Study of Pollen Germination jnTRODUCTION 4, Pollen grain or microspore is the first cell of male gametophyte. ‘The development’ of male gametophyte is precocious, i.e., it begins inside the micro- sporangium or pollen sac. qe pollen grain is uninucleate in the beginning but at the time of liberation it becomes ; 2celled—a small generative cell and a large tube or vegetative cell. On the stigma, the pollen grain absorbs water and nutrients from the stigmatic secretion through its germ pores. ‘the tube cell gives rise to a pollen tube. The generative cell also descends into the pollen tube and divides into two male gametes. EXPERIMENT 1.1 AD: To prepare temporary mount to observe pollen germination on as REQUIREMENTS Fresh seasonal flowers, slide, coverslip, microscope, sucrose, boric acid, magnesium sulphate. potassium nitrate, beakers etc. PROCEDURE 1 Prepare a nutrient solution by dissolving 10 g sucrose, 10 g boric acid, 30 mg magnesium sulphate and 20 mg potassium nitrate in 100 ml of water. 2. ‘| ‘Take a few drops of this solution on a clean slide, and dust a few pollen grains from the stamen ofa mature flower on it. oO ide i ; nea the slide in the microscope after 5 minutes and then observe it regularly for about halt our, OBSERVATION Th nutri i te, 2 _ mem, the pollen grain germinates. ‘The tube cell enlarges and comes out of the of the pollen ee of the germ pores to form a pollen tube. The tube nucleus descends to the tip le gamete is ler eg eemetative cell also passes into it. It soon divides into two male gametes. ac nticular to spherical in outline.Tube nucleus Male gametes: Fig. 1.1. Germination of pollen grains. PRECAUTIONS 1. Flowers should be freshly plucked. 2. Use clean slide to observe the pollen grains. VIVAVOCE Q.1. Whatis the shape of a pollen grain? . Itis commonly globular in outline, though several other shapes are also found. Q.2. What is palynology? Ans. The study of pollen grains is called palynology. . 3. What is the composition of wall of pollen grain? . Itis made up of two layers, outer exine and inner intine. What is the chemical nature of the two layers of the wall of pollen grain? . Intine is pecto-cellulosic in nature and exine is made of highly resistant fatty substance called sporopollenin. Q 5 What is tectum? Ans. It is the discontinuous surface layer of the exine of the pollen grain wall, which pr characteristic sculpturing or designs over the surface of pollen grain. Q. 6. What is the importance of tectum to a taxonomist ? Ans, Itcan help a taxonomist to identify the pollen grains and refer them to thelr family genus oF species. widesINTRODUCTION rocess of sexual reproduction. esses Study of Gamete Development In Mouse (Mammal) Gametes are the sex cells involved in the p! Is) of the body in that their nuclei contain 1. 2. The gametes differ from all other cells (= somatic only half the number of chromosomes found in the nuclei of somatic cells. 3, Meiosis forms the most significant part of process of gametogenesis. 4, Gametogenesis for the formation of sperms is termed spermatogenesis, while that of ovais called oogenesis. 5. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, whereas oogenesis occurs in the ovaries. AIM: To study and identify the stages of gamete development in mouse (mammal) i. testis and L.S. of ovary through permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of TS. of testis and L.S. of ovary, microscope. PROCEDURE Fix the permanent slide under the microscope. First observe it under the low power and then under high power. OBSERVATION TS. of Testis 1, The testis of a mouse (mammal) is covered by a thick fibrous tissue called tunica albugine® 2. ‘The testis consists of numerous seminiferous tubules embedded in the interstitial tissue 3. Various types of germinal cells are present from outside towards lumen in the following sequen i eee — Spermatocytes —> Spermatids > Spermatozoa — Sperms- . Between the germinal cells, pyramid shaped cells called sertoli cells are presentHe Alarge number of spermatozoa with their heads jumen of seminiferous tubule, qheinterstitial tissue also contain leydigs cells embedded in sertoli cells are present in the , which produce male sex hormone testosterone. ral a ‘tunica augines pod vessel eriiforous wubule Spermatozoa ol cal sat Primary spermatocyte Sertoli cell ‘Spermatogonium Interstitial 7 cells Fig. 3.1. A. A Part of transverse section of testis of mouse (mammal). B, Sectional view of a part of seminiferous tubule (enlarged). VS. of Ovary 1. Amouse ovary is a solid structure bounded by germinal epithelium followed by a thick layer of fibrous tissue, the tunica albuginia. Egg nest Primary follicle Blood vessel Tortiary follicle \< —— Visceral Mesovarium: peritoneum Graatian follicle Corpus luteum Ruptured follicle | LE. Fig. 3.2. A section of ovary of mouse (mammal).Comprehensive Labor 48 2, The ovary consists of outer cortex and inner medulla. Baines 3. ‘The medulla contains many rounded or oval bodies called ovarian or Graafian follicles # stages of development. 4. The medulla also contains blood vessels, nerves fibres and some smooth muscles- 5. Each follicle contains a large ovum surrounded by many layers of follicle cells. 6. The cortex contains young and mature follicles. : 7. The cortex may also contain a large mass of yellow cells termed corpus Iuteur™ formed ing empty Graafian follicle after the release of its ovum. PRECAUTIONS 1. First observe the slide under low power and then under the high power of the microscope. 2, Use fine adjustment of the microscope for focussing the slide under high power. VIVAVOCE Q.1. What is gametogenesis ? ‘Ans. Gametogenesis is the process by which male and female sex cells or gametes i-e., sperms ax ova are formed respectively in the testes and ovaries. Q.2. What is spermatogenesis ? Ans. The process of formation of sperms in the testis is called spermatogenesis. Q.3. What is oogenesis ? ‘Ans. The process of formation of ova in the ovary is called oogenesis. Q.4. What are the main parts of a spermatozoa? Ans. A typical mammalian spermatozoa consists of a head, neck, middle piece and tail. Q.5. At what stage does the human ovum is released from the ovary ? Ans. ‘The ovum is released from the ovary in the secondary oocyte stage.Study of Common Disease Causing Organisms, ei “3 biological practicals. INTRODUCTION rally used Identification of specimens Specimens of some common disease causi slidesis one of the important part 0} and prepared a prepared slides are gene ing organisms bones an for this purpose. (i For a specimen examine it carefully with naked eyes as well as with the help of hand lens. | Deane ie labelled diagram and write down the features of its identification. sbserve the slide through microscope carefully. Draw its labelled diagram (ji) For prepared slides features of identification. and write down its COMMON DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS 4. Entamoeba Indentification. Entamoeba histolytica. Disease catused. Amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentry ‘Comments 1. Itis a human parasite that resides in the upper part of the large intestine. 9, It causes the disease called amoebic dysentry or amoebiasis. Nucleus Food vacuoles Plasmalemma Ectoplasm Endoplasm Ingested bacteria ingested red 01 blood cells Fig. 9.1, Entamoeba histolytic 3. The symptoms of the di - 9 sta ade abdominal yato,epeatediiotionr BOER 4. ‘The parasite is unicellular and has one eudopodium. has one ps i| experiment, t for Spotting = 2. 5, ‘There is a single nucleus and a number of food vacuoles. 6, Itfeeds on red blood corpuscles b 1 oe puscles by damaging the wall of large intestine and reaching the blood 7, It produces ulcers and can also reach other body organs . | Plasmodium Identification. Plasmodium vivax (Malarial Parasite) Disease caused. Malaria Comments 1, Plasmodium enters human body in sporozoite stage by the bites of female Anopheles mosquito | m capable of wriggling movement. 2, ‘The sporozoite is spindle shaped and uninucleate organis 3, The sporozoites infect liver cells and produce cryptomerozoites. The later enter new liver cells and produce metacryptomerozoites. Cytoplasm Pellicle Nucleus =F Fig. 9.2. Sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax. ‘The metacryptomerozoites enter RBCs and passes trophozoite signet ring stage and amoeboid stage and produce schizont and merozoites. ‘The merozoites enter fresh RBCs and produce gametocytes. ‘The gametocytes reach into mosquito stomach, when the late human host. ‘The gametocytes produce male and female gametes in the s ‘The male and female gametes fuse to form zygote. The: later bs which penetrate in the wall of stomach and form oocyst. ‘The oocyst produce sporozoites which are released in the haemocoel of the mosquito and reach s 2 r sucks the blood of infected = tomach of mosquito. ecomes worm like called eokinete, °s 9, into the salivary gland and make the mosquito infective. Symptoms 1. ‘The symptoms of malaria fever appear about 14 days after the infectious bite. followed by muscular >. Barly symptoms include restlessness, ess appetite, sight sleeplessness pain, headache and feeling of chilliness.Comprehensive LAVLTALLTY Manual in lology—x perature starts rising and may reach 106°B at the height of 3. In response to chills the body tem fever. 4, The patient sweats alot takes place after 48 hours. and the temperature steadily goes down to normal, till the next attack Cytoplasm Liver cell breaks Liver sinusold ee Liver cell - 0 ‘merozoites breaks é Mic: i Red blood Exoerythrocytic Schizogony corpuscle Cryptomerozoites G Nuclel e Cytoplasm é ‘Schizont ® ane Liver cell & € Signet Nucleus of, s oa” stage liver cell ‘é ; & Ou le sporozcite— % _amosboid Schizogony Schizont @— == ( ‘Schufiner's dots ‘Rosette stage Merozoites 6 Red blood corpuscle Male gametocyte Red blood ‘corpuscle ‘Wall of stomach of anopheles mosquito fertilization Pecan of Pn gametes 6 anon BY ‘Male gamets ian gy \ mn pecs Oooyst ‘Female 1} eens Malo gamete ‘ Fomalo Zygoto gamete Fig. 9.3. Life cycle of malarial parasite. = OokinetoExperiment for Spotting ie 3. Ascaris Identification. Ascaris lumbricoides (The giant intestinal roundworm) Disease caused. Ascariasis. Comments 1. It is an endoparasite of the small intestine of human beings and is more common in children 2. The animal shows sexual dimorphism. The female is longer than the male. 3. The posterior end of the male is curved ventrally. 4 In female, the genital aperture is present on the mid-ventral line at about one third of the length from the anterior end. 5. In male from the cloaca two equal chitinous spicules or pineal setae project which help in copulation. Symptoms 1. Generally alarge number of adult Ascaris worm infest. single host, and obstruct the intestins! passage and thereby cause abdominal discomforts like colic pains. 2. ‘The patient may also suffer from impaired digestion, diarrhoea and vomiting, 3, In children mental efficiency is affected and body growth is retarded. Mouth Female ‘genital aperture Cloacal aperture ‘Anus Pineal setae (spicules) fener Tall Malo Female Fig, 9.4. Ascaris.