Evaluation of Losses

There are several ways to evaluate the losses:

• Buy by Minimum Price disregarding Losses
• Specify Maximum Allowable Losses
• Specify Minimum Allowable Efficiency
• Cuantification of Losses
• Cuantification of Losses + Maximum Allowable Loss
Standards related to the evaluation of losses and efficiency of transformers:
• IEEE Std C57.120-1991: “IEEE Loss Evaluation Guide for Power
Transformers and Reactors”
• NEMA TP 1-2002: "Guide for Determining Energy Efficiency for Distribution
Transformers“
• EN 50464-1:2007 “Three-phase oil-immersed distribution transformers 50 Hz,
from 50 kVA to 2500 kVA with highest voltage for equipment not exceeding
36 kV - Part 1: General requirements”
• Draft IEC 60076-20: “Power transformers – Part 20: Energy efficiency”
 IEC 60076-20
Liquid-Immersed Transformers
 IEC 60076-20
Liquid-Immersed Transformers
 IEC 60076-20
Dry-Type Transformers
 EN 50464-1
Oil-Immersed Transformers 50 Hz, 24 kV
 EN 50464-1
Oil-Immersed Transformers 50 Hz, 24 kV
 EN 50464-1
Oil-Immersed Transformers 50 Hz, 36 kV
 Capitalization of Losses
ܲ = Annual cost of losses (ܷ$ܵ)
‫ = ݎ‬Yearly money interest rate (‫)ݑ݌‬
݊ = Years of life expected for the transformer
‫ = ܥ‬Capitalized cost of losses (ܷ$ܵ)
Bank account balances after take ܲ to pay the losses:

Year 1:  1 +  − 
Year 2:  1 + ଶ − 1 +  − 
Year 3:  1 + ଷ − 1 + ଶ − 1 +  − 
…….. ……………………………………….

Year ݊: 1 + ௡ − 1 + ௡ିଵ − 1 + ௡ିଶ − … … … − 1 +  −  = 0

1 + ௡ = 1 + ௡ିଵ + 1 + ௡ିଶ + … … … + 1 +  + 1
Geometrical progression:
௡
−1
= + + ଶ
+ ……+ ௡ିଵ
=
௡ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
−1
1 + ௡ − 1 1 + ௡ − 1
 1 +  ௡ = =
1 +  − 1 
1 1
= −
 1 + ௡
$ 1 1
 = ௘   ×  ℎ × ிா   +  ଶ ஼௎   −
ℎ  1 + ௡

ிா = No-load losses ஼௎ = Short-circuit or load losses

௘ = Cost of Electric Power
 = Number of hours in the year with the transformer connected to the
network (365x24=8760 h)
 = Load Factor (obtained from the load diagram)
Example of how to determine the load factor in function of the load
diagram:

We will determine the equivalent constant load  with the same losses:

ிா + ଵଶ ଵ + ଶଶ ଶ ஼௎ = ிா +  ଶ ଵ + ଶ ஼௎

ଵଶ ଵ + ଶଶ ଶ =  ଶ ଵ + ଶ 
ଵଶ ଵ + ଶଶ ଶ
ଶ =
ଵ + ଶ

Example:
ଵ = 20 ℎ ଶ = 4 ℎ ଵ = 0.2 ଶ = 1.0
0.2ଶ × 20 + 1.0ଶ × 4
 =
ଶ
= 0.2
20 + 4
 Efficiency
ை௎்  √3
√ ଶ ଶ  ଶ
ଶ
ଶ
ூே  √3 ଶ ଶ ଶ ஼௎ ிா
ଶே

ை௎் √3 ଶ ଶ ଶ

 
ூே ଶ ଶ
√3 ଶ ଶ ଶ  ஼௎   
ଶே ிா

ଶ ଶ
1 √3 ଶ ଶ ଶ  ஼௎    ிா
ଶே


√3 ଶ ଶ ଶ
1 ஼௎ ଶ ிா 1 
1   1   ଶ

√3 ଶ ଶ ଶே ଶ √3 ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ


ଶ   1   ଶ 
ଶ

′
 
ଶ     0 → ଶ  
ଶ ଶ 

Minimum of 1/
→ Maximum

M of

 ிா √3 ଶ ଶ ிா
ଶ     ଶே ଶ  
 ଶே
 √3 ଶ ଶ ஼௎ ஼௎

Maximum for:
ிா
ଶ =  
஼௎ ଶே

ଶ ிா ଶ ଶ
ଶ = ଶே ଶ → ிா = ஼௎  
஼௎ ଶே
Now we will calculate
for ଶ = ଶே :

ை௎் √3 ଶே ଶ ଶ

= =
ூே ଶ ଶ
√3 ଶே ଶ ଶ + ஼௎   + ிா
ଶே


ை௎் √3 ଶே ଶே  ଶ  ଶ
ଶே

= =
ூே  ଶ ଶ
√3 ଶே ଶே  ଶ  ଶ + ஼௎   + ிா
ଶே ଶே

ேைெ = √3 ଶே ଶே

ଶ
ை௎் ேைெ   ଶ
ଶே

= =
ூே  ଶ ଶ
ேைெ  ଶ 
ଶே ଶ + ஼௎   + ிா
ଶே

ଶ ை௎்  ேைெ ଶ
= →
= =
ଶ +  ஼௎ + ிா
ଶே ூே  ேைெ ଶ
Example: