and EI are used to drop

r
by a suitable constant. ~p . &t>n~~ o

quantifiers from general propositions. (6) ~The process of obtaining a singular

. ~\f,fl proposition from a propositional function
(I 0) The mies of UG and EG are used for \~>r\o0i
,y substituting a constant for a variable.
inferring general propositions from truth
functional compound propositions. (7) The process of obtaining a general

f (11) In predicate logic proposition is taken as

proposition from a propositional function
by placing a universal or Existential
one unit: p""oro~
,+1000., quantifier before the propositional
p (12) Singular propositions make an assertion function. 6ll.JQnH co'1o~ Si
about class. eneryo. \
(8) The symbol which stand for the name of
f (13) Proportional function contains at least one an individual. :i:n ot·1y1cAval L
variable. &~ee eonoe-Anc:::
(9) The symbol which stands for a particular
'( (14) Singular proposition states that an property/attribute.fiy ed:,to. k. l:::
individual possesses or does not possess a c.one-1-G\t' .. d
(10) The symbol which stands for any ind1v1 ua1
certain property/attribute.
whatsoever. lno'
y~niable..
(11) The symbol which stands for name of any'
property/attribute whatsoever.
1>1eciJ
 The variable which is neither a part of a Q. 7. Symbol
(1Z) quantifier. nor preceded by an appropriate •
using
quantifier. F~e.e. 'VA~\ ABLE propos
JJ) The variable which is either a part of a (1) No ani
( quantifier or preceded by an appropriate Every1
(2)
quantifier. BooNQ vAe \AB L-a (3) Some
Q. 5. Give reasons for the following.
(4) A fe
(1) When both U.I. and E.1. are use4 in a
proof, E.I. should be used first. (5) Hard
I . ba
(2) The rule of U.G. allows us to infer
universal general proposition only from (6)
an arbitrarily selected individual. (7) Uni
(3) One cannot deriv~ ·a statement about an (8) Fe
arbitrarily selected individual from a11
(9) A
existential general proposition while using
· the rule of E.I. (10) N
(4) Rules of inference and replacement along
with C.P. and J.P. are not sufficient to prove (11) A
Validity of all argument. (12) E
5) Propositional function is neither true nor
(13) F
false.
5) l\ ... 1 • •
(14)
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Logic. (Ari~e I Plato] ( ) There is a relation of ................... beh,.
. . d 9 , , .. , lwe
(2) In ................... , the conclusion 1s denve 'A' and I propos1t1ons. I
from only two premises taken jointly. [Sub-a/tern I Sub-contrary]
()) [ ~ I Eduction]
. (1 O) ....__,..._,.._-
... .... ........ cannot be true togeth
..... :..........._... 1s a Conditional proposition. they may be false together. er, bu
-- - I Categorical]
[Dzs1unctzve ,.:.:. [~~n_t,:3~
. I Sub-contraries]
denotation of both the terms is sarni
sition, the Converse of 'A' 11
All}
scarcely available',i!
~ition. [I I9L
.c, Singular propositio~
propositioi
sition, the subject
·eas the predicatei
 ······· .. •.. •~·· pr~~osition is one which Q. :;, i\lolcl' t 1It' columns .
(15) ··· sents a cond1t1on together with
pre sequence which follows fro;on:ie (A) (B)
con . 11n·1SJLll1CILVe
. . ,71 tl. (I) Mediate (n) Particular
Infcrcncc Affinnativc (~
state whether the followmg ~t.ttcmcnl\
Proposition \,_:>)
Q· z, , fruc or F~1lsc :
11 rc (2) Immediate (b) Catcg~rical (~\
Jo categ.oric.al yr?positio?~ Obverse of, A' Inference syllog1sm
(ll proposiuon 1s E Propos1t1on. T~uE..

(2)
•A' proposition is contradictory to , E,
proposition. F ,A~E.
(3) Categorical
Proposition
(c) Relation between
two Un_i~crsal f
Propos1t1on \
q
(3)
In sub-alte~ relation: the universal
ropositions imply their corresponding
(4) Contrary (d) Eduction @
p ..
particular propos1t10ns. , ~vs. .
-T"'i
. (._l 4 ( al\ 'l" Loi ll'-1 1 (Cl'lll~ tor (It~ 11111 'II :

In conversion, the quality of the (1) A word used in Categorical proposition.T~m

(4) proposition changes. PAL~e.
. . , Proposition stands for Particular
0
(') Negative Proposition. T~u£. .
) conve~s~ of 'E'. ~roposition is 'E'
(6 propos1t10n, and 1t 1s called as Simple
converse. \ 1l'-'a
( ) conditional proposition is a proposition of
7 relationship between two classes referred
to as the class of sutject term and the class
of predicate term. F At..~E . classes referred to as the class of subject
Obversion is a kind of Eduction. ,~vE.
(8)
(9) Syllogism is an Inductive inference. f /IL~
(10) Inference is the a~t of deriving the
conclusion on the basis of observed facts.,
(II) Two sub-contraries cannot be true together. f
(12) 'All Indians are brain workers', is
Universal Affirmative proposition. ,cz..ve.
(13) In Obversion, no term is dist~ibuted _in the
conclusion, unless it is distributed
premise.~-rivE
(14) Tenn can be neither true nor false.712-'-'€.
(15) Coverseof'O'Proposition is '!'Proposition.
{:'1tLSE.
A word which unifies the subject and
(2)
predicate in a logical proposition. TE1t-~
(3) The term about which assertion is made~<Tl -
.. . . h' h . Ot-l AL
(4) . propos1t1on 1~ one m w 1c the assertion ~U>PO
A
IS made subJeCt to some expressed srnON
(5)
r condition, according to traditional logic.
-;.,. co..tl),,.,o...i~t.- ~R..0~09,,,-,oN
A proposition which states alternatives,
according to traditional logic. \~u r-tC"'f, ve
~o(>.
( 6) A proposition of relationship between two
term and the class of predicate term,
according to traditional logic. C .A'f'E.~~\CAL
t>fZ.O ~o~, '{\
(7) A singular Negative proposition in o~
t4q~'{'"e
Traditional Logic. u~\~AL PP-0~0~ ,~ ,o'4
(8) Categorical Proposition in which the
Subject term is Distributed, but the
Predicate term is undistributed. {!-)
(9) Deductive inference in which t~e
conclusion is drawn directly from one
th premise without the mediation of any
lll e
other premise. \ tJ't4e..Q'A~ ~£.~e.~ce
(10) An Immediate Inference ,:,J;lch shows
relation between Categorical Proposiuons. 't!::
.. • h. h the predicate »-
(11) A propos1t1on m w ,c . .
is affirmed or denied of smgle definite

;;~-i£RSIO
individual.
(I 2) An Eduction in which the subject te;r'
the predicate terms are interchange . ,...,
 7 Gi~e '-'r..- J
rty of the Q. · roposition
(13) An Eduction in which the qua
1 p h.
. . changes. oe.V€.ILS' (1) All red ve 1
propos1tton
· which the [Contradict
(14) A mediate inference 10 1 two
conclusion is drawn from on y No crows a
. "'1 (2)
premises. v '54 \ 1O q ~ c..AL
\-\-,tP"b
(15) The opposition between an u
niversal
d. g
[Contr~'. 1
(3) some C1t1
proposition and its correspon in
particular propositioll. sve -ALTE~,-l [Contradic

Q. 5. Give Reasons : (4) Some mis,

'0'
( 1) Sub-contrary of 'I' proposition 1s (Sub-cont
proposition. Any frui~
(5)
(2) Singular Proposition is called an Univeral
Proposition in Traditional Logic. [Contra
(3) Converse of'O'Proposition is not possible. (6) Not a sin
(4) Obverse of 'A' Proposition is 'E' [Contrad
Proposition (7) ManyP
.
(5) Converse of 'A' Proposition 1S 'I'
. [Sub-co
Proposition, when it 1S a general
Proposition. (8) A few
[Contra<
Q. 6. Explain the following :
(9) Every n
(1) Traditional · scheme of Categorical
Proposition. (Contra
(2) Distribution of Terms in 'A' Proposition. (10) Not evt
(3) Distribution of Terms in 'E' Proposition. [Contr,
(4) Distribution of Terms in 'I' Proposition. (l l) Childrc
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I\

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c.v

10.
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e \ '°""~- :f'.~ °'~-" e o.~e _ I.A:)~~!S:2.si~ - - - - - - - 1

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---11r----OB'-/ - SoO '\e ~e. ~<:!ll"" .,,,_____ ___ ___ ___-,

-~\o e

,, \1

C.\/ -

Q.V -
 . . - : in th• blan"'.' "Ith sultuhlo "onh . --•c•
I}• J. i,-orll those given m the hrnckcto;, : l\ti,;tmclt un syllogism und Nyaya
· m 1·s a .... ... .. .... . . 1'nfiern ccc. ,;yll
ti
og,~m
I both huvc ............... term.
lS v n·c• thrc<')
Sy IJog
(I) rM[!_4JJ!J.£ I Immediate) I

._- ...,k"r"'l ~lutcmcnt of the proposition to be proved

II d
Syll ogism has .... .. ...... ... tcm1s.
is
· cu c ............... by Nyaya \ogicians.
1Jl ([WO I '[!J!:!!!!) (Prt ij11a I Hetu)

• conclusion
of the . ts called .,,-...bJ-<('
t r
, ' St0 cmcnt o the reason is called ...............
·) ............. ··
(J (he major tenn
10 11
sy ogism. (Subject I by Nyuyu logicians. ( Hetu / Upanaya)
predicate)
:.;..,-.,--- . _._ •'<.! ... ............ syllogism is better fitted to test
............ term occurs tn both premises validity of inference (Nyaya I Aristotelia n)
(4) ;d does not occur in the conclusion .
'Subj ect / }fiddf!) Q. 2. State whether the following statements
(. are True or False :
The first premise of syllogistic argument
(5) ,\hen reduced to logical form is .. .. .. ........ '. (l) The validity of syllogism depends upon
the order in which the three constituent
remise. ( Mai!:[ I Minor)
P propositions are expressed . F
subject term and (2) The cone 1usion in syllog1stlc . . argument
(6) ............... . both
contains
predicate term m categorica l syllogism. depends upon the manner in which the
(Premise I f2!:E~n) terms are related in the premises ..,.-
(J) When any rule of syllogism is violated, (3) The AAA combinati on of proposition
the argument commits . . .. ... . .. .... . fallacy. in figure - I commits the fallacy of
(Non fo rmal I FJ2!:!!!.:!.2 undistributed middle. F
(S) Fallacy of ............ ... is committed, when (4) Validity of syllogism depends upon the
one of the term is used in two different content of an argument. F
senses. (Eguivo_£ati2!! I illicit process) (5) In a valid syllogism the premises imply
(9) When the subj ect term is undistributed the conclusion. 1
in the premise but is distributed in (6) The rule of syllogism states that when only
the conclusion, fallacy of ..... ..... ..... is one premise is affirmative, the conclusion
must be affirmative. F
~--~or)
committed. (illicit Major I illicit-Min-.......
(10) In the third figure of syllogism, the middle (7) In a valid syllogism the middle term must
term stands as the ... ... . ... .... . in both the be distributed atleast once in the premise. T
premises. ~ u}},!!f.!/ Predicate) (8) The premise in which the predicate occurs
(11) An argument with four propositi ons is is calliia e major premise. \
called .... .. .... .. . .. . stituent propositions are
(A~en t of_ Sorites I Fallacy . "T
Equivocation) --- .. een the middle term and

For Nyaya school of Indian phil is negative in 'N and

inference consists of .......•.•
e distinction between
(five I three)
li (Swartha) and
-.....-nu)
 Statement of the universal propos (13) Statementr of the presen
itio
~ along with an example is called Upana n ce of the mark/
hetu i.e. reason in the case in question.
ya.
J

M' Statement of the prese~ce of ~e m~ (14 ) Conclusion proved in Nyaya

i.e. reason in the case an question 1srk/h etu
called
syllogism.Ni
( 15) The major term in Nyaya syl
Udaharan. logism.SC \~
j) ({ ' Conclusion proved in Nyaya syllogism is ( 16) The minor term in Nyaya
syllog ism1q "e
called Nigaman. I (17). The middle term in Nyaya
syllog ism. L, ~
Statement of the universal propos
ition Q. 5• Gi ve reason for the fol low
ing :
called Vyapti. -r
(1) Middle term must be distributed
Q. 3. 1\,fatch the columns : atleast
once in the premises. .
(A) (B) (2) No conclusion can be drawn
from two
b) (J) The major term (a) Hetu
negative premises.

e c) (2) (3) A term cannot be distrib

The minor term (b) Sad hya uted in the
conclusion unless it is distributed
(3) The middle term in the
(c) Paksha premise.
Q. 4. Give logical terms for the fol (4) Out of five proposition
s in Nyaya
lowing
( 1) An argument in which the mi syllogism, two appear redundant.
ddle term
stands in a certain relatio n to the oth (5) The udaharan or examp
er two le in the third
terms. (aJ.e_go--r\ C.Q \ e~\\09,~ proposition is a unique feature of
~ Nyaya
(2) A formal fallacy committed, syllogism.
due to
ambiguous term. Eq_01 vo c..n.\-'.t on
Q. 6. Explain the fol .ow ing :
(3) The predicate term of the conclusio (1) The Rule of structure in syl
n in logism.
Categorical syllogism. M ~o --r
4- e~ rn (2) The fallacy of Undistributed Middl
(4) The subject term of conclusio e.
n in (3) The fallacy of illicit Process in syl
•Categorical syllogism. M',no....- logism.
+e---c -rn (4) Figures of Syllogism.
(5) The term which occurs in bot
h the (5) Resemblance between Aristotel
premises, but not in the conclusion. ian and
M,dd .\ e Nyaya syllogism.
(6) The premise in which the predicate
term (6) Distinction between Aristotelian
occurs. M a- \ o....- f ....-e.N'\·,s and
e Nyaya syllogism.
(7) The premise in which the subjec
t term
occurs. M)no--< f...,-eN'\\ se Q. 7. Recognize with reasons
the formal
fallacies committed in the fol
(8) That cognition which presuppo lowing
ses some Categorical syllogisms :
other cognition. ,~ <se.-,-ence.
I
(I) All Indians are reformers
(9) Inference used for demonstrati
ng truth for All reformers are brave
other people. "f)o.rc- Q. ~Q .. .
Therefore all bra ve me n are Indian
(10) Statement of the proposition to s.
be proved. ~" '(2) Some _wrong
things are no t worth studying
(11) Statement of the reason. H ew Q\-\~':1Q...All calculations are wr on
So N g
IcuI t·
(12) Statement of the universal o ca a ions are worth studym ·
g.
proposition
along with an example. \JO.hO.f'Y'Of\Q (3) Some TV channels give informati
.. ve news.
No Magazines give informative news.
 Al\ ,:,ce ~o..,.me-Y ~ o..~e ~c-vo.." e a
A\\ ~C"('Q\le me~ o.--<e \ r'\~, °'~s 0..
a : :IlL\C~\: _';JINO~ /
I

So no _ "
a: UN~.&1. actt~t:....

II

5.
 c./~sr.w.tc.
Dalt ( ))
)
\\ Poq, ,J

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tve.G-A'r\.Va ~R~N\\
,.
t-?o men
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0 \ _ Iwc..Li:.
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Mecrc~

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, no'""tm

I\

I. • ..... ..;.' .. ·-- . .

1.- .._

• •
• • ·- -
\:. ...

...
•I , -

I •. -.
I "" * .... .
--=-

I
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II
" accot ,n .\-o~ s

-1,ri, o.n ~\es ,, _...:..1...:..'- - - - - - - ' - - -

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... .A\' c.\rr~ e a_ occ.e ~ ' - ~·-- ------ -'--:_ __

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.
&~. ! ·
\ \ \
,,
'
 (
J) £,.,perimcnt is dclibcratci •
. - ) Undcnnt-
.. ,.en
'~) E.,penment tn\ oh cs • ·11·
\- • ·''-= inn 0
u Pofuna• •·
J) Experiment invohcs S'- t . • n,1tc1ul '-ilu.llil,n.
( -----:-----·.:J.::s:_c•::,:n:n•~ic:_·\~u~· ~~~::._
nntion ,,1 conJitit,ns . _________ ___]

.;;:
Q. I •
Fill in the blnnk., ,, ith •. •
'rom tho-.r
.
,
, 111 1u 1>le "
-
en ,·n in th l' ,lr•1d.:l'C\ : "''1
):'.- F'<rcl,cs '",
L ~~.:..,.__ _._:.;~-
(II) 111 · ·
.,;...;.-~----=J\y
• dclibcrotc
. phenomenon is
11 ·
(I) Observation and c,pcritncnt arc produced .
. . . . . . . . . . grounds of induction. the

-
(~,c!:!.!;!_c!.!_!, Ohscrvation)
(Fonnal, ,\fateria/) / ( 12.) Observation is done u nd er ·······
. settings.
(2) definite
In . -•· · -· · · ·· we perceive the th·
purpose.
.
mgs wi th a (Natural, Artificial)
----. th operative
~ Q.bserl'ajj£!_1, .£_err:eRJ,!!2_n) (13) In non-observat10n, e
conditions are neglected due to · · · · · · · · · ··
(J) Observation is .......... to facts.
(Fear, Bias)_
~hful, Unfaithful)
(14) In .. . -~-.... , the object is p~esent be{ore the
(4) The fallacy
of . . . . . . . . . . consists of observer, yet he observes it wrong Y·
misinterpretation of facts.
(Illusion, Neglect of relevant inS tances)
/ (~I obs!!J!_at!5!.,_n, Non- Observation) (15) ... ... .... means observation with alteration
(5) The method of . . . . . . . . . . is said to be of conditions.
used when facts are studied in natural (Perception, Ig,ggime!!!_)

---
conditions.
(16) .......... can be repeated.
I/"' (Observation, Experiment)
~ n s becoming aware of objects .. -. -.
(Observation, Experiment)
(17) In .......... , the observer is the slave of
which happens to come our notice.

. -·
nature.
(Observation, Perception) v-"
t ... (Observation, Experiment)
Observation should be .......... . ._,...,, ....
(7)) (18) In .......... ,, we go from both, ' Cause to
(Bias, Impartial) effect' and 'Effect to cause'.
l Neglect of operative conditions gives rise ation, Experiment)
to the fallacy of .......... . is a factor whose effect the
...,....,.___.. Ma/.-obse_rvation)
{Non-observation, ter wispes to determine.
.

Illusions give rise to the fallacy of .....• -Independent

(Non-observation, Mal-Obse.
Experiment involves se ·
condition.
 d thC
'.
\'V l pw- .
. I' ·" c,ofllPIC of (7)
g)
itiScfl
•If
,-1,crc
,.u•LP- . crVation in experiment.
ne investigator has control
r
, in • c,c , 1 •
no ob• t
.srvouon, r!
d rt ( JJ1 obsc oJ1len o n - r
(20) •Mirage
. .. . . .. . .. . · , ·nJfiOIT) (9)
over tt-Je .p.t,en tne e,cperirnents has control
. . _, \ on-cJP·'''
(.Mat-ob~'· . , d 3ccurotc,
erirnen t, r
l 0) fJ1 c1'P 11enomenon- r-
o\/er tne p. t van.at10Il
. o f 1actors is
(21 ) . . . . . . . . . . gives more prcc,sc •• ( .i:.

er1men ,
results.
}fl ~,cp
( 11) Possible- -<'
11
(Exper1111e11t, Obs1.;ri·a ti . ' the investigator
. .can isolate
.
(22) In e!<P'";mcnt. wcconditions arc ....... . .. . ,,..-..,a ttOil ,
(12) In o b 5...,i. r
tne factors- certain areas in
. which
/m•ariable) . the
(23) .. . . ... . .. is purposi, e, ( 13) There_ are are rnorallY undesirable. "T
e,cperirJleots . while
. n is artificial . experiment
_
(Perception, ~ ) _ _ t
(24) . . . . . . . . .. involves selection of 51gn1ficaJl 10
)
facts.
04
observat
is natural. r
d observer should be impartial and
(Perception,r'Observ!!!},J!!l
(25) When we neglect relevant
facts, we (15) Tbe goo
unbiased-
-r
commit the fallacy of ... .. ..... - (! ) Th• use of scientific ir_1str11ments improve
(NM-observation. Mai-Observation) 6 the qualilY of observation- l
. 'fl d b c.
.__,,,...- --I d aterial
... .. ..... 1s 1ust1 e y 1orma an m (1 ?) Repetition is an advantage of experiment 1
(26)
grounds of Induction. (18) observation always comes pnor to
(Deductive leap, JnductiVe /ea£
experunent. ,
(27) The principle ofcausation and the principie (19) In experiment, we can proceed from effect
of uniformity of nature are ........ ..
to cause. F
grounds of induction.
{ff!_rma/4 Material)
(20) Causation is a formal ground of induction. l
(21) Experiment is a formal ground of
Q. 2. State whether the foJJowing statements
are true or false. induction. .t='
(1 ) Observation is not purposive. f-f" Q. 3. Match the columns :
(2) Perception is purposive. F
(3) The fallacy of non-observation consists in
neglecting or overlooking relevant facts. 1 (1) I I ,f

( )
4
!he fall~cy of non-observation of
·
mstances ts committed when the re Ievant
circumstances are neglected. I
(5) . When ':e neglect the essential condif
responsible for particular pheno 100s
commit the fallacy of non-ob men~n we
circumstances.- r servat,on of

(6) The fallacy of mat-observation . .

neglecting the relevant i'nstances.consists
(:' m
 Gi' e logical terms for thc1(0U0Wing. (3) Explain the fallacy o
Q• 4• perception ,vit
. h a defi n1te
. purpose. (4) Explain the fallacy o
(t)
The fallacy of observation in which one ( 5) What are the charact
(Z) neglects or ignores relevant facts . Q. 6. Answer the foUowi
(J) The fallacy of observation in which one (l) What is ob
misinterprets sense impressions. characteristics of o
( ) Observation under conditions controlled (2) What is experim
4
by the investigator. experiment.
Q. 5. Ans"rer in bri~f. (4) Explain the
observation ~nd e
(I) Differentiate between Observation and
Perception.
(2) What are the conditions of good .
observation?

..
~'-l , .Ob~ .
tJ . r~\\O.tj oS tJc""' .... ob~
3. ,, . 11 ,-J\~\ - ,,
,_ ,...,ve!> \+ · £~e....,.\ ~e"'\::
l-t ;~ 'i G l l V

~}iJlf.
 g~:7:
l 1. Hypothesis
2. Direct
3. Simple enumeration
·-; 4. Tentative
5. Verification

1. False
2. True
3. True
4 . True
5. True

Q3 .
1. B
2. C
3.D
4.A

I Q4.
1. Relevant Hypothesis
2. Indirect verification
3. Hypothesis
4. Insight
5. Simpler hypothesis