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KMJ16303 Distance Measurement
KMJ16303 Distance Measurement
GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Email: sitikamariah@unimap.edu.my
Phone: 019-5706232
DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT:
TAPING & ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT (EDM)
INTRODUCTION
Distance Measurement
Direct Indirect
(length measurement) (distance measurement)
eg measuring tape
Geometrical Electronic
(Optical) (Wave Physics)
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
EQUIPMENT
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT (EDM)
EDM is very useful in measuring distances that are
difficult to access or long distances.
It measures the time required for a wave to sent to a
target and reflect back.
obstruction
REMEMBER !
It works only on smooth ground or uniform slope surfaces
USE CHAINING PIN
Instrumental errors
actual length can be different from nominal length because of a
defect in manufacture or repair on as a result of kinks.
Natural errors
the horizontal distance of a tape varies because of effects of
temperature, wind and weight of tape itself.
Personal errors
Tape persons may be careless in setting pins, reading tape or
manupulating equipment.
TAPING ERRORS
Where
Ca = correction of absolute length
LC
Ca C = correction to be applied to the tape= l’-l
l L= measured length
l’= standardized length of field tape
l = nominal length of the tape
Example: A distance of 220.450 m was measured with a steel band of nominal length
30 m. On standardization the tape was found to be 30.003 m. Calculate the correct
measured distance, assuming the error is evenly distributed throughout the tape.
Error per 30 m, C = 3 mm LC
Ca
Correction for total length = l
= 220.45(0.003)/30 =0.022 m
Correct length is 220.450 + 0.022 = 220.472 m
SLOPE CORRECTION
Ct L T f Ts
Answer:
Correction for slope = h2/2L
= (0.9)2/(2x30) = 0.0135 m
Hence, the horizontal distance
= 30 – 0.0135 = 29.987 m
Question: A 100 m tape is suspended between
the end under a pull of 200 N. The weight of the
EXAMPLE 2: tape is 30 N. Find the correct distance between
the tape end.
Answer:
Correction for sag = W2L/24P2
= 302 x 100 / 24x2002 = 0.0938 m
Hence, the horizontal distance
= 100 – 0.0938 = 99.906 m
Question: A line was measured with a steel tape which exactly 30 m at
a temperature of 20 degrees and a pull of 10 kg. The measured
EXAMPLE 3: length was 1650 m. The temperature during measurement was 30
degrees and a pull apply was 15 kg. Find the true length of the line if
the cross sectional area of the tape was 0.025 cm2. The coefficient of
expansion of the material of the tape per degrees is 3.5 x 10-6 and
modulus of elasticity of the materials of tape is 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2.
Question: A steel tape of nominal length 30 m was used to measure the distance
between two points A and B on a structure. The following measurements were
recorded with the tape suspended between A and B:
Line Length measured Slope angle Mean temperature Tension apply
AB 29.872 m 3°40’ 5 °C 120 N
The standardized length of the tape against a reference tape is 30.014 m at 20 °C
and 50 N tension. The tape weighs 0.17 N m–1 and has a cross-sectional area of 2
mm2.
Calculate the horizontal length of AB.
From equation (4.1): ANSWER
slope correction = L (1-cosθ) = –29.872 (1 – cos 3°40') = –0.0611 m
From equation (4.3):
LC
Ca
standardization correction , l =29.872 (30.014-30)/30 = +0.0139 m
From equation (4.5):
tension correction, L T F T S = 29.872 (120-50)/(2mm2x200000N/mm2) = +0.0052m
CT
AE
From equation (4.6):
température correction Ct L T f Ts = 0.0000112 x 29.872 (5-20) = –0.0050 m
From equation (4.7):
sag correction =
= –0.0022 m
Horizontal length AB = 29.872 -0.0611 +0.0139+0.0052-0.0050-0.0022
= 29.823 m (to the nearest mm)
EXERCISE: