Republic of the Philippines

North Eastern Mindanao State

University Bislig Campus
Formerly Surigao del Sur State
University Bislig City, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu. ph
Name PELICANO, Arjay P. Date 11-07-2023
Subject ME 111-Oriention To Mechanical Engineering Section BSME 1B
AY Period 1st Semester, Academic Year 2023 – 2024 Plate No. 5

CONE CRUSHER (Mining Crusher)

Mining can play a crucial role in meeting a community's needs in several ways. It's important to note that mining
can provide significant benefits to a community, it must be carried out responsibly and with proper regulations in place
to minimize negative environmental and social impacts. Balancing the benefits of mining with the protection of the
environment and the well-being of the community is essential for ensuring the sustainable development of a region.
Speaking of mining, here is one of most important equipment that miners used during their operation, the Cone
crusher.

Cone crushers are a type of compression crusher used to reduce the size of hard and abrasive materials. They
operate by squeezing or compressing the material between a moving piece of steel, known as the mantle, and a
stationary piece of steel, known as the concave or bowl liner. Here's how cone crushers function:

1. Crushing Chamber: The cone crusher consists of a crushing chamber, often shaped like a cone or an inverted
pyramid, where the material is fed. The top of the chamber is called the mantle, while the bottom is called the
concave or bowl liner.

2. Crushing Process:
a. Material Feed: Raw material is fed into the top of the cone crusher's crushing chamber. This material can be in
the form of rocks, minerals, or other hard substances.

b. Crushing Action: The eccentric or main shaft, which is mounted on a vertical spindle, rotates within the crushing
chamber. The mantle moves eccentrically, which means it gyrates or oscillates back and forth. As the mantle moves,
it approaches and recedes from the concave, creating a squeezing action on the material between them.

c. Compression: The material placed in the chamber gets compressed and crushed as it is repeatedly squeezed
between the mantle and the concave. The size reduction occurs by the mechanical pressure exerted during this
compression process.
 d. Gradation Control: The gap between the mantle and the concave can be adjusted to control the size of the
crushed material. This gap setting allows for the desired product size and can be changed to accommodate different
material types and sizes.

3. Discharge: Once the material has been crushed to the desired size, it exits the crushing chamber at the bottom of
the cone crusher. This crushed material is then typically conveyed or transported for further processing or use.

Cone crushers are commonly used in mining, aggregate production, construction, and recycling applications. They
are known for their ability to produce a well-graded and uniform product, making them suitable for a wide range of
materials. The adjustability of the gap between the mantle and concave allows for fine-tuning of the final product size,
making cone crushers versatile and valuable tools in various industries.

Cone crushers are commonly used in the mining industry for several important purposes, which contribute to the
overall efficiency and productivity of mining operations. Some of the primary purposes of cone crushers in mining
include:
  Ore Crushing: Cone crushers are used to crush and reduce the size of hard and abrasive materials, such as
ore and minerals, which are extracted from mines. This is a crucial step in the mining process because it
prepares the material for further processing and extraction of valuable minerals.

 Size Reduction: Cone crushers are employed to reduce the size of raw materials, making them suitable for
downstream processes, such as grinding and milling. Smaller particle sizes are often required for ore
processing to improve mineral liberation and separation efficiency.

 Secondary and Tertiary Crushing: Cone crushers are often used as secondary and tertiary crushers in a
crushing circuit. They follow primary crushers like jaw crushers and gyratory crushers, helping to further
reduce the material size to a finer product. This staged crushing process enhances the overall efficiency of ore
processing.

 Product Uniformity: Cone crushers produce a well-graded and uniform product, which is particularly important
in the mining industry. Consistent particle size distribution ensures that downstream processes, such as
grinding and mineral separation, operate efficiently.

 Versatility: Cone crushers can handle a wide range of materials, from hard rock to soft and abrasive ores,
offering flexibility in mining operations. The adjustability of the gap between the mantle and concave allows for
the production of different product sizes, making cone crushers versatile for various mining applications.

 Maintenance and Durability: Cone crushers are designed to withstand the rigors of the mining environment.
They are built with robust materials and components to endure the continuous heavy-duty operation often
required in mining operations.

 Precise Control: Cone crushers can be adjusted to control the product size and shape by changing the gap
between the mantle and concave. This adjustability allows mining operators to produce the desired end
product specifications.

 Crushing in Underground Mining: Cone crushers are often used in underground mining operations because of
their compact design and ability to handle hard, underground rock. They are commonly employed in situations
where the use of larger crushers, such as gyratory crushers, may not be practical.

In summary, cone crushers play a critical role in the mining industry by facilitating the primary crushing and size
reduction of hard materials, producing uniform products, and enhancing the overall efficiency of ore processing. Their
versatility and adjustability make them valuable tools for mining operations, contributing to the extraction of valuable
minerals and the success of mining projects.
KORVAN (Coffee Harvester)

Coffee plays a significant role in the lives of people worldwide and has a multifaceted impact on individuals,
communities, and cultures. Coffee is more than just a beverage; it is a cultural, social, and personal phenomenon that
affects people's daily lives in various ways. Its role extends beyond providing a caffeine jolt in the morning; it
influences our routines, interactions, and even our identity in some cases. Many coffee farmers had troubles in
harvesting their crops except that its time-consuming insects too is one of that major problem such us bees and
hornets before but Korvan, a coffee harvester solved it all.

A coffee harvester, also known as a coffee picker or coffee harvesting machine, is a specialized piece of equipment
used in the coffee industry to efficiently harvest coffee cherries. These machines play a crucial role in streamlining the
coffee harvesting process. Here's how they function:

1. Cherry Picking: Coffee harvesting machines are designed to pick ripe coffee cherries from coffee trees. They use a
combination of mechanisms to do this, which can vary depending on the specific design of the harvester.

2. Vibration: Many coffee harvesters use vibration to shake the coffee cherries from the tree. They may have vibrating
rods or paddles that come into contact with the coffee branches, causing the cherries to fall from the tree and onto a
collection system below.

3. Collection System: Coffee harvesters are equipped with a collection system, which can include conveyors, belts, or
other mechanisms to gather the fallen coffee cherries. These cherries are typically transported to a storage container
or a separate bin for further processing.

4. Sorting: After the cherries are collected, they may go through a sorting process to remove leaves, twigs, and other
debris. Some coffee harvesters have built-in sorting mechanisms, while others may require additional processing.

5. Separation: Coffee cherries are typically a mix of ripe, unripe, and overripe cherries. Coffee harvesters often
include a separation mechanism, such as a conveyor with different-sized holes or a blower system, to separate the
cherries based on their ripeness.

6. Efficiency: Coffee harvesters are designed for efficiency, as they can significantly reduce the labor required for
manual coffee picking. This is especially important in regions where labor costs are high, and manual picking can be
time-consuming.

7. Adjustability: Many coffee harvesters allow for adjustments to accommodate different coffee tree varieties and
varying terrain. The speed and intensity of vibration, as well as the separation criteria, can often be adjusted to meet
specific harvesting conditions.

8. Reduced Environmental Impact: While there is a debate about the impact of mechanical harvesting on the coffee
trees, some modern coffee harvesters are designed to minimize tree damage and environmental impact, ensuring
that the coffee plants remain healthy for future harvests.

It's important to note that the effectiveness of a coffee harvester can depend on factors such as the type of coffee
tree, the terrain, and the specific machine model. Mechanical harvesting is not always suitable for all coffee farming
situations, and manual harvesting is still widely practiced in many coffee-growing regions, particularly for high-quality,
specialty coffees.