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111.1x 6ypb.
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pa3'bC.!13JOt.Uee ,!leiicra11e co.~eawx pacrnopos, non1111MaJ01.UHXCSl no Ka ·
nHJt.~SlpaM 113 rpyHra CIIH3Y BBCpx . .llciiCTBHe BCTpa II nec11a11ort KOp·
pa3HH cnoco6crsyer, 6b1Tb MOJl(e'I', TOJlbKO 6011ee 6blCTPOMY y,'lM eHllJO
npOJlYKTOD Db!OeTpHB3HHll c Hlf)l(HHX qacreA nooepxHOCTH CKa.1, o6yc-
JIOBJ1HBaS! TeM C3MblM 6011ee 6btCTpoe B0306HOBJ1eH11e 3KCn03HUHH )lJIS!
cj>H3H'ICCKOf0 BblBCTpHB3HllS!.
Pa6ora ae-rpa. Y>Ke 113 cKa3aHHoro Bblwe MOll<Ho Gbt.~o BH.'lCTb,
'!TO Bercp Hrpaer HCKOTOPYJO POJlb, r11aBHb!M o6pa30M K3K YJ13.~HTMb
npoJlyKrOB XH~rnqeCKOro Db1Berp11oa11HS!, np11 o6pa3oDaHHll raKHX
<jlopM, KaK COTODOe DblBerp11oaH11e, «KOTJlbl Bblll.YB3HHll» H llPYrHC B
ropHbtX nycrb!HHX c o6HalKeHHHMH KopeHHbt X nopoJl. Ho 11acrOHIJ.lHM
uapcTBOM aerpa llDJlS!JOTCS! paBHHHHblC nyCTbHIH c pblXJlblM nosepx·
Pttc. 5. fp11<5oo<ipa3Hble CKMhl Ha M HOCTHblM noKpOBOM necKOD. 3.11ecb eerep BblCTynaer KaK rnaDHblH
ll. 11. AH.llp}-coaa) aHrhlw.'aKe (no <Poro penbe<jloo6paayJOIJ.lHi\ <jlaKrop. <l>opMbl penbe<jla, HM 3JlCCb co3.11asae·
Mble, 6Y.!lYT noJlpo6Ho paccMorpe11b1 e paa.!le.re cnec11a11b1e nycrb!HH»,

17
 .3,1leCb >KC Mbl orpaml4HMCl! .111wb 06WHMll CBe.!leHHl!MH 0 npOl!BJie·
HHl!X pa6oTbl oeTpa B nyCTbllfl!X pa3HhlX THnoB.
Jl.1si npo11s.1eHHR pa60Th1 eerpa B n ycTblHR X ll MeJOTCR oco6eHHO
<>.iaronpttRTHbte YCJIOBHll: 1) B paBHHHHhlx nyCThlHRx cH.1a eerpa 11ac-
TO He oc.1a6.~11erc11 KBKHMlh11f60 oporpa<j>11'!eCKHMll npenRTCTBHR MH
B Blf;J.e KPYTblX ycrynos lf.111 CK.10HOB xpe6TOB H rpll.!l; 2) B TOM >Ke
Hanpas.1eHHll .!lCHCTBYeT OTCYTCTBlle .!lpeeeCHOff paCTHTe.1bHOCTH; 3) no-
sepXHOCTb pb1x.1oro rpyura c.1a60 H.1H COBepweHHO He JalllHWeHa
OT pa3eeeaH1u1 Cll.1bHO p83pelKCllHblM H.1H OTCYTCTBylOWllM paCTll·
TC.1bHhlM noKpOBOM; 4) noeepXHOCTHhle c.10H phlx.1oro rpyllT8 RB.1R·
JOTCll 3.llCCb coaepweHHO C)'XH MH, '!aCTHUhl ero cosepweHHO He npHml·
naJOT 6JlaroJtapR 3TOM}' llP)'r K .!lPYI')' H .1erKO MOl)'T 6b1Tb nOJtXB8·
qeHhl BeTPOM; 5) KpOMe BeTPOB o6meuHpK)'.111UHOHHOli CHCTeMhl B nyc-
ThlHRX qacro D03HllK310T DeTphl 411CTO .10Ka.1b11hle, o6yc.10BJieHHhle
HCO.!lllHaKOBhlM 11arpceaHHCM OT.!le.1bHblX )''IBCTKOB nyCThllfll, pa3m1-
'1310UlllXCl! Be.~H'lllHOii aJib6c.no (orpalKaTe.1bHOH cnoco6HOCTb10). H8·
np11Mep, noKphlThle 6CJlblMH BblUBeTB MH co.1eii COJIOH'laKll II npocrpaH·
C788 OKp)'lK810WHX llX nCCKOD.
Pa6ora ecrpa MO>KCT Bblpa311TbC11: I) n Jte<j>.111uH 11, 11.111 pa 3 -
il e Ba HI! II. T. e. B BblHOCe PhlXJIOro MaTepHaJJa rpy11Ta c OTJtMbHblX
y11aCTKOB nosepXHOCTU; 2) B T p a II c n 0 p TH p 0 BK e H•1H nepe11oce
pb!XJ!Oro MaTep11ana c 0.llHHX MeCT Ha llPYrHC; 3) B c 0 p T II p 0 BK e
a1oro MaTepHana no 13CJlll'IHHe 06pa3y10mux ero 11acrHu; 4) s a K Ky-
M y JI II u II II, IMH OTJJO>KCHHll M8TCpHaJJa H, 118KOHCU, 5) B K 0 pp 8·
.ll Hp y 10 Ille M ll e Ac T 13 H H BCTponec11aHoro n oTOKa Ha CTOl!Ullle H8
()ro n yT11 npenl!TCTDHR (l3b!CTyna10m11e cKaJJbt , JJeJKaLQHe Ha 3eM.~e sa-
JJYHbl). a TBK>Ke HI\ Ha1160J1ee no.naTJJllBblC MCX8HH'leCKOMy 803.llCHCT·
111110 rpyHTbl, 1rnnp11Mep, Ha poBHble, noKpblTble rJJHHHCTbI M 11JJ11 HJJHC·
TblM HaHOCOM 111111wa Bblcoxw11x oaep. PaccMoTpHM .>TH rnnhl p a6orw
lleTpa B llX MOp<j>OJJOrll'ICCKllX BblpalKeHHl!X no,1lp06Hee.
Jle<j>Jil!UHI! MO>KCT npORBJll!TbCR O'ICHb p83H006pa3HO II B pa3Hh1X
MBCWTa6ax. Mbt y>Ke no3H8KOMHJIHCb c Heft B Bii.ile BblHOCa npO.!lYK·
TOB XHMH'leCKOro BhlBCTpHBBHHR 113 R'leA KaMCHHblX peweTOK H KOT.qOB
BblJlYB3Hlll!. Ha nolll3H>KHblX <j>opMax nec11aHoii aKKYM)'JJllUHH npo11c·
XOlll!T nocTORHH8R . llC<j>JJRl.lllll ne<:'IBHblX '!aCTHU c llX HBBCTPCHllblX
<:K.10HOB H OT.10>KeHHe H8 no11seTpeHHblX. B 60.1ee KpynHblX MBCWTa·
()ax 11e<j>.1l!Ulll! HaXO.llllT ce6e Dhlp8lKCHlle BO BTOPlf'IHblX oqarax pa3·
lleBaHHl!, 803HHK8101UllX HHOrJta na )'lKe 3aKpenneHHblX paCTHTC.1b·
HOCTblO II CTaBWllX HCnOJlBHlKHblMll KpynHblX <j>opMax 3KKYMY.1RUHll
necKOB, HanpnMep, Ha CK.10H3X 60.llbWHX npo.n0.1bHblX rpR.n. n pn'IH-
HOH BTOp11qnoro p83BeB311Hll '13We scero RB.1l!CTCl! BMCWaTC.1bCTBO
qe.1oeeKa, npORBJll!lOlllCCCR B '1pC3MCpHOM Bblnace CKOTa n .1n ero 60.1b·
UIOM CKOnneHHll OK().10 K0•10JlUeB Ha OTlleJJbllblX yqacTKax. HHorna
na11a.10 pa3eeeaHnR 6bleaeT 06Haa110 Ko.qoH11a.1bHo >KHBYlllHM po10·
!UHM rpb13}'HaM, 113pb18310UlllM nCC'18HblA rpyHT CBOHMH HopaMR H Bbl·
~na101u11M rpael!HHCT)'IO pacrnre..1bHOCTb. B nycrblHl!X Cpe11neif A3HH
TBKYlO pOJib ttrpaior KOJJOHHH 6o.%woil nec'laHKH (Rhombomys opi·
mus Licht). Bo3HHKa10w11e B MCCTax 11ropn'IHOro pa311enaH11ii cj>op-
l8
Mbl - «KOTJ1013HHbl BWJtyBaHUR» - npe.!lCTBBJll!IOT Herny60KllC 6JJ10ll·
Lteo6pa3Hb1C .nenpecc1m, qacr o c 11aK.10HHblM JlHllUleM (Ha CK.1011ax
JllOHHOl'I rp!!.llbl). pe3KO Bbl.!lC.1l!JOUlHeCll no.1Hb1M OTC)'TCTBHeM pacTH ·
TC.1bHOCTll. 01111 xapaKTCP113)'10TCI! 06bl'IHO 60.1ee no.10rl1MH 6opT8MH
c 0Kpyr.%1 M nepeXO.!lOM K Hepa3Bel!HHblM CKJJOHaM n o OKpanHaM nep-
llCllJllfKy.~RpHblM HanpaeneH1110 rocn0Jtcr ny10iu11x seTpos n 60.1ee KPY·
Tbl MH 6opTa11111 c RCHO Bblpa>KeHHOH «6pOBKOH» no OKpattHaM, napa.1·
.1e.1 bHblM nanpae.1ettn10 oerpo13.
npn JtC<j>.qRUllll C 06WHpHblX npOCTpaRCTB, OOKpblThlX pa3H006pa3·
HblMH npo.nyKT3Mll cj>H3H'ICCKOro H XHMH'ICCKOro BblBerp11eaH11R. nerep
np0113BOllHT TaK>Ke copmpODKY 3TllX npOJl)'KTOB no BC.1H'IHHC '!aCTHU.
Ha1160.1ee Me.1K11e qacr11Ubl nblJJeeaTblX paaMepos, MOl)'WHe 110JJro
OCTaBaTbCR BO B313CWCllHOM COCTORHHH, nO.ll.XBaTblBalOTCI! 803.il}'WHbl·
\Ill TC'ICHHllMll II ncpenOC!ITCl! Ha 60.1bWHe paCCTORHHR 3a npe11c.1bl
apn.nH1i1x 06.1acrcii. n ona13 B 06.1acTH rprn11Horo Km1Mara, 3Ta n1i1.1b
npH6HDaeTCR J10>KJleBblMll Kan;1l!MH H MO>KCT o6pa30B3Tb 3lle<:b MOIU·
HblC, lleCJIOllCTble OTJJOlKCHlll!. n pe11no.1aralOT, HanpnMep, '!TO JJCCCbl
CeaepHoro K11raR 06pa3oeaJJnCb H3 nbl•1H, BblneceHHoA H3 n ycrbl Hb
UeHTpaJJbllOH A31111. nollC4HTa110, 'ITO OK0.~0 850 M·1H. T nblJJH BblHO-
CllTCI! Ka>K.!lblli ro.n c reppHTopnH 3ana.na ClllA 11 no 3a 2600 JJCT
c nosepx11ocrn JtCJJbTW Hn.1a eerpoM 6hlJJ cHeceH CJJoA p1>1x.11oro Ma·
Tep11aJJa MOWllOCTblO B 8 cj>yro13 ((87), CTp. 67- 68). Berep l!B.1RCTCR
ll nyCTb1HRX TaKHM o6pa30M llOBOJJbHO 3Ha'lllTCJlbHb1M <j>aKTOPOM 06·
met\ n.e11y.nauHH 3CMllOR noBepXHOCTH.
BoJJee Kpynnb1R Marep11aJJ e BHlle nec11aHb1X 11acTI1u paaHoro 1111a-
Merpa TBK>Ke nepeMemaeTCR BeTpaMll, He BblXOllll, OllHaKO, 60.1bWCff
tJBCTb'IO 3a n pe11eJ1bl nycrhtHn. BHy Tp» >Ke nocJJe11Heft 011 .qiopMnpyeT
H3 necKa pa3HOH .<j>OpMbl H BeJJll'IHHbl naKOnJJeHHR - ll 10 H bl, onHCB·
HHC r.qa1311eftw11x TlillOB KOTOpbll( 6y.!leT 11a110 HH>Ke. KaK noKa3an
P. A. BernoJJ.n (Bagnold, {96)), n ecoK B nyCTbIHRX nepeMemaercl! .nBy·
MR cnoco6aMn: nyTCM K3'1CHHll neC'IHHOK no rJJBllKOR noBepxHOCTH II
npbllKKaMn. Kal!CHHCM nepe.n.e»ra10rcR 6oJJee KpynHble neC'IHHKH c
:ina MeTpOM 6.1oee 0,5 MM no pOBHblM, He llOKPblTblM cn.10WHh1M c.1oeM
necKa noeepXHOCTl!M, K3KHMH l!BJIRJOTCR, Hanpl!Mep, TaKbtpbl cpe.nHe·
agnaTCKHX nyCTblllb n.111 llOBepXHOCTH a<j>pnKaHCKHX Tpom111e<:KHX n.1a-
TO C MX O>KC.1C3HCHHhlMll KOpKa MH. n ec'IHHKll C llHBMCTpOM 60Jl(~C I MM
nepeMeWalOTCR 13 uanpaB.1CHHll BCTpa CKa'IKaMH Ha paCCTOllHllR OT
HCCK0.1bKllX Jteu1rnerpoe .110 1-2 M ; npn 3TOM KBapueBhlC neC'lllHKH
HC no.n.HHMBIOTCll BblWe 0,5-2,0 M Hall noBepXHOCTblO rpyHT8. Ha-
rpy>KCHHblH KBapueBblMH 3epn3Mll BCTponecqaHblH noTOK, BCTpe'laR
.1C>K31UllC Ha 3CMJ!e 06.10MK\I rOpHblX nopo.n, o6TeKaer HX c 06e11x CTO·
pon R o6Ta'IHBaeT llX noeepXHOCTll B BHllC n,10CKOCTeft, nepeceKalO-
lUHXCSI MC>KJlY co6oii no11 OCTpblM yrnoM. H ora KapaBaHHoro Bcp6JJ10-
.:ia "·"" npo6eraiomero no nycTblHe JtHKoro KOllhlTHoro MO>KeT noeep·
ll}'Tb TaKoA 06JJOMOK TaK, 'ITO o6TO'leHHOft necqa11oii KOppa311eii OK8·
>KeTCR H TpeTbR CTopona. TaK o6p33)'10TCl! T p ex r pa H H HK H, llJlll
n Hp a Mn .n a JI b 11 bl c Ban y H bl (Dreikanter, iacetted pebbles, cail·
loux a facettes). HaJJH'llle TaKllX rpexrpaHHHKOB B rco.1orn11rCKllX 06-
19
 ----
paJoBaHJJ!lX ClfHT8eTCR HeKOTOpb!Mll reo.1oraMn CBll.1leTe.%CTBOM fOC·
no.11.craa nycTblHHoro pe>K11Ma a nepno.a 11x 01.1o>KeHHR.
no Ha6mo.a.eHHllM 3. naccapre {159), B r.1HHllCTblX nyCTblH!lX A11-
)l\Hpa KOppa.a.npylOIJ.lCe .aeACTBHe necKa OlfeHb OT'lern11BO 6b1Baer Bbl·
pa>KeHO TaM, rae OH .1e>KllT He cn110WllblM c.1oeM, HO r.a.e MeCTaMH
BCTpe11a10TCR )"laCTKll, cao60.11.11ble OT Hero H 06Ha>Kal01Ulle r.1HHHCTblll
Pwc 6. S!p.tiaKm (no CneKy fC.'IHHY)
rpyHT. Ha TaKHX MeCTax neC'18H8R KOppa3HR MO>KeT COJ.ilaBaTb He·
TJty60KHe flJJOCKHe ana.ilHHbl. I<aK TOJlbKO raK3R ana.11.1rna .11.0CTHrHeT
onpe.a.eneHHOA rJty6HHbl, B Heil 113'11!Haer 113Kan.nHB3TbCR necoK H
.!laJJbHei!wee ee yr.ny6neHHe npeKpau.taeTCR, Ho 3aro 3TOT npouecc Mo-
>KeT H8'18TbCR r)le-111160 no CoCe.ilCTBy, H3 y'laCTKe, ocao60.11.HBWeMCR
or neclfaHoro noKpona. TaK MOX<eT npoucxoAHTb 06uta11 n11oma.1l11a11
.1leHy,'\au1111 rmnrncroA nycrblHH.
TaM, r.a.e aerep B nyCTblHllX HMeer Bbl.1lep >K3HHOe Ha 60JJbWeA q3.
-cr11 ro.a.a Hanpae.neH11e, 11a poBHhlX, cnoxce11Hb1X .~erKono.11.arn11BbJM ll
nopoJJ.aMH noncpxHOCTllX, 11anpHMep, H3 rJIH HHCTblX .11.HHIUaX BblCOX·
lllllX o3ep, MO>KHO H36JJIO.O.aTb ceoeo6pa3Hble MHKp o<j>opMbl, C03.1laH-
Jible neclfaHoit KOpp33Hel\. Ha JT11x noeepx11ocrnx 06pa3yiorc11 napan-
.1e.1b11ble 6op03.ilbl c OKpyr.no-eorHyTblMll .1lHHutaM11, BblTRH}'Tble B Ha-
npaa.neHHH rocno.a.crayioutero eerpa 11 pa3.ae..1eHHble '13CTo oCTPhlMH
rpe61111M11. TaK11e 06pa3oaa111111, 011eHb 11anoM11Ha10utHe wpaTT1>1 H3·
BE'CTRRKOBblX noeepxHOCTeri KapcTa, 6hl,111 on11ca111>1 Cee110M fe.11.11110M
B nycTblH!lX TapHMCKOro 6accef!Ha (3ana.a.Hblil I<Hrall), r.ae OHH 113·
Bt:CTHbl RO.il H33B3HHeM .II p .il 8 Hr 0 B (pHC. 6). f.1y611Ha 6op03.ll Rp·
.il3Hron 11eae.~11Ka, o6blllHO 11e npeBblwaeT 1-1,5 M. 5Ip.aanrn MOryT
o6paJOB8TbCR .na>Ke H a 6o.1ee TBep.11.1>1x, 11eM r.111Ha, nopo.aax. TaK,
H. Ba.1brep Ha6.1io.aa.1 11x Ha noaepxHocrn HJBe<:THRKoaoro n.1aro JlH-
a11AcKoll nyCTblRH, r.ae 6op03.1lbl, OTWJIH<j>OB3HHbie neCKOM, .1lOCTHr3.1H
MeTpa r.1y6HHbl H 6bl.111 BblTRH}'Tbl B Hanpaa.1eHHll .1lOMHHHpy10mero
scrpa c ceaepa Ha ior (( 180), ctp. 206).
Ec.111 nbl.neaatble ll3CTHUbl H necoK Moryt y.aa.111rbc11 c noaepxHo-
crn nyctblHll .ae<j>n11u11eA, TO 60J1ee KpynHbte 06.10MK11 rop11blx nopo.a.,
KOTOpble aerep y>Ke He MO>KeT R0.1lHRTb, OCTalOTCR na MecTe II lf3CTO
HaKan.n11a2io1c11 11a nonepxHOCTH cn.1ow11blM c.1oeM. B 3TOM c.1yqae 011
CT3HOBHTCR 33utHTOA HH>Kene>Kauteii 11ecopT11poBaHHOH MaCCbl OT }la.1b-
20
- -
11eiiwero pa3neea1111R, nonoMy a11r.111ilcK11e aaropbl 11aJblnaior ero
c nycT1>111ttoi1 6po11e1h (desert armour). roaopnr a taK11x c.iJllanx taK·
iKe o n y c r"' H Ho ii Mo c Ton o l\ (pavage desertique, boulder pave-
ment, Steinpflaster der \Vuste). 06.10MKH, 06pa3yiout11e nyCTblHHYIO
MOCTOBylO, MOryT 6b1Tb yr.1oaatblMll, 11enpaa11.1bHOH <j>opMbl, H.i111 npe.a·
craB.1RIOT OKpyr.1y10, OK8Ta1111y10 r3'1bK)' B TOM c.1ylfae, ec.w paJBeBa·
HHK> no.a.eeprcn pe<iHOil a.1.1ioa11i\ 11.111 npOJzyKTbl BblBeTpHBaHllR KOUr·
.101>1eparoa. H11or.aa 3aut11rn1>1i1 c.101i 6b1Baer 06paJosa11 11e ea.1y11aMH,
a «Bbl.11.YTblMll» 113 nopOllbl 6o.1ee CTOiiKHMH npOTllB BblBeTPHBaHH.11
D" llOlleHHRMll - KOHKpeUHRMH, OKaMeHC.10CT.llMH. B ropHoi\ lf3CTll
no.1yoCTpon2 Ma11rblwnaK, B no1111>KeH11H Me)l(llY xpe6raM11 I<apatay
u ceaepHblH AKray 06Ha>Ka10TCR Me.1oable (a.1&6cK11e) nec11aHHKH,
n.1aCTbl KOTOpblX cpeaa!OTCR Tonorpa.PHllCCKOA noaepXHOCTblO no.n He·
KOTOpbi M OCTPblM yr.10~1. 0T.1leJtbHble n.1aCTbl JTOil CBllTbl nepeno.1He·
Hbl orpOMllblMll (llO 2-3 MB .11.HaMeTpe) wapOBHJlHblMH 1"111 11eCK0.1bKO
cn.nlOll{ellHblMH MeprenHCTblMH KOHKpeuHRMll. «Bbl.11.YTble» 1!3 no·
POD.bl KOllKpeltllll TO co C.lle)laMH noaepXHOCTHOil )'.leCKBaM3Urtll, TO pac·
KO.noawneCR 113 .llBa no.1ywap11R (CM. puc. I H 2) 80 MHO>KeCTBe
noKpblB3IOT llHO 1303.illlHbl, '13CTO pacno.1 araRCb no.1ocaMH B.!1.0,1b Bb!XO·
.10s oco6c11110 6orarblx HMH n.1acroa; noCJJe.11.1111e Bbl.ilalOTCR 11a.1l npH·
.1era10utHMH npocTp8HCTB3MH B BHD.e 11ecK0'1bKO nosblWeHHblX HeCHM·
MCTpHllllblX rpn.!l. OT.ileJtbHble KOHKpeUHH 11epeD.KO CH.il!IT na nO.ilCTaB-
Kax 113 33utltlUeHHOA llMll OT Bb!BeTpHBaHHll H pa3BenaHHR neC'l3HHKO·
llCii nopOJlbl B BHAC KaMeHHblX rpH60B (4).
noKpt.ITble rpy6b1MH npO.O.)'KT3MH Bb1BeTp11B3HHR K3MeHHCTble ylfa·
CTKH nyctblHb HOC!JT p33Hbte MCCTHbte H33B3HHR, BOWe.11.WHe ylKe II B
uay1111yio TCpM11110.nornio: «per» (Caxapa), «cep11p» (Jl1m11rtcKaR nyc-
Tb!llR), «gibber plains» (Ancrpan1111).
01n pen ap11ponaHHOCTb CTPYKTYPHblx 3JTeMeHTOB s nyCThlHSIX. He·
06X0.1lllMO OTMeTllTb cu1e O.ilHY ceoeo6pa3HYIO qepTy apHJlHblX 0611a-
c1eii, cen3aHHYIO c npo11nM1111eM a nnx pa60Tbl serpa. B yCJJoBHRX
BJta>KHoro KJ!HM8T8 KS>K,ll,811 utC.1b, Ka>K.a.aR TCKTOHH'leCKaR n.111 llHOro
npoHCXO>K,ll,etHISI rpell.lHH8 B CKa.nHCTblX o6Ha){(eHHRX KOpeHHblX nopo,.'l
6blB8er 06bl'lllO 33no.1111e11a MeJtK03eMl!CTOH Maccoii npO.ilYKTOB Bbl·
ncrp11aa111111 nopO.ilbl II opra111111eCKHM aeuteCTBOM ryMyca OT pa3,1o>Ke·
llHR KOpHCM pacreHHA, KOpeHRutllXCR B rpeutHHax CKa.1. B apHJlHblX
)IC.10BHRX Me.1K03eMHCTble npo.a.yKTbl BblBerpuBaHHR, o6p33YIOutHecll
n tpeut1111ax, RB.1RIOTCR 60.1ee C)'XHMH, lf3CTHUbl HX OT.1H'lalOTCR Mellb·
weii CBR38HHOCTblO, II 3a6upal01UttllCR B K3lR.1lYJO lltC..1b cyxoA BeTep
.llC:r'le BblllYBaer llX H YHOCHT npo%. TpeutHHbl rop11oii nopOllbl OCTa·
IOTCR, TaKllM o6pa30M, CBOOO,.'lHblMll OT npoJzyKTOB BblBeTpHBaHHR, B
llHX nerKO npOHHKaeT 11apy>KHblll B03D.yX, a c.1e,11,oaaTC.1bHO, H Ko.ne·
6a111111 rei.meparypbl, cnoco6ctay11 .aa.1&ttellwei.iy 6blCTpOMY BblBetpH-
ea111110 nopo.abl. KpoMe roro, Ha cre11Kax 3THX rpem1111 6.1aronap11
33TeHeHHIO BblflOTeBalOutHe HJ nopOllbl paCTBOpbl co.1eii 11e T3K 6blCT·
po ncnapRIOT BOD.)' If fl03TOMY Moryr OK33blBaTb 60.nee CH.nbHOe XH·
MH'leCKoe n03.1lellcrane 112 nopo,11,y, cnoco6crey11 raK>Ke ee BbiBeTpH·
ea111110.
21
 Bnaro.a.apll 3THM npou.eccaM rpell.JJIHbr pacTyT B w11putty, o6ycnos·
:rn san see 6o.%wee H 60.1&wee 06oco6ne1me orpaHH4HBaeMbIX HMH
r.1bl6 nopO!tbl c npucymeli eil cjlopMOH OT,QeJlbHOCTH. npH 1"aKHX yc.110·
Bl!l!X rpaHHTbl npeepamaJOTCll 'laCTO B HarpoMO>K.QeHH!! HenpaBl!JlbHO
oKpyrnblx rnb16 - «MeWKOB c wepcTbJO» (Wollsackgranite) 11n11 >Ke
o 6pa3yJOT npH'IY.!l.·11iBOll cjlopMbl CKaJlbl, COCTOllll.lHe KaK 6&1 H3 HaJIO·
)KettHbIX .rtpyr Ha apyra, Hano~mHaJOu.tHX TJOcjlllKH 11nn nep11Hbl KaMeH ·
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ropHbIX nyCTblHRX ne.nett11e «Ka4aJOw11xcR Ka~rneli» (rock ing·stones,
pulpitrock) . EcnH ropHaR nopo.a.a, pa3.npo6neHHaR .nttaKna3a~m Ha
Kpynttble rJlbl6bl, CKJIOHH3 .aaeaTb np11 BblBeTpHBaHHH Me.1K006JIOMO'I·
.HblH MaTepna.q, TO nocne.a.HllH MOX<eT nerKO y.a.aJIRTbCR B03HHKaJOu.tllM
np11 •1HBHllX CMb!BOM, a B cyxoe epe~rn TiblJ1eBaTb1e 'laCTHU.bl 6y.rtyT
Bbl.ll)"BaT&CR II eerpoM. B peJyn&Tar e TaKaR rnw6a 06oco61rneTcS1 see
6onee 11 6onee OT coce.llHHX rnw6 11 OT eme He pacnaewei\cn Ha rn&1-
6 w MaTepHHCKOA nopO.!l.bl, yrpa'I HBaeT CBOJO nepBll'IHYJO yrnoeary10
cpopMy, OKpyrn!!eTCSI !I OKa3bIBaeTCil on11paIOu.teilCH Ha ceoe OCHOBa·
Hne JJHWb o•ieH& He6on&woil, Bb!nyKnoA noeepxHOCTbJO (p11c. 7). Ena·
ro11apn noM y 6weaeT .a.ocraTO'IHO o'leHb He6o.q&wofl CHJib!, uanp11Mep,
CIIJibHOro nopb!Ba BeTpa, 'IT06hl np11BeCTll TaKyIO rJJbl6y B Ka11areJ1bHOe
,!J.BHlKeHHC OKO.no TO'IKll pas11oeec1rn.
Oca.rt04H&1e nopo.a.&1, 3a,1eraJ011.u1e ropH30HTaJI&Ho, HO pa3.rtpo6neH·
PHc. 7. cKa.aJOtUH C<'. A KaMHH• (no A. Robin) Hb!C eepTHK3JlbHblMH Tpew11HaM11, 06oco6J1llJOTCll B TaKHX yc.qoBHHX B
BH.lle 6aweH, CTOJI60B, KOJIOHH, 06en11cKOB II TOMY TIO.ll06Hbl X qmryp.
TaK11e KOJJOHHbl, 06pa3osaswHecn B TpeTll'IHbl X X<eJieJllCTblX neC'laHll·
Kax Ha cesepHOM no6epelK&e Apa.1&cKoro MOpll, 6w.1H om1caHbl
.1. C. EeproM 1((7], cTp. 196 11 Ta6n. VIII. A). Uen&IR «nee» 113 06e-
,q11cKOB, C03.!l.aHHblX pa3MblBOM, cyx11M BbIBeTpHBaHHeM II ae<1>nnu.11eii
B KpaCHblX KOHrJJOMeparax Me30KaRH030ll, HaM npHWJIOCb Bll.lleTb Ha
1ox<HoM cKnoHe xp. J<yprauaK (cesepHblA nepeaoeol\ xpe6er TypKe·
craHCKoro xpe6Ta) B OKpecTHocrnx cen . YryK (p11c. 8). MHoro ,1J060·
TiblTHblX 06pa3oea1111l\ no.a.o6HOI'O lKe po.rta HMeeTCH B 33TIOBe.!IHllKe
«Ca11 Boros» (Garden of the Gods) Ha cyxoM Jana.ne CllIA (pHc. 9).
He MeHee pe3Koe Mopcjlonom11ecKoe Bblpa>KeH11e Haxo.n111 ce6e no;i;
BJIHiIHHeM ceJJeKTHBHoro nyCTblllHOro Bb1Berp11eaH11SJ H Ae<j>m1u1111 CJIO·
HCTOCTb nopo.n. B KpyTblX CKaJIHCTbIX CTeHaX KaJK,!J.bIH 6onee TBep,!1.bIK
nnacT ewaaercn B BH.a.e KapHH3a 11n11 crpyKTypHOR Teppacbl, Ka>K.a.b!il
MeHee c1ofiKHil, 0611a>KaRCb cpea11 6oJJee npo11H&1x, 3HaMeHyercH qac-
TO rny60KO Bll.aIOWeikH B CKJIOH HHwefl (pllC. 10). np11 CO'leTaHHII
ropH30HT8JlbHOil CJIOHCTOCTJI Heo.!IHHaKOBO CTOHKllX nnacroB c BepTH·
Ka.1&1101! Tpeu.m11oeaToc1&10 HHor.a.a B03HHKaJOT ceoeo6pa3Hble «Y3JIO·
llaTblel> KO.qOHHbl, KaK 6bl COCTO!IWHe H3 TI03BOHKOB c HeO.!l.HHaKOBblM
ropH30HTaJlbHblM non epe'IHHKOM.
B pe:iy.~bTare TaKoii HpKoll MopcjloJJorn4eCKOii Bb1pa>KeHHOCTH ecex
CTPYKTYPHblX OCQ6eHHOCTeiI CKa.ijbl B ropHOR nycTbllle 'laCTO npHHll·
~taJOT caMble np1111y.nn11ewe cjlopMbl, nopa>Kan eoo6pa>Ket111e Ha6.1JO·
Jl3TeJl!l CBOllM CXO.!ICTBOM TO c paaaaJ111HaM11 KaKHX·TO <j>3HTaCTH4eC·
Puc. 8. CrM 6bl •pacu 1>1x Kour.noMeparos Ha JOlKHOM cK.ioue xprora
K ypraua• (n~p~.11osoA xp~er TypKecraHcKoro xpoora) . Cl> or o
H. C. IUyKHHa 23
.. - -~--- 1;11 x llOCTpoeK, 3aMKOB, 6aweH, 6y.!l.!1HiiCKHX naro.zt c MHOrO!!p y CHblMll
KpOB.1!IMH, TO c <j>Hryp aMH 'leJIOBeKa 11J111 caMblX Y.!lHBHTeJlbHbtX >KH·
BOTHbIX H CKa30'lllbtX "Y.!lOBHIU. AKa.!leMHK B. A. 06py'leB Ha6mo.ztan
n 1906 r . H OOHCa,1 0.!lHO MeCTO B Jl>KyHrapHH, y OOJlHOlKH!I rop Horo
Ma cc1rna Kapa-apar, Ha3BaHHoe HM «30;10Bb!M ropo.ztoM». Pa3BHTbie
3.!leCb KOHTHHeHTaJibHble Me3030KCKHe necqaHHKH H necTp ble r.1HHb1,
3a.~eraJOmHe OO'ITH ropH30HTaJibHO, npHo6peJIH 00.il BJIH!IHHeM 3p03HH,
nyCTblHHOrO BbIBeTpl!BaHH!I H .zte<jlJl!!l.\llH Bllll caMblX npH'I YilJJHBblX
qrnry p . 0 pa3H006pa3HH noc.1eJlHHX CBHJleTe.%CTBYJOT Ha3BaHH!I, )laH·
Hble HM B . A. 06py4eBbtM: «3aMOK xana», «Kpyrnan 6aw11n», «Da -
M!ITHHK», « 6aw1111 KOJl.!lYHbH», o: HaKOB3JlbH!I», «O<l>H HKC», « nTuua»,
« D3WH !l·Ce.!lJIO», i«06eJIHCK» H .!lP- {62].
B CesepHoii A'<t>pHKe, Ha CK3JIHCTOM MeJJOBOM n ,iaro ra~taJlbl, B
20 K'.'d K JOro-aocroKy OT T eJ1era (Teleg) ,Lliocj>yp onucan csoeo6pa3·
Hwe cj>opMbI pe.1be$a, Ha3brnaeMble raM agator. :'.h o HeBblCOKHe ( 10 -
20 M), HO p e3KO BblCTynaiomne cpe.iUf pos11oro n,1aro rpe611H, op11e11-
111posaHHb1e o6W'lllO B MepHJlHOH3JlbHOM H WHPOTHOM HanpaBJJeHH!IX
11 1111orna nepeceKaJOwH ecR Me>K;l)' co6oi\ no)l np!!MbIM yrnoM. no
eceli BepORTHOCTH, 3TH rpe6HH npeJlCTaBJIIIIOT co6o il >KHJ!bl CTOliKoii
nopo.'l,w, 3a no,1 11110weii Tpew1rnw TeKTOHH<recKHX pa3JIOMoB, o r npena-
p 11posa1111ble ce.1eKTHBHbtM a1>1serp1rna1111 eM 11 .'l,e HyJlauHeli ([I 19),
cTp . 281).
Pe3Koe Mopcj>onorn<r ecKoe Bb!pa>Ke1me scex CTPYKTYPHblX oco6eH·
H()CTeH B ropHbtX n y cTbllllIX, a TaK;Ke OO'ITH no.~Hoe OTCYTCTBHe B HHX
PHc. 9. ncc.aHHKOBble CT0.16bl Jan()J!eJIHHKa «Ca11 6oroe• D CUI;\
1;opbl Bb1Berp1rnaHHII H CHJlbHa!l 0611a>KeHHOCTb KOpeHHblX nopo.!l .!l3lKe
B 0•1eHb HeBblCOKHX ropax OTJill'l3JOT HX OT cpe.ztHeBb!COTH blX rop 06·
.iacreil ryM11.zt11oro KJIHMaTa. BMeCTO M!lrKHX, OKpyrnb1x npo<jrnneli sep-
WllHHblX '13CTei\ II cpaBHHTe.1bHO no.~ornx CK.~OHOB Mb! llMeeM n ropax
apH21,HOll 30Hbl pe3KHe, CKa.ijHCTWe <j>opMbl, Jl3;10MaHHble, yrnosatble
npocj>11.111, H3pe33HHOCTb KPYTOCTeHHblMH KaHbOH006pa3HblMH ymeJtb·
SlMH . Bee 3TO C03.!l3eT COBepweHHO OTJIH'IHblH o6JIHK nycTblHHblX rop
01 paBHblX HM no BblCOTe rop ryMHJlHOfO KJIHM3T3.
T a KHM o6pa30M, B apH.ztHblX yCJIOBHSIX cj>H3H'leCKHe pa3JIH'IH!l rop-
HblX nopoJI, o6ycJIOBJJeHHble HX JIHTOJIOrH'leCKHM xapaKTepoM, nonyqa-
JOT oco6e11110 6onbwoe MOpcj>o.nornllecKoe 311a<re1111e, onpeJieJJllll co6oii
C111nb BTOpH'lHblX (JleHyAaUHOHHblX) <j>OpM. B CBS13H c 3THM n K3lKJIOH
rop11oi1 nyctblHe 11n11 Jia>Ke a nycTbtHe c 6onee pe3KHM penbecj>oM np11
CHJibHOH o6Ha>KeHHOCTH nopOJl Ha6JIJOJl3eTCst o<reHb OT'leTJIHBO H !IpKO
Bhlp3lKCHHall 3aBH CHMOCTb 11apy>KHOil nJiaCTHKH OT BHyrpeHHefr reo·
.1orn'leCKOH CTPYKtypbI. 3ro 06c1011re.~bCTBO !IBHJIOCb, 11eco~rne11110,
npH<rHHOK Toro, QTO y a MepHK3HCKHX reoJtOfOB noc.qe.ztHeA 'leTBepTH
npow.1oro CTOJieTHll, B nepHOJl HX 03H3KOMJieHHll c apH.!lHblMH o6Jia-
c·~stMH 3ana.na CllIA OT'leTnHBo 11a MeTH-~Ocb reoMopcj>onorn<recKoe Ha·
npas,1eHHe HCCJieJlOB3HHii. noc.~e)lHee H3WJIO Ce6e HeCKO.%KO 003JlHee
11a1160,1ee non11oe 11 3aKOH'leHHoe ocj>opMJie1111e B y <1e111111 B . M . .lle011-
c&, B KOTOpOM CTPYKTypa paccMaTpHB3eTC!I K3K OJlHH H3 Tpex OCHOB·
HblX MOpcj>oreHeTH<r eCKHX· cj>aKTOPOB (MeTOil «CTpyKrypa , npouecc, CTa·
P11c. 10. OmpenapHposaHHOCTb crpyxrypHblX Mei.ieHroe 8 ropHoft JlHII'>) .
n y-crblHC JOJKHOro TRHb·lli3HR. 4>010 B. A. 4>tAOPOBHU
25
 OYCTblHHbl E KOP bl H OYCTblHHblR 3AfAP
Bo MHornx nycTblHllx, KaK ap11.11.H1>1X, raK 11 ceMHapHJlHblX, CTapo-
ro 11 Hosoro CBera Ha6.110Jlaerc11 11a.1eHHe ueMeHrauHH pa3.111'lHblX
pb1X.1b1X flOBepXHOCTHblX o6pa30B8HHA (3.1IOBHll, we6HHCTo-cyr.1HHllC·
TblX npOJJIOBll3.1bHblX BblHOCOB II .n.p.) yr.ieKHC.10it HJBecTblO, rHflCOM
n.111 .n.a>Ke nosape1111oll co.1b10. CueMeHr11posaHHblit c.10A pacno.1araer-
c11 o6bl'IHO He HS caMoti noBepXHOCTH, a Ha HeKoTopoil m y6HHe, KO-
Topall MOJKeT B3pbHp083Tb OT HeCK0.1bKHX C3HTHMeTpos .ilO Merpa II
6onee. CueMeHTHposaHHblil c.ioA npe.a.crasnller co6oii n.1HTY rsep.11.0-
ro II n.10TH0f0 K0Hr.10Mepara 11.1H 6peK'IHH c 113BeCTKOBblM H.111 rHn-
COBblM UeMeHTOM. MOWHOCTb C.1011 MOlKeT AOCT11f3Tb 1-1,5 M. ,U.111
cyxnx 06.iacreA a.1>K11pCKoA 11acr11 Arnaca 3. naccapre (160) npHso-
llHT MOWHOCTb 113BeCTKOBOft KOpbl AO 2 M H 6onee. Hnor..'(a K0.1H'leCT-
BO ueMeHTa T8K B03pacraeT, QTO OH flO'lTH BblTCCHlleT BKJllO'leHHSI, II
n.111r3 npespawaercll B no'ITH 'lHCTO 113BecTKOBblit H.111 rnncoBhlit c.10ii.
no Ha6.1!0,lleHHllM 6naHKe11rop11a [102], 113BecTKOBble KOpbl Cesep11oi1
Acj>p11K11 scer.113 HeCKOJ'lbKO KpeMHHCTbl (co.11ep>1<3T Si02) H tiacro oK-
pa~eHbl OKHC.13MH >Ke.1e33 B Kp8CHOB3Tble HJ'IH 6ypble TOH3. HaH60J'lb-
weH flJ'IOTHOCTblO ueMeHTHpoaaHHbl{I c.noA 0TJIH\f8eTC ll 06bl'IHO B sepx11ei1
\f&CTH, c rny6m10A >Ke ero npo'll!OCTb 6blcrpo n3.11ae1, 11 OH npe-
spaw3erc11 HJJH B Macey cna6o cueMeHrHpoBaHHblX ra.11eK nnn B cpaB-
HHTeJJbHo MllrKlll't MepreJJHCTblll CYrJIHHOK. B 6onee 6or3Tb1X OC3.llK3·
MH ce~rn apH.1111wx 06.~acrnx npeo6J13.ll3eT 113aecrK0Bblii ueMeHT, c yBe-
JJK<1eH11eM >Ke ap11.1111ocrn yrneKJICJ'1311 H3BeCTb 3 3MeHlleTCll runCOM
[159, 160, 102].
On11ca1111b1il cueMeHrnpon311Hb1ll cJtol't o6p33yer K3K 61>1 TBepllbi ii
3aWHTHblil CJJOll, npe1l0Xp8H1110w11i1 p1>1xnble nosepx11oc111b1e 06pa30-
aaH1111 OT .!locj>JJRl.(1111 II 3p031111. B '13CTHOCTll np11 peAKllX, HO CH.1bHblX
.11o>K.nnx so.11w 6.18ro.113pn H8.111'11110 3Toro na11u11pll 11e Moryr 1111 npo-
caq11sarbc11 B rpyHT, 1111 spo.n11 ponaTb ero B rny61my. 66,1bwa11 qacrb
Ao>K.neBblx so.n creKaeT no3TOMY no noBepxHoc111 B BHlle cn.1owHoro
nJtacrosoro noToKa ·(Schichtrlut, sheet-flood), npo113so.nll paa-
HOMepHblli n,10ll.(81lHOi\ CMblB (Fliichenspiilung). TaKoMy CMblBY ne-
KoTOpble llCCJ1e,ll0Bare.n11 np111l8IOT 60JJbWOe 3118'1eH11e B o6p330B3HHll
06w11pKb1X aeHyaauHoHHblX noBepxHocreil ceMHapllll.HblX 06.1aCTeil.
C3~11>1A npouecc o6pa30B3Hlfll 113BecTKOBblx 11 rnncoBblX KopoK
npell;CT3S.1lleT ewe pna He Bno.1He ncHblx sonpocoB. 5o.1bWHHCTBo 33.
fl3AHoesponeilcKnx 11cc.1ea0Bare.1eil, n11c8nw11x o aycrblHHhlX Kopax,
t'Bll3blB3.111 llX o6p330B3Hlle c B 0 c x 0 A SI w II M ll.Bll>KeH11ew co.1eBblX
P 3CTBOpOB B cnoco6HblX K K3DH.1.1llpHoMy DOAHllTlllO rpyerax B y c.10-
&llllX Cll.1bHOfO noaepXHOCTHOfO 11Cfl3peHHll. npH 3TOM HeKOTOpble
(Fra3s (122)) n.onycK3IOT npen.B3pHTeJJb11oe rny6oKoe apoM3Q11ea11ne
rpyHT3 3TMOCcj>epHblMll (.!lO>KJteBblMll} BOA3MH - n.onywenne He!lO-
CT3TOqHo, no·BHAllMOMy, o6oCHOB3HHoe. 06p330B3Hlle KOpOK T0.1W.H·
11011 a 1,5-2 M npeano,13raeT npoM31fHB31111e rpyHT3 no Kp3i!HeA Mepe
113 3TY r.1y6n11y, T3K KBK HH31fe HeBOOMOlKHO DOJly"lllTb nepeBOlI3 B
p3CTBop llOBblX KOJJH'lecTB p3CTBopnMblX newecra 113 nopOJlbl, nx noa-
26
11nrnll K noBepxHocr11 11 ablna.neH1111 113 p3creop3 np11 11cnapeHHll Bo-
ll.bl. Ho B necKax C8xapb1 y 611cKpbl 11. ,UpaHllUblHY [30) np11wJ10Cb
11a6J110A8Tb npOM3\lllB3HHe nOCJie BeCbM3 CllJlbHOfO ·1HBHll JlllWb 113
rny61111y 15-25 CM, XOTll 3THM .111e11eM 6blJI BO MHOMIX MecTax p33•
MblT >KC.lleJHoaopolKnblR nyrb. H36.1101leH1111 e nycrblHllX Cpe.nHefl
A311H rolKe noK83a.111, 11ro CKB03Hoii npoMblBHofl p e>K11M (T. e. npo-
HllKHOBeH11e .!lOlK.llCBblX BO.ll .:lO 3epK3.13 CHJ'lbHOMHHep3.1H3083HHblX
rpyHTOBblX BOA) HMeeT MeCTO .111Wb B yc.10BllllX c11.1bHO pa3611TblX
nccKoB c pe3KllM pe.1becj>OM, aonyCK3!0WlfM KOHUeHTp3UHIO BDHTblB3!0-
WHXCll OC3'1.KOB B onpeae.1eHHblX MCCT3X. Ho aeC'13HblA rpyHT OT.111·
'1 3eTCll K TOMY X<e II C.136blM K3flll;1.1llpHblM flOllHllTHeM.
BooMolKno cKopee .i1pyroe aonyweH11e, a HMeHHO H3.111'l11e K3n11n-
.111pHoro flOllHSITllll K nooepXHOCTll Cll•1bffOMllllepa.iH30B3HRblX rpyu-
TOBblX 80.!l nyCTblllH T3M, r!le OHll no yc.110BHllM K-1!1M3T3, .111T0.10ntH
11 penbecj>a 3a.iera10r 118 cpaoHKTe.1bHO He60J1bWoK rny6n11e. 3ro
c6n11>Kaer 113BCCTKOBble 11 rnncosble Kopbl c co.110H'l3KOBblMH 06pa30-
113HHllMll, ynoJlo6nnn HX TO~•y C.~OIO noB3peHHOH C0.111, KOTOPblH 113-
6JJIOA3eTCll ceii113c, H3np11Mep, B HeKOTOpblx MeCT3X ll.HllW3 cyxoro
pyCJJ3 Y36on B Kap3KYM3X. 33ner31111e cueMe11r11poB811Koro c..1oll He
113 C3MOH noaepXHOCTll, a 113 HeKOTOpol\ rny6HHe DOil HC60.1bWllM
c .1oeM pb!XJIOfO rpyHT3 MO>KeT 6b1Tb B 3TOM c.~yq3e o6'bSICHeHO CHJ!h·
llblM 113rpeeaH11eM nooepx110CTHOH ronw11, 6.1aro.11apn 'leMy 11cnape·
HHe BO.II.bl H3 p3CTBopa npo~ICXOAHT p3HbWe, 'leM OH AOCTllrHeT no ·
sepXHOCTH.
Mo>KHO, OAH3KO, A8Tb 3TOMY ¢ 3KTY II n.pyroe TOJI.KOB3HHe, pacCM3T ·
pnBan cKonJJe1111e H3Becr11 11n11 nmc3 H3 11eK0Topo11 rny611 He K3K pe-
3)'JlbT3T BM bl 8 3 H 1111 llX ry.na 3TMoc<jJepHbIMll OC3ll.K3MH 113 aepXHHX
c.1oeo, Kyn.a OHH 61>1m1 flO./lHSITbl K3DHJIJJS!pHhlMll CHJ13MH OT .3epK3Jl3
rpyttTOBblX BOA. HHblMll c.10'83MH, 113BeCTKOBo-rnnCOBblrt CJIOH MOlKCT
11a.i11rbC11 11n.110B11 a JI b 11 bl M r op 113 o 11 r o M noqseHHoro pa3pe3a,
B CBll3H c \'K338HHblMll p83Jlll'IHSIMll B3f.1Sl'1.0B OTHOCHTe.1 bHO rcHe·
3 11ca nycrbl11Hhix KopoK 11 ao3p3CT 11x TpaKryercll no-p33HoMy. B oa-
HHX MeCTllOCTllX HX C'lllT8IOT cospeMeHHblMll o6p330B3Hlll!Mll, B n.py-
rHX, 60.1ee apH.llHblX, HeKOT-Opble 11cc.1en.OB3Te.111 CK•10lfllbl p3CCM3T-
PllB3Tb 11x KaK pe.nHKTOBble, coxp3HHBWHecl! OT nep11oaa rocnoacra3
60.1ee M3>KHoro (ceM11ap11a11oro) 'leM B Hacrollwee speMll K.111M3ra.
TaK, B OTHowe111111 n3BeCTKoBo-rnncoablx KopoK A.1>K11pcKoii Caxapbl
(nn3ro M 3a6) 3. n 8ccapre npnwe.1 K Bbleo,;iy, 'lTO 011n He ll8'1ll10TC11
cospeMeHHblMH ([159), crp. 503).
J13BecTKOBO·fllflCOBble Kopbl 6bl•1H ODllC3Hbl B 03.1eCTHHe (Fra3S
[122)) B Er11nrc (Blanckenhorn {102)), s T y1111ce (De Stefani). a An-
>K11pe' (Passarge [159, 160)), B MapoKKO (Fischer [121)), B cei.111ap11n.-
HblX ot5JJacrl!X CeBepHoli AMep11KK (MeKCllK3, !Oro-33o3n. C lllA).
n ycrblHHble KOpbl 113BeCTHbl B 3TllX '13CTSIX AMep11KH DOil H33B3Hlll!MH
c3Jiche 11n11 tepetate (Devis [115), crp. 302; f'.. Penck [164). crp. 548).
B npeaen3x CCCP c.1oil KpHCT3JJ•1H'lecKoro rnnc3 6hl.~ 06113py>KeH
o romue cyrn11H11cToro we6HeB3Toro 3,110B11ll Ha a.1aro Ycr!OpT, rnc
27
 3TOT cJiofi 3a.ieraer Ha r.~y611He 60.1ee I M Ha cesepe 11 Ha 30-50 CM
na !Ore (fepaCHMOB {24], CTp. 21-22).
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nopon: If BblC8Cbl83HlleM HX K nosepXHOCTll HHTeHCllBllbllll B nyCTblH!IX
HCnapeHHClll CTOHT If 11e.1e11He raK HaJblBaeMoro cnyCTblHHOro 33f3·
pa>, 11.rn c nyCTblHHOro naKa». 5Ie.1em1e JaKA!Otf3CTCR B TOM, tfTO CKa-
Abl llAH .1elK31!4He Ha 3CM.1e OTll:e.1bHble o6.10MKH ropHblX nopoa• .:talKe
H.'ole10uu1e CBeT.1}'!0 OK pa CK}' (neCtf31111KH, HJBecTH!IKH)' OKaJblBa!OTCll
ncKpblTblMH c nosepXHOCTll O'leHb TOHKOA KOPOtfKOH TeMH0·6yporo H.111
no11_.rn t1ep1toro ueera, 06blt1HO c11.1bHO 6.1ecrn114eii Ha co.1Hue 11 ;iaio-
1.UeH npH orpalKeHHll .1y11ei1 ceer.1ble 6.111KH. 6.1ecK 06yc.1oe.11teae1c11,
KaK nonaralOT, no.1HpOBKOI! TBep.aori KOpO'IKH flblJleB3Tbllllll !t!l!Hepa.~b·
Hbl!t!ll tfaCTllUaMH, nepeHOCHMblMH BeTpOM (nycTblllHaR «.13KH POBKa>).
06bltfllO KOpO'IKa cnyCTblHHOro Jarapa> He npeBblW3eT T0.11!4HHbl .!10·
.1el! Mn.1.1n111e1p~, 110 11a6mo.aaJIHCb CJiyqau, Korita ona :iocrur3.1a
0,5_ CM (Meckele1 n {155], crp. 44) . fpa11uu3 MelKn:y Kopo'IKOil 11 nopo-
.aou 6bleaer peJKO BblpalKeua no ueery, 1111orn:a lKe nepexo.a 01 nopo·
.!lbl K KopoqKe 6blB3eT nocreneHHblM, e BHAe 60Jibwero nOTeMHeHHn
OKpacKu c npH6JIH>KenHeM K noecpXHOCTH. A1tanHJbl noKaJblBaior, qro
KOpO'IKa nyCTblHHOro 3arapa COCTOHT npeHMyllleCTBeHHO H3 KPeMHe-
KHCAOTbl c 60JlbWHM con:epx<a11HeM OKHC.108 lKeJie33 II Mapr3nua. Ec-
AH nponec111 1<8KHM·nH6o TBCPAblM HHCTpyMenTOM (nanp11111ep, CT8.1b·
HblM HOlKOM) uapanrmy 113 nonepXHOCTH noKpblTOH nyCThlllllblM 33 ra-
POM nopoll:bl, TO UlleT 3TOA uapanHHbl yKalKeT XIUflltfeCKHH Cocran
J<OPOtfKH: KpaCHOB3Tbill UBCT qepTbl CllHJ]:eTCJlbCTByeT 0 npeo6na.aa-
lfHll OKHCH lKeneaa , lKC'1Tbli1 - run:p3Ta OKHCH x<eJieJa, cepbll't -
OKHCll M8praHll3.
He nee ropnwe nopon:w HMeior o.rmHaKonyio CK.10HHOCTb noKpbl·
eaTbCR nycTblHHblM 3arapo111. Oco6eHHYIO CKJ101111ocrb K aarapy HMeior
ncc<1aHHK11 (B CeBepHoll A<J>p11Ke, Hanpn111ep, nect1aHHKH Hy611AcKoi'I
cepm1), a raKlKe 111ar111arn'leCKHe nopon:bl Kucnoro cocrana (rpaHH·
Tbl)' rorn:a KaK OCHOBHble nopoitbl (633aJJbTbl)' a TaKlKe HJBeCTHRKH
«33rapa10T> mtwb B c.1a6oil creneHn. B KaMeHHCTblX nycrblHRX 06·
.~OMKH ropHb!X nopon:. yceHB8!0WHe 3er.rnyio noBepxHOCTb flOKpblTbl
nyCTblHHblM JarapoM TOJlbKO c eepxHeil CTOpOHLI, rorn:a KaK HX HHlK·
HRR CTOPOH~ coxpaHllCT ecrecreeHHblH ueer nopo;u,i. C.1en: anTOM0611·
nll B TaKOH nyCTblHe Ha npOTlllKeHHll A·111Te.1bllOro BpeMeH11 Bbl·
;ie.1ne1c11 60.1ee CBeTJIOfl OKpaCKOil Ha Mpa'IHOM TeMHOM <POHC
nycrblHH 6.1aron:3p11 nepeeepHyTblM ra.1bK3 M 11.111 K}'CKaM yr.1ona-
roro me6n11.
n o OTHOWeHHIO K per3M UenTp3.1bHoit Caxapbl B. MaKe.1el\n [l55)
yrneplK,Il3eT, QTO COJIHetfHal! H•1H TeHeBaR 3KCn03HUHll He nrpa!OT po.111
n P33BHTHH nycTblHHOro Jarapa. 0.anaKo B 60.1ee BblCOKHX wnpora:'!
apnn:HblX o6nacrel!, Hanp1tr.1ep ll Cpen:HeA A3HH, enHllHHe 3Kcnoo11un11
CK33b1Baerc11 eeCbMa OTtfeTnHBO. TaK, B 40.llHHe 3apaswana aBrop na-
6.1ioita11 paJBHTlle 6necr11meA 'lepHoA KOpO'IKH flO'ITH HCK.q!Otfl!Te.1bHO
na 06HalKenu11x rnHHHCTblX c.q3nueB !OlKHOro coJIHetfHoro cKnona T yp·
KeCTaHCKoro xpe6T3. 3n:ccb 3TH BblXOll:bl KOpeHHblX nopO.'l peJKO Bbl·
28
.ae.1RJll!Cb CllOllM 60.1ee TCMlll>IM ueeTOM OT cepblX, no.13) UlllX BHll3,
ocblneii rex me nopon:.
n OBEPXHOCTHblE H noJJ,3EMHblE BOJlbl APHJl.Hbl X 06JIACTEA
06.1aCTH apHll:HblX 30H 3C1'1HOro wapa, JaHHM310ll.U!e orpOMHble
npocrp8HCT!l3, H3Mep11CMble MH·1.1HOH3MH KBa;tpaTHblX KHJIOMCTpOB,
onpe,Ile.1l!IOTCR B CBOeM .13Hn:wa<f>THOM X3paKTepe B OCHOBHOM Hen:o·
craTKOM e.1arn K3K B noqne, TaK H B B03n:yxe (Ma.1a11 OTHOCllTC..1bHaR
BJ13lKllOCTb)' orp3HHQHBalOWHM pa3BHTHe B HHX opraHHtfeCKOfl lKHJHH.
He~!Home 60.llbWeli qacrblO cpanHHTC.1bHO He6o.1bWHe no npocrpancr·
ny yqacrK'H nyCTblHb, r.ae HMeeTCR .1erKO,IlOCTynHa11 Boita, ylKe ;iaBHO
6bl.111 npeBpawe11bl e userylllHe oaJHCbl c ocen:,~blM HaceneHne~1. Ta-
KHMH 083HCBMH RMRIOTCR B nepBylO oqepeitb llOJIHHbl 061!JibHblX BO·
n:oA peK, nepeceKBIOWHX nycrblHIO. Ho 33 npen:e.13MH 3THX Ky.1bTYP·
HblX OCTpOBOB orpOMHble npocrpaHCTB3 nyCTblHb OCT3IOTCR COBCCM 11e-
HaceneHHblMH HJIH HCfl0.1b3YIOTCR KO'ICBblM nace.ieHHeM JIHWb Ce30HHO,
r.13BHblM o6pa30M KaK n3cr6111QHble yroitbll. Me)K.!ly reM no 0611n1110
renna n ClleTS, no 6orarcrBy rpyHron n11rarenbHblMH Bel!4eCrBaMH
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wnpoKoe 11cn~nb30BaH11e n .11nn ae~tne,IlenbqecKoil KYJibT)'pbl . • nonoMy
npo6ne111 a X03RACTBeHHOro oceoeHHR nyCTblHllblX reppHTOPllH RBJIReT·
CR B nepBylO 011epCll:b npo6ner.toli noJiy'leHHR B .!lOCT3TOtfHOM KOJ!Htte·
CTBe BOll:bl, npnrO.!lHOii n:nR opoweHHll 3e111e.% H YllOBJieTnopeHHR 6bl·
TOBblX norpe6Hocrei\ 113ceneH11R. no3n:11ee 11aMH 6y.11.er noKa33HO, 1110
pe.nbe<j> nyCTblHH B pnae cnytiaee MOlKCT CJiylKHTb HHJl:l!KaropoM npH
OOHCK3X 3H8\fHTeJJbllblX 3anacoB TaKHX non:, 33K;1!0'1al01Ul1XCR I) rpyH-
rax. C .apyrol\ c1opo11bl, nosepXHOCTHble, a HHor.aa H non:3eMHble BO·
ll:bl t.IOryr R8'1RTbCll B nyCThlHRX peJibe<f>oo6p33YIOIUHMH <PaKTopaMH.
B CBll3H c 9THM Mb! C'IHT3CM HC06XOll:HMblM OCT3HOBHTbCR na BOA8X
ap11ll:HblX 06.1acreil necKOJlbKO no.apo6Hee.
PeKH nyCTblHb. nOCTOnllHO TeKYUIHe peKH B HaCTORWHX 3pHll:HblX
nycrblHllx - peAKOe 11snen11e. Ec.m raK11e peKn Ha6.1io)la10TCR, ro see
OHH npeitCT8BJIRIOT peKn 3 K 3 0 TH q e c K He, 'IYlKll:ble 3THM reppl!TO·
pHll M (FremdlingsfiiBc, exotic rivers), na'lnnaiowuecll 3a npe;ie.1aMH
nyCTblHH, B o6.13CTllX ryMHl1HOro 11.qn n:alKe HHea.1bHOro K.1HM3T3 Bbl·
COKOropHblX crpaH H llB.1RI01!411ecfl B nyCTblHRX T0.1bKO T pa R 3 HT·
H bl M H. Hun TOJJbKO nOTOMY OKa3blB3eTCR cnoco6HblM nepeceqb BCIO
nycTblH HYIO JOH}' H11>Knero Ernnra H .:tOCTHtfb Cpen:HJeMHoro aiop11,
qro OH B CBOllX eepXOBbRX 06ll.1bHO nnraercR 3KBaTopna.1bHblMH l10lK·
Jl:RldH H nepe.!l C8MblM ncryn.1eH11eM B nyCTblHIO no.1yi1aeT MOUIH blii
npnTOK s s11n:e AT6apbl, necymeA eon:bl c A6nccnHCKoro nnocKoropb11.
To >Ke caMoe cne.11.yer cxa3arb o llBYX r.1aBHblx eoitnblx aprep1111x
Cpen:11ell AJHH - A111yn:apbe H Cbip.11.apbe. 0HH MoryT AOCTHnlYTb
ApMbCKoro 111 op11·0Jepa, npoiln:11 orpOMHble npocrpancrna Kap3·
Ky111oe 11 Kb1 3bl.1K}'MOB, TOJibKO 6n3roitap11 061111bHOMY nHT3HHIO B cso·
HX HCTOKaX ra.~bl MH CHerOBblMH H .neitHHKOBblMB BOA3MH fHHl1YKYW3,
na111Hpo-Ana11 H UeHTpanbHOro Tllllb·lliaHR. LlpyrHMH npHM epa~rn Ta·
29
 ~Hx )Ke )(P8H3HTHblX /ieK MoryT c.1y>KHTb J<onopaito B nycTblHRx Mo-
• aB~~~ _11.1a, peK11 11rp H EB<j>paT B MeconoTaMCKoll HH3Me1111oc111.
r-c P).llHO, Ollll3KO, y6e)1HTbCll npH B3fJlll~e Ha Kapry, no Bee
e'e pe~icnettttwe peKH TOJibKo npOTeKaK>T no nyeTblHe, 110 11e .npe1111py10T
• H O llPettHponaTb a11eeb 11etrero. B np eitenax nycTblH11 3Tll peK11
:e nony11a10r npHTOKOB, ecmi >Ke H3peaKa T3K0Bble H86.,IOJ13IOTell, TO
TO 6y.nyr TO~e TP3H3!1THble 3K30TlllfecKKe peKH, HecylllHe BO.!lbl, co6·
~=llllble Biie n)CTblHHOH o6naeTll. I-fa C3MOK >Ke nveTblHll B HHX He e1'e·
CT 1111 OllHOll Kanmr llO>K.aeBblX BO.a - sen 3Ta snara 11cnap11ere11 11a
MecTe. HanpoTHB, e&MH peKH TepRJOT B nycrblHe 3H8lfHTeJlbHYIO 'ISCTb
eBOllX DO.a nyTeM HCnape111111 II HH<jJHJ1bTpau1111 B rpyHT. B CBll311 c HH·
Tl'.llCllBHblM 11cnapeH11eM BO,!l8 HeKOTOpblX nyCTblHHblX peK HHor.na 3H8·
'lllT~bHO o6orawaeTell COJlllMll H np1106peTaCT C0.10HOBaTblA BKYC
(p. y B HH>KlleM TelfeHHH). HeKOTOpble 113 T8KllX peK OK33b1B8IOTCR
Hecnoco6HblMH nepece% BCIO nyCTblHJO II .!lOCTll'lb MOPS! 38K8H'IHB8R
c~oe Te'lerrne B K8KOM·llfl6y.nb 38MKHYTOM BHyTpettHeM 6accer111e
( 1>1p11ap&R, AMyJtap&11, TapHM, l•fo11). Bee 3TU peK11, nocTeneHHO Te·
Pllll BOAY H YMeHbW8ll BMecTe c 3TllM CBOIO 11ecywy10 cnoco6HOCTb
3 no1111>KeHHR pe.1&e<j>a. 3.11.ec& c.1HBa10w11ec11 OT.ae.'l&Hble crpy11 6b!CTpo
Heprnq110 3KKYM)'.111P)10T B HH>KHeM Te'leHllll, 33n0.1HRIOT CBOll pyc:
Jla H3HOC3MH H noroMy noJIBep>Kettbl 3JlCCb 1111or11a Cl!JlbHblM 6JJY>K.!18·
HH,!IM snnor& .zi:o H3Met1e1111R MecTono.no>Ke111111 csoero KOHUeeoro 6ac-
ce11Ha, o 11eM 6yiter pe'lb onepe.zi:11.
B CBOeM BO;tHOM pe>KllMC ,ll8ll(e nOCTOlllll!O TeKyurne peKH nyCTblHb
3SBllCllTnl!CKJllO'lllTC.1bHO OT KJl!!M8Tll'leCKHX yc.1oa111i 06J1aCT11 HX nH·
TSHHR. 03TOMY OHi! '18CTO OK83blB3IOTCll 11a116onee 6or8TblMH BOllOK
KaK P 8 3 o To speM11 ro.zi:a, Kor11a B nyeTblH e apHJIHble yc.noa1111 llOCTH·
raJOr 11ans1>1cwero csoero s1>1pall(eH1111. •
• YKa3&11Hble oco6eHHOCT11 nocroR11110 TeKywrtx peK ap11l1HblX o6.1ac·
re11 11Me10T ewe OJIHO eyweCTBeHHoe c.ne.11cTB11e. Ec.111 T8Ka11 peKa
y>Ke ycnena Bblp860TaTb npo<j>HJlb paBHODCeHR TO 3TOT npo<jHMb B
npOTllBOnOJIO>KHOCTb HOpM3JlbHOMY npo<j>H.nlO p'aBHOBee11R peK BJl;ll(.
ttoro KJlllMaTa,. 11e npeacrasn11er Ha seeM ceoeM npor11>KeH1111 sorHyrol\
Ksepxy Kp11so11. B Hll>KHeii qaer11 Te'ICHHR Ha npo<j>11.,e 06Hapy>K11·
aaerc11 mror.11a BblnyK.10CTb KBepxy 8 C8ll3H c YMeHbWe1111eM BOJIOHOC·
HCCTH peK11 811113 no Te11e111110. YMeHbWCH!llO Maecbl BO.II.bl nyreM 11ena-
pe111111 II llH<j>HJlbTP8UHH B rpyHT lf8ero enoco6eTByeT H 'leJIOBeK HC·
nonb3y11 peKy MR opowe111111 oaaHCOB nyreM 01so.11.a OT uee 11ppHr'a uH·
01111blx Ka11a.10B. npH 3TOM yae.111qHsaere11 KaK Hcnap1110waR nosepx·
HOCTb BO.II.bl, T8K II nOTepR PeclHblX BO~ BC.1eJICTBHe npocaq11B8HHR B
rpyHT•
.[lpyrylO, TO>Ke He oqeHb lf8CTYIO, KareropHIO noBepXHOCTHblX BO·
~OTOKOB 8PH.!lHOH 30Hb! eOCT8BJIRIOT He60.1bWHe, M8JIOBOAHble pe'IKH
pyq&11, n11raeM1>1e poA1111KaM11, BblXOAi!WllMH s ywe.1&11x 11esb1COKHX
::;'';blHHblX rop 11nrr Ha .11.11e .11.enpece111i paBRHHHoA nyeTblHH. B 60.1&·
11
CTBe cnyqaes OHH llMelOT O'leHb KOpOTKoe TC'ICHHe, '18CTO 11e npe-
BCcxo.11.nwee HeCKO.nbKO CoTeH Merpoe, 6bleTpo 11ec11K8ll ewe HS JI.He
.K:i.cnpece 1111. TaKHe PYlibH 11a6J110JJ.810TC11 o yweJI&Rx MaHrblwnaKcKoro
aparay, B 4y-H.1bHllCKllX ropax, B BOCTOQHOA Me.1KoconoqHoil '18CTH
30
nyerb!HH 6etnaK·.llana. no.11.06111>11'1 >Ke pOJIHHKOBbJil py'lcil, nnraio-
WHA npecuol\ BO.II.Oil oaaue Cl>ellpaH B OJI.HOM H3 rpaHHTHblX ywe.1111i:r
CH11a11, OnHca.1 H. Ba.1&Tep ((180), crp. 30). 3-r11 po.11.H11KOBble py'l&H
OlfeRb 11enoCTORHHbl; noeJJe npO.ll0J1ll(HTe..1bHOrO 6e3JIOlKJJ.HOf0 nepHO.ll8,
B CBR3H e )'MeH&WeHHeM rpyHTOBoro n11T8HHn, OHH HHOr.11.a eoBepw eH-
HO nepceblX3IOT HJIH no KpafitteA Mepe eHJlbHO eoKpawaIOT .11.-~llHY
esoero reqeHHR . .[la>Ke Ko.1e6aHHll B HHTeHCHBHOCTll 11enapeHHll B Te·
'leHHe eyTOK 0Tp8)1(8IOTCR Ha HHX, Bb!3blB8R H3MeHe~:Hll Jl.1Hllbl 3'll1X.
BO.llOTOKOB ((108), CTp. 259) 1•
HaKoHeu, Tper111\ Trm noecpx11ocTHblX BOJJ.OTOKOB apHllHb!X 06.1a·
ereli npc.11.eraBJllllOT 3<j>eMeptt b!C peK11, HMCIOWHe O'lellb Kp8TKOBpeMe11-
11oe Te'leH11e (HHOrJta JIHWb HS npOTl!>KeHHll tteeKOJlbKHX qaeos), 803·
llHK8!0Wrte BO speMll eH.%HblX JIHBHeil JI aaTeM HCCllKSIOWKe 11aero Ha
11ecKO.%KO JteT. TaKHe peKH HeK.110'IHTe.,bHO JJ.OlK.lleBoro n11T8H!IR 06-
paayJOren 11allle scero B ropax nyCTbl1111oll 30Hbl, r.11.e HMe10Tc11 .ny11 ·
wHe ye.100H11 .11.m1 ::m eprnqHoli KOH.11.e11caUHH . Kpyrble CKan11eTb1e. nrr-
weHHble paerHTe.1&11oro 11 no11se1111oro noKposa cK.'IOHb! enoco6e1oy10T
6b!CTpOMY CTOKY AO)l(JJ.CBblX BO.ll B r.iy6oKHe YWC.'lbll II Boo6we BO see
<j>op1>111py10TeR B MOWHbl A noTOK, CTpeMllTe;1bHO 11eeywnlieR BHH3 H YB·
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H3KOnHBWHecll 38 npe.ixweCTBYIOWHA .11.JIHTCJlbHb!l'I 6e3JJ.Oll(JlHblH nep11-
o.11.. TaKHM o6pa30M, B03HllK8eT Tllnll'IHblA rp113eK8MCHHblH OOTOK, H.1H
ee.1&, 0 KOTOPO~l )'ll(e rosop11.'IOCb B nepBOM TOMe 3Tor1 Klllffll. no Me·
pe JJ.Bll>KCHHR BHH3 no ll0.1HHe noroK nee 6onee 11 6onee 06orawaetc11
TnepJJ.blM M&Tep11aJ10M, B eBl!3H e 11eM ero no.11.s11>KHOCTb nocrenemro
yMeH&waereR II, H8KOHeU, OH MOll<eT COBCeM OCT8HOBHTbCll. OT.'18ran
3,lleeb BCIO npHHeeel!H)'IO K8Me11Hyl0 Macey H 38KJOOpHB3SI elO .llOJIH·
11y. 3To MO>KCT npo11301lrn ewe s rop11ol\ qaerH. Ho HHOrlla nOTOK
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.11.aneKO npoHHK8R B paBHHHHYIO nyeTbtHIO. 3.11.ecb OH B KOHUe KOHUOB
uceRKaer, rnasttb!M o6paaoM 6naro.11.ap11 npoca1111eaH1110 BO.II.bl B PblX·
.1blll rpyHr. Ha nJioeKorr paBHHHe .11s11>KeHHe speMeHHoro no1'oKa MO·
>KCT npORCXO,llHTb no 11erny60KOMy, HO l!eHo Bblpa)l(eHHOMY ra.1e'IHH·
KOBOMy pycny, 11acro BeTBl!WeMye11 11 noerenettHO er.1a>K11sa10weMyC!l
no Mepe yJJ.8neH1111 or rop. TaKol\ xapaKTep Hoc11r pye.na cenesb!x no·
TOKOB no oKpaHHaM Cl>epraHCKOA Jienpeec~rn s Cpe.11.11eA A31rn.
B .11.pyrnx apHJJ.Hb!x 06.iaeTnx 3<j>eMepHble noTOKH, s1>1xo.11.R H3 rop
118 paBHHHy, He eoxpaHl!IOT .11111eA11oro xapaKTepa, HO WllpOKO p83JIH·
B8IOTeR B Dlllle TOHKOro n.'!3CTOBOro llOTOK3 (Schichtrlul, sheet flood).
npoH3BOJJ.Rmero pasttoMepHblll n.1owa.11.11oil eMblB (FlaehenspUlung, no
tteMeUKHM asTopaM). TaKHM nnaeTOBblM noroKaM pl!JIOM anTopon npn·
DY.eb1B8CTCll 60.'lbW811 po.% npH o6p330B3H!IH T3K H83blB3CMblX npe.11.·
ropttblX CK8.'!HCTblX paBHl!H, !l.'111 ne.rtHMeHTOB.
Dp ll'IHHbl, B en.ny KOTOpb!X s(j>eMepHblil noToK s 0.11.HHX cnyqaRx
MO>KeT coxpaHHTb 118 paBHHHe JIHHCHllblH xapaKTep H n Meer OTlfeT•
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pyq&en Ha cyxoM iore ApMAHCxoA CCP (a 6nccerrne p. Apna•aA) .
31
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'ITO HeKOTOpble cyxHe pyCJta paBHHHHOH nyCTblHH, HanpHMep sa1111
Caxapbl, JJ11s11l'lcKoA nyCTblHH, npe11craa.111101 HecoapeMeHHble 06pa30-
samu1, XOTll no HHM 11 npo6eraio1 ceflqac H3pe11Ka ce.1esble noroKH.
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(n.110n11a.1bHOro) nep110Aa H HeCJJH HeKorna, eC.1H He nOCTOllHHblil, TO
BO .BCllKOM c.1yqae TeKw11i\ XOTll 6bl qacTb ro.11a BOJlOTOK c 60JJee cno-
KOHHblM pe>KHMOM, KOTOpblA H npoH3BOJlllll 3p03HIO. Coepe:.teHHble .1HB-
HeBble noTOKH n0.1b3)'IOTCll y>Ke roroBOA .1HHHell CTOKa II pa3pa6aTbl·
sa!OT ee 11a.1ee. B npyrnx c.1y'lallx, B crpanax cet1rnapwtHoro K.1HMara,
3TH pyc.1a B llOlKJlilHBblA nepH0.11 MOryT II ceflqac HMeTb 3POAHPYIOlllHH
BO.lOTOK, KOTOpbll\ B cyxoe apeMll ro.a.a HC'le3aeT, OCTaBJIS!S! cyxoe
pyc.10.
0 Jepa ap HAHblx 06nac1eA. Q3epa apHAHblx 06.1acreil npe11c1aM11-
101 PS!.11 caoeo6p33HblX oco6eHHOCTeA, OT.1H'13IOUlHX HX OT 03ep 8.1alK-
HOTO KJIHM3T3. n pe)f(Jle scero, see OHH S!BlllllOTCll 6eCCTO'IHblMH, TaK
KaK npn llHTCHCHBHOM 11cnapeHHH c nosepxHOCTH npnHOCHMblX B HHX
BOA 6blB3CT HellOCTaTO'IHO, 'IT06bl nan0.1HHTb 03epHylO saHHY AO Kpa-
CB. nHTaHHC 03epa MOlKeT npOHCXOJlHTb Ho1H Hepery1111pHO .1HBHe8bl·
Mil BO.!laMH 9<j>eMepHb1X pe<reK, HJIH lKC oaepo MO>KeT npe11CTaBJlllTb
KOHUCBOA pa3JIHB OOCTOSIHHOH 3K30TH'ICCKoA peKH H.111 Pll.!13 TaKHX
peK (ApanbCKoe Mope, Jlo6Hop H .a.p.). HaKOHeu, eoot1toxrno raK>Ke
nHTaHHC rpyHTOBblMH BO.!l3MH, BblCTynalOlUHMH Ha nonepxHOCTb Ha
JlHHlUe nyCTblH HOH .a.enpeCCHH HJIH BblXO.!lRlllHM11 B BH}le POllHHKOB Ha
ee CK.10Hax 11 CTeKalOWHMH B HaH6onee noHHlKCHHYIO qacTb KOTJIOBH-
Hbl. TaK npo11cxo11HT n111aH11e coneHoro 03epa, coxpaHSIIOUlerocsi ewe
Ha JlHe CapblKaMbIWCKOA KOTJIOBllHbl Cpe.a.t1ei! Aa1111 1, npeCHOBO.!lHblX
03ep e cyxoM pycne Ya6oR 11 .a.pyrnx.
TaKHM o6pa30M, no HCTO'IHl!KaM nttrat111si e apH.'lHblx o6JJacrnx
MO)l(HO pa3.1HQaTb TpH 11108 03ep: 1) ll 0 lK Jl e Bbl e 0 3 e pa (Regen-
seen, ram lakes); 2) ycrbeBble 03epa (Endseen) H 3) po.1111H-
K on bl e o 3 e p a (Sprmg lakes, Quellseen). Cio.a.a MO>KHO, no>Ka,1yil,
DpH6aBHTb eUle O!lHH THn, BCTpeqaiow111lcsi Q3CTO B npH6pe>KHblX nyc-
TblHS!X - oaepa, npe.11crae.111iowue or.ae.1Hewyioc11 cn.1owHoii nec•iaHoi!
11nH ra.1e'IH01l nepecblnbio MopcKyio 6yxry HJ111 aa.111e (oaepo Kyym1
11a KpacHoeo.11cKOM nOJ1yoc1poee Kacn1111, ooepo Ha aana.11HOM 6epery
MaHrblW.13K3 K 330ll.ily OT 6CCCTO'IHOH Bn8.J1HHbl Kaparne2). n o.1HOe
3a.'dblK3Hlle 6yXTbl KOCoft 6blB3eT B03MOlKHO B rn.1y Toro, 'ITO co CTO-
POHbl nyCTblHll B Hee He ena.11aer HHK8K3R peKa. CTOK BOJl KOropoii Mor
6bl nOJllleplKHBaTb OTKpb!Tblii npOXOJl B Mope. nHT3HHe TaKOTO 03epa
1
no UHHblll. C006utCHHblW 38TOJIY H311CCTllblW HCC.1C.'l083TC.1CX CJll?JlHCa3H3T·
CkHX nytTWHb C. 10. fcJL1cpow. a CapwKawwwcKoA anaJtHHe a HacTOllutee apcx11
pacnOllOlKtRO .!1080/lbHO 6o.ibWOe 03CJIO, o6paJOB38Wl!eCR 8 ROC.1CJlBHC .llecllTH.1eTHR
Ja C'IC'T c6poca 80.11 no .llapbl!.1bJkCkOWy H 03CPHOMy KO.tneKtopaw. 061>c:.c 80.llHOA
wae<:~ ooepa COCTHllReT npu6rtH3HTtllbHO 25 kl<' (.11aHHblt Ha OCeHb 1971 r.).
3To ROCllCltHCe ooepo san0.1HCHO 8 OCHOBHOM kJIHCTa.111axH COlleif (YCTl!Oe
::oo6uteRHC C. 10. fCJ1.1CJl3).
32
(:iaryHbl), 11acro Bblnmyroro y3KOA no.1ocoi1 B.lMb 6epera, npo11cxo-
J111T nyTeM npocallHB8HHR MOpCKOH BO.llbl qepe3 pblXJJYIO Macey nepe·
CblOll, a BO npeMll c11.1bHblX WTOpMOB 80.ijHbl MOTYT HHOr,ila nepeKa-
TblB3TbCR B 03epo II qepe3 y11aCTKll nepeCblOll. Bo;ibl T3KllX OJep·JJaryH
S!D.111IOTCll co.1eHbltllH, a npn ycH.1eHHOM JleTHeM 11cnapeHHH 03epo MO·
>Ker .il3>Ke nepecblxaTb 11 npeepalllae1c11 e co.10HttaK.
Becc1011HOCTb olep ap11.1111blx 06.1acreA HMeer c.1e.:tcreneM p114 APY·
rnx oco6eHHOCTeii. KaKoro 6bl npo11cxo>K.:re111111 BO.lb! HH nocryna.111 e
ooepHyio sna.aHHy, OHi! ecer.aa npHHo<:!!T c co6oi1 e pacrsope xor11 6bl
MllHllM3.1bHOC K0.111QCCTBO co.1eii, Bb1We.1o'leHHblX H3 ropHblX nopon..
nocrn111rnoe HcnapeH11e BOilbl c noeepxHoCTH ooepa sene-r Ko ace 60.1b·
well H 60J1bWei1 KOHUeHTpau1111 co.1eA B HeM. Bee 03epa apn;tHblX 06-
.1acreA RB.1lllOTCll T3KHM o6pa30M B 60.1bWeii H.1H MeHbWei1 creneHll
OC0•10HCHHblMH, a D HeKOTOpblX 113 HHX KOHUeHTP3UHS! .aocrnrna yJKe
COCTOS!llllll H3Cb11UeHHll. TaKll(' caMOC3LlOllHble 03epa 01.1ara10T 113 CBO·
eM Alie B onpe.11eneHHOe epeMll TOD.a c.1oli 113 KPHCTaJl.108 TOli 11.111
1111oit co.1H. Ca.11Ka co.1eii 06bl11Ho npor1cxoilHT e Ha116o.1ee ;t<aDKoe 11
cyxoe epeMll rona, Kor.11a H3H60JJee cH.1bHO HCnapeHHe 11 Hau6onee
c.1a6 npHTOK nollbl e ooepo. Bnpo'leM, 11Hor.a.a Bblna.aeHHe con11 npo·
Jli:XOAllT OCCHblO, B nep110.a CH.1bHOro noH11>KeHHll TeMneparypbl BOP.bl,
KaK 3To Ha6nio.11aJJOCb, Hanp11Mep, e Kapa-Bora3-ro.1e, npe.a.craan1110·
UleM no cywecrey 6eccro'IHOe 03epo. noc.1en1111ii cny11ai1 B03MOlKeH
JlllWb B cyXl!x o6nacTRx yt11epeHHOii 30Hbl c npHCYlUHMH HM 60.llbWll·
Mii Ce30HllblMH KOllTP8CT3MH Te~rneparyp II np11TOM JlllWb .a..111 co.~eit.
()TJIHttalOUlHXCR BCCbMa HeOJlHH3KOBOil paCTBOpHMOCTblO n ren.1011 II
XOJIO!lHOA BO.Ile (11anpHMep, Na2S04) 1.
no crene11H t1t11HepaJ1113au1111 11 no cocraey coneii 03epa cyxHX 06·
Jtacrel1 Moryr npe.11crae11stTb 6onbwoe pa3noo6pa311e. Ha1160-11ee pac-
npocrpaHeHHblMll con11M11 stBJJRIOTCst NaCl , MgCb, Na2S04, Na2C03,
Caso,, MgSO. II .11p. no npeo611ana10UlHM C0.111M MOlKHO p33.ijJi\18Tb
ooepa x.1op11crble, cynb<j>aTHble, co.11oeble H llP· Hep;.11Ko oaepa, CHJlb·
110 paa.111\lalOu.tHeCR no XHMHlleCKOMY cocraey co.1e11, pacnoJ1araio1c11
B 6.1113KOM COCeLlCTBC .a.pyr C .apyroM. np11<1HHbl T3KOA .11H<!><l>epeHUl!3·
UHH ell.le He enOllHe llCHbl, XOTS! Llllll ee 060S!CHCHIIR H Bbl.11BHr3JlllCb
pa3.111'1Hble rnnore3bl: MHKpo6Ho.1orn11ecK11e npoueccbl, cop111pyiou.ta11
po.% eerpa np11 BblC1>1xaH1111 03ep, pa3.1H'IHblii cocras co.iel'! B nocrae-
.11110WHX nx ropHblX noponax H npO'lee.
By.11yqtt .111weHbl pery.1Hpyiou.tero nmlRHllS! croKa, 03epa apn.llHblX
()6.iacrell .1erKo no.11aepraiorc11 H3MeHeHHS!M ceoero npHxoito-pac.xo~­
Horo BOllHOTO 6a.13HC3 no.a 8;1HRHHeM Mereopo.10rntteCKllX YC.1081111.
310 HaXOJlllT ce6e Bblpa>KeHHe B 3Ha'IHTC.1bHblX KOJte6aHHllX ypOBHll
nx KaK no speMeHaM ro.a.a, raK H or o.a11oro ro.a.a K npyroMy. B roll.bl,
6e.a.nble OC8LlK8Mll, He60.1bWHe 03epa Moryr coeepweHHO Bb1CblX3Tb,
OCT3B.1S!R Ha CBOeM Mecre DOKpb!TblH co.111Hoii KOpKol'I COi10H'l3K HJIH
1 B n oc.1c;\Hce apcx11 ca.11Ka i.1Hpa611.1Mta a Kapa-Bora3.fo.ie cec11e11a llO >rn·
KKM>\13, 8 TeqCKKe noqTH ocero ro.!13 npOKCXO.'ll!T calU<a noeapCKR09 C0.1H.
2 06111u rcowop¢>o•or••· T. 3
33

npOCTO c.:.~ofl CMH. MHorne 03epa B006we .RMRIOTCR nepl!O.lll'lecKHMlt
11.111 ,D,a>Ke 3<j>eMepHb1Mll, o6pa3yRCb JlllWb noc.1e peJIKHX .1HBHe8blX
.'tOlKJiefl H 6b!CTPO 33TCM Cll083 Bb1CblX3R, HHOrJia 113 MHOro ,1eT. Ta·
KOBbl ~rnor0<rnc.1e11111>1e ccyirne o3epa> {dry lakes) AecTpanHH o3ep-
KH n.1181! 6o.%woro Baccel'ma Cceepnoit AMepHKH, Me11KosoJI11~1e o3e·
pa, noKpwsaiowHe s nep1104 neceHHMX .D.O>KJieit o ropax n.10CK11e nna·
lll1Hbl T3Kb1pon s np11Ko11eT4arcKof.\ no.noce KapaKyMoB. B Ko11ue as·
rycTa 1965 r. 11a 10>K11oii nep11cpep1111 Caxapbl n 50 KM K CB oT Hapbl
s Pe3YllbTaTe c:.nb11eiiw11x Mecrn1>1x ,1HsHeil o6pa3onanocb 03epo n.10·
waJiblO 164 KM • CneuHa.1bHO o6pa3oBaHH3R Jl-lR 06c.1enoeaHH11 :noro
HOBORB.leHHOro 03epa KOMHCCHR Otseprna see npeMO>KeHHble runo-
Te3bl, nblT38WHeCA 06'bl1CHllTb o6pa30B3HKe :noro 03epa, H ycTaHODH·
.ia, 'ITO ypoBeHb ero y>Ke H3'13.1 nOHHlK3TbCR II 'ITO OHO B 11eJ1a,1eKo:.t
6yJiyWeM .110.llKHO HC'le3HYTb ([89], CTp. 359-372).
TaKHe 3n113om111ecKH 06pa3yiowHec11 e KaKOll·.nH6o ap11)lHor1 ('la·
WC ocero 8 ceMHBPH.llHOil) MCCTHOCTH 03epa MoryT BCRKHff pa3 Cll.lbHO
01Jlllll8TbCR OT CBOllX npcJIWeCTBCHHHKOB pa3MCp3Mll, O'lepT31111RMll II
JIBX<e MCCTOno,1o>KeHHcM. 06'bRCHReTCR 3TO KaK Y3KOMeCTHblM xapaK·
TepoM JlllBHeBblX JIOn<Jieit, T8K fl Te~lll 113MeHeHJll1MH MHKPO· ii MC30·
pe.1becpa, K~Top1>1e Mor.1~ npo113oiirn 38 npe.aweCTB} IOWHil, nHor.aa
MHoro.1eTHHll 6e3.ll0lK.llHblll nep110.a 8 pe3y.lbT3Te 9<MOBOii Jiecp.111ui111,
11aeeBaHHSI nOD,BH>KllblX necKOB, BblllBH>KeHHll co CTOpOHbl 0Kp311H KO-
HYCOB BblHOCa II T. .a. 06bl'lllO T3KHe 3cpeMepHble 03epa 11e HOCRT y
MeCT11oro 11ace.iie1111R 1111KaKoro onpeJie.i1e1111oro 113308111111.
Kpyn11blc ycTbes1>1e oaepa, n111aeMble MOl11ttb!Mn 3K3orn'lecK11Mn pe·
K3MH, OTJlll'l3!0TCll, p33yMeeTCR, 66nbWllM nOCTOSlllCTBOM. 0,'lH3KO It
113 HX ypon11c MoryT CHJlbllO OTp3)1(3TbCll MHOro11eT1111e nepHOJlll'leCKlle
KOJIC6aHIU! KJ111M3T3, no.ao611ble, HanpHM ep, 35·.neTHllM nepllO.'l3M
6p10K11cpa • .Lla>Ke y TaKoro orpo~rnoro 03epa, KaK Apa.%cKoe, c n.10·
W3.llbl0 BOD.OC6op11oro 6acceiiHa B 1139 TblC. KM 2 KMe63HHll YPODHn
MOryT JlOCTHr3Tb HeCK0.1bKHX Merpos, K3K nOK333.111 llCC.1el10B3HH!I
JT. C. 6epr3 [9] n noc.1e.ayiow.11e 11a6.110.neHH11.
0 pH O'leUb n.10CKOH cpopMe MHOrHX ll}"CTblllllblX B3HH 11 HH3KllX ()e..
perax 33HHM3!0WHX llX 03ep KO.ne6aHHR ypoBHSI noc.nen1111x MoryT
CHJlbHO OTP3lK3TbCR Ha BCJIHQHHe HX n.1 owaD.H H 113 011epT8HIU1X llX
6eperoeb1x llllHHii. T3K, 03epo 63nxaw np11 BbI COKOM CTORHHll \"POBHR
HMe.no, no .na1111b1M M. Kap6acHHKOBa, nnoW3llb 22 789 KM2, np11 11113·
KOM )l(e YP OBHe B 1929 r. 3T3 llJIOW3.llb HC'IHCJ111J13Cb acero B
17 659,6 KM2.
Bo MHOrHX c.1yqa11x CHJ!blloe yMe11bWe1111e n.10W3D.H ooep H.111 D.3-
lfCe nonHoe HX }"CblX3HHe MO>KeT 6b1Tb 06yc.1oe.1c110 6ny)l(Jl3HHeM nH·
Ta10w11x HX peK. Orpo~111oe C3pb1K3l>lblWCKoe 03epo TypaHcKoi1 HH3·
MeHHOCTH, nHT3BWeec11 8 'leTBepTH\fHOe epeMll HeKOTOpblMH .llC.1bTOBbl·
)Ill pyKaoa MH AM y.nap&H 11 ,n8Baewee croK no pyc.ny Ya6oR a Kacm1A,
conepweHHO DblCOX.110 noc.ne Toro, K3K AMy.napbR OTK.ij0HHJI3Cb. Be·
POllTllO 6.naro.napR OTJlO>l<eHHIO l!aHOCOB, K ceacpy ll CT3Jl3 113J111D3T"
ace ceoH no,nbI no ena.aHny coop eMe11 11oro Apana.
34
.rlt06onblTHblA np11~1ep nepeMewaioweroe11 nycT1>11111oro 03epa npe.ll·
c Tas.1Rer Ko11uesoA pa3.1HB p. T 3p11M - 03epo .rlo6ttop o Tap11McK011
KOT.~os1rne. ConocTas11e11H11 KHtaACKHX HCTO'lHHKOB c Ha6.110.lCHHRMH
H . .\\. np)l(eea.1bcKoro, M. B. n eauoea H co cBOHMH co6croeKHblMH
np1me.m WBCJICKoro nyTewecTBeHHHK8 Cse11a re.nHH3 K DblBOll}', 'ITO
03epo nepHOD.H'leCKH nepeMewaeTCR TO c cesep3 11a t0r, TO o6paTHO
BMecre c 6Jiy)l(D.8HHeM HH>KHero TC'ICHHR TapHM3 H ero npHTOKOB
Ko11'1a.1:tapb11 11 1.Jep11en.aapb11. Be.n11'IHHa nepeMewenun .aocT11raer 60·
.1ee rpa.1:tyca no WHpOTe, T. e. 60.nee 111 KM. npH 3TOM ooepo CT3·
HOBllTCSI BblTRK)lblM TO B WHPOTHOM 11anpao11e1111u, K3K 3TO 6bl.10 npu
noceweHHll 03epa H. M. np)l(eB3JlbCKHM B 1876 r., TO B MepHJt110H8.1b·
HOM (B 1896 r.). npn'IHHOH 6ny>Kl13Hll(I SIMReTCR no aceA sepOSITHO·
CTI! 6blCTpoe 3ano.111eHHe n.lOCKHX H Me.1KHX 03epnb1X Bll31111H np11110·
CllMblM peK3MH 11.10M II H8llBHra1111e c BOCTOKa necqaHblX D.!011 (Cse11
re.nun [131, 132]). B1>1coxwee 03epo no3.llHee Mo>KeT oceo60.a11TbCll OT
cnoero a.1nt0sna11bHOro 3anonHe111rn n pe3YJtbTate nec<ia110-oerponoi\
KOppa3HH, C03.l18!0Wel't H3 rJlllHl!CTblX nooepXHOCTllX 11p.naHrll, II .ne·
¢.111u1111.
Cnoeo6pa311oe RMeHHC npe.ncTaBJlll!OT c T pa H c TB y IO Ul II e n 3·
B 0 ll K 0 Bbl e 0 3 e p a CeMH3pHllHblX o6MCTeil. Ec.1H B ropax T3KOH
o6.13CTH npoAD.YT B Te'leHHe HCCK0.1bKHX .n11efl CH.1bHble D,OlKJlH, TO
orpOMHble M3CCbl BOllbl HH3Bepr3!0TCll no ywe.1bRM 113 np11.1era10W.}"IO
p3BHHRy. 3aecb, me CKOpOCTb Te'leHHR cpa3y Cll.lbHO yMeKbW3eTCR,
BO.Ila, He YMCW3RCb B pyc.ne, WHPOKO pacnpocrpaHReTCR no OKpy>KatO·
u1el1 pOBHOH MeCTHOCTH, 06pa3yR 03epHb1fi pa311HB. 0D.H3KO 0611J1bHOe
n11Ta1111e 3TOro 03epa 6blCTPO CMe1rneTCR cna6b1M HOpM3JlbllblM H.111
.na>Ke MO>KeT conceM npeKparnTbCR. Tor.na 0Topnaeweec11 OT cooe~ 06·
Ji acrn nHT3HHR s ropax naBOD.Koooe 03epo 11a'l11Haer crpaHCTDOB3Tb
caMOCTOllTe.1bllO, nepeMeW311Cb cp38HllTeJlbHO Me.niteHHO (oco6e11110
CC•lH nepeMeWeHHIO npemncTB)'eT p3CTJITeJtbHblii noKpOB) no 11anpaB·
.1eH1110 K csoeii Km1uesoii 6eccro<tHOii snaJintte. Ec.iH .no noc.1e.l11eli
pa<:cTOSIHHe .llOCT3TO'IHO BC.1HKO, 03epo MO)l(eT II He .D.OCTHfH}"Tb 9TOfO
11a1160.1ee HH3KOro MecTa, nocrene11110 11cnapHBWHCb Ha paBHHlle.
TaKHe «cTpa11cTsyiowne• o3epa on11c1>1na.1Hcb a pa3Hb1X 11acr11x
caeTa. 3. naccapre OTMe11a.1 11x 06pa3oaaH11e s 6acccA11e p. 0K3B3H·
ro s IOx<11oil Acpp11Ke ({157], ctp. 490). K3HTep [139] on11ca.1 3TO 11n.1e·
Hne n 6acceA11e P110-Ca.~a.ao a Apre1n1111e, 3 co c.noo .a.·pa 6a3e4osa,
yKa3blnaer ero T3K>Ke .anR npnroKoe nepno111111ecKoro 03epa 3i'tp a
AncTp8.11111.
C11.1bH1>1e Ko.1e6aHHR ypoBHR n n.1owa.n11 03ep cyxHx 0611acTei1 OT·
pa>KaJOTCR H3 Mopcpo.1orn11 HX no6epe>KHii. Ha MHOrHX 113 HllX COii.le·
T(',lRMH npe>KHero. 60.1ee BblCOKoro CTOSIHHR ypoBHR l!B.~SllOTCll ooep·
!Ible Teppacbl, npeKpaCHble npHMepbl KOTOpblX MO>KHO Bll.11CTb Ha 6e·
perax cceepo·aMepHKaRcKnx o3ep 601111en11.1b H JlaroHT3H. ,UpyrnMH
c.1e.aaM11 npe>KHHX 6eperoBblX .111Hlltt K3 Hll3MCHHblX, n.noCKllX 6eperax
'l3CTO 110.111t0TCR .npee1111e 6eperoable eanbl 113 necKa H r3.1bKH, Ha6po·
ea 11 Hble neKorna npu6oeM 11 MHOrJia .na.~eKo 0Tcro11wne OT coopcMeH ·
11oil 6eperoooi't itHHHH. TaK11e 6eperonble ea111>1 113aecTHbl 11a 6eperax
35
 61>1swero Capb1K3MblWCKOro 03epa Typa11cKoll 11113Me1111ocT1t
(A. C. Kecb), no 6eperaM ooepa Eanxaw [59]. Eeperoeble eanbl <rac-
TO OTMe<ralOT rpa1111u1>1 <rerecpr11<r111>1x Tpa11crpecc11i\ Kacn11n 11a ero
BOCTO'IHblX 6eperax.
n oAJeMHble BO.!!bl ap11AHblX 11 ce~rnapHAHblx o6nacreii. B 61Moe
epe~rn. Kor.na ewe He 6blJIO 8BTOM0611JlbllOro II B03.11YWHoro rpaHC·
nopra, CKOJ!bKO-Hll6y.nb npO.!lOJl>KHTeJlbHOe npe6blB811He <re.~oneKa B
nycTb11111x 11.ni-1 11ax<e npocToe nepece<re1111e 06wt1pllb1X nycTblHllblX npo-
CTpa11cTB 61>1.10 6bl HeB03MO>KHO, ec.~11 6bl B nyCTblllllX He BCTpeqa.111Cb
MCCT3MH 3anacbl ro.nHblX 11.1n n11Tbll no113eMHblX BOA. rpyHTOBble BO·
Ahl B nycr1>11111x e o6we111 3a.1eraio1 11a 60..1bweA rny61111e. qeM e crpa-
11ax B.18>K11oro K.lHMaTa. TaM, no 11a11111>1M B. H. Ky111111a ([43).
crp. 207), B npeo6Jla.naio1.1.1.ei\ qacT11 KapaKyMoe rny61111a 3epKa.1a
rpyHTOBblx BOA 311a11111e.11b110 npen1>1waer IO M, .nocrnran Me<:TaM11
50- 100-200 M 11 6onee. 0.1111aKo B onpe.ne.11e1111blx yc.1oe11nx pe.1becjla
I{ r eonorn<reCKOro CTpOeHllR OllH np116,111>Ka10TCR K TonorpacjJl!'ICCKOl!t
noeepirnocrn H Moryr 6h1Tb .1erKo .no6b1Tbl ny1e111 aa.1oxce1111n Ko.10.11-
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36
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37
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38
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39
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c r11y60KKMH 3303.!lH113MH, KOllU.eKTPKPYIOlllKMll B ce6ll CTOK, KMCIOTCSI
nee npe.o.nOCb"1KH .!l.llfi CKB03HOro npOM3\IHB3HllSI rpy11ra AO 3epKana
rpy11TOBblX BOA H o6pa30B31!Kll ROA neCK3MH JIHK3 npeCHblX non.
B ceMHapKAHbtX nycTblH!IX CpeJtHeA A3ttH raKoe non0<1HeHHe 3anaco8
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UeHTpHp083HHOTO 8bl03.JleHHR OC3.lK08, a 8 60.1ee ccoepHbtX nyCTbtHSIX
T3Kll<e 8 nepHO.J. T3RHHSI cnero8. TaKHM o6pa30M, OTCYTCTBHe Ha nec-
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)IU!Tb HHJlHKaTopaMH npn nOHCK3X )"laCTK08, B KOTOpblX MO:>KHO OlKH·
JtaTb H3JIH'lllll npeCHbtX JIHH3. TaM, rae 06apxane1111ble necKH 33HHM3·
IOT o6wHpHble npocrpa11CTB8, OTAeJlbllble Jlllll3bt CJll!83IOTCll Me:>KJlY
co6oA, 06pa3y11 npeCHODO.!ll!ble MaCCHBbl 3H3\IHTCJlbllOii npOT!llKeH·
l!OCTH.
TaKHM o6pa30M, OKT31!He npeCHbtX •lHH3, XOTSI 6bt \laCTH'IHOe, 3T·
w occj>epHbt MK oca.aK3MH RB.1l!eTCSI HeCOMHeHHblM. 0.aHaKo, npHHHM3R
no 8HHM3HHe o6mce Ma.1oc K0.1H'leCTBO OC3D.KOD 8 nycTblKSIX H TO. \ITO
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HblX OCllllKOB KC MOlKCT HMCTb cymeCTBeHHOfO 3118\ICHHS! B OHTaKHH
npec 11htx JlllH3. K TaKOMY llbt80AY np11xoanr B. H. KyH1111 .((43],
crp. 207) n orKowe111111 nycTblllb Cpe.attefl A311H • .Uno 11erny60Ko 3a-
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T3 11l!C npeCHbtX ;111H3 3TMOCcj>epKbtMH oca.iKaMH CKMKeH npHHllM3Tb
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T ypral'lcKal! CTOJtonal! crpaHa, 6acceAK p. 3M6bl). r.ie oca.:tKH 8bt03·
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ro3aaeplKaHHIO. 4ro lKC K3C3CTCSI KpynHblX H rny6oKO pacno,10lKCH·
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3H3Tb H3JIH\llle ewe K8KOrO·TO Jl.pyroro II npHTOM BCCbMa 3Ha'IHTeJ'lb·
40
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11311 KOHACHC3Ullll BOJl!tHOTO napa.
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MeCTO B nooepXl!OCTHbtX CJIOllX nec4a11oro OOKposa nyCTblHH B pe3y;1b·
rare HX 1104l!Oro oxna>Kn.eKHSl H3JIY'ICHHCM . KOHACHCaUHK nonoepra·
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erny6b, ocno60>KJl3!1 60.1ee KpynKhte nopbt 8CpXHllX ropH30HTOB nee·
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no 8CCil 811.illl~IOCTH, 3TOT npouecc KOKD.eucaU.HH 8 oepXHHX
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peay.1bT3TOM no.~steTCR 06pa3oea1111e TaK H33htBaeMOf0 «DllCR'ICfOl>
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Her.~y6oKoA KOpHCBOfl CKCTeMOH •
.Upyroii THO nKyrp11rpyHT080A KOHAeHcau.1111 Bb!ADKraeTCSI
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qattbtx npeCHblX .1HK3. 3ro 6yner 11cnapeuue c noaepx11ocTH Kam1n-
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OT 06.itaCTH 6onee nblCOKHX TeMneparyp K o6~acTH 6onee HH3KHX
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1 B OTHOWeHHll xpynHt.1X npec11oao.11.11blx JlHH3 cpeAHe:uHaTCKHX nycTblHb o no-
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naHKR. Tax, 0 •1BC'l'HOCTH, OTHOCHTMbHO xpy1rneAweA no Dl!O!Il8AH H MO!IlHOCTH
.111H3bl ioro·BOCTO•mon TypK!.!eHHH - 5lcxaHcKoA JlKK3bl - c)'!IlecTnyeT MHeHKe no
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41
o6paTHOe noCTyIL1eH1te rpaDllT3UllOllHOft n.1arH, KOTOpa11 II DHT3eT
rpyHTODble BOJl.b l> (KyHllH [43], CTp. 211). TaKllM o6pa30M, 33COJ1eH-
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C'leT npecnble BOAbl noll.neC'l311blX JlllH3. TaKOH B3rJil1.!1 Ha npoHCXO>K·
.11c1111e npeCHblX BOll nec11at1blX nyCTb!Hb 6bl;l HaMC'ICH ell(e B 1936 r.
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npe)lnaraeT H33bl93Tb nO!lCOM II c n a p II Te,, b II 0 ii K 0 Hue II T pa.
u H II • .na.1 ee, CCJIH 6bl rpynTOBhl~ BOJlbl nHT3nHCb 3TMOC<j>epHblMH
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JlblM neCK3M, noKaJa.111, 'ITO 'ICM BbtWe 6apxaHHblC <j>opMbl, TCM 11aUle
no.l llllMll o6pa3ytOTCR npeCllOBOAltble JlllH3bl II H36JllO.laeTCll, C.lC.10·
eaTC;lbllO, nOBblWCHHOe no.1o>KeHHe o6LUero 3epKM3 rpyHTOBblX BO.l
((43), CTp. 208-209).
B nycrbl11nx Cpe11Hci\ J\311H 11 !Oi1rnoro l(a3axcraHa 11MecTc11
MHO>KCCTBO He60.~bWllX noAneC'13HblX npeCllblX JIHH3, KOTOpb1e AaBHO
3Kcnnyar11py10Tc11 MeCTHblM HacC.11e1111eM nyTeM 3a6opa BOAbl 11epe3
3a.1o>KeHHble 9 COOTDeTCTDYIOIUHX Mecrax KOJ!Ollllbl. KpoMe Toro,
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KpaAneA Mepe ceMb KpynHblX no)lnCC'laHblX JIHH3, D Ka>KllOA 113 KOTO·
pblX cocpeAOTO'leKbl COTllH MHJIJIHOHOB KY60MeTpoB xopoweil npecHoii
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3.necb, no 11. K. A6pocHMODY [I], npo11axo.n11r n1160 qacr1111Hoe noA·
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qacTH'lllblM nOAOllTblD31111CM xapaKTepHbl noJ1y3aKpen.1eHHble 6yrpHC·
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eort CHCTeMoli). T aKHe )I((' liyrp11rrue necKH, HO c KOTJIOBHHaMH,
42
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c '13CTlf'IHOil pa3rpyJKOA JlllH3bl. 06naCTb pa3rpy3Kll JIHH3bl '18CTO
xap aKTep113yerc11 x.1opHJJ.HblM COCT3DOM MllHepa.1113au1111. l1Hor.'l3
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11m1 peKy. Hanp11Mcp, DOAbl 3anaJIHOKapaKyMCKoii 51cxaHCKOit JIHHJbl
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r!pecH.b!e ooepa.
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.lHHlllCM, 06pa3oeaHHblM '1pC3Bbl'13AHo n.lOTHOR r.lllllllCTOi\ KOPKOll, B
cyxoM COCTOllllllll T3KOH TBep.a;oit, 'ITO noAKOB3 .1owaAll Ha HCA nO'ITH
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KOPKH 06onc1111ercn TCM. 'ITO D nepHOA DeceHHllX AO>KAeA, KOr)la Ha
noeepxHOCTH TaKblpa o6pasyeTCl1 HHoraa 03epKO r.1y61111olt D 11e-
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llHll II npH,113eT KOpKe ee TBep.lOCTb. B cyxoe npeMR KOpKa T3Kblpa
pa3611Baercn nepn1KaJibHb1Mtt rpew1111aMH , o6pasyiolllHMH cerb 11enpa-
011,1bHO nonttrotta\JlbHblX R'leil.
,UJJn HCnOJibJOBaHHll CTeK3tOUJ,ei\ c noDepXHOCTH TaKblpa DO npeMl!
AO>KJIR BOAbl rypKMeH.bl npoBOART Ha HeM Her,1 y601rne KaHaBKll, co611-
pal0Ullle D ce611 BOllY H OTDOAllUllle cc K Ha1160.nee noHH>KCHllOA '!aCTll
OKpaHHbl T3Kblpa, rAe r,111HHCTblll CJJOA BblKJIHHHBaeTCll H rAe B
nCCK3X yctp311D3CTCl1 nOfJIOlU310WaR !IM3 - «OA>. 3.necb BO,!l;a YXOAHT
rny6oKo o p1>1x.11>1e nec11aH1>1e TOJIUlll, Aocr11raer 3CpKaJia co.1e111>1x
rpyHTOBblX BOJI II 06pa3ye1 113.!l HllM n.1aaat0iuy10 npec11yt0 ••1HH3y.
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110.lCTH.13tOUlell ee COllCHOH DOAbl. 3TOT Tlfn «Ha.111tBHblX> KMO.lUCB
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noJJ.AeplKHB3Tb TaKOH DOAOC6opHb1A Tlll<blp 8 ncnpaoHOM COCTORHHH,
11eo6XOJlllMO CJ!CllHTb, ~T06bl Ha HCM He nORIWIRJiaCb paCTttTCJ!bHOCTb,
KOTopytO HY>KHO cnoespeMeHHO Yl!ll'ITO>K3Tb. ,Ueno B TOM, 'ITO Ol<OJIO
KYCTHKOD pacreHHli Ha noaepXHOCTH TaKblpa Ha'IHHaer HaKann11oarb-
cn necoK, HanenaeMblf! DerpoM, a 06paaoaaaweec11 11aKon.1eH11e car.io
113'1HH3eT 3anep>KHB3Tb HOBble MaCCbl necKa, Ha KOTOPOM O'lellb
61~crpo pa3e11eaercn 11 J.OBOJJbHO 6oraTan paCTttTCJibllOCTb. TaKoA
llOKpblBWHi'!cn c.1oeM necKa 11 paCTHTCJ!bllOCTbtO TaKblp yrpa'IHBaer
tnou BOJJ.oc6op111.re KaqecrDa 11 nepecraer nHT3Tb cq11p.1e> AOlKll.CBblMll
110/taMH.
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43
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ra H 3a11.1111itcKoro Anaray. TaKnM o6pa30M, DblKJ1HllHDa1111e rpyHTO·
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no HHlKHHM 0Kp8HH8M KOHycoo Db1HOC8 B BH.ilC MHOrO'lllCJICHHblX pO.l·
HHKOB. B CpeJtHeii A3HH pOJlHHKH raKoro npo11cxolKl!eHHR HOCllT Ha·
383HHe «Kapacy>, T. e. c11epH3R B0ll8>, B OTJIH•me OT MyYHblX pel!HblX
soa .1CJ1HHKosoro n11ra111111. B HJ111!icKOM rpa6enc BilOJib .1111111111 BblXO·
llOD T3KHX Kapacy pacnOJtaralOTCll CC.llCHHll lly11ra11, KOTOpble HCDOJlb·
syJOT BOAY HCTO'IHHKOD ll.JISl opoweHHR oropOJlOD. 8 .blXOJl DOJl3eMHbl•X
BOA na noeepXHOCTb MOlKCT 6b1Tb Bbl383H T3KlKC nonnopoM rpyHTODO·
ro DOTOJ{3, nOJlHllTHCM 113 ero nyrn 80.llOynopHoA DOCTemt llO)l.OHOCHblX
OTJIOlKCHnA. B HCKOTOpblX CJiyqasrx T3K3ll «TIJIOTHH3> MO>KeT 6blT•b
00)1.JCMHOil It HeBblp3lKCHHOA B pe.1be<1>e.
3P03HOH HblE ~OPMbl B OYCTblHSIX
HecMOTpn Ha M3JIOe K0.111111ecrao H 1111or.na KpaAHe pCJlKOe st.1na.ne·
JtHe 3TMOc<!>epHb1X oca11KOB, 3p03110HHblC <!>opMbl pe.nbe<l>a He OTCYTCT·
sy10T conepweH110 JJ.a>Ke B 11a116onee ap111111blx nycTblHnx. To.1bKO
o6paJyeMaR HMH 3.llCCb CeTb llBJlllCTCR OQCHb pa3pClKCllHOil B YMOBHllX
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rnHHllCTOro rpyHTa B0.!1H03p03HOHHOC paCllJICHetrne MOlKeT JtOCTHrBTb,
Hao6opor, 11eo6bl<1ai\110A rycrorbl. 3po3HOHHble 06pa3oeaHHll a nyc·
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M3CWTa6ax H CTaJlHRX p33BHTHll, H3'1HHall OT 60p03il. r.1y611110A D
HeCKOJlbKO caHTHMeTpOB, BblpblTblX .lOlK.lCDblMH BOJ13Mll Ha r.1HHllCTOi\
DOBCpXHOCTH CpCJlHeaJHaTCKoro TaKblpa, H KOH'l3ll CJIOlKHOft JlOJIHHOA
60/lbWOA Tp3H31!THOA peKH, nepeceK3IOUleit nycTbllllO OT KpaR .!1.0
Kpal!. )J.oJtHHbl T3KHX noCTORllHblX peK nycTblHI! Hll'leM cylUeCTBCllHO
ne OTJIH<i3JOTCSI OT 06bl'lltb1X pe'IHblX )l.O!IHll DJl3lKHblX 06.iacreA; K
TOMy >Ke OHH npeitCTaBJtntOT 3ilCCb peAKOC RDJ!Ctllle, OTHIO.!lb He xapaK·
Tep11oe .!l.Jlll J1aH11wa<1>ra nyCTblHll, a, Hao6opOT, BllOCl!LUee B Hero
44
cosepweHHO 0C06ble <ICJ>Tbl, csoACTBCHKble, CKOpee, 06.iaCTRM Ma>K·
Haro KJIHMaTa (cryra11> - ra.1epeAHble .1eca cpeJ1HeaJ11aTCKHX nyc-
TblHHbl:< peK). Hap1my c 9THM B nyCTblHRX DCTpe11aJOTCR ropaJ.!10 60JJee
xapaKTCpH1>1e )Ulll HHX c y x II e A 0 JI H H bl 3<jleMepKblX HJIH JnH30)1.H·
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CHJlbHblX .1111011nx. B Ceeep110A A<!>p11Ke T3KHe cyx1te JJ.OJIHHbl H33ibl·
saJOT ea A 11 1, e nycTbrnnx CpeA11eA A 3Hll - y 3 6 o l! M H, o Ceeep110A
AMep11Ke - a p o A o c, B AecrpM1t1t - K p 11 K a M 11. 0HH csoilcreeHHbl
KaK ropHblM nycTiblHllM, TaK 11 paeHHHHblM. B ropHblX nycToblHlllX, rAe
penbe<I> 6.iaronpHllTCTByer KOHilCHCa UHH, ocaAKH o6bl'lHO BbtnanaJOT
B 60.lbWe~I KOJIH'ICCTBe, <ICM B paBHHHHOil nyCTblHC, B CH.1Y qero 3.lCCb
rocnO!l.CTByeT o6bl'lHO CCMHap11JlHblfl pC>KHM. npu c-1a60A JaUlHUlCH ·
HOCTH noeepXHOCTH rpyHTa pacT11TeJtbllOCTblO H npH rocn0.!1.CTBe Kpy-
TbtX CKJIOHOD OC3i1KH, XOTll 6bl Kp3TKOBpCMCHHblC, Bbtn3Jl.3IOT 06bl'lHO
a T3KOM KOJlll'ICCTBC, '!TO MoryT npOHJDOilHTb 3Hepnt<!Hbtil pa3MblB.
r opH3ll nyC'l'.blHR D CHJtY sroro flO<ITH ecer)l.a npe)l.CT3DJtlleT CllJlbHO
pac<1neHCHHYJO rycrof1 cerbJO BeTDRUl1txcn KpyrocreHHbl X ylllcJIHii
crpaHy, B KpaAHeM CBOCM p83BHT!llt SlBJIRIOlllYIOCR D llHJl.C Jl3JJJ1W8<!>Ta
c.11ypHblX aeMenb> (bad lands). XapaKrepHblc KapTllHH aanuHoro
Koner11ara, Ma.noro H Bo.1bworo 5anxa11a, necTpoueerHblX rpl!Jl
JO>KHoro T a.i>KHKHCTaua, ay.1KaHoreH11blx 01.1o>KeHHA JIOJtHHbl peK11
Apna11an e JOl!CHOA ApMeHHH MOr;'T c.iyll<HTb TOMY TllDJl'lHblMH np11·
MepaltH.
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Jl3CTJI B WllpHHy, He YTP3'1HBaR npH 3TOM KPYTl!3Hbl CDOllX CKJIOHOB.
3To npo1tCXO)l.HT B pe3y,1bTaTe 3HeprH'lHOro CTCllHOro BblDeTpHBaHJrn
(Wandverwitterung), 6naro.napn KOTopoMy creHbt nocrene11Ho OTcry·
naJOT, npH'ICM OTCTynaHHe npOHCXO.ilHT paBHOMCpHO AO caMoro JIH8
ymeJibR, TaK KaK we6eHb, HaKan.~11BaJOUlHilCll y HX TIO.!lHO>KHll 0 BHJlC
OCblneA, He .lOJtro 3alllHIU8eT HX HHlKHHe qacTll OT BbtlleTpHBaHHll.
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nOTOKOM, YllOCHT 3TH npO.!l}'KTbl BblBCTpHB3HHll npO'lb, KOppa.iupyll
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~C.lbSl .
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-cre11Horo Bbleerp11oa111111 H pocra ylllenHA B wt1p1t11y e npouecce o6pa·
.30B3HllSI T3K H33blOaeMblX OCTpOBHblX rop 6y.11er OCDCIUCH DO.llpo6Hee
B OJI.HOM HJ C.~CJlYIOlllHX paJ..lCJIOD 3TOil rnaBbl.
CeJJeBblA noTOK, ycTpe~rnRJOUlHAcn no ywe.ijbJO rop11of1 nyCTblHH
llO epeMR nHBHR, no Mepe cooero npOJlBHlKCHHR 811113 no )l.O.lHHC ace
6o.1bWe o6orawaeTCR TBCpJlblM o6.10MO'lHblM M3TCp113JIOM, npeepa-
Ulal!Cb B KOKUC KOKUOB B rycryJO Kaweo6pa3HYJO Macey II YTP3'lHB3ll
cnoco6HocTb K ABJtbHeiiweMy ABHJKeHHJO. TaM, me sTa Macca OTK.1a·
llblB3eTCR, OHa JaKynopHBaeT AOJIHHY H MOlKCT C03)1.3Tb B ee npOllOJlb·
llOM npo<!>HJIC o6paTHbll'I YKJIOH. 3To HCPCJlKOe OTCyYCTBHe y
1 cBaJtK> - MHO)t(ecTBeHROe qKCnO. CAHHC~RPHHoe - cySIU.
45
 cyxnx llOJIHH apHAHblX 06.1acreii OllH006pa3Horo yKJIOHa npe.J.CTaB-
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CKHX nap3JlOKCOB>, 0 KOTOpblX rosopH.11 HoraHHeC BaJlbTep.
noA06HO ropHblM M3CCHB3M apHAllblX o6naCTeli CHJ!bHO pacq.1e-
HeHbl 3.0.CCb MHOro•rnc.1eHllblMH, HH0f)13 Be'!'BllWHMHCll ywenblDIH It
KPYTO o6pb1B310WHeC11 Kpa11 nyCTblHHblX CTMOBblX m11aTo raMa.l Ce-
nepHoA Alj>pHKH. IOlKHblft 06p1>1a 3ay11ryJcKoro nnaTO K HHJMeHHblM
KapaKyMaM rycTo H3peJaH napanne.nbHblMH MepHJlHOH3.%HNMH .10lK·
fotll3MH Ha YJKHe, nJIOCKOBep:<He «~blpOBble CK3MeHKH:O, o6pa3yl0Wlle
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~rnoraa coeAHHHTbCll CDOHMH paCTYWHM H H333A OTBeTBJleHllllMH, OT•
PC3311 OT Kpa11 OJ13TO OTAeJtbllble JIOCKYTbl 3p03HOHllblX OCT311UOB.
TaKHe «rOpbl·CBHACTe.irn:o qacro pacno.1ara10rc11 rpynnai.111 n cpe.o.
pa3pywa10WllMCll II OTCtynalOIUHM non; n;eilCTDHCM 3p03HH H .a.eHy.!la-
UHll KpaeM 0Jl3TO.
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Hbl, H!olell HeBhlCOKHe, HO Kpytble 6opTa • .Un1111a HX MOlKeT JlOCTHratb
MHOrHX JleCllTKOB II A3lKe HCCKOJlbKHX COTeH KHJ!OMeTpOB. B HCKOTO·
pbix cnyqa11x raK11e cyXHe Ao.111111>1 npcacra11.11110r crapble, OTMepw11e
pyKasa nocro1111llblx peK. TaKHe CTapble pyKasa 11a6n10Aa10Tc11 B.
o6JtaCTH Kb13b1JlKYMOB e HlllKHCM TC'leHHH C1>1paa pb11. B npeAe.1ax
.a.penHeft CapblK3MblWCKoft .!leJtbThl AMy.a.apbH npocnelKHB3IOTCll "!3C-
TH'lllO 33Cbln311Hble neCK3MH crapble pycna peKH, "lCpC3 KOTOpble OHa
H3'JIHBa.1a HCK0fll3 CBOH DO.!lbl B npeCllOBOllHOe CapblK3MblWCKOe 03e-
po, n03.l\Hee oblcoxwee . HecKOJtbKO oco6b!A cnyqal\ npeA cTaMner
cyxa11 AMllHa YJ6011, nepeceKa10ma11 3ana.a.11y10 qacrb KapaKyMon .
Ya6oA npellCT38'111Jt HCKOr.!la CTOK s Kacn11A BOil npec11oaoA11oro.
osepa, 3anonH11Bwero CapblKaMblWCKYIO nna.!llllly 11 n11rasweroc11
so.a.aM11 A:11y.n.apb11. CapblK3MblWCKOe 03epo DblCOXJIO sc.1e1CTBHe Toro.
'ITO AMyAapbll nosep11yna Ha cesep H CT3Jl3 H3JlllB3Tb CBOH BO.Ubl s.
ApaJlbC~IO KOTJlOBHHy. BMecre c Bb1CblX3HHCM 03epa BblCOX.13 H peKa
YJ6oA • .[l01111Ha Ya6011 llloleeT cepmo xopowo pa3Bl!Tblx Teppac, o6pa-
30B3HHe KOTOPhlX CBll33HO c 4eTBeptH'lllblMH KOlle6aHHllMH ypOBHll
K acn1111. Ha peKe Y36oli HMCJIHCb BOAonaAbl, np11qew 11113sepra10wa11-
C11 c ycrynoB B0.113 Bbl.l0..16HJl3 y nOAHOlKHll ycTynos rny6oKHe KOT·
llOBHHbl, 33HllTblC celi43C COJlllHhlMH C3MOC3/l04Hb1MH 03ep3MH
(Kecb (35)).
3H3'111TCJlbHO 6onee WHpOKllM pacnpocrpaHeHHCM BO MHOfHX paB·
HHHH blX nycTblHllX nMb3ylOTCll cyx11e JlOJIHHbl, H34HH3IOIUHCCll Ha HX
rop1wx 0Kpa1111ax; 01111 npeacraM1110r HenocpencreeHHoe npo.a.MJKeHHe
0TKpblB3IOWllXC!! 3l!eCb ropHbTX ywe1111i1 II npOTllrHB3IOTCll 113BllJIHCTbl·
MH JlllllllllMll J13;1eKO B rny6b nyCTbl llH B DHAe CJ1a60 BblpaJKeHHblX
flOlllllKCHllA, Tep1111Cb B KOHUe KOHUOB B 0,!lHOI\ 113 33MKHYTb1X KOTJ!O·
a1111. TaKOBbl 60J!bWHHCTBO eaa11 Caxapbl 11 J111011AcKoi'! nycT·blHH.
B H3CTO!IWee opeM!I 3TH AOJIHHbl OCT3IOTCS! CYXllMll HHOf.13 Ha npo-
TlllKeHHH HCCK0.1bKHX JteT, 11anon111111Cb 6ypHb1M noTOKOM Beere JlHWb.
118 HeCK0.1bKO 4 acoe BO Bpelol!I 3nH30.lH4 eCKHX lflfTettrlfBHhlX .111B11ell
0THOCHTeJibHO npoHcxol!Qe111111 3THX oaau Cesep110A Alj>p11KH B JlllTC·
parype cywecTBYIOT .lB3 MHCHllll. 0AHll HCC.1e.!lOB3Te.111 C'lllT3IOT !IX
pC.1HKTOBbl~IH 06p33083Hn!IMH - H3CTOllWllMH 3p03HOHHblMll .l0.1HH3·
Mii, clj>opMHpOB3BWllMHCll B 60.'!ee S.13lKH}'IO, 11eM cospeMeHH311, sno.xy.
J1MelOT~ll B BH.lY T3K H33blB3CMble n ,, IO B H a JI b H bl e n c p II 0 A bl,
COOTDCTCTBOB3BWllC no BpeMeHH nep110ll.3M '!CTBepTll'IHblX 011ene11e1111A
"ttarepHKOB cesep11oro n0-1ywapH11. Jlpyrne 11cc.1eA0BatenH, 11anp11Mep
Ii. BaJibtep [ 180]. C4HT3IOT nx, 11ao6opor, conpeMellHblMH o6pa3oea·
HHll~IH, no.1ara11, 4TO .II.Jiii HX lj>opMHpooa111111 BOOJIHC Jl0CT3Toq110 6blJIO
TeX, XOTll H KpatKOBpeMetlHblX nposmJteHllft 3p0311H, HO npOTCK310UIHX
c He06blKHOBCHHOH 3HCprtteA. KOTOpbte npOllCXO.l\llT B 11acro11wee
ape~rn.
0 TOM, KaKylO pOJJb HrpalOT oa.l\H CenepHoA Alj>pHKH 11 a11a.iorn4·
llble llM o6pa30B3Hllll B Apyrnx nyCT.blHllX B BOllOCH36lKeHHll n ycTblll·
HblX npocTpaHCTB, ylKe rosop11JIOCb Bblwe.
Pas111111111>1e nycthlHH no cpasneHHIO c ropllblMH 6e1:t11ee oca.lK3MH,
II apllllHble yCJIOBHll B HllX Bblp3lKCllbl pC34e. 3.lCCb '13CTO npHXO.lHTCll
npoAC•13Tb HeCK0.1bKO COTeH K11.10MetpOB 3BTOM06HJlbHOro nyr11, "ITO·
Obi noc.ie O.lHOft cyxoA llOJlllHbl AOCTHrHytb 6.1HlKaAweA CJleAyioweA.
CJ1e1yer, H3KOHeu. OTMeTHTb, 'ITO B HCKOTOpblX, npeH~rymeCTBCllHO
ce~mapHllllblX, nyctCIHllX 60JlbWHM npenllTCTBHeM A.111 p33BHTllll
3poa1101111blx npoueccoo 110111110rcn o6pa3ylOWHecn 3.lCCb on11cat111ble
.BblWe H3BCCTHllK0Bble II rnnCOBble KOpbl.
THO bl O:YCTbl Hb
B oc11osy KJ1aCCH<jJHKau1111 nycrblHb MoryT 6bTTb no.1olKCHbt pa3Hble
'HX oco6e1111ocT11 . Hx MOlKHO l!CJlllTb no KJ111MaTy, no penbelj>y, no
xapaKTepy nosepx110CTHblX 06pa3ooa1111li 11, 11aK0Heu, no pacr11renb·
HOMY noKpoey - no ero 113Jlll'IHIO HJlll OTCytCTBHIO, no ero nJIOTHOCTll,
3Ko.1orn4ecK0My xapaKTepy. nocKOJJbKY see nepeq11c.1et111ble 3JieMeH·
Tbl ~•oryr 6h1Tb cjlaKTopaMH pe.1bC<jJ006pa3osa111111, ro KaKoA 6bl 113
llHX 1111 6bl.1 n0;10lKeH B OCHOBY K.1acc111j>HK3UllH nyctblHb, oce paBHO
ace BblTCK3IOWHe 113 Hero KJl3CCHlj>HK31.lHOHHble noAp331leJICHHll 6y.!lyT
xapaKTCp1130B3TbCll K3lK.1loe lleKOTOpblMll CBOilCTBeHHblMH eMy cnel.lH·
<j>H4eCKHMH MOplj>MOrH4CCKHMH oco6eHHOCT!lllH. 0 AeJteHHH nyCTblllb
no HX K;111M3TH'leCKllM npH3H3K3M Ha apHAHble H ceM11 apHJ1Hble y>Ke
TOBOpllJIOCb BblWe. MOlKHO T3KlKe pa3ml'l3Tb 3 0 H a,, b II hi e n y c T bl.
H 11 3011 naccarHoi'I u11pKyn11u1111 o6oHx nOJiywapHft H a 3 o 11 an b 11 bl e
fly C T<bl H H yMepeHHblX WllpOT H OKC3Hll'ICCKllX no6epeJt<HA. nycTblHH
yMepeHHblX WHpOT MOlKHO B CBOIO 04epe.!lb nO.!lBeprnytb 6o.nee Jlp06·
ltOMY JlOJ!eHHIO. TaK, .u. H. KawKapoo H E. n.
K opomrn [41] npen·
.nara,111 paJAeJillTb nycTblHH Cpen11cil AJHH 11 IO>K11oro l(a3axcra11a
113 ABa nOATllna: I) n yCTblHH IOlKHble, HJ!H cpeAH3CMH0:110pCKOro THna
11 2) nycTblHH cesep11ble, 111111 ueHTpaJibHOaJHaTcKoro nrna. IOlK1tble
nycThlHll ( KapaKyMbl, Kb13blJJKYM b1) xapaKrepH3YIOTCll peaKo Bblpa-
lKCHllblM paHHeseceHHHM (MapT- anpe.1b) M3KCHMYMOM OC3JlKOB,
C03Jl310WHM cosepweH HO cnoeo6pa3Hblii acneKT pllCTHT<'.ll bHOCTll
47
 6naro.napll nbIWHOMY pa3s11r11io 3cjleMepoB-OlHOJICTHllKOB. Cesepttble
n yCT.blHH OT•111 Q3IOTCll TCM, QTO BCCeHHllli M3KCllMYM OC3AKOB CllBH ·
raerc11 no Mepc .a.e11>1<eH11n K cesepy Ha 6onee n03l1Hee epeMll, cTaHo-
Bstcb !l TO lKC BpCMll cna6ee Bblp3>KCHHblM . B o6w.eM fOJlOBOe pac-
npCJlCJICllHe OC3JlKOB 3JlCCb Go.nee paDHOMepHoe H OC3JlKll Bbln3.13IOT
B He60JlbWOM KOJlllQCCTBe .113>KC JICTOM. B CBll3H c 3TH~I paCTllTCJl b-
HOCTb ceeepHblX nycT.blHb npeJlCT38JleHa D OCHOBHOM JICTHesereTHpyio-
W.HMH nonyKycrapHllQK3MH, npeHMYWCCTBCHHO Bll.l3MH n0.1b1Heil
(Artemisia) H HeKOTOpblMH C0.1l!HK3 MH. Cneeyer T3K>Ke OTMCTllTb, QTO
cpClH IO>KHblX nyCTblHb npeo6.1a11aioT necqaKble, cpeAH cesepHblX -
rJIHHHCTble 1.
Do penbCcj>y MO>KHO p33J!Hq3Tb nyCTblHH rOpllblC II paBHllHHblC•
a ropHble l1C•111Tb ewe Ha CK.13Jl'l3Tble If c 6.10KOBblM (rnb160Bb1M)
CTpoe11HeM. no xapaKTepy nooepXHOCTHblX o6pa30DBHllH nyCTblHK
MOryT 6b1Tb K3MeHHC'NilMll, f;1HHllCTblMll, rJillHllCTO·C0.10HqaKOBblMH II
n ecqaHblMH.
rop11ble nycTblHH
r op11a11 nycrblllll xapaKrep113yerc11 pe3KHM pe.r1becj>oM, npeJlcTas -
n11n D TllOH'lllOM Ollyqae II D He O'ICllb 0031111!0!0 CT3}1lllO pa3DllTllll
11epe11ooaH11e llCDblCOKllX, HO fOJlblX H CK3JIHCTblX rpll.!J., xpe6TOD II M3C·
CllBOD II KPYTOcTeHllblX, 110 .113CTO c OJIOCKHM, BblCTJl3HHblM w.e6He~t
llHHweM yw.en11il, HllOr.na cooepwCHHO cyx11x, B KOTOp.blx JlllWb DO
npeMll JIHDHeA nonBJistCTCll na KOpOTKO~ opeMll 6ypnblli DOD.OTOK.
Bnpo'ICM, D CCMll3PHJlH,blX ropHblX nycTblH!IX D TBKHX YWeJlb!IX MoryT
HHOfllB npoTeK3Tb MaJIODOAHblC H KOPOTKllC pyqeliKH, OllT3CMblC POA·
H11KaM11. H11orna Ha A11c yw.enHA 6naroaapll 3TllM PYllhllM 11 Herny6o·
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KH - T 3M3p11CKll, D acj>pHK3HCKllX ropHblX nycTblHllX - HeKOTOpble
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cyrcreyeT, 33 MeHlll!Cb we6HCBblMH OCblnllMH HJIH o6Ha>KeHHllMH KO·
peHHblX nopoa. B CDll3H c Kpafrne cKYAHOli pacTHTCJlbHOCTblO nollcHait
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Xpe6Tbl H M3CCHB.bl ropHblX nycTblHb A3>KC D 6onee paHHHC CT3JlHH
pa3DllTllll, Korna OHH He 6blJIH ewe CllJ!bHO noHH >KeHbl .lCHYll31.lHCli.
o6blqHo He orn11qaiorc11 3Ha'IHTCJlbHOii 36co.110T11oli Dblcoro1i. EC.1111 6bl
OHll 6bl.111 DblWC, OHH MOfJIH 6bl llDHTbCll OpHQllHOA KOH.!J.eHC311Hll
n3poo6pa3HOil MarH, npnHOCHMOA D03l1YWHblMH TeqeHHRMH, B rop-
RblX it<C nyCTblHllX YMCpeHHblX WHpoT OHH 33Aep>KHB3JIH 6bl H o6ocr-
pll.qH np11xOJ1J1ll.lHC atMoccj>epH1>1e cj>pouTbl, 'ICM HX ap11l1Hbli'! pe>KHM
6bl,1 61>1 s 6o.1bweA HJIH MeHbWei'! cTeneHH ocna6nen.
1
3ro pa1111'1He 06yc.1oa.uHo, P83l ""rcR, yitte 11e x.1H,.aroM, a HCTopwen pa3•
BHTHA reppHTOPHH. Tu, necqaHa11 t0nwa Hll3MeHHblX l(apaxyMos npeAcraBJIRtt n~­
qanblA a.1.110nHA raxu _pex, xax TeAitteH, Mypra6, AM)A•PbA (o•a nporex a.ia Hexor·
Aa qcpe3 HH3MeHHblC l(apax)"bl Ha 3anaA), 33n0.1HH•UtH• M.1J(IRH•-1•11U.l!ll OT.10·
lKeHHRMH npelU'opnblA npor•ll Knnrnnr.1
48
no CBOeMy reonorn11eCKOMY CTpoeHHIO, K3K 6bl>10 ylKe CK333110,.
ropttble nyCTblllH MOryT 6b1Tb JlllUO CKJl3.J.'13Tb!MH, .1H60 r.11>160RblMll,
nJIH, To1111ee, cKna.a.qaTo·r.1b160DblM H. K K3KOi'I 6bl H3 3THX D.DYX rpynn
nyCTblHHblC ropbl He npHH3l1Jle>K3.1H, OHH D paHlllOIO CT3AHIO ceoero
MOpcj>o.1oru11eCKOro p33DllTl!ll no11.ncpra10TCll paC11.1 eHCHHIO p338HD3IO·
weilCll rn.a.porpacj>1111ecKoil ceTblO, qawe .111Wb 3cj>CMCp11b1MH DOD.OTO·
K3MH. B pe3yJibT3Te OHH OK33blD3IOTCll npopeaattHblMH nepno11a qa.1bHO
y3KHMH, KPYTOcTCHHblMH K3HbOH3MH. B 11.anbHeiiweM 3TH K3HbOHoo6·
pa311blC YW.CJ!bll H3'111113IOT paCTH B WHpHHy D pe3)'JlbT3TC DblBeTpHD3·
llHll H OTCTynaHHll B ropH30HT3.1bHOM 11anp3B.1CHHH HX C!CJIOHOB, CO·
xp3 HlllOIUHX CDOIO KPYTH3HY (backwearig, no M . .llesncy). npo.!J.YKTbl
Db1BeTpHB31111!1 CKJIOHOD He H3K3nJIHD3IOTCll, OAH3KO, D DHJl.e ocarneA
y llX nO)lHOlKHll, 33Kpb1D311 Hll>KHHe qacTH CKJIOHOB H npen.oxpallll!I llX
OT )l3JlbHeAwero TeMneparyp11oro Db1BeTpHB311HR. 803HHK3IOWHC·
BpC Mll OT opeMCHH 9cj>eMepHb1C BOJl.OTOKH yBJieKalOT 3TOT MaTepH3JI
ocbln eil H Db1CTll•13IOT paBHOMepHO pacryw.ce D WHpHHy )lHHIUC AOJIH ·
Hbl. KaK noKaJa.1 .UeDHC, s 3TOM pocre ,11onn11 o wHpHHY 60K0Da11
3p03H!I DOD.OTOKOB He HrpaeT TOH pOnH, K3KYIO ef1 npHnHCblD3JI
.ll. .U>KOHcOH (o qeM 6yt1.eT cK333HO HH>Ke). B pe3yJibTaTe yKa3aHHbtX
npoueccon .a.omlltbl nycrbl HHblX rop np1106pera10T e nonep e11HOM ceqe-
111111 llw»Koo6pasHyJO cj>opMy. Cy.llll no HeMHOrHM HMeiownMcn D·
JlllTCpaType J1311Hbl M, HMeHHO T3KYIO <j)opMy HMelO'T Jl0.1HHbl nane030A ·
CKHx ropHblX Ma ccnnon ioro-a3n allHblX Kb13blJIKYMOD [27).
npn DblXOD.e H3 ropH OfO M3CCllD3 H3 np1111Cit<3WYIO paDHHllY
onHcamtble pa c wHpellHblC .!1.MHHbl o6p33YIOT D ero OKpa 11 11e K3K 6bl
6yxtbl ( c mbayments, no aMep11KaHcKHM aDtopaM), 01n.ene11Hble .a.pyr
OT n.pyra oTporaMH - cw nopaMH> (spurs). B npouccce n.aJlbHeAwcro
OTCTynaHHll CKJIOHOB JlOJlllH 3TH wnopbl CT3HOBllTCll Dee y>Ke, MeCTaMH
CODCC M pa3 pb1D3IOTCR II p acna.a.a lOTC!I Ha uenO'IKH OTlleJlbHblX XOlllMOB.
K a>KAblA o6oco6HDWHAcll raK11M o6p330M ocTaHUODbli'! xonM coxpa-
nnCT KpyYH3HY CKMll3, np11cywyto TOA rop11oli nopoae, 113 KOTOpoA
OH COCTOHT, nocTeneHHO yMellbW311Cb, OAH3KO, D p33Mepax. Oo CJIO·
oa M KOTTOHa ( [ 111), crp. 64), 3Tll nocTeneHHO y11nqro>Ka10wnec11
OCT3TKH «WnOp> HCJ!b311 paCCM3TpHB3Tb K3K roMOJ!Of'H on11CblB3eMblX
HH>Ke «OCTPODHblX rop>, 00!1HHM310W.HXCll cpe.lH o6wHpHblX paDHHH
A<j)pHKH, H JlJlll HHX CJICl10D3J10 6bl OPHAYM3Tb apyroe H33B3HHe. no-
CKOJlbKY T3Kon OCT3Heu ll8.111CTCR peay.1bT3TOM nepeceqeHHll Me>Key
co6oA OOOHX OTCTyn3IOWHX H3BC1'peqy npyr Apyry CK.10HOB, MO>KllO
6blJIO 6bl OlKHJ13Tb, 'ITO OH 6yJleT HMCTb RCHO Bblpait<eHHblH OcTpbli'!
rpe6eHb Ha npocj>H .~e. nonepe11HOllf K npocrHpaHnJO 6bleweti cwnopbl».
0JIH3KO .lleo11c [ 115) OOK333"1 113 npH )!epe rpaHHTHblX r op nyCTblHH
Mora De (K3JIHcj>opHHll), '!TO 3TH xo.1M1>1·ocra11111>1 HMCIOT cj>opMbl
eyno.1a c nonorooKpyrJiblMH npocj111.111MH oepWHHHblX qacreii 11 JI.an
06'h11cHe1111e npoHcXO>KAeHHll raKoA cj>opMbl. Pacna.leHHe « wnop:t
nyCTblHHblX rop 113 OTD.MbllblC XOllMbl · OCT3HUbl II llX perpecCHBHOe
p33BHTHC 6h"1H npocne>KeHbl 31\fepHKaHcKHMH HCCJ1e110BaTeJ1l!MH -
B. M . .neeHCOM (115), A. JloycoHoM fl47), E. 6.1eKDCJ1bllepoM (100}
ua ceM11ap11.a.110M 3ann.a.E> Cesepllol'I AMepHKH H 3. KaftJepOM [140)
49'
ll nyCT1i11111x !Oro-Bocro•IHOA A<t>p11KH. HecKMbKO npo.io.~ronaTb1e
ocraHUOBble 6yrpbl c no.~orooKpyrJtblMll npocj11i.111MH, BblcTyna101UHe
MeCT3Mll Ha noscpXHOCTH CK3.1HCTblX paBHllH-ne.lHMeHTOB, cj>paHUYJ-
oCl\lle 3BTOPQI [ 172] H33blB3lOT «KHTOBblMll CnllH3MH> (dos des ba-
Jeincs).
XapaKrepHoi! qeproR nycTblllHblX ropHbtX M3CCHBOB CK.11aaqa10-
l'Jtbl6onoro crpoeHHll 11111t1110Tcn HHoraa AOBOJlbHO 06wHp11bte MelKrop-
Hble nna1111Hbt B Mecrax OTHOCHTeJibHO onyll.leHHblX rnbl6. KnaCCH'le-
CKllM npHMepoM T3KHX r.,bl60BblX rop. H3XOJlR!UHXCfl B ycnoBHRX
<:e~111apHl1Horo K•lHMara, MOlKeT C.1YlKHTb bo.1bWOll 6acceilH 113 3ana-
Jle CoeAHHeHHblX Wraron. MelK.ly ropaMH Cbeppa-1 lenaAa H Yaca'l.
ropCTOBblC M3CCllBbl, pac<1.1eHeHHble 3p03HOHHblMll Y\UC.1bll~IH ~lnH30-
.!111'1eCKHX peK, pa3ae.11110TCll 34eCb nnall.HH3Mll «60JtbCOHOB> (ucn.
-«MeWOK>, «K3 pM3H>) c llJIOCKHMll 61tlOAUeo6paJHblMH JlHHlU3MH, cpe-
AllHll3R, Ha1160.1ee noHHlKeHHan 'laCTb KOTOpblX, CJIOlKeHH3ll 6011ee
11m1 MCHCe MOIUHOH TOJllUCil rJtHHllCTbtX HaHOCOB (glacis d'ennoyage,
no cj>p3HUY3CKHM anropaM). llOCHT MeCTHoe 1133B31111C «nnalla>
(playa) H npe~1e11aM11 (nocne npoweawHx e ropax JtHBHeDblX JlOlKAeA)
6bloaer Jamna MeJtKOBOAHblM nep110.n11'lCCKHM 03epoM. Henocpe11.cr-
I!
11eHHblM npoao..1lKe11HeM nosepx11ocrH n.iaiiH n cropoHy 0Kpy>Ka101UHx
6o.%COH ropHblX MaCCHBOB RBnllCTtll p33HOA WHpHllbl no.1oca CK3i!HC-
TO!l JleHYJl.3UHOHllOii nooepXHOCTH, npHKPblT3ll •1HWb TOHKHM cnoeM
pb1X.1b1X npo;i.yKTOB et.1Betp11eaHHll, H3XO.l!tlUHXCll K TO;\IY >Ke B COCTOSl-
.HllH rpaHJHTa. 3ra nonoca, o'leHb n0;1oro noeblW310ll.l3llCR K no.nHo-
Jf<HIO ropHblX MaCCHBOB, CT3HODHTCR, 011.HaKo, 6onee Kpyroli c np116nH-
.)l(eH11eM K HH M. 3To TaK 1133bl03CMblH n e D. HM e II T, lf:tll c Ka,, II C-
T a n no ll r op H a n pa B H 1111 a (pediment , Fels!u!lebene, glacis de
denudation), D03HHK11ooe11Hc 11 pa3BHTHe KoTopoA 6y.ner paccMorpe110
Jlll>Ke, np11 xapaKtepHCTHKe Jt3HD.Wacj>ra 0 c T p 0 B H bl x r 0 p.
r.~b160BblC ropbl, K3K Mbl y>Ke JHaeM, B03HllK3IOT npH nonropHOM
opore11e3e Ha MCCTe 6blBWHX CKJtaA'laTblX rop, KOTOpble AO HX pa3·
apo6.1eHH!I c6pocaMH H AHcj>cj>epeHUHposaHHOro noAHllTHSI or.ne.%Hbl.X
r.1bl6 MOrnH 6b1Tb coeepweHllO neHen.1eHl1311pOB3Hbl Jlll11Te.1bHOA KOH-
TllHeHTll.1bHOA .ieHyAau11eA. B CB!IJH c 3TllM OTJlCJtbHble M3CCHBbl
r.11>16oeoll rop110A nyctblHH Moryr Heern Ha CBOllX oepWllHHblX '13CT!IX
l<JIO'lKll pa3opoam1oro c6pocaMH ne11enncHa . TaKoil llMeHHo xapaxrep
HMelOT Hccne.noeaH11b1e H onHCaHiwe B . A . 06py11ceb1M ropHble Mac·
CllBbl norpaHH'lHOfl .lbKyHrap1111 (63].
ECJtH nycrblHHble ropHble Macc11ebl obleaiot xorn 6bl orqacrH
-CJtolKeHbl ocaao'lHblMH nopoaaMH rnHHHcroro cocraea, 06ycnoon11oaio-
\UHMll DblCOKHA KOJcj>cj>HUHCHT noeepXHOCTHoro CTOKa, TO B 3TllX no·
poaax s yc.1001111x ce~rnapHAHOro KJtHMata pa3BHBaerCst penbecj> THna
c.aypHb!X 3eMe.1h> (bad lands). KaK 3TO MOlKHO Ha6JtlOA3Tb B nopo·
)lax 3ana.:tHoro Koner.nara.
npH~!epaMH ropHblX nyCTblHb Ha teppllTOPHH CCC P Moryr cny-
>KHTb ropbl ucHtpanbHoro MaHrblw.11aKa, Macc1101>1 6onbworo H Ma-
.11oro Banxa1100 o TypKMeH1111, naneo3oilcK11c Macc11sbl IO>KHblx Kb13blJt·
KYM OB, l!y-H n11l'lcK11e ropbl Ka3axcraHa, ropHble M acc11ebl npK6an-
.so
xaWCKOH '13CTH nycTblHH 6ernaK-D.a.,a, 11eBblCOKHe ropHble rpllllbr
iO>KHoro Ta4;1<11KHCTaHa H YJ6eKHCTaHa H Ap. MenKocono'lnan 06-
.1acTb UeH1pa.1bHoro Ka3axcraHa npeACTaM11e1 O.lllY 113 n03.lllHX
CT3D.HA ~1op<J>o.110rt1'leCKOfO pa3BHTHR nycrblHHOH CKJta)ltf3TO;C6pocosol\
ropHoil crpaHbt, CHJtbHO noHll>KeHHOA H CHHne.111ponaHHOll D.JIHTeJtb-
HOi\ KOHTHllCHT3JlbHOA JlCHy.nau11et1 II XHMll'lCCKHM Bb1BCTPHB3HllCM.
1'13 llBJtCHllk, xapaKTepHbtX AJIR ropHblX nycTblHb, c.11e.nye1 OTMe-
TllTb qacroe 11a.1H'lHC Ha BblXOllaX KOpeHllblX nopoa, oco6em10 H3
C0.1HC'IHblX CKJIOH3X, a T3K>Ke Ila noKpb1B310lUHX noaepx110CTb nycrbl-
1111 KycKax 1Ue6Hst nycr.blHHoro 3arapa. CKa.ibl H Kpyn111>1e r.11>16bl
MaCCHBllblX nopoa, oco6eHHO rpaHHTOB, '13CTO 06Hapy>1<11ealOT CH.1bHOe
pa3BHTHe «KOTJIOB Bbl.lyBaHll!I>, a CK3JIHCTble CTeHbl neC'13HHKOB II 113-
oeCTHSIKOB 6blB3IOT noKpblTbl cnJJOWb oKpyrnblMH yr.1y6.1e1111stMH COTO-
ooro eblBerp11oa1111st. OnHcaHHble BblWe rpH6oo6pa3Hbte CK3Jlbl npe.n·
CT3BJISllOT HepeD.KOC !IMCHHe B ropHbtX nyCTblHRX.
P a eHHHH&l e Kar.teHHCTble nyCTblHll
06beAHHReMble no)l 3THM Ha3B3HHeM pa3HOBHAHOCTH nyct.blHb ·
CBOttCTBeHHbl no npeHMyll.leCTBY o6naCTSIM eno.1He apHD.Horo K.lll!Mara
30Hbl naccaros H nOJ1b3Y10TCst oco6eHHO w11poKllM pacnpoCTpa11eH11eM
a CenepHoA Acj>pHKe. 3,nec& 01111 3aH11Ma10T qacro orpoMHble npocr-
paHctna, H3MCp!ICMble MHOrHMH ,AeCstTK3MH H COTHllMH K11,10Merpoe
o nonepe'IHllKe, qepe.ny11cb c yqacrKaMH ropHhlX H nec'laHblX nyCTblHb.
Cpe)lH paBHlll!HblX KaMeHHCTblX nyCTblHb MO>KHO BblD.eJIHTb HCCKOJlbKO
pa3HOBHD.Hocrel\: raMaAy, cep11p, per. PaccMoTpHM 3TH pa3HOBHA-
11oc111 no11po611ee c TO'lKH 3peHHfl llX Mop(jloJtOrH'ICCKllX oco6c11HOCTCA,
llX JIHTOl.'lOrHH II rcHC3HC3.
faM3Abl. 3Ta pa3HOBllJlHOCTb paBHHHHOA K3MCHHCTOA nyCTblHH
'l3ll.le ecero 33HllM3CT noeepXHOCTH OTHOCHTeJlbHO BOJBblWeHHblX CTO-
JIOBblX nnaro, 11epe.nKO 06p1>1na10lUllXCn no Kpal!M K npHMblK310lUHM
60.,ee HH3KHM npocrpaHcreaM KpytblM ycrynoM Hl1H pnAoM n11acro-
eb1X cryne11eA. 310 11eo61>1qaliHo o.n11006pa311ble, yH1>1nble .1aHAwacj>Tbl,
conepweHHO .111weHHble KaKoA-.11160 paCTHTe..1bHOCTH. noncpxHOCTb
ra MaJW npeacran.11e11a KopeHHblMH nopoJ.aM11, noKpbltblMH nHWb TOH-
KllM nJ1a\UOM o6noMO'll!Oro MarepHaJta -yrJIOB3TblX KyCKOB rpaBHll,
1Ue6Hn 11 6onee KpynHbtX rnbt6, c 11pHMCCb10 raK>Ke necqa11oro 11 nbtJte-
oaroro MatepHana (~11c. 11). B. M aKeneAH (W. Meckelein (1 55],.
CTp. 40) e npe.nenax UeHrpanbHoi'I Caxap1>1 ehl,nenstet no n1110.11orn'le-
CKDMY xapaKTepy cnara101.1t11x nopoa rpH noATHna raMaJlbl: I) raMall.y
H3BeCTHSIKOB)'IO; 2) raMa.ny Ha neC'13HHKaX H 3) raMaay Ha 6asa.,h-
TOBblX noKpOB3X. raMa.la H3BeCTHRKOB3st, npHMCpOM KOTOpol\ MO>KeT
cnylKHTb raMa11a 3n&-Xa1o1pa, OT'J!H'l3eTCR o6blqHo 60-1ee CBCTJlbl~IH
II KpaCHOB3TblMll TOHa'.llH cnoeli 061Uell OKpacKH. faM3Jl3 113 necqa-
llllK3X (nec\laHllKH Hy6Hi1CKOA cep1111, necqaHllKH )leBOHa H opAOBHK3)
llb1AeJtnerc11 60.1ce teMHOA oKpacKoA - KpacHo-6ypoil llO iqepHol\
uCJleACTBlle CKJIOHHOCTll necqaHllKOBblX o6noMKOB K o6pa30B3HHIO 113
!IX HapylKHblX nooepXHOCTnX 33W.HTHblX t<OpOK nycTblllHOro 3arapa.
51
 Ha116onee Mpaq11blii BIU 6'1aro;xap11 csoeA Te~111oii oKpacKe 11Meer
raMa;\3 11a noKposax 6a3a.11&Ta, or.111qa10ULa11cn, KpOMe roro, 11 11a11 -
•60.1tbWHMH paJMepa ~IH noKpb1B310U1HX ee nosepXHOCTb 06.1tOMKOB .
npHMepOM MOlKCT CJJYlKllTb r3M3J13 OKpecTHOCTeA rop )l>Ke6CJib·3C·
<Colla.
P1tc. 11. no.iropHaR rallaA3 Typcjl3HCKO!i B03lll1Hbl. ~OTO s . A. ~eAopOBK•l3
06JIOM04Hb1A M3Tep11aJJ, noKpb!B310utHA TOHKHM CJIOCM KOpeHHblC
110p0Jlbl raM3Jlbl, npe,ztcTaBJl!ICT 9JllOBH3.11bHblii npOAYKT <l>H3114eCKOrO
BblBeTp11B3Hll!I 9THX nopOA, o6p330B3BWllilCll 113 MCCTe. Ma.13!1 MOlll-
HOCTb 3TOro CJIOSI 06bRCHSICTCSI TCM, 'ITO nep80H3'13JlbHO KpynHble
06.llOMKll nopoA.bl. OCT383!1Cb AJ111TC.%HOe BpCMSI Ha MecTe, nOABep-
ra!OTc!I see 60JlbWCMY H31de.~b'ICHHIO, H TennonpOBOJJ.H3R cnoco6HOCTb
3TOA KOpbl BblllCTPHB3Hll!I TeM C3MblM CHJlbHO YMCHbW3eTC!I 1. l(one-
(iaHHR TCMnep3Typhl npOCJIClKHD310TCSI lllllWb JJ.0 rny611Hbl 30-50 CM.
TC)! C3Mb1M KJ13Jl.CTC!I rny611HHblA npe.zte,1 AaJlblleAweMy cj>n31!'1eCKOMY
BblBeTpHBallHIO KOpe11110A nopO;\bl. ttacTO 06JtOMKll ropHblX nopo.:i. Ha
nonepx11ocn1 raMaAbl necyT enc.a.hi aeTpo-necqa11oit wnucj>oeKH 11 6bl·
D3IOT noKpblTbl 6neCT!IU1efi TeMHOA KOPOllKOft nycTblllllOfO 3arapa.
noc.1CAllR!I COCTOHT npeHMyUleCTBCHllO 113 KpeMHeBOH KHCi10Tbl, OKpa·
WCHHOit n 4Cpllblll u.neT OKHCJ13)1!1 MapraHU.3 It MOlKeT 6b1Tb pa3B11ra
B BHJie O'!ellb TOHKOA nneHKH, 110, no 11a6nt0JICHll!IM MeKeneirna 8
1 SnaroltapR 3Rnxre.1bHOI\ eMll~HHe o6.10l1KOB a rep He WO)l(er HX ncptlle·
uun.. a TC'I 6onee Yll3.1RTb, TCK)"lHe BO;J.bl orcyrcraylOT. r'PaBHT3llHOHHblC npolle<:Cbl
Ha n~TH ropH30Hra.ibHblX noaepXHOCTRX raM3Jlbl T3Kll<C H• HM•IOT Mccra.
.52
lleHTrMbHOit Caxape, MO>KeT AOCTHf3Tb MOU1110CTH AO 5 MM (Meckc
tein 155], cTp. 44). Oco6euHO 11acTo TaKa!I KOpKa na6n10Aaerc11 113
06,10~1KaX nec11a1111KOB 11y611itCKOit cep1111.
Ha repp11rop11H CCCP K THny raMaAbl npH6n11>Kat0TC!I nyCTblH!I
JO>KHoro YcT10pra, tOlKHbli'I np11no11.HS1Tblii Kpaii 3ay11ryJCKHX KapaKy-
MOB, r.ne. npaBA3, 8 11e60.llbWOM l<OJittllCCTBe BCTpeqa!OTCSI BblAYTNe 113
3ay11ry3CKOH TOJlutH KOllKpeu.1111 (aK·KblpWH)' BOCTO'IH3R, MeJJKOCOOOll·
11a11 qacTb SernaK·Jla.1bl.
Cepup II per. n o.a. 3TllMH 113383HHSIMH ll CeaepHol'I Acj>pHKe
113BeCTHbl p3BHllllHblC nyCTblHJt, noaepXHOCTb KOTOpblX yceirna He CTOJlb
KpynHblMll 06.10MKaMH ropHblX nopon, K3K a raMane. no 11a6n10ne-
1m11M B. MeKe.11ei'rna n UeHrpa.nbHOil Caxape ( [155]. crp. 52-53) ,
cep11p 11aute ncero npeJICTaMRCT rpa1111frny10 111111 ra111e111111Koey10
nycrblll!O. B nepBOM CJ1yqae BeJJH'IHHa Jep11a o6nOMKOB KOJte6nerc11
8 npe.l(l.,3X 2- 6 MM, 80 BTOpOM c.'ly'lae 011a MOlKeT AOXO.J.HTb JIO 6 CM
8 nonepe'IHllKC. np11 3TOM, OA113KO, HC OTCYTCTByeT II 6onee TOHKHll
\13Tepnan - neCOK H l13lKC OblJICB3TblC "13CTHUbl, KOTOpble o6pa3ylOT
'K3K 6bl BMeuta10wy10 Macey A•1!1 6o.1ee Kpyn!Wx 111acT1111.. B seprH·
KaJibHOM pa3pe3e rpy11Ta cepupa 11a6n10.11aerCll c11113y saepx 06ora-
me1111e 6onee KpynHblMH 3;1CMCllT3MH II YMCHbWCHlle TOHK03epH11CTOro
Marep11ana. Orm1q11e OT raM3ll.lll 3aKJ11011aerc11, oAHaKO, 11c TMbKO a
BMll'IHHe 06pa3y10utllX rpyHT OMOMO'IHblX "13CTllU., HO H 8 HX cj>opMe:
HC33BllCHMO OT Jlll1'0JIOrHll o6JtOMKOD ace 01111 0611apylKllB310T 3113•
"IHTe.1bllYIO OK3T311HOCTb, OTCYTCTBHC OCTpblX J<3HTOD II DblCTynon.
no-Bllll.HMO\IY, T3KYIO o6pa60TKY MO!)'T npOH380ll.llTb II CHJlbHble
;seTpbl, cnoco6Hble nepcMeutaTb 06.10MKll c n.uaMeTpOM a 11ecKOJ1bKO
MHJtJIHMerpoa. 0JIHaKo p!lll. 11a6.110neu11n noK33bloaeT, 'ITO MaTep11an
rpyHT3 cepnpa HCCOMHCHHO 6b1Jl no.a.rOTOBJlCH TeKy'leii BOAOA H SIB·
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B nonepC'IHHKC)' 3anon11e1111ble 6onee TOHKHM MaTCpHaJtOM II Hecyw11e
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11yer conepweH110 ua orpoMHblX npocrpaucrnax cep11pa. TaK11e .a.e·
npecc1111 B CeaepHoii Acj>pmce 11oc11T 11aJaa1111e crpapeT» (grarets) . Be-
pontHee acero STH AenpeCCJill JJ,e<j>JIRll.llOHHOro npOllCXOlKACllH!I.
M. <1>10pcr, 11cCJ1e.a.ooaaw11 A cep11p T116ecr11, n11wer: «ll.cranb11oe 113·
53
 MepeHHe nooepx11ocT11 oTpe3Ka IX I KM o ue11Tpe cep11pa T116ecnt
noKa3blOaeT orqeumoyio A11¢11j>epe11unau11io nooepx11ocT11 cepl!pa: 111!3·
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(Riedel) qepeilylOTCI! c oqeHb Me.1KH:.ll!, OKpyr.nblMH nOHl!lKell!UIMll.
l.!a cro pa3Hl!U3 BblCOT Me>K.Uy 3Tl!MH l1BYMR <j>opMaMI! 6blBaeT Me11ee
30 CM. Ha noaepx11ocTI! pl!.!leJJeA 11a6J110JiaeTc11 OT11oc11Te.1b110 6011ee
rpy6blA MaTepl!a,1, qeM B oqe11b OJIOCKl!X JienpecCHRX (Fiirst (123].
CTp. 404).
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p»p - B J111011(1cKofJ nycrblHe). B. MeKenel\H, onHaKO, yroeplKJiaer.
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11y6111icKoA cep1!11, H•lH «Continental intercalaire:o, KaK ee 11a3blBalOT
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HOCTb. npH BblBeTpHOa!IHll KOHrnOMep3TOB LteMeHT paapywaeTCR a.
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BMecre c MeJIK03eMHC'l'blMll npo.!lyKT3MH BblBeTpHB3HHll o6pa3ylOT
KaMe1111cTblA noKpoa pera. B CBll3H c 3THM MeKe11ei'111 npen.narae'!'
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600 llllH 06pa3y10w11e noaepxHOCTll CT0.10BblX n.1a10. fJIHHllCTbll'! H.11~
cyr1111HHCTblA rpyHT 3THx nycTblHb MOlKeT npe.ncraDJIRTb: J) rn11H11c-
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npo.niooHanbHble 0TJ10lKeHHll nepH<l>epHqecKHX '13CTeA KOHycoe Bb1110C3
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COJIOHlt3KODble nyc'rblHH BOCTO'IHOil 'l3CTH Iianxaw-AnaKY•1bCKOit ona-
JlHHbl IOJK11oro KaaaxcTa11a c<j>opM11pona11Hcb Ha rnHHHCTblx ooepHblX.
OT;10lKCHHllX orpOMHOro oaepa, 3aHHMaowero HCKOr.na BCIO 3TY KOT.10·
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peK Te.alKeHa 11 Mypra6a a TypKMeHllH npe.nCTaBJIRIOT Me.nKooeMHC-
54
TYIO <j>3Ltlll0 a.nnlOBl!3.1bHO·OpO.lllOBll3JlbHblX OTJJO>KeH11it nnaTO
YcT10p1 60.1bwer1 cnoeii qacTblO npeilcTa11o111eT rnHH11cry10 nycTblllK>,
c <j>opm1pooaowy10cR Ha r.1HHllCTOM 3.1IOBHll cpeaHecapAtaTCKHX llJBCCT·
llllKOB, c.naralOWHX nooepxHOCTb n113TO.
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rori). np101epbl nycTblHb ncpooro nma yll<c 6b1nH npHoe11e11bl DbtWe.
K Hm1 1o1o>K110 Ao6ao111b ewe 3ani1Jinyio qactb IieTnaK·.Uanbl, MHHHC·
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3TO)ty BTOpOMY Tllny r.llHllllCTblX nycTblHb OTHOCRTCR on11ca1111ble BblWe
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pa.1bHOi1 A3HH.
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11.111 npnHa11.ne>Ka.na o npownoM creKaJOWllM noeepxHOCTHblM no11aM.
B 3Tlt .nenpeCCHH H3JIHB3IOT CBOH BOil.bl 3<j>eMepHble BOJlOTOKH, npHHO·
cnurne 113 0Kpy>K3!01UHX 60.nee DblCOKHX npocTpaHCTB npo11yKTbl Ohl·
eerpnna111111 ropHbtx nopo11. D.o ue11Tpa.nb1tblx, 11a116onee HHSKHX 11ac-
Teil .aenpecCHA 110HOCHTCR TOJJbKO C3Mblii TOHKllH OTMYllCHllblil MllTC·
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rpyHT .nenpcCCllH. Ha HeM 33CT3H03IOTCR J10lKlleBble BOJ1bt 3<j>eMepllb1X
pe<ieK, npeopaman Aenpecc1110 o O'ICHb Herny6oKoe oaepo. noc.1e.11Hee
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cyxOM COCTORHHH 6bloaeT llllCTOJlbKO n.norHOii, "ITO OOLlKOD3 ;l0W3'l.H
noqr11 He ocTasJ111er Ha HCA c11e11a H .naer «3BOHKHli» y.11ap. Bepx1rnA
TJlllHl1CTblH fi.1111 nec1taHO·rJIHllHCT.blA rop1130HT raKblpa AOCTHraeT B
KapaKyMax MOWHOCTll 1-1,5 M, no11cr11naRcb o6bl'IHO cepblM c.110·
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cesep11011 0Kpa11Hbt HH3Me1111blx KapaKyMoo). nooepx11ocTb Ka)l(..loro
55
 nOJIHrOHa.lJbHOro cerMeHra TaKblpa noKpb!T3 KOpO'IKOll B BH.!le TOHKOltl
nnaCTHHKll, B cyxoM COCTOllHlll! 06bf'IHO npO'IHO CKJleeHHOll c nOllC'fll·
Jl3!0Ulell, O'leHb nJIOTHOil flO'IBeHHOfl Maccoll. np11 BblCblX3Hllll KOpO'IKH
l'!acr11'IHO caepT1Xsaiorcn B rpy6o'IKH, sa '!TO pllll 11ccne)loBaTeJtei1 Ha·
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Macca CllJlbHOBll3KOll. np11 3TOM OAHOBpeMeHHO H36JllOllaercst nocTe-
neHHOe 1!3MeHeHHe OKpacKH nonepXHOCTH T3KblpOB - BHa'laJtc OKpacKa
CT3HOBl!TCR cepoBaT0·6ypoA, cnyCTll HCCKOJlbKO 'lacos OHa npHo6pe-
raer TeMHo-6ypbl1' UBeT c 3eJieHOB3TblM OTTeHKOM ( [ 13]' CTp. 346).
HccnenosaH11e H. H. Bon&tweaa H T. H. EBJ10KHMOBOfl Ha raK.blpax
Ka paKyMOB n 1942 r. noKaaano, 'ITO rJtHHHCTall Macca KOpO'IKH rycTo·
npOHH33Ha HHT~BHJlHblMH <!>opMaMH CHHe·3eJteHblX 80.!lOpOCJteA HS·
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B n epHOJlbl YBJI3lKHeHHll T3K.b1pOll, B nepHOJlbl lKe HX BblCbJX3Hllll OHH
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npO'IHO CKJ1e11aaer rJtHHllCTble '13CTHUb1, o6paayll KOPO'IKY TaKblpOB.
noaepxHOCTb raKblpa He acer.11a 6blaaeT cTporo ropH30HTaJI&HoA:
HHOrJia OHa 06HapylKHBaer .1erKHf1 H3KJIOH K UCHTpy T3Kblpa llJ!Hl
56
o()iJ.H006pa3HblA HaK.nOH K KaKOMY·J1HOO H3 ero Kpaea. 0 H3JIH'IHH
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Kbl pe Herny60Kl!e 6op03JlJ<ll, npOMblTbte CTeKa!Ollll!MH no MHKl!CTOil
nosepxHOCTH crpyilKaMH AOlK.!leBblX BO.!l. 06 HCnOJtb30BaHHK taKbl pOB
KaK DOAOc6opoB Jl,1Sl noJty'leHH!l TIO.!lT3KbtpHbl:X npecHOBOJlKbJX JIKH3
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nycrblHb.
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coaepweHHO orcyTcTByer.
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3Y JOT 3011y ~1eCT3 Mll .!lO 80-90 KM WllpHHOii , npornrHB3!0lllY!OCSI He·
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-06.iJacr& ornolKeHH!l HaH6onee TOHKllX Hattocon ropHblX PY'lbeB H
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.AopoaH'I (78].
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llCTO'IKllKOD DOJlbl, npellCT3DJl!llOT ueHHbtil 3eMeJtbllblA <!>OKA llJlfl no-
41HDHoro xossiflcTaa. Mttorne yqacTKH rJtl!HHCTblX nycruHb CpellHeA
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Crenb, flpt1c&1pnapbHHCKast H Jlpyrne.
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npollCXOllHTb H .!lPYrHM nyreM. B AenpeccH!lX ronorpa<!>Kt1ecKall no-
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o6&T'll!O CH.%HOMHHepa.nH30D3HllblX, a ecmt noCJle.!lHHe K TOMY lKe
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rnHHllCTbtX rpyHTOB CHH3y. KaKHM 6bt nyTeM He npoHCXOJl.H,10 aacOJJe·
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«KCBHp3MH» .
57
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KH, oco6eHHO nerKO noaocpr3JOW11CCA .ne<j>JIAUHH. TeM C3MblM OHH
!IOHJIHCb, 6b1Tb MOlt<eT, npHl!llHOH o6paJOD3HHA HeKOTOpblX C)'XHX.
6eccro11HblX on3llHH nyCTblHb. nepe11oc11M3A nblnbHblMH TPOM63~11l.
CTOJJb 06bll!Hb1Mll D nyCTblHAX, C0.1elf31l nbl.1b, oceil3SI, MOJt<eT T3Klt<~
SID.llSITbCSI HCTOllHJIKOM 33C0.1CHHSI noeepxHOCTHblX c,11oeo rpyHTa.
npH 60.1ee CH.1 bHO\I 33C:0.1CHHll, llTO, nO·DH1HMOMy, HMeeT MeCTO
npH 3aco.1eHHll rpyHTOBbl \IH BO.ll3MH, Ha noeepXHOCTH CO.'!OHll3K3
o6paayeTCSI c0.1SIHaA KOpK3 llO 6-10 CM TOllWHHOA, non KOTOpoit
HHOr.:ta JancraeT H3Cb1WeHHaSI coneHOii 00..lOH rmlHHCTaSI TOllK3R"
rp11ab. Ta.Koff xapaKTcp "'teer KeManb-YJ6oikK111·1 c0-10H11aK, pacno-
nar310w11Hc11 e noHHJt<CHllH MelK!ly JOit<Hoii 1101oweoii YcTJOpT3 11 11ec-
11aHblM MaCcHBOM 4HJlbMaMellKYM D TypK\leHHH. H CKOTOpble C0.10Hl!3-
KODble 8113!1.Hllbl opeMeHa~lll AB.1AIOTCA C0.11011'13KOM, opeMeHa~lll 11pe-
epawa10TCA D CMAHoe OJepo.
n ec 11aHble nycTblHH
nec113Hble nycTblllll o CeoepHoA Ac1>p11Ke HaJblB3JOT J pr a ~t K
(erg) , e A p3BHll - 11 e <I> y .n, o CpeJIHCH J\JHH - Ky M (r. e. c necoK>.
11ycTblHH KapaKyM. Kb13blJIKyM . My1011KyM H .np.). Pac11pocrpaHeHbt
P11r. 13 Kapra parnpotTpaH,1111~ nl'C'l3Hbl)( nycrblHb (no CneHy re.iHH~ J
lleCll3Hble nyCTblllH OllCHb WHpOKO H 331111}13IOT 113CTO cn.10W HblMll
\13CCHB3\IH orpo\IHblc npocrpaHcToa (pHc. 13J· B Caxape Jprn co·
CT30.1AIOT B o6weA C.10>KHOCTH 1 100 TblC. KM • cne.a.oeaTe.1bHO. llJlH·
6.1HJHTeJlbHO OKOJIO 1/ s DCCH llJIOW3AH BC;1HKOil nyCTblHll (Perret (166].
crp. 379) . B Ap3DHll 11ec11aHblMH 11yCTblHA~1 H JaHRTa ec11 enyTpCHHAll
58
'lacTb orpoMHoro no.1yo1..'Tpo11a . 13 Cpem1eil AJ1111 06wHpHaS1 K3p3KYM·
cKaSI .:te11pecc11S1 c o6weil ll.ijOW3J1blO 60.1ce 400 TblC. J<M 2 H3 9/io JTOli
fl.10W31lll 33HSIT3 ncCK3Mll . .ll.pyrne 60.1bWlle M3CCl!Bbl 11ec11aHblX nyc·
TblHb Cpen.Heil A3HH: K1.1JblJ1KYMb1, DOJJbWHe H Manble BapcyKH,
CTp11apa.1bcKHC KapaKyMbl, My!OHKYMbl, n eCKH IO>KHOro np116a.qxaWbSI
(TayKyM, Capbl·HWHKOTpay H n.p.). 3a npe..le.1aMH CCCP e A3HH
ncclfaHblC nycTblHll 33HHM3IOT 60l!bWHC npocTpaHCTBa B 3a11a;i.110~1
J\.Hrae (nycTblH!I TaK.1a -Mai-.aH), e Op.lOce, eo e11yrpe11H11x '13CTl!X
HpaHCKoro Haropbl!, Ila lleKaHCKOM n.1ocKoropbe HH..lHll II naKHcTa·
Ha (11ycTblH A Tap). B Aec1pam111 11nowa.lb nec11a11blx 11ycrb1Hb, Ja·
llHM3!0Wlll. ueHTp3.1bHYIO II 3anaD.H~IO llaCTH )taTepHKa, COCT38JISleT,
no .\\JD.HreHy [153], 1 212 Tblc. KM. Y110M11HeM, 11aK011eu, 11ec11aHy10
nycTbl HJO Ka.iaxapH o IOi1moA A<j>p11Ke 11 6epcroeblc nyCTblHH IOlK·
HOH .·h1Cp11Kll.
011111M 113 nepBbiX eo11pocoe, CDSl33HllblX c necqaHblMH llYCTblHSIMH,
11B.1A~cS1 oonpoc o 11po11cxo>1<n.en1111 11x 11ecKoe. H36.110n.e1111S1 nan.
.\lopcKllMll no6cpeit<blDlll, rn.c 11ecKH AOCT3B.1SllOTCI! MOpeM, np11BOJ1H·
JIH ~ '1b1C.111, 'ITO II neCKll HCKOTOJlblX llYCTblllb 11peD.cTaB.1l!IOT OTJIO>Ke·
JlHll \tOp!!. OtCIOAa oe.1er ceoc npo11cxoll<.il.CH11e J10.iro J1.epit<aeweecS1
e 11ayKe npcn.crae.ne1111e o 01ope Caxapbl>, pacceHHHoe 11oeeliwHM11
ycnexa~rn reonornttecKnx 3HaHni\ o ceoepHoA qacr11 A<j>pHKaHCKoro
MaTep11Ka. Hap!!ll)' c n11M, ewe 11 ceii11ac wupoKo pac11pocrpa11eHo
npcncraoJ1em1c. '!TO neCKll nycthlllb SIB.1SllOTCSI 11 p011YKTOM Bb1BCTpHD3·
HHS! D ycnODHllX apun.Horo KJIHM3Ta KopeHHblX ropHblX 11opo.n nec'!a·
1111c1oro cocraoa . 13 or,1C.1hHblx cny11a11x TaKoe npo11cxo>K11e11He 11ecKoe
"l!D.1SleTcll HCCOMHCHHblM H llOKa3bl03CTCSI ncrporpa<jJ11'leCKHM CXOllCT·
BOM llX c pa3DHTbtMll no6.~H30CTH HJlll Henocpcn.cr oeH llO 110)1, HHMH
1<opc1111blMH nopoJtaMH. TaK, o Cpell.HeA A31111, o nec'!aHOM Macc11oe
411.%~1aMCTI<YM (I\ oocToKy OT Kpa c11000,r1cI<oro 11onyocrpooa) 11ecK11
C0!1Cp>K3T 11apstJly c KDapueBblMll 3ep11aM11 6o.%WOe KOJlll'ICCTBO HJ·
BCCTKODblX OOJIHTOOblX wapHKOD, npOHCXOJlSIWHX 113 110!1.CTHJlalOWHX
neCKll OOJIHTOBblX HJDeCTHllKOD 3nwepOllCKOro BOJpacra.
,\\oryT J13Tb K31f3JIO 06w11pHblM CKOOJJeHHSIM rpy6oaepHHCTblX
necKOD H BblDeTpHoa101u11eCS1 M3CCHOHO·KPHCT3Jl;1114CCKtle nopO.!lbl:
rpaHllTbl, CHCHHTbl. nopct>upbl. TaJ<llC necKH B CTailHH o6pa30DaHllA H
11a111111aiowe1ic11 llX copTllJlOBKtl J.le!ITCJlbHOCTblO eerpa 11a6J1!0Jtan
.H. Ba.1bTep eoa.ie rpa11111111.1x rrnKOB ropHoii 11ycrb1HH JO>KHoro C1111aS1
(( 180), cTp. 267).
Xor11, raK11M o6paJOM, Ha.1111111e o 11ycrblHS1x necKOB, 06pa3oeao-
tu11xcA B peay.1bT3Te KOHTllHCllTa.1bllOro BblBCTpHB3HHSI KOpeHHblX
nopo;i., MO>KHO CllHTaTb ycra1100.1eHHblM, HO 06blqHO TaKHe llCCKH
11:-ic101 JillWb cpa BHHTC.1bHO orpaH1111e1111oe, 110Ka.1b110e pac11pocrpa11e·
ttHe. Ha1160JJbWHe >Ke no nnowallH MaccHBbl 11ycrblHllblX necKoe
l!D.1SllOTCR, nO·BllI\HMOMy, llJlOllYKTOM JOJIOBOI'! nepepa60TKll Ha MeCTe
pb1X.1blX neC'l3HblX H neclfaHO·rmtHllCTblX a ,11 JI JOB Ha .1 b H bl x OT·
.'!O>KCHllA, 3300JIHJIBWHX HCKOf!l.a 06w11p11ble aenpeccHH, 8 KOTOpble
e11a1a.111 peKt1. TaK, noll nepepa601a1111blMH eerpoM 11oeep..'<HOCTHblMH
necK aM H KapaKyMOB oc10n.y Ja.1erat0r cepbie cn10Ancrble 11ec1111, cooeii
59
RCHO BblpaJKeHHOH C.10HCTOCTblO H npOCJIORMH fJIJIHbl CDJllleTe.%CT-
BYIO!Ulle 06 3J1.~IOBJJ3.1bHOM npOHCXO>K.!1.CHH ll H CX0.!1.Hble c COBpCMCH·
HbDJ ann10n11eM AMyJlapbH. 06w11pnyJO Kapa1<yMc1<y10 11.enpecCHIO
MOJKHO paccMaTpHB3Tb K3K 06J13CTb c.~OlKHOH 'leTncpTllllHOA JlC.1bTbl
peK A \lyllapbH. Tc.n.JKeHa " :nypra6a, H31111sasw11x B 9TY aenpeccH10
CBOH BOllbl H 3anOJ111ABWllX ee nponyKTaMH p33Mb183 H BblBeTpffBaHllR
rop na1ornpo-AJ!a11, fnH;iyKywa H napanaMl!Ja. 33 3JIJllOBH3JlbHOO
npo11cxOJKJJ.eHHe necKOB np11aP.aJ1bCK11x KapaKyMoB eme e 1915 r.
BblCK33anc11 C. C. Heycrpyen [ 57). HcCJJe.aosa11H11 B 50JJbWJJX 5apcy-
Kax (ccnepHoe np1rnpa.iJie) noKaaa.111, 1110 nonoca 9Tl1'X neCKOB npcll·
CTaBJll!CT He \ITO HHOC, K3K .n.peBHC3JIJIJOBll3JJbHble ff aJJJJJOBH3JlbHO•
osepn1>1e Teppacon1>1e o6paJonaHnn .n.penH ei'! JlOJJllHbl, cpe.n.11 KOtOpblx
pellKHMH TOllKaMH B03DblWalOTCll .n.ecrpyKTHBHblC OCT3HUhl pa3Mb1Ba
KOpeHHblX rpeTHllHblX nopoJJ., HCnblTblBalOIUHX ceil11ac HC3HallHTC.1bHOO
pa3eenaH11e (fac.1b{l8], crp. 66). Heco1-rneH11brn npOJl.YKTOM so.10001\
nepepa60TKH a.1.,10n11n .lPCBHcro TapHMa 11 03CpHb1X oca,1KOB
c50.%UJOro Jlo6Hopa:o 11s.1n10rc11 necKH nycT1>11111 TaKJ1a·Ma1rnH.
E. <I>. foTbe (Gautier [126), crp . 121-1 22) yKa3bl8aer, \!To 6!)JJb·
WHllCTBO raMaD. Cax~pt.1 JIC)KJJT Bbl WC 500 M, o6naCTH >Ke HlllKC 3TOR
BblCOTbl, 3a11nrble spraMll, npeD.CT3DJIRIOT .n.enpecCHH, 8 KOTOpble Jl3JIH·
83JIH CBOH BO.!lbl CHCTeMbl \ICTBCpTHllHblX 83.illl H 3anon1111.1H llX CBOHM
anniosue~i. Ca1'1H 011epra1111n spro8 11acTo co9na11a10T c JlllHHR~rn sr11x
.11peBHHX 80.lOTOKOB. Ornoc1mMbHO a8crpanui'icKofl neC'laHoii nycr1>1HH
CHMncoHa C. Madigan ([153), crp. 225) 8b1CK33b1Baer npe.wo.ioJKe·
HHC, llTO ee necKll npe,n.CT38Jll!IOT nepepa6oTaHHbl A BCTPOM ll nepe-
HOCHMblii HM B cenepo-sana;u10M 11anpanne111111 ann10n11i\ repl110wnxc11
3.l.CCb peK .[lailaMaHTHHa H K ynepc-Kp11K.
noMHMO .n.pcnHHX aJJ.~IOBH3JlbHblX H oaepHulX OTJJOJKe11nft, BblllOJI·
HllBWllX HeKorna B paHHelleTBepTHllHoe HJIH ,113lKC 8 TpCTllllHOO
opeM11 06w11p111>1e JI.enpecc1111 penbecj>a, MaTep11ano~1 !ln11 so..1001>1x nec-
KOB B ap!UHblX 06.13CTRX Moryr c.iyJKHTb TaKJKe H 11ooeAw11e H3HOCbl
coepeMeHHblx peK. TaK, 11anp11Mep, 11ecOMHeHHO, 1110 HeKorop1>1e necKH
<f>cpraHbl llBJISIJOTCR XOTll 6bl OTll3CTH npo.llyKTOM pa3DCBallllll npH-
6pc>KHblX OTMeJJeA C1>1p.n.apb11 (.ll.. JiaJJHDKHH [55]). TaKoe JKe npo11c-
XOJK!leH11e np11n11c1>1nan H. Jl. Kop>KeHeBCKHil (40) necKaM aana.lnoA
'13CTH AnalicKoli !IOJJHHbl.
HaKOHeu, nocne.llHHM HCTOllHHKOM necKoe a 6eperos1>1x nycrblHRX
Moryr 6b1Tb ncCKH. OTJIOJKeHHble BOJIHOA Ha MOCKHX no6epelKbRX ~10·
pell 11 60i1bWHX 03ep: necKH no 6eperaM Kacn11R , Apana, 5a.1 xawa.
npoHCXO)K;1eHne nC~KOB nyCTblHb HMeeT TO 3H311CllHC, "!TO HM
onpe.n.ensi10rcR e JHa1111Te.1 bnoA ~1epc C3Mbl e 11x cnoi\croa n cocrae.
Ta1<, nccKH pC'IHble, MOpCKHe 11 03cp111>1e no'ITH ncer.n.a xopowo npo-
MblTbl H COCTORT 00\ITll HCKJJJOllHTCJlbllO H3 trnapuenblX sepc11 c OllCHI>
Manoi1 npHMCCbJO HblJJeoaTblX qacr11u. MopCKHe necKH CO!lCplKar aHa·
llllTC.~bHOe KCN11111CCTBO Kap6onaTOB. Hao6opoT, neCKH KOHTHHCHT3Jlb·
Horo npOHCXO>K;1eHllR, 06pa3oaaow11ec11 nyTeM 8blBCTpHB3HHll ropHblX
nop0.1, acer.la no'ITH CO.leplKaT 60JJbWOO KOJIHllCCTBO r.1HHHCTblX
'13CTHU, 11311ecr11, OKllCJJOB JKe.1e3a. Hcpe;1KH apKoaon1>1e necK11 c He-
60
Bbl8eTp11BWllMllCll 3CpHb1WK3Mll H KpllCTannaMH TaKHX Mll11epa.10B,.
KaK pa3n1111H1>1e nC>JJeo1>1e wnaTbl . Or 3THX pa3.1HllHA MeXaHH\lec1;oro ·
II MllliCpa.1orn11ec1<oro COCT31l3 neCKOB 3ao11CSIT !IX cj>H3H\ICCKHC II Xll-
MH\ICCKHC CDOHCTBa: npo1111uaeMOCTb, onaroCMl<OCTb, Kan11.1J1RpHOCTb,.
K0Hl1CHC3UHOHll3!1 cnoco6HOCTb, 6e.n.HOCTb llJIH 6oraTCTBO nHT3TeJJb·
HblMH ~mnepa.i&HblMll oemecrna~rn 11 r • .n.. E c recreeHHO, 'ITO nepc1111c-
neHHble CBOilCTBa necKOD HMCJOT qpe3Bblll3Allo 60.1bWoe 311a11eH11e 8
npo6ne\le XOJllHCTBCHHOro OCBOCHllA nycrblHb. c HHMH, KaK . Mbl
811.lCJIH, caMblM TeCHblM o6pa30M CDll33Hbl r11.aporeo..1oru11eCKIJe ~CJIO ·
DllR nyCTb!Hb, rn.e np11 OTCyTCTBHff nonepXHOCTHblX 80!1 D03MO>KllOCT.b .
11e.i108e•1ecKoro cywecrnonaHHll 6aJ11pyerc11 Ha aanacax H Ka11ecrne
BOJl nOD.3CMllblX. BMeCTe c TCM 3TH >Ke CDOHCTBa neCKOB onpen.e.~RIOT
ff HX 3H3'lellHC K3K cy6crpara JlJl!I p33BllTHR paCTHTCJlbHOCTH. 3J'.teCb ·
c.ie.nyer OTMCTHTb npeJK.lle ocero nerKylO nOi\BfflKHOCTb necKOB, 06yc-
.1oen11na10wy10 y pacre1111A-ncaMMOlj>11ros pllll. npHcnoco6.1e11111\, rapaH-
r11py10m1tx HX caMHX H.111 llX OJJO.lbl OT 33Cbln3HHll necKOM.
50JJbW3ll npOHHUaCMOCTb neC'13HblX TOJIUl cnoco6croyer nerKOMY
npOHHKHODeHHIO orny6b Cl<Yll.llblX B nyCTblllRX aTMOC<!>epHblX OC3ll.KOD,
KOTOpble MoryT II He C03J'.taTb npOMblBHOro pelKHM3. TOJJbKO T3M, r.n.e ·
oca.nKOD 8bl0311.aeT 60.1bWC (B ceMH3pHll.HblX nyCTblHRX) H r.n.e pac-
l!JICHCHHblft peJJbe<j> neCKOB C03;13CT llX KOHUCHTpaUfflO B OTJlC.1bHblX
MCCTax (BO 803.lHHax). DO!lbl OC3!1KOB MOfYT J'.tOCTHrHYTb 3epKana
rpyHTOBblX BO;J. H./IH noaCTHJ1al01Ueil necKH BOJJ.OynopHOI\ nopO.l.bl.
B MOWllblX ronwax nccKa o6p3THOH OTI\31111 9THX BOA ". reM no-
8CpXHOCTHOfO 11cnapemrn OOllTH He npOHOX0.!1.HT B CHJJY Ma.nOH cnoco6· ·
HOCTH HCC Ka I( K311H;1Jl!!pHOMY 00.'lHSITHIO . 3anacbT BOJlbl I) necKax .
nycrbtHH )IOrYT, KaK 6bl.10 y>Ke yKaJaHO, nonoJJH!ITbCR noecpxHoc:rnoA
H rny6nntioft KOHile11cau11eA. TaKHM o6pa30M, neCKH 111m1110Tc11 xopo·
Wll\lH co611paTCJJllMH aTMOCcj>epHoii B.13rH H llOJlfO coxpaHRIOT ee 8
ce6e. n noHcpbl necl!aHOii paCTffTe.%HOCTH, OORBJl!!IOUlHCCR Ha nOJl·
BHlKJJblX nccKax, Moryr HCn0.1b3083Tb nepXHffii «BHCllllHl\:t ropn30HT
8.13lKHOCTll, a MHOrHe paCTCHHR, HMCIOIUHC ll.JIHHHYIO Kop11eey10 CllCTC·
My, 11cnOJ1b3YJOT u 6once rny601rne aanacbl no11acMH011 DOJlbl. npo-
HH3b!B3R CDOH MH KOpHSIMH nec11aHyJO Macey, pacTeHllR c noco6cTBYIOT
3aKpenncHHJO neCKOB JI nepexon.y JIX D 11en0.!1.BllJKHOe COCTORllJIC ..
TaKHM o6pa30)1, nc<"KH nyCTblHb no CDOllM BOllllO·fPYHTODblM >CJIO·
BHSl\I 6naronpHRTHbl ;1Jlll pa3BHTl!ll paCTllTC/lbHOCTJI, II, 33 JICKJllO~e­
HJleM, 6b1Tb MOlKCT, 11a116once apll.lHblX 06.1aCTeH, OHi!, 6y!lYllH npe·
.:i.ocraa.ieHbl caMllM cc6e, JICfKO elO o.1eoalOTCll. no 06H.1HIO II p33H006·
pa31110 cocrana pllCTHTeJlbHOCTH HeKOTOpble neCll3Hble nyc1blHH
BblfOI\HO O'MHll3IOTCll OT KaMCHJICTblX f3Mall. H rJlllHJICTO·COJIOHllaKO·
BblX nycTblHb . n o .qcrKOCTll !IX ocnoeHllSI H XOSRACTDCHHOro 11cnOJ1b30·
sa1111R nec~aHble n ycTbl1111 n.onll<llbl 6b1Tb noc1ao.~e111>1 Ha ncpooM
Mecre. He.1b9R, 0;1HaKO, He OUJeTHTb It Oi1HY OTPHUaTe.~bH}'IO cropoHy
nec11aHblX ll)'CTblHb: 6.1 aro.a.ap11 6o..%WOA oononpoH11uacMOCTll llCCKOB
OHH npCllCT3BJllllOT 00;1bWlle rpy.J.HOCTH ,11./1ll opraHHJaUHll HCKYCCTBCH:
11oro opoweHJJR, lj>H.%Tpyn B0.1Y opocnTeJlbllblX KaHanoe B pb1X.1b1H
nec11aHblil rpy11r.
61.
 OcraeTcf! pacornrpeTb ewe 0111111 nonpoc: MOlKeT .~n BeTep nepe-
HOCl1Tb MaCCbl neci<a Ha 60.%WHe paCCTO!IHll!I OT MeCTa ero o6pa30Ba·
.Hirn l!.1H OT MeCT, r.nc OH 6b!JJ OTnO>KeH ilPYrHMH CHJJa~m? HHa'le
ronopsi, MOryT .~H 60.nbWHC MaCCflBbl nec11aHblX nycTl>IHb H3MeHf!Tb
noJ. BJlll!lHHeM 30J10BOii ne1ne.%HOCTH CBOH 04epT3HHfl H 3axBaTblnaTb
HOBble npocrpaHcTna? OrneTbl Ha 3TOT nonpoc ;ia10rc11 011eH1> npoTHBO·
pe'lllBbie.
Hec ~10rp11 Ha pew11Te.1bHOe rocnoncrno B !OlKHOli HH3MCHHoii
11acrn Cpell11eir A311H nerpon ccnepHbIX pyM6on, necKH KapaKyMOB
nO'ITll HC o6HapylKHB3lOT, nO-BHJ1HMOMy, TeHlleHUHI! HacrynaTb Ha
y31\Yl0 1<y.%TYPHY!O no.nocy Oa3HCOB, npoTRHynwy1oc11 BllOJlb nonHO·
lKl!Sl Konernara. VI. B. MywKeTOB [54) o6'b!!CHA.n 3TO TeM, 'lTO Kpyroil
·cenepHblii CK.no11 Konernara npe11craM11er cnnowHylO nperpany, CTOA·
Ul)'!O Ha nyrn ;10MHHHpy10wnx nerpoB, 11 '!TO nepen 3roii nperpanoii
06pa3yerc11 3aBHxpe1111e B03llyXa H C03ll3eTCfl rnraHTCKllii, CB060AHbli\
OT necKa «lKeno6 BblnynaHHA».
OrHoc11renhHO 60111>wHx 3proa Caxapbl cywecTByeT MHeHHe, 'ITO
OHll 1<aK UeJIOe 11BJ11110rc11 HenoJlBll>KHhtMH. TaK, Rolland (169)
nonycK aeT, '!TO BC1'ep MO>KeT 113MCH!!Tb xapaJ<Tep nonepXHOCTH 3pra,
HO OH He n COCTOflHHll H3MCHllTb ero Mecrono.no>KeHHe. Ha3B3HHblii
anrop o6b!!CHffeT ny HenOJlBlllKHOCTb 6o.1bWllX nec11aHblX ~IaCCHBOB
'.B.1aiKHOCTblO, J<oropasi rocnoncrnyer, no ero MHCHH!O, nHyrp11 nec11a-
1ib!X HaKonneH11ii. Cywccroy!OT, OJlHaKo, H npyrne 133r1111,11>1. rorbe
(G autier [ 126]) y1<a3b1Ban, HanpHMep, 11ro 0Kpa1111a Bon1>woro 3a ·
na.lHoro 3pra HOC11r rpaHcrpecc11BHblH xapaKrep H '!To nanH 3yccjlaHa
•6bl.1a OTTCCHeHa B CTopoHy HrnH acnenCTBHe 3ano.11HeHllff neCJ<OM ee
no.111H1>1. Tor >Ke caMblii 3pr ylKe 3axoar11.n He60JibWY!O 11acT1> Mc.no-
Boro n.1aro 3.11> fMea H 06pa3ooan K aocroi<y or 3roro oaJHCa l!Be
.nec11aHble ucnH no 50 KM llJIHHoii npu 4 KM wHpllHbl.
3prn JIHBHHCKoii nyCTblHI! no1<pblB3lOT 'laCTblO H3BeCTHffKOBoe
J1JJ3TO HH>KHe· 11 cpen11e30Ut'HOBoro Bo3pacTa, l(aCTblO pacnoJJOlKeH·
HY!O lO>KHee nocne11Hero 06.~acTb pa3BHTllA Hy6ttikKoro nec11aH11Ka.
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nocrcneHHO 3aCblnalOTCl1. B KOHC'IHOM ltTOre He6on&Wa!! nperpa.ita
MOlKeT OKa3aTbCR conepweHHO norpe6errnofi noa nec1<0M, cKon.~eHHe
1<oroporo npco6paayercst JaTeM n 11.011>1<ywyioc11 11io11y.
3TllMJI 9KCnepHMCHta.%HblMH 11a6JJIOACHHRMH 06'bRCHRIOTCSI HeKO-
TOpble RDl!eHHll, npo11cxo11RlllHe B np11po.n.e. TaK, ttanp11Mep, Ha KPYTb!X
aGpaJHOHHblX 6eperax, rne DblCoKoe n11aro o6pbleaetc!! K nec<1aHoMy
n.1RlKY OTBCCHblM ycrynoM, HepCAKO Ha6.110AalOTCSI nec11aHblC lllOHbl Ha
noecp:<HOCTlt n.1aro 6.qHJ ero Kpall. 1'1CTO'IHl1KOM necKa B .i1311HOM
66
c.1y11ae 11MRerc11 MlllK, 6epcroooA o6pblll (KJJHCV) 11rpaer pon&
cn.'IOWHOi't nperpa.lbl, a o6p33yK>WeeCSI nepu HHM 3asnxpe1111e B03·
11yxa BblHOCHT necoK CHH3Y Ha oepWHHHYIO noeepXHOCTb nnaro.
TaM, rne cpe11H pas1111HHOA nyCTblHH Kpyro no11HHMa10TCR H30JJH·
pooaHKblC 803DNWCHHOCTH B BH.ilC OCTpOBKblX rop·CBH;lCTc.neA. DblXO·
.lOD 60,,ee reepilblX nopon 11 Apyrnc, OHH Moryr 11rparb ponb nperpa-
Abl 11a nyrn nepeHOCHMOro nerpoM necKa, H n nycrbJKRX Hcpe.n.Ko
11a6.110naCTCR npHDllJaHHOCTb 11ec11aHblX aKKp1y.1RTHDHblX 06pa3oea-
1111r1 K TaJ<HM CJ<3JJHCTblM DblXOJl3M KOpCHHblX nopOJl. n pHMepbl Ta KOi\
nprlDR3aHHOCTH Ha6n10Aam1c1> 11a KJre Caxapbl (Dufour ( 119]).
B TOM cny11ae. ecn11 npc1111r-
CTBHe 6b1JIO Hecn.,OWHOC', Ha - ~
npHMCp, rycro neTDllWHACll
r;ycT paci:cHHSI, 'ICPC3 KOTOpblli A
JlDHlKYWHllCR 003.il.YX ~tOlKCT
npoXOllHTb, ltCfiblTblBaR JlllWb
ptCHbWCHHe CKOPOCTH, 1te.10
npOllCXOJlHT HCCKOllbKO HHa'le.
lla116onee ~IOLUHbl)f cnoeM ne-
COK 11aKannneaetc!! cpeJlH eer-
sci1 caMoro r<ycra, a 3aTeM
BblJtaCTCR B Bll;le npO.lOJJrooa-
roro, nocreneHHO Bb1Km11111ea10· P•c. 14. .::1:1wp•o•a.i••a• J110Ha \KO·
iueroc11 R3b1Ka noaa11H KYCTa, o ca-xo.nrn') a np04»f.i• (11} 11 o
n.1aHe (5)
~ro «oerpoooii reHH» (p11c. 14}.
TaK1rn 06pa30M noaHHKaer HC·
DblcOKan Koca-xonMHK (rebdou o Ceoep1101! A<1>pnKe), BblrnHyTa11 n
11an pao.,eHHH rocno.ncroyiowero nerpa, c 11a1160.1bweA 01>1corotl s
06.,acrn caMoro Kycra. Bb!COTa KOC·XOllMHKOD o6bl'IHO cocrao.nRCT
.n.o.iH Merpa, pellKO nocrHra11 1 M. 0 11e6Kax Caxapbl )!(. Tp11Kap
(J. Tricarl [172), crp. 72} rooop11r, <1ro oHn Moryr 06pa3oeatbC11
6blCTPO, Ha npOTRlKeHHH HCCKO.%KllX J1Hei! npH rocnOACTDe CHJlbHOro
oerpa nocro!!HHoro Hanpae11eHHS1. OpH HJMCHeH1111 11anpae.1eHHR oer-
pa OHH MOryT TaK lKe 6b1CTPO pa3pywaTbCR. Kocbl·XO.llMHKH, COCTOR·
WHC HJ necKa c 60JJbWOA npHMCCblO fJIHHHCTblX tfaCTHU. OTJJH'lalOTCR,
nepo11T110, 60.1bwei! cra61111bHOCTb10. TaK11e KOCbl·XOJIMHKH 6bl.111 on11·
caHbl o no.~ynyCTblHRx Bocro<111oro 3aKaoKaJbR (Ha repp11ropHH
A3ep6aA11lKaHcKoi! CCP) .
Ky•ieBble necK11
Cxo11H1>1e no r eHeJHCY c KOCaM11-xo.~MHKaM11, HO 6011bw11e no pa3·
MrpaM H HHOA cj>opMbl 06pa3ooaH1tR 6bl.~H on11ca11bl B. A. 06py<1eDblM
I64 J e nycTblH!lX Cpe.n.Hel'l n UeHTpanbHOii J\31m non. Ha3BaHHeM
"Y.'ICB'?,1X necKOB («Kycrooblc 6yrpb1>, non. C. MaKccny; Vcge-
tnlronshugel, no K. Futterer; rebdou, no Tricart). 3ro HaKon.1e1111e
llCCKa c 6o.1bWOH npHMetblO fJIHHHCTblX 'laCTllU 110.!I 33WHTOA 6o.rlee
11ocnblx, KycrapHHXOBblX pacreHHi! nycTblHH. On11caHHhle Bhlwe KOCbl·
67
 XOJIMHKI! lie llBJJlllOT<:I! ycTOUlll!Bbl Mll 06pa3onaH1tRMll: npH 061!.1bHOll
nocryn.1eH1tH 11onoro nec11a11oro MaTep11ana pacTeH11e, !laswee Ha11ano
TaK0111y HaKonne1rnt0, CKopo cosepweH HO norpe6aerc11 no.a necKoM 11
OT11111paer. a nec11aHoe HaKonneHHC npenpawaerCI! B crpa11cTsyt0wyio
.llOHy, 11.111 6apxaH. B OTJJHllHe OT 3Toro Ky11esble necKH npe.1lcran-
,111t0T o6pa30B3H1111 ycToA111tBble H so nee epe111A ceoero cywecreosa-
HllA II pocra cosepwCHHO HenoaenlKHble. 01111 MOryT 803HHKaTb, BO-
nepBblX, npH H3.1HllHH paCTHTe/lbHOCTll B Bl!lle OT.leJlbHblX, rycro
BCTBAUlHXCA OT caMoA 3CM,llH KYCTOB IMH He60.1bWHX HX rpyn n, or.ae-
neHHblX .npyr OT ,1lpyra ronblMH
K3>K.a.oro BHP.a paCTCHHA, KOTOpble 113BJleK3IOT He06XOAHMYIO eony H3
D.OCT3TO'IHO B.13>KHblX rop1130HTOB l!Ol!Bbl.
BepxH11S1 rpaH11ua ona>KHoro cnoll n pH H3CblnaHnH necqaHoro
6yrpa Ha nepoOH311a.11bHO pOBHOH nosepXHOCTll nOBblW3eTCll , HO 3TO
nOBblWeHllC OTCT3CT OT llOBblWCHllll noeepXHOCTH 6yrp3. B Cll.'IY .noro
pacTeHllJO npHXOD.llTCll ,1l06b1BaTb He06XOD.HMYIO eo;iy Ha ece 60JJbWeA
II 60llbWCA r.1y611He, II B KOHUC KOHUOB OHO HaqHHaer crpaAaTb OT
ee He!lOCT3TKa, He 6yay11H B COCTOllH Hll .io6p3TbCll AO Hee KO~Hll MH.
Tor.ia HallHHaercA nocreneH11oe 33CblX3HHe KyCTa. c3ac1>1xa10w1111 KYCT
e>Kero.!lHO npOH380;lltT see 111eHbWC II MCHbWe 3MeHH, 33COXWHe oe-

~
'·.~' c~
npocrpaHCTBa~JH. H, BO·BTOPblX,
npH H3JJHllllll He OllCHb 0611.1 bHO-
.. · ro npuroKa cso6o.rutoro necK a,
.,,
TaK KaK B npOTHBHmt C.1Y'lae
6 p3CTeHHR 111oryT 6b1Tb 33Cblna-
Hbl 11aueno H noru6Hy Tb. H a -
npOTHB, np11 cpaBHHTC.1bllO cna-
60111 npHHOCe BCT POM neci;a no-
TOllKll o6naMbl03IOTCll oerpOM, H nocreneHHO 331UHT3 Mii neCK3, KO·
ropy10 npe,nCT3BJ111no 3TO pacTe1111e, y111e11bwaerc11. nooroMy ewe
paHbWC nonHoli cMepr11 p3creHHll HallHHaerc11 nocreneHHOe YHHllTO·
>KeHHe nec11aHOA KYllH, C03llaHHOil HM, TaK KaK necOK, JJllWHBW!IACll
3awmN, pa3Hoc11rc11 eeTpo~1. BeTep lleAcrsyer c11nb11ee 113 Hapy>Knyt0
43CTb KYCT3 (11.1H rpynnbl KYCTOB), 'ICM 113 BHytpeHHIOJO, 33Ullllll3e·
)IYJO nepsoi'!; no3TOMY npe>K.lle ocero YHH'lTO>K3eTCA paCTHTC.1bllOCTb
Ha CKJIOHax KYllH, a 3aTCM y>Ke Ha ee eepw1111e; TaKHM o6pa30M Ky11 a,

£
CJte,1lHHA 6y.1leT HaKannnBaTbCll
Me>K.a.y BCTBlllllH II cre6.lll:>m
'
' pacTeH HR MeMeHHO , H pacTellHe
,-- -=:S:-::._ 6y.aer HMeTb npe11111 npopaetaTb
11cpe3 uero, ocraea11cb n\llBbl 111
H <j>llKCHPYR H3KODJJeHHe CBOH-
P11c. 15. lla Kon.1eHllC (A II 6) H P83· MH KOpHRMH H 113CTHllHO 3aCbl·
BCBallHC (8 II I') K)"lenbl X OCCKOO OKO· naHllblMH no6era11111 . Ta Km1 06-
JIO KYCTOB xapMblKO Nilrarla Scho~rl
pa30111, 6yrop 11 n11 Ky11a necKa
(no B. A. 06p}"ICB)')
MO>KeT nocreneHHO paCTH B Bbl -
WHHy, OCT3BaRCb Ha Mecre.
B 3a1JHCHMOCTI! OT pacTe11111l, KOTOpble MOryr 11asaTb Ha11ano Ky11 enbm
ne~KaM, B . A. 06py11en pa3n1111aeT B nycTblH HblX o6nacrnx a11yrpeu-
11e11 A31111 n ccK1t .r a 111. 3 p 1t c Ko~ bl e (BHll.bl Tamarix), x a p )f bl Ko-
B bl e (xapMblK, N1trana Schoberi), ll 1t ea bl e (1111A, Lasiagrosfis splen-
dens). T POCTHHKO Bbl e (Phragmitis communis), caKca v.10·
n bl e necK11 n 11.pyrue (p1tc. 15) . BenH'lHHa nec11a11blx 6yrpos ~tO>KeT
6bltb paMH11Ha, cj>op:.ia >Ke llawe scero npH6J1H>KaeTc11 K Kyno.1006-
pa3Ho11, TO 6onec BblnyK.10il, TO 60.11ee n.10CKOH.
YcnoBHR, 6.llaronpHATHble MA 06pa3osa11u11 KylleBblX necKoB, Ha-
6nio.iat0rc11 qawe ncero no cyx11111 pycna111, e6.1113u 6eperos peK H
oaep, 803Jle K.1t011ell II Ha llH llUlax 3al\IKHYTblX ana!lHH, soo6we BclO.a.y,
rae Bolla, Heo6xo.a.11111a11 MA cywecreosaHHll p3cre11Hr1, 6J>1saer 1111 8
BJ;>eMeHHO, HJl11 nOCTOllHllO Ha cpaBH HTl'.%HO He60llbWOH r.1y6HHe
(L641. cTp. 4).
H3pacr3111110 nec.,3110-r.1H11ncroro HaKonneHH11 e B1>1cory no.1o>KeK
npe.lle.1 C3MOi'! npHpo110A H :nor npc!len p33JJH4CH .llJJll pa311blX BHP.OB
pacTeHHA. T aK, T3MapHCKODble K}'llCBble necK11 Moryr ilOCTllraTb
4-6 11 lla>Ke 10 M BblCOTbl, a o6ycnooneHHble Kycra111H Nilraria -
TOJlbKO ilO 2 M. 3Tor npciten, OllCBHAHO, o6ycnoeneH AJIHHO!l KOpHeft
nepsona113nbHO 6onee Hn11 MeHee Kyno,1006paaHaS1, npenp3waerc11
nocTeneHHO B KOllHllCCKYIO llJIH ll3>Ke n04TH UHJJHHAPHllecKyJO
(p 11c. 15) . I-la o6eeBaeMblX H pa3i,e.a.aeMblX BeTPOM CKlll?Hax TOpllaT
ewe MCpToble Kop11 H 11 cre6nn p3cTeHHSI, a cKpenneHHblll HlllH nccoK
11110r11a OTB3JIH03 eTcn rm,i6aMH, JIC>K3Ul11MH y no.nHO>KllSI > (06py11en
(641, crp. 6).
tio -n11I1111110My, aHanora111H Ky11es1»x nec1<on B. A. 06py11eea e ao-
HaJJ bHbtx n ycTblHRX Cenepnol\ A<j>pnKH S1BJH110Tc11 n ec11aHo-r JJHHHCTble
H3KOnJJeHllR B J<ycr ax nyCTblHHblX pacre1rnil, KOTOpble Tp11Kap onHCbl·
sacT no11 11a3BaH11eM rebdou (Tricart [ 172), cTp. 72-73). 311.ec1> 3TH
naKonJJCHHA MoryT llOCTHr3Tb OTHOCHTeJJbHOA BblCOTbl 3-4 M II OTJJH·
43lOTCll JHiOrA3 HCnpaBHJlbHOll <j>opMOfl B OllepraHHSIX . P a3BllB3JOTCll
pc6ny B yc..1001111x, l!Oll06HblX TeM, B KOTOpl>IX cpopM11pylOTCSI HC6Kll,
Ha noncpxHOCTllX llOCT3TO'lHO pODllblX II CJIO>KeHHblX n ecKOM He O'lCHb
llHCTblM .
E ctb oc11ooaH1111 non3raTb, llTO 11a.1111111e KaKoro-nn6o npen11rcTDHA
OTHIOll.b HC llBJll!eTCSI HenpeMeHHblM ycnOBHeM !l.1111 o6p33083Hllll nep-
DH"'IHOro nec'laHoro HaKOnneHll A. Ha6.1lO,iJ,all, KaK Tpen.1CTCll DO BpeMI!
seTp3 no.10THHUle cj>.1a ra, He rpy.nHo y6e.IHTbCll, 'ITO serep OT.111113er-
CA OllCHb CJIO>KHOA «CTPYKTypof1>. B Ka>K.:tOM .a.aHHOM MeCTe c11.1a H
11anp3s.1eHHC serpa 6ecnpecraHHO H3 MeH1110TcA BC.1e!lCTBHe ryp6y-
.1enTHoro llBH>KCHHll sos.nyxa. Korlla BeTep, 11ecywHi'! Macey necK3,
DHC33nHO D3Jl3eT, OH OCTaD.1ACT Ha MeCTe CBOIO HOWy, 06pa3y11 Ha
nooepxHOCTH He31131111reJ1bHOe necllaHoe HaKonne1111e. noc.1e.'l.Hee C3MO
y>Ke c TaHOBHTCI! HeKOTOpblM npenl!TCTBHeM II cnoco6etByer ll3JlbHeA-
we111y HaKon.1CHHJO necKa, nocreneHHO yBe/IH'IHBal!Cb B rOpH30HT3J!b-
llL.IX p33Mepax H no BblCOTe. <l>opMbl, 803HHKalOw.n e TaKHM o6pa30M,
11cpB011allaJJbllO npencraBnSllOT OlleHb c.ia6o BhlnYKJJble II c nollTH He
At1cl><1>epcHUllpOB3HHblMH CKJl0113MH neo11a11ble H3KOn.~eHHll - «MOCKHe
AIOHbl> (dunes plates), no TepMHHo.1ornH n. Ocj>pepa (Aufrere [28),

68 69
 0
rpe61111 non yr.10M 28-3~ • Ha 11ase1peH110R cTopoHe 6apxaHa MO>KHO
crp. 369) . OHi! MOtyT 6b1Tb n p 0 A 0 JI b H bl M H HJIH n 0 n e p e 'I H bl . 11a6.~ ion a1b o6paayiowyiocn no.!'t M111tH11CM ncrpa n cc 4 a H Y IO
M 11, 8 aaeHCltMOCTll OT Toro, BJ>ITRHYTlil JIH OHH ceoel\ llJIHHHOA OCb!O p n 6 b (sand ripples, Ri ppelmarken, ridemenls) B 011.ne napannenb·
e HanpaMeHHH npeo6naJI.at0wero eerpa HJIH nepneH/lHKynRpHo eMy. HblX, HOpMa.~bHblX K HanpaBJICHlllO BeTpa, 1111orn.a paaeeTBMllOWllXCR
Ta HJIM .npyraR nepeoHat1anbHaR <t>opMa n.1ocKoil illOHbl, KaK Ka>KeTCR, B3.111KOD B t-2 CM 13b1COTOH. paall.e.1eHHblX 6opo3aK3Mll {puc. 17).
Ha J.3.1bHeilwee paaeHTHe 8.1HllHllR MOlKCT H He OK33bl8aTb. Ba.11tKH nec11aHoit p11611 HMCIOT HecHMMCTPHllHhlii nonepe'IHblK npo·
no Mepe np11T0Ka noeoro nect1aHoro MaTepHa.1a, c.~a6o w11ro· q,unb, cxo1lHblli c npo.'lOJlbHblM npocp 11neM 6apxaHa H TaK>Ke op neH·
o6p33HO BbtnYKJlall lllOHa, onallbH3R B nnaHe, nOCTeneHHO CTaHOBHTCR
60.~ee DblCOKOH K BblnYKJIOH - D3llYT3R JllOH3 {dune bombce). Ha-
pacTaHHe B DblCOTY npOllCXO.ltHT
lie TO.~bKO OT YDCllltt!eHHH MaC·
Cbl neCK3, HO H 611aro;iapR TO·
My, 'ITO nepeAHllll {no Hanpae-
neH1t10 ecrpa) t1acrb .!llOHbI, ua-
xo1111wa11c11 e nerponoil reHH,
P"c. 16. npeapa1UeHMe DJ.ll)'Ton .'110·
HY (A-A) 8 6apxaH (6-E) xa paKTCpHayeTcR 6onee Men·
Crpc."Ka noxnyaac-r •anpa11.1cRHC neHHbl M llBHlKCHHeM nec11aHblX
rocnu.tCT11)'X>111ero BC11l8 t1aCTHU cpaeHHTe.1bHO c aaaHcA,
HanerpeHHOH CTOPOHOH. Bnaro-
.ztapn 3TOMY >Ke o6CTORTeJJhCTDy nepn0Hat1a.%HO 01<pyrno·DblnyKJ1blH
npOJlOJlbHblil npo<jlHJlb .11l0Hbl nocren CH HO H3MeHf!eTCll, CT3HODHTCfl
aCHMMeTpllt!HblM H npno6pCTaeT peaKO BblpalKeHHblH OCTpblA rpe6CHb,
OT)leJIRIOW.llH nonornii HaeeTpeHHbl A H KPYTOH nO)lBeTpCHHblH CK.10Hbl
(pHC. 16). nect1HHKll CAYB3IOTCR c uaeerpeHHOro CKJIOHa, no.1HH~ta­
IOTCR no HCM Y i1.0 eepWHHbl .;J.IOHbl H, nona,,a11 B o6naCTb aaTHWbll
(ncrponylO TeHb), naJtalOT H ycnoKannalOTCll Ha no11oeTpeHHOM CKJIO·
He. nocJIC/lHH A npHHHMaeT npH 3TOM yron paBHODeCHf! Cbl llyt!HX ren,
33BllCRWHH OT neJJH'IHHbl t1acrnu.
OaHonpcMeHHO c 3THM npoHcxoAHT uaMeHeHwe <jlopMbl illOHbl 11 e
nnaue. necoK c 6oKOBblx "!acTeA J.IOHbl nepe11yeaeTc11 enepe;i. 6blcrpee.
'ICM no OCl'BOll 'laCTll, r.11.e MOWHOCTb necKa 60JlbWC. B peay.1bT3Te no
60K3M AlOHbl BblTllrHealOTCll enepeJt I! HeCKOJlbKO 8 CTOPOHbl nea Bbl·
pocra - «pora:., paaJlCJICHHblC OKpyrnoil BbleMKOit, COOTDeTCTBYIOWCl1,
CJICJIOBaTC.JlbHO, npl!HRBWCA DOrHYTYIO <l>OPMY no.neerpeHHOii CTOpOHe TllpOD3HHbli\ no OTHOWeHHIO K Derpy. Ha6nioneHHll H 3KcnepHMCH·
JI.IOHbl. TaK noaH11Kaer Hoea11 <jlopMa nect1aHoil aKKyMyn11u1111 - .nioHa 1a.1bHblC 11cc.~en.ooaH11 11 B. KopH111Ua (Cornish { 110]) noKaaanH. t!TO
e cpopMc no.1yMecflUa, Hmt 6 a p x a 11. Bapxa11 MO>K CT c<j>opMupoeaTb· p116b BOOllHKaCT npeHMYWCCTDeH110 Ha necKe, COCTORWeM 113 3epeH
CR T0.1bKO 'ITO on11callHblM nyTeM He TOJlbKO 113 n.10CKOA J.IOHbl, HO pa3110A BeJlll'IHllbl. ,U.111Ha BOJIHbl Pll611 H ee a1o1n.111ryna eoapacralOT B
np11 onpe11ene11HblX ycnoo1111x TaK>Ke 113 KOCbl·XOJIMllKa llJIH nec11a110A aaOHCH~lOCTH OT np01lOJllKllTCJlbHOC1'11 nei\CTBHS! eerpa. 011eHb CH.1bHblA
aKKYMYJlflUHH np1t HaJllt'IHH cnnOWliOA npcrpa.nbl . ucrep, cnoco6Hbli\ nepeMewaTb sepHa nccKa nio6oi\ nCJJH'IHHbl, yHH·
IJTO>KaeT neC'13HYIO pR6b H Crv1a>KiillaeT H3DerpeHHbli'! CKJIOH 6apxana ,
6 apxa111>1 BorHyra11 no11nerpeH11aR cropo1u 6apxatta nect1a110A p11611 He
JIMeeT; no Heil npoHCXOJlllT CK3Tblt1a1111e BllH3 nec11HHOK, J10CTHr310WHX
Cnoeo c6apxa11> -TIOPKCKoro npo11cxoJKAe111111 {crescent ic dunes. rpc6HR, II no3TOMY Ha Heil aaMCTHbt CKOpee TOHKlle 6op031lKH, npoT.11·
barchans, Barchanc, dunes en croissant, kaar - e ApaBHH, meda· ruualOWHCC!l ceepxy BHH3 no OCbmHOM V CK.~ OHY (surface cannelee,
nos - e nepy). T11ml'1Hbli\ 6apxa11 e npo.noJlbHOM npocpHne HMCCT 110 O<jlpepy). B aan11CHMOCTH 01' paaMc.poe nonyny1mol'I BhlCMKn Ha
HaOeTpCHHYIO cropo11y DHH3Y cna6o oorHyryio, BblWC Bbll1YK;1y10 c llOJllleTpeHHOH CTOpOHe 6apxaHa pora MoryT HMeTb 6onbwee HJlH
nonorn~l 110.1\bCMOM no.n yrnoM 5-12° K pe3KO Bblpa >KCHHOMY OCTPO· MCllbWee paasnrwe oT11oc11renbHO r ena 6apxa1rn. HHorna, np11 npe·
My rpe6HIO, 8 nnaHe H30rHyTOMY B BHAe nyrn. nollBeTpeHH3ll CTOpoHa ol\paaoBaH llH 6apxaHa BeTpOM, .Zl.)'IOUlHM noll HeKOTOpblM yr.10M K
B TOM >Ke npocj>11.1 e npe.ncrae..illeT npRMYIO JIHHHIO, nattaiowyio OT
71
70
 nepnoHalfa,1bHOMY BeTpy, c<jlop~rnponaBweMy Oapxau, w.ieMKa oi-a3L>1- 6apxaHon. HaKoHeu, .llJIR o6pa3onaHHSI 6apxa11a, no KopHHwy, .llOJIJK-
naercll He nocepe.llHHe noanerpeHHoro c1<i.n0Ha; n ra1<0M cnylfae O.llllH HO 6bl'Tb onpeneneHHOe COOTHOWettne Me>KAY CllJ!Oil aerpa 11 .KOJJHlfeCT·
por noJ1yMecm1a 6blnaer 3HalfHTeJ!bHO 6onbwe Jlpyroro, H 6apxaH DO\t nocryna10wero n ero pacnopR>KeH11e necKa (Cormsh [ 110),
CTaHOBHTCll HeCHMMeTpHlfHblM.
THnHlfHO o6pasonaHHbie eJlHHH'IHble 6apxaHbI, no-BHJlHMOMy, pe.llKO CTp. 290). 6
HeOJlHHaKonaii cKopocrb .nBH>KeHHR 60J1bw11x 11 MaJJeHbKHX apxa-
.llOCTliralOT 3Halfnrenbnoi\ BbICOTbl. Ha6n10.lla10W.HecR H9pe.!1Ka B nyc- HOD np11BOAHT Hepe.llKO K TOMy, 'lTO He60JlbWlle 6apxaHbl Hal'OHRIOT
TblHRx Cpe.llHeA A3HH 6apxaHbl o6bitfHO He npenblWalOT 3-5 M, pe.nKo
.llOCT11ra10r 8 M. B Caxape, no BaroHHy f174]. OHH .11ocrHra10T 10 M
BbICOTbl. B JlttBHHCKOA nycrblHe, no "BHJlHeJ1ny (Bednel\ [95],
crp. 386)' 6apxaHbl 6b1Ba!OT caMblX pa3H006pa3HblX pa3MepoB, OT Ma-
JleHbKllX, HMelOWHX 1-2 M B nonepelfHHKe, .!10 orpOMHblX nectf3Hb!X
XOJIMOB B 30-40 M BblCOTOli H OT 200 JlO 300 M WHpHHOA. Cne,llyer
OTMeTHTb, lfTO HeKOTOpbie anropbl HHOr)la Ha3b1BalOT 6apxaHaMH
neclfaHb!e o6pa3oBaHJlll, J<OTOpble B .lleAcrn11re.%HOCTll TaKOllblMll He
. l!MRIOTCll.
BapxaHbl npe.llcTaBJJl!JOT neclfaHble Hoeoo6pa3oBaHHR coepeMeH-
HblX nycrbl Hb, conepweHHO JJ11WeHHble KaKoii-JIH6o paCTHTe.TlbHOCTH,
a noroMy J1erno noMa!OW.Hecl! B03.lleikTBHIO KalKJI.oro nerpa. ECJIH
nerep .n.yer B OJlHOM Hanpa.BJleHHH, OHH MOryr cpaBHHTeJ!bHO 6bICTpO
nepeMeW.3TbCR, npH H3MeHlllOWHXCR HanpaBJleHHRX nerpa JlefKO H3Me-
HlllOT CDOIO <jlopMy H opHeHTHpOBKy. CnoBOM - 3TO <jlopMa «>KHBbIX»,
a He «MepTB.b!X», ycnOKOHBWHXCll Jl!OH. n o B. H. KyHHHy [43], JlO·
BOJlbHO 1<pynHble 6apxaHbl e IO>KHblx KbI3blJ1KyMax nepe.lleHramcll co
CKOPOCTbIO JlO 12 M B MeCSIU. tieM 60JlbWe II MaCCHBHee 6apxaH, TeM
MeMeHHee OH JlBH>KeTCSI, TaK KaK 60JlbWaSI Macca necKa rpe6yer,
pa3yMeerc!I, H 60J1bllle npeMCHH MR ee nepeeen aHHR.
PaHbWe rocnO.llCTBOBaJlo npeacTaBJleHHe, ·lfTO 6apxaHbl !IBJISIIOTCSI
JlOMllHHpy10wert <jlopMol! nectJaHblX aKKYMYJIRUHH B nyCTblHSIX. 3ro
o6bRCH!leTCR TeM, 'lTO 6apxaHbl CMeWHBaJIHCb c JlPYfHMH <jlop:vraMH
Jl!OH. Honei'\wee H3y4e1rne nycr.b!Hb noKa3ano, 'lTO _6apxaHbl cpaBHH-
TeJJbHO Mano pacnpocrpaHeHbJ Kai< n nycrblH!IX CenepHOH A<jlpmrn
Puc. 18. 6apxaHbl B nepy~HCKOA nyCTblHe

(Chudeau [ 108), crp . 346), raK H n nycTblHRX Cpe.llHeli A31rn (KYHHH

[43], crp. 2 14). B AecrpanHACKHX nycTblHSIX 6apxaHbl conepweHHO
HeH3BeCTHbl (Madigan f 153), CTp. 223). Her HX 11 B HHJlHHCKOi! nyc-
1\blHe Tap (120, 175]. JloMHHHpyrowel! <!JopMOI\ OHH SIBJllllOTCll, KaK
Ka>KeTCR, TOJlbKO n 6eperoBblX nycTblHRX IO>KHOA AMepttKH (pHc. 18).
CpanHHTeJ!bHO orpaHH'leHHOe pacnpocrpaHeH11e 6apxaHOB o6bRc-
HlleTcll TeM, tfTO OHH rpe6y!OT JlJIR caoero o6pa30BaHHR Pll.lla yCJIO-
BHl'i. 0.llHllM H3 ra1rnx YMOBHli llBJllleTCll HaJIHtJHe pOBHOA, nO'ITH
rop n30HTaJlbHOH nonepxHOCTH c TDep.!!.blM KaMeHHCTblM HJIK rJJHHHCTblM
rpyHTOM, He cnoco6HblM no,'lnepraTbC!l paanenaHHIO. B nyctblH!lX
Cpe.lHefl AJHH ra1<HMH npocrpaHcreaMH ot1eHb t1acTo Ra.rn10rcR no-
nepxHocr11 ra1<blpon, n CeaepHoA A<jlp11Ke - ce6xtt. KMH'lecrno
necKa, 1<oropb1M pacnoJ1araer nerep, .11on>KHO 6b1Tb He oqeHb seJ1m<o,
B Mecrax c MOW.HOA TOJIWeH neCKOB THnHlfHble 6apxaHbl He 06paay10T·
ell. Jl,aJ1ee, nerep JlOJl>KeH no Kpal'iHeA Mepe Ha npOTS1>KeHH11 onpelle-
neHHOro speMeHtt ro.na HMeTb xopowo Bblpa>KeHHOe npeo6J1a.naiow.ee
HanpaeJ1e1rne, onpc11e.~S110W.ee opHCHTHpODKY H HanpasJ1eHHe ,1BH>KeHHR
72
MC.ll.JleHHee JlBll>K)'UlHHCR 60JlbWOii 6apxaH H Ha"IHHaIOT HanonsaTb Ha
era HanerpeHHblH CK,ijOH, 06pa3ysi Ha HeM KaK 6bl napa3HTH'leCKlle
6apxaHi.,1 erop9ro nopSI.llKa. Ka>K.il.blii TaKo~ 6apxaH'l111<, npo.llBHHYB-
WHCb JlO rpe6HR 60JlbWOro 6apxaHa, yBMHtfHBaer ero BblCOTY H
Hc'le3aer Ha noABerpeHHOH cropoHe. TaKHe o6pa30BaHHR 6b!J1H onHca -
Hbt B. A. <l>eJlopo0Ht1eM n 3anaJlHOil TypKMeHHH non Hey.n.a'IHblM, Ha
Haw narm!Jl, Ha3BaHHeM «nonHCIIHTeTH'leCKHe 6apxaHHble KYSCTbl».
Bblcora ra1<HX CJIO>KHblX 6apxaHOB MO>Ker .11ocr11rarb HeCKOnbKHX .11e-
CRTKOB MerpoB. PHC. 19 no1<a3b!Baer OMHK TaKoro cnO>KHOro 6apxa1rn
8 nepyaHCKOH nyCTblHe.
B TOJlbl<O •'!TO Bb!We.n.weii H3 ne'laTH pa6ore H3BecTHOro llCCJ!el!O·
BaTeJIR cpe,!lHeasHaTCKHX H ueHrpaJlbHOaaHaTCKHX nycTblHb M. n. ner-
pona I AaeTC!l HHOe 06'bSICHeHHe o6pasonaHHll raKHX CJIO>KHblX 6apxa-
llOB. no MHeHHIO noro aeropa, ABH>KeHHe Mace noa.11yxa, nepeMe-
waioweroc!l n neTpoeoM noroKe no noeepxHocrtt pb1XJ1onec'!aHoro
' 11 o I p 0 D M. n. Cl>eHOMeHbl nyCTblHb. cnpnpOJ!.3», 1971, 1'ft 12, CTp. 34-39.
73

cy6crpara, o6paayer pA.l aasttxpeHHii, no cywccrsy so.~" pa3Hblx
napaMeTpOB c ropH30HT3.1bflblMH OCAMH, nepnCll.ilHKy.1Apllb1MH o6weMy
nanpaBJJCHHIO nerpa. 3TH 33BHXPCHHA (pHc. 20). H3KJ1a.;J.blB3ACb .11pyr
PHc. 19. C.oolKHblA 6apxaH ncpyaHCKOfl nyCTblHH (no P. Kosok)
PHC. 20. 3aaaxpeHHR BC'Tpo·necqaKOl'O noroxa (HJ CTOTbH M. n. nel'J)OBa
B ll<ypna.1e cnpMPCl.18>, 1971, 11~ 12)
Ha npyra, H3XOJlllT ce6e Bblpa>KeHHe n <jJopMax nec'laHoro pe.%e<jla
O'ICllb p33H006pa3HblX M3CWT360B - OT neC43HOA pRCll'f f!a 11anerpeH·
Hb!X CKJ10 1!3X c OTHOCllTCJlbHOi't BblCOTOI\ B3JIHKOD B 1-2 C~1 .110 napa.n·
74
.ienbHblX 6apx311Hb1X 1tenen c OTHOCHTCJlbHblMH Bb1COT3MH D.O 10-15 M
11 J.0 y>Ke ynoi.lllHYTblX cno>KHblX 6apxaHOB c Bb1COT3MH 100-150 M.
Ha HaBerpeHHblX CK.10H3X noCJICJlllHX 33DllxpeHHA MCHbWHX ra6apH-
TOB <jJopMHPYIOT 6apX3H'IHKH MCHbWCA DCJIH'IH Hbl, DO MHO>KCCTBC
H3C3lKCHll blC Ha 9TOT CKJIOH. B CBA3H c ryp6yneHTHOil crpy 1<Typor1 BeT-
poaoro noroKa nmrnHble napaMeJlbHble rpll~bt nptt JTOM ne 06pa-
sytorc11.
nocKOJlbKY np116pe>KHble nyCTblHH IO>KHOA AMepHKlt AB·JIAIOTC!I
o6mtCTblO KJ13CCH'ICCKOro pa3BHTllA 6apxaHOB, MCTeOpOJtOrH'ICCKHM
OTACJICHHCM BHCKOHCllHCKOro y1111nepc11TCT3 B 1964 r. 6blna opraHH-
308311 3 cne1tHa.ibHaA sKcnell.HllHA n paiioH OKpecrnocreA ApeKHnbl
(IO>KHOe nepy) D..:111 H3Y'ICHHA 33p0AllH3MHKH H MeJC3HHKH .il.BH>KCHHA
6apxaHOB. 5blna npOHJBe.J.eHa noeTOpH3A 33pO<jJOTOC'bCMK3 D 1965 H
1968 rr.
H ccnell.OB3H11A TIOK333JIH, 'ITO nepenoc necKa B AIOH3X conpoBO>K·
.aaeTC!I ero coprnponKoi't no se.H111H11e 3cp11a H no ~11tHepaJ1or1111cCKOMY
cocraoy. np11 0J111006pa31rn yKaJaHHblX ronb1<0 4TO ycnoonA, 6apxa-
Hht. OK33blB3CTCA, Moryr nepeMeWaTbCA Ha 3H3'1HTeJlbHble p3CCTORHHR,
coxpattsrn cno11 paJMepbl H <jJopMy a9pOllHH3MH'ICCKOro paBHOBCCH!I.
BhlRCHHJIOCb raKll<t, OTO o6'heMHblA y.11enbffb1A aec nec•a a 6apxaHe 103pacTat'T
OT Haae-rpeHHOfO CK.10M3 K poraM, B KOTOpblX .110CTHrat'T M3KCKM8.1bKoro ceoero 3K3·
qcnu; ero 3Ha•cHHR or no.11KOlKHR HaaerpeHKOl'O c1<.00Ha aeepx M rpc6KR Bblpa>KeHo
" ' O<leHb pe3KO. a H3H\leKbWee 3H3•CHHt o6Hapy>KHBaC'TCR B HHll<HMX •a<T11• OChlD·
noro cK.10Ka. MarcpMa.1 e por•x 6apxa•a uno COCTOHT Hl 60-1ee xpynHoro nccxa.
qe>1 B .11pynix •3CTRX .11IOObl. nccox • p33HblX qa(TRX 6apxaHa paJml•DCTCR K no
uaery, orpa>KaR pas.••••• MHHcpa.10MlqecKoro cocraaa • .n.1R He•orophlx o6pa3uoe
6bl.1 npHMCHeH MCT0.11 OTJ\MCHHR TeMHOOKpaweHHOro H TRlKe.ioro MarHCTllT3 nyrcM
HC00.1b30B3HHft npocroro nOJIKOBOo6pa3110ro MarHHTa. 0K33MOCb, .ro MarHCTllT
npe11cras.ie• no npeHMywecrny n BHl\e 3CpHblWCK MeHbweR ec.111•11Hbl. Pora lllOHbl
OOHapylKHB3.1H HaH6()Jlec BblCOKOe co.11eplK3HHC M3rKeTllT8, ero 6bl.10 MtHbtue Ha H3•
BCTJ><!HHOM CKMHe II •• rpc6He, 3 CaMoe Ma.ooe c0i1eplKaHHe 6bl.OO HD OCblOHOM
cx.10He. Pacnpe.11e.1en•e Marnerwra crporo cor.1aconblaanoc& c .naHHhlMH onpcJte.ie·
""" a.1&6e.110 B pUHblX q&CT11X 6apxana BbiCOKoe co.ncplK3HHC MarHeTHTa UHO CK3·
3b1Ba.ioc& a 6011ce re1'HOA oxpacxc nccKa. 0rHOC1m!•1&Ho •H3Koe 3HaqenHe a,,"6c110
necKa H3i.epcHo a porax 6apxaHa K •a H3Bt'TpeHH01' CKMHe, ror,1a KaK nan6o.1bwee
6bl..10 HaA.leHO Ha OCblOHOM CK.10Ke. 6pocaeTCR B r.1833 cneT.1blfl llltT OCblnHOro
CK.1083 8 nporHMlOMOlKHOCl'b aaaerpeHHOA CTOpoKe.
Mo>KHO c$Op1'yn•poaan, peJy.ibTaTbl •cc.1e.1101an11• c.ieJ1y10uu1>1 o6pa3oM:
cCieiw• OT H38CTPCHH OA CTOpOHbl K pora\! 6apxaHa, necox craHOBllTC• Kpyn11ee,
nnor11ce. reMHce or yne.1H•H Ba10werocR co11ep>K&H•• >1ar11cr11ra. YMeHbWCHHe ee.i•·
qHffbl 3ep11a, 06'bCMHOrO y;icnbHOro BCC3 H COJlCplK311HR MarHeTHr3 OT H3DC'TpCHHOro
CK.10H3 euepx K rpc6HIO 6apxa11a 8blp3lKCHO MCHCC npKo. CaMblA HH3KHA 061>CMKblA
BCC, C3MOC HH3KOC COl\CPlK3HHC M3rHeTHT3. C3Mb1A CBCTnblA UBeT H, BOOMOlKKO, ca·
Ma• M"'13• aC.1K•llH3 3CpHa 11ann.eHbl K3 OCblRHO'I CK.10 RC> {1130), crp. 321).
6 apxaHHble uenu
non. 3THM lt3383HHeM PA.l 11ccneaOB3TC.llei't nycTblHb CpC;l.HeA A3HH
(B. A. 06pyqeo [60]. B. A. ,ll,y611HCKllA [32], B. H. Ky1111H (42))
BbllleJIHJIH oco6yto <jJopMy neC'1311blX H3KOnneHHii B BHD.e napaJIJICJlb-
llblX, HCCHMMCTpt!4HblX 11 He O'ICHt. .D.JJllllllblX rp11.n, BblTllHYTblX B o6meM
nepneH,!lHKy.n11pHO KJIK TIO'ITll nepneH,l\HKyn11pHO K HanpaBJteHl1IO roc-
l!OJl('TBYIOUl!l:< BCT[lOfl. CnenonaTeJlhHO, 9TO 6yayT nonepellHble .lllOHW.
75
 BapxaHHble ucntt H3)"13nHCb B. A. Ll.y611HCKHM H B. H . l(yHHHblM
n npHaMyn.apbHHCKOil nonoce ioro-nocto11Hb1X l(apaKyMOB. B. H. Ky·
HHH xapaKtepHayer 6apxa1111yio uenb KaK nOJJOJKHteJTbHYJO cpopMy
penbecpa nOABHlKHOro necKa, BblT!IHYTYIO B BHD.e necH~rnetpHqHoro
B3Jl3 B D.JlllHY OT 30-40 JlO 400 M. nonepe'IHblil npocpH.1b rp!!Abl C.'{O·
AeH c npocpHneM 6apxaH a c nonorHM HaoerpeHHblM CKillOHOM (yr.1bl
P11c. 21. 6apxa11H1>1e ucnH ioro·oocro~Hhlx KapaK)1>1oe (no
B. H. KyHHHY)
na,1teHH11 or 0 llO 12-15°) 11 KPYTbDI ocblnHblM no.11ae1peHHblM c KPY·
TH3HOA OT 32 AO 36°. Ha CTblKe 060HOC CKJIOHOD n pOXOAHT rpe6eHb,
60JlbWYIO 'laCtb ro4a OCTpblll . Li.JJHH3 rpe6H!I H, CJle,l:lOBateJlbHO,
C3MOA ueml .!l.OCTHraeT y HeKOTOpblx AO 400 M (Mil ioro·BOCTOllHblX
KapaKyMoa 3TO- M3KCllM3J1bHa11 een1111tttta). JlHHH!I rpc6HR 6apxatt-
HoA uenH 0611apylKHBaeT MaBHYIO BOJIHHCTOCTb KaK 8 ropH30HT3.%HOM
Hanpaa.ieHHH {B Ma He)' TaK H B eeptHK3,1bHOM (B npocpHne). l13BH·
llHCTOCTb B nnaHc 061>RCHReTCR TeM, llTO non. 803.!l.eHCTBHeM Betpa
onpene.1eHHoro HanpaaneH1111 6apxaHtta11 uenb e ~1ecrax noHHlKeHHR
rpc6H11, rne MOWHOCtb necKa MeHbwe, npo.11a11raete11 anepe.:i. 6b1CTpeA
noabl WeHHblX '13eteA (pHC. 21) . KoHueable 11aet11 6apxaHHblX uenei\
no rpe6HJO 3aK3H'IHB3IOTCR n.naBHblM cnyCKO:ll, npHl.leM rpe6eHb 06blq -
HO aaaopa•rneaeTCR no eetpy 11 OTXOllHT or o6wero npotTHpaHH!I
6apxaHHOA uenH (K3K cpora> y 6apxaHa). B peaynhtare uenb npH·
o6petaet cepnoBH.!1.Hblll HJrH6.
BonbWHHeteo 6onee ctapbl~ aeTopoe (A. M. KoHWHH, B. A. 06py-
11ee, B. A . Ll.y6RHCKH11\ cq11ram1 6apxaHHble uenH (Koropble onHcbl·
76
nan11cb HMH "13CTO noit APYrHMH ttaaaaHHllMH) peaynbT3TOM CJIH!IHH!I
6oKOBblM II llX CTOpOH3MH .noyx HJIH HeCKOJlbKHX 6apxaHOBj OTCJOAa H
HaaoaH11e c6apxa1ma11 uenb>. no.11.06ttoe >Ke npoHCXOJKAeHHe np11nH·
Cbl8 3IOT cpp3HllY3CKHe HCCJleAOB3TeJIH CX0.11.HblM o6pa3oBaHHeM Ce-
ncpHOH AcppnKH, K01'0J)llle OHH H33blB3JOT «AJOHaMH e cpopMe 6yK·
Bbl W» (dunes en W) (J. Tricart el A. Cailleux [172]). On.ttaKo
B. H. KyttHH e 1930 r. yreeplK.13JI, 'ITO 6apxaHHble uenH He B03HH·
K3IOT 3THM nyteM, <11'0 OHH npe.ncraBJIRIOT C3MOCTO!ITe.1bHble o6p330·
B311HR oco6oro P0..1.3, OTJlll'l3IOU1HeC!I OT 6apxaHOB K3K cpopMoi\,
6611bWllMH pa3MepaMH, MeHbWeil no.ilBHlKHOCTblO, TaK H llHblMH
ycnoo1111MH caoero B03HllKHOBeHHR. 6apxaHRble uenH 06pa3ymc11. no
~1HeH1110 tta3eanHoro aeropa, npH o6HJTHH p.!iL'{JToro nec11aHoro Mate·
ptta.1a 11 np11tOM Jl3)f(e a yc.1oett11x 11epoettoro pe.1becpa (HanpttMep,
Ha CKJIOH3X 803BblWeHHOctefi). 06pa30B3Hlle 6apxaHHblX ueneil 113
OT.!l.MbllblX 6apxaHOB He A0K333HO. Hao6opOT, qaCTO ~!OlKHO Ha6.'llO·
Jl3Tb 06par11oe 11e..1eH11e - pacnaA 6apxaHHblX ueneil B 11x KOHUeBblX
'!aCTllX Ha OTACJlbHble 6apxaHbl. 3TO HMeet MCCTO npH nepexon.e 6ap-
X3HHOil uenH Ha pOBH)llO ropH30HT3JlbHYIO noaepXHOCTb c TBepAblM
rpyHtOM II OTC)'1'CTBHeM npHTOK3 HOBOrO neC'lattoro MaTi!pHaJJa, H3·
llplrnep Ha T3Kblpax (KYHHH [ 421).
6apxatt111>1e ucnH ioro·BOCTO'IHblX KapaKyMoB npeD.CTaBJT!IJOT o6pa·
30D3HllR cpaBHHTeJlbHO llHepTHble, ManonOABll)KHble: npH H3MeHCHHH
t1anpaBJ1e111111 AOMHHHpyiow11x eeTpoe OHH He ycneeaiot nepeMeHHtb
MecrononoJKeHH11 cnocro oc11oeaHH11; nepeMewaerc11 JJHWb rpe6ettb
:rpllAbl H H3MerrneTC!I <t>opMa CKJIOHOB. HMeHHO .neTOM, Koraa onpeae·
ne11110 npeo611a.1ta10T ee-rpbt ceoepHblX pyM6oa, rpe6HH rpnn. nepeMe·
Ul3IOTCll K 1oro·BOCTOKy, H IOJKHblil, TO'IHee JOrO·BOCTO'IHbl l'l, CKJIOH
CT3HODllTC!I, K3K no11netpeHHblil, KPYTblM, OCblnHblM. 3HMOll, KOrAa
npco6.1aAaHHe nepexoitHT K oe-rpaM ioro-noc1011HblM, rpe6eHb nepeMe-
maeTCR Ha 20 M K ceeepo-aanany, H iOrQ·BOCTO'IHblil CK.10H CTaHOBHTC!I
MHHHblM H nOJJorHM, cenepo-3anan1wll CKJIOH - KpytblM no.neetpeH·
flblM. CneayeT npH 3TOM OTMCTHTb, qTo B 6onbWllHCTDe cny11aee H3·
ripaoneHHe eeTpa ne 6blnaeT cTporo 11opMaJ1bHblM K npocn1paHHJO 6ap·
xaHHor1 uem1, a o6paayer c HHM yro.1, HeCKOJlbKO OT.1H'l3IOU1HHCR OT
'90". TeM He MeHee JIHHHR rpe6Hll He CTaHOBHTC!I npH CBOeM nepeMe·
meHllH neplleHllHKYJtRpHOA HODOMY HanpaMeHlllO BeTpa, a CMewaeTCR
n cropotty, ocraea11cb napa.1nenbHOil caMol'l ce6e.
HccneaoaaHHll B. H. l(yHnHa noKa33JJH T3KJKe, 1110 e roM CJ1y<1ae,
1<0r.11a oerep AYet no.11 HeKOTOpbl)I 0 c T p bl M yrnoM K lll;IRHH rpe6Hll
uen11, B .10lK6HH3X MelKllY llCnRMH H36JJJO~aeTC!I HH30DOll Betep
(B npH3eMHOM CJloe BOJlly.'{a) • .1J.YIOU!Hl\ B J1 0 ·" b JIOlK6HRbl B Ty CTO·
poHy, 8 KOropyio OTKllOHReTC!I OT HOpMalJH K rpe6HIO o6mee 11anpae-
.1eH11e eerpa. 0 T3KOM HanpaBJleHHH TOKOB BOJ.11.yxa 8 npnseMHOM CJIOC
.1olK6HHbl CBHAete.'IJ>CTBYIOT rpR.ilKH nec'laHoil p11611, KOTOpble ecerna
pacnonaraJOTC!I nepne11itHKYJ1J1pHo K Hanpael'leHHJO aerpa (cM.
pHc. 17). TaK KaK 6apxaHHble uentt e 10ro-eocro11HblX KapaKyMax
HMeJOT npOCTHp3HHe c BOCTOK·Ceeepo·BOCTOK3 Ha 3ana.1t·10ro-sana.il, a
irocno.11creyiowee HanpaaneHHe eerpa ceaepttoe 1111H ceeepo-ceeepo·BOC·
77
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naAHOM HanpanneHHH. .lln11>KeHHe B03Ayxa D,!J.OJ!b JIO>K6HH cn oco6c1-
ayeT BblHOCy OTCIO.!J.8 necqaHblX '18CTllU II npe.ll.OXpaHl!CT .io>K611Hbl OT"
sacblnaH11l! necKOM, CAyaaeMblM c 6apxaHHblx ueneA.
B pal'loHe PeneTeKCKOA nycTblHHoil CT8HUllH nec'laH&1e aKKYMYJlll·
UHH npeACT8B..1l!IOT n.10CKHe, BblTl!HYTblC MCPll!lHOHMbHO rpl!!lbl HJIH
nOJIOCbl II Ha HX noaepXHOCTb K3K 6bl HaCa>Kellbl 6apxaHHblC uen11
l!BJll!IOLUHeCll K3K 6bl 3KKYMYJIRTHBHblMH 30,110BblMl1 o6p830B3Hll!IM~
llTOpor o nopn.aKa (Kymrn [ 42] , crp. 226). llnHHa 6apxaHHblX ucneit
onpeAMl!CTCl! WHpllHOA nec11aHOil n O,llOCbl H, KaK 6bl.~0 y>Ke YK838HO,
He npeoblwacT 061i111Ho 400 M. Uen11 11BJ1l!IOTC11 60JT&wcA 11aCT&IO ADyx
HJIH Tpexy3C.%flblMH, T. e. HMCIOT 2 HJIH 3 8038b1WCHll!! rpe6Hf! (•llTO
paH&we HCT0.1K08blB3JIOCb K8K pC3yJl&TaT ~Hl!HHl! A8YX HJIH Tpcx
6apxaHoa).
no-n11A11M0My, a HanoroM 6apxaHHblx ueneA CpC.ll.Heil A3HH 11
W-o6pa3HblX .II.JOH Ce8epHotl A<!>p11K11 l!8Jll!IOTCf! re 06pa3onaH1111, KOTO·
pble JI. O<t>pcp HaJbl8aeT <t>ecroH'laTblMll nec11aHhlMH 80.i·
Ha M 11 (Aufrere [88]. crp. 370). no MHeRHIO Ha38aHHoro aaTopa OHll
803HllK3IOT K3K DJIOCKlle nonep~'IHhle AIOllbl, npOXO.ll.llT 33TCM CT~JllllO
pocra e Dblw1111y (dunes bombccs), KaK 6bl 83llyoa10TC11 11 np1106pe-
Taio1 66,11bwyio Dbl n yKJIOCTb H, H3KOHeu , Ha HHX p a3a1maeTCl! OCTpblA
BOJIHHCTblA rpe6CHb. n oKa nOCJICllHHA ew.e He c<1>opM11pooanc11, OKpyr.
Jlble ~eCTHble B3AYTHf! 11 noH11>Ke111111 cao.n.a rp!!Jlbl np11.D.a10T eil Y3JIO·
D3TblH 811ll (dunes ganglionnaires, no JI. O<!>pepy).
HHorzta rpe6uu 6apxa11HblX ueneA 11J111 <t>ecroH'laTblX nec11a11blx
DOJIH MOryT pa3BllB3TbCl! HCCKOJlbKO HHa11e. noHlllKCllHble y11aCTKH
rpe6Hst {CCJl.Jl0011 Hbl ) , o n cpclKast B CBOCM .llBH>KeHl111 encpeA noBbl WCH·
Rble 118CTll rpe6H!I, o6pa3y!OT Ha DOllBCTpeHHOM (OCblnHOM) CK.llOHC
KJ111HooH.!1HblC oblcrynbl, Ha3blBaeMble a Cc8epHoil A<1>p11Kc dzellah
(T. e. pe6pa rpy11Hoit KJICTKH). Hx nonepe•mblil np0$H.1b HMCCT
OKpyrnoe 011ep1aH11e - Her ocrporo rpc6H11. 3TH npoAOJTbHble no OTHO·
WCHHIO K rocno.1I.CT8Y10W.eMy eerpy 3;1eMCHTbl nepeJlHl!M CBOHM KOHUOM
ynH p a lOTCl! B RaocTpCHHblil CKJIOH 6 J111>Kart w eA CJICJlYIOW.ell n on epe11·
HOil r p !!llbl llJlll BOJI Hbl, o6p83Yll KaK 6bl nepe~lbl 'I KY B MC>Krp!!llOBOil
nolK611He. Ecm1 TaK11e nepeMbl'IKH Jtocra1011Ho PC3Ko Bb!pa>KeHbl TO
n~~yq~eTC:l! cer11aTblA 11n11 l! 'I e 11 c T bl A p e.1 be<!> (agglomeration
rellculee), 8CCbMa xapaKTCPHblA JJ.Jll! ncc11aHoro pen&e<t>a, H3 BeCTHoro
Y <!>paHUY3CK11x 11cc.11e1108aTe.ncA Cesep110A A <j>p11K11 no11 11 a 3 saHlleM
ncc'la11o ro Mopn (mer de sable).
B T apHMcKoA Kornoe11Hc, Ha o r poM HOM npocrfaHcroe Me>K.ll
peKaMH Tapl!M If lJep'leHJJ.3Pbll CeeH re.o.11HOM L132 6blna llCCJ!e,!J.l.
8aHa 11 onHcaHa nec11a11aS1 nycr blHll, peJit.e<I> KoTopoA CJ1araerC11 113
!>IHO>KCCTea napa.1J1e.1&Hb1X nec11a11&1x rp11.n. cesepo-ceaepo·BOCTO'IHO·
fO -10ro-10r0·33n3JlHOf0 Op0CTl!p3HHSI. rpc6HH 3TllX rpstJJ. OTCTO!!T
.ll.pyr OT .a.pyra Ha 2-4 KM, a MClKJlY HllMll pacn onaralOTCl! JIO>K611Hbl
pa3ACJTeHHblC nonepe11Hb1MH ncc'laH&tMll nepCMbl\fKaMH Ha PllA 3 aMKHY:
TblX enazt11H, H33blB8CMblX 3ll.CCb 6 a II pa M If. r p11llbl llMCIOT OCTpblA
rpe6CHb II Kpyrol\ OChlnHoA CK.10ll. o6paw.cHllblH Ha 3303J1. npeo6..1a-
78
J13i01UHM11 aeTpaM11 a 3TOl! qaCTH TapHMCKoro 6acceirna !IBJT!!IOTC!!, no
11 a(.110Jielllll!M CecHa r e111rna, BOCTOllllO ·CCBCpO·DOCTO\fHblC. H a3B3H·
ll blP. anrop CKJIOHeH D CllJIY 3Toro paccMaTp11B3Tb rp!!Jl.bl K3K n 0 n e.
p e ~ 11 bl e J. IO 11 bl. 01111aKO rpRJlbl 3Tff pacno.rtaralOTC!I SllCCb He nep-
n eH.l1tKy.1S1pno K Hanpa8.1eHHIO rocnoJlCT8YIOWHX BeTpoB, a 00.l HC·
1(0TO?b1M OCTpblM yrnoM K HUM, \fTO, K3K Mbl 811.!lC.ill, 11a6.1IO.!J.3eTCl! II
y 6apxa11111i1x uencii 10ro·OOCT0<1Hb1X KapaKyMOB. 0TKJIOHCHHe rp!!Jl OT
11opMan11 K rocnoAC:TBYIOIUHM oerpaM CeeH rcJI11H 06011c11nn reM, 'ITO
no Mepe yJlaJTCHllR OT p. Tapu\la K iory K0.111\leCTBO nec:Ka CTaHOBllT·
Cl! MCHbWe, lllOHbl MeHce M3CC11Dllbl, a c.1e11osaTeJibHO, If 60J1ee nO.'l·
DH >Kllbl. nosToM y IO>KHble \f3CTll J.IOHlfblX rpAA o6orH3.1H B CBOCM .lUlll·
>KeHllH K 3anaJ1Y 6onee ceaepnble 11acr11, Bb13B3D TeM C3MblM OTKJIOHe·
nwc nx npocT11pa1111S1 OT HanpaeneHlll! ncpneHllllKYJI!!pHoro K oerpy.
Ca~IO 06pa3ona1rne rp1111 CDCH re111rn 06bRCHRJI CJllHIHHeM nepao-
113\13.~bHO 06oco6nc11111i1x 11 6ecnopl!1lO\fHO pa36poca1111blx 6apxa1100.
np11 3TOM, no cro MHCHHIO, CMClKHble 6apX3llbl C.11!D3IOTC!! HC T0.1bKO
CBOllMll 60KOBblMll cropoHaMU, HO npouCXOJtl!T T3K>Ke nornow.eR11e
60.icc KpynHblMll 6apxa11aMI! II:'( 60.ice MCJIKHX COCC.!lel'I, pacnOJ!OlKCH·
lf blX no33Jlll. no Mepe npOTeKaHlll! 3THX npOUCCCOB CJlllBWllCC!! 6apxa·
llbl o<t>opMJTlllOTCl! D napaJIJICJlbHblC rpRJlbl, p33JleJICHHble ena1111HaMH
6 a11pon. n oCJJCJllllle DO 8pCMR noJIOBO.ll.bll Tap11Ma HanOJIHlllOTC!I 80.!l.Oii
11 npeapaw.aJOTC!I a oJepa, np11 BblCblxaH1111 noc1eneH110 oco.10Hstt0·
w11ccS1. Cyx11e !1H11w.a raKHX 6a11poe npeAcraBJil!IOT poeHble r.1HH11cro-
c OJ10H11aK08&1e npocrpaHCT8a, a pa3.0:M!!IOW.H e 11x nec\faHble nepeMblQ·
KH RBJl!llOTC!! 11e qeM llHblM, K3K n0;1ormt HaBeTpCHHblM CKJIOHO:.t OT·
.l\CJlbHblX Ha1160J1ee KpynHblX 6apxaHOB.
B npo111nono.11olKHOCTb aa11aTO'IHbl M AIOH aM opoJte KOC·XOJIMllKOD ,
n.10CKl1X Jl!Oll If <t>opMHPYIOW.HXCl! 113 llllX 1130.llllpODaHHblX 6apxaHOD,
D03HJ1Ka10w.11x 6ccnopl!Jlo'IHO e Y3KOJIOK3.1bHblx yc.1oa1111x, npocrpaH·
CTBeHHO orpaHHllCHHblX, 6apxaHHblC uen11 II POJlCT8eHHble llM no re11e-
311cy on11caHHble oblwe Tllnbl neO'laHoro peJTbe<t>a MoryT 33HHMaT&
06w11pHble npOCTpaHCTBa, onpCJleJll!R BblJtep>KaHHOii <t>opMOH II pac.
flOJIOlKCHHeM CBOHX 3JICMCHTOB o6LUYIO $H3HOHOMl1IO .ll.IOHHOro Jl8HJl·
wa<j>ra. n o3TOMY 3J1eC:b MOlKHO y>Ke ronop11Tb 0 A IO H H bl x n 0 JI l! ;x
{champs des dunes, D iinenlelder, dune lields). ncpc1111cneHHblMll
THna~m JllOHHOro penbe<t>a nycrl>IHb He llC'1Cpnb1B3CTCSI llX pa311006pa·
.3HC, II 113M OCTaCTCll paccMOTpeTb ewe HeKOTOpble 113 HllX.
r p a 6 Jte06paJHblC )l.IOHH ble rp!ll(bl
3TOT Tlln necqaHoro pe.1be$a npeJlCT38JICH B ceoepO·BOCTO'IHOil
11acr11 llll!lttiicKoil nycThlHI! Tap, KOTopylO ceA11ac c 60.1&WHM npanoM
MOlKHO 6blJIO 6bl Ha38aTb nyCTblRHOA cren blO llJlll no.1YnYCTb1HeA.
npeo6Jt3Jl310W.llM OeTpOM H3 eceM npOTSl>KeHllll Tapa B H3CTO!!WCC
1lpCM!I l!DJl!!CTCR IOf0·3 3n allHblA MYC:COH. B COOTBCTCTBllll c HllM B ioro·
3ana.n.Holl 11acr11 T apa JllOHHble rp!!Jlbl npcrrnr1maiorc11 c ioro·san a.1I.a
Ha ceeepo-eoeroK, T. e. 11n.1st10Tc11 npoJIOJlbllblMll. OH11 llMCIOT BllA
Jl.1HHHblx 11 yaKHX ueneii. y KOTOpblx 0611 <'KJ1011a OllHHaKoeo KPYTbl.
79
 0THOC11TMbHaSI BblCOTa rp11.n 'laCTO npeBblwaer 30 M a
CT11rae1 llalKe 120-130 M. TipOTS!lKeHHe rpsi.n 3.llCCb ~leHe~H~r!!11!~:
HOC, 'ICM B aac1paJ1 HHCI<HX II cesepoa<j>pHI<aHCI<HX nyCTblH!l/ c npo·
!o~:~trpsi.11osbtM pcn&e<j>oM. fp11.nbl 11ac10 .tt11xoroMH11ec1<11 seTBJITCR
a CJIHBalOTCSI 11;111 lKe .!I.Be CMelKHble rp!lllbl COeJJ.llHSl!OTCSI none-
~~~~i'!o~epeMbl'II<OH. B ceaepo-aocToqHoi'! 111ac1H Tapa .tt!OHbl np;!HH·
wee 11anpa1i.ie1111e c ceaepo-3ana.na Ha !Oro-so
pacnonara!Orcsi nepneHllHKyn11pHo I< Hanpae.neHH!O rocno~c~'iy!O:UH~
[ 120]) npe.nJJOlKHJI B 1932 r. HHOe o6'b!ICHeHHe 3TOfO HBJICHH!l. OR
c1111Tae1, 1110 .tt!OHbl nycrb!HH Tap 11en1110TCH «HCKonaeMbIMH», pe.q111<-
TOBblMH <j>opMaMH: llX o6paaoeaHHe llMCJIO MCCTO B rCOJIOfH'leCKOM
npownoM, np11 6onee ap11.nH.blx ycnosH11x 1<n11Mara, 11eM a nacronw.ee
epeMH. 3111<s11cT nOJJaraeT, 11ro <j>opM11poean11e rpn.n cesepo-3ana.1I.HO·
ro - !OfO·BOCTO'IHOro npO CT11 paHH!l npOHCXOllHJIO npH rocno.ttCTBC
cesepo-3ana.ttHblX aeTpoa, passHT11C KOTOpbtX B JKap1<11e MCC!lUbl ro.na
HaOJl!OllaCTC!I H B HaCTO!lWee apeM!l B o6naCTJI, JIClKaw.err HCCI<OJlbKO
ceaepnee OTC!0.11.a, B .11.0JJHHe faHra. ECTb OCHOB3Hlle npe.nno..1araTb, 'ITO·
o6naCTb rocno.ncTBa CHJJbHblX ceeepo-3ana.!l.Hblx aeTpoa HeKor.na npo-
cTHpanacb .!{3JlbWe I< !Ory, H B 3TO opeM!l B ceaepo·BOCTO'IHOA qacTH
Ta pa c<j>opM11poaan11cb n po Aon b H bl e lllOHHble rp11.11.bl ceaepo-Ja·
na.n11oro.- 10ro-eocro•rnoro npocTHpa1111n. B 6onee no3ll.Hee opeM!l,
i<or.n.a 10ro·aana.11.Hblli MyccoH no,qy•rnn npeo6na.tta10w.ee 3na11etrne B<>
aceii o6naCTH Tapa H I<JIHMaT CTaJI MCHee apH.11.HblM, npOllOJlblll>le HCC·
11a11b1e rpn.nbl 6b!JIH npeo6paaoaaHbl HOBblM RCTPOBblM pelKHMCM. OT·
.ttMbHble yqacTKH rpn.11. BblllBHHYJillCb e ceeepo-eocro11HO)t 11anpae.ne-
HliH, TOf)la I<aK npOMClKYTO'IHble y11acr1<11 OCTa.~HCb n033llH II o6pa30·
B3Jlll c HaBeTpeHHOfr CTOpOHbl re BblpOCTbl HJIH rpe6H1t, 0 I<OTOpb!X.
r osop11noob BblWe. Tai< nony11HJ1HCb .11.!0Hbl rpa6neo5pasHoil <j>opMb!
(rake-like dunes, rechenfiirmige Duncn, dunes en rateau), KOTOpble
B 3TOft CTall.l lH OK33:l.1HCb 3a<j>HKCHpOB3Hll.blMH 6naro.nap11 pa3BHTHIO
paCTJITCJlbHOCTH ( 120) .

llt0Hbl a a11.11.e nap annenbHhlX eon H

)K. TpHKap H A. Kaile {172] onHcblsa!OT 3TOT THn nec11aHoro peJJb·

PHc. 22. fpa6Jleo6pa3Hlie AIOHY DYCTblHI! Tap
Berpoe. HaBeTpCHHb!A, T. e. 10ro·3ana.nHhlH, CKJIOH 3THX rp11.11. HC rrpe.a:
CTaBJJSleT 0.ilH006pa3HOH noKaTOCTH, HO cnaraeTCSI 113 .!{JIHHHJ>IX ~
Y31(HX rpe6Hefl (pHC. 22)' BblTRHYTblX B HanpaBJICHHH rocno.ncTBY!O·
llJ,HX B Hacromuee BpCMH BeTpoa H p33.!{CJleHHblX OOHHlKCHHHMH 3TH
nOHlllKCHHSI, HJIH 6yxTO'II<H, Ha HaserpeHHOM CKJIOHe MOfJlll HB~TbCl!l
CJIC.11.CTBHeM. Toro, 'ITO OOHHlKCHllble y'laCTI<H nonepe1111ojj .11.lOHHOi\ r H•
llbl no.n lleffCTBHeM llOMHHHPY!OWero serpa 6blcTpeii npo.naHr
enepe.11.. A pa3 Ta1<11e BblCMI<ll Ha HaeerpeHHOM CI<JIOHC B03HllKJl:Jl~Cb.
MOrJ111 npe.noxpaH!ITbCH OT 3acblna1111n H pa3pa63Tb1BaTbC!l
6narollapn TOMy, 'ITO serep KOHUCHTpHpoaan B HHX CBO!O apon.11.Hapnyee!O.
W.YIO CHJIY. ,...
e<j>a KaK Ha1160J1ee xapaKTepHblH .!l.J1!1 H3HOOJICC lKapKHX nycTblHb no·
10lKHoi1 01<pa1111e Caxapb! OT 6eperoe ATnaHTHKH .no BocT011Horo Cy-
.11.a11a. 3.neCb OHH 3aHHMa!OT orpo~rnble npocTpaHCTB3, C03ll3Ba!I O'ICHb
O.ttHoo6pa3Hbltt na11.awa<j>T. Penbe<j> cnaraeTCR H3 napannenbHblX npn-
MC.111neliHblX rp!lll c OQCHb noJIOrHMH CKJIOH3MH (5- 10°, qacro ewe
no.qoJKe)' npornrHBalOIUHXCH HHOr.tta Ha MHOrHe llCC!lTI<H KllJIOMeTpos.
rp!!llbl OT.!{CJl!l!OTC!I p;pyr OT .npyra CTOJJb lKC npaBHJ!bHblMH H llJIHH·
HblMH noH11lKeHHS1MH (MeCTHOe Ha3BaHHe gouds). K 10ro-3ana.ny OT'
Tpap3a rpHllbt llOCT11ra10T, no HaseaHHblM aeTopaM, cpe.a.Heii WHPHHbL
I KM, pa3ll.CJl!l!OIUHC HX J!OlKOHllbl - npHMCpHO 2 KM ll OTHOCHTCJ!bHOH
BbICOTbl eOJIH - 10-20 M. Bon11006pa3Hb1C lllOHbl, Kai< 1<aJKeTC!I, pa3-
p BHTbl TOJ1 bKO T3M, r.11.e MOIUHOCTb neCI<OB O'ICHb 3Hal!HTCJ!bHa, llOCTH·
rasi .11.alKe no.11. llHH1UaM11 noJK61rn HeCKO.%KHX .nec!ITKOB MeTpos. On1r
' HH <j>OpMHpOB3Jll!Cb B YCJIOBH!IX O'ICHb noCTO!IHHOfO BCTpoaoro pelKl!M3
H B 60,qee cyxHe nepHO.!{bl 'ICTBepTH'IHOro BPCMCHH, QCM B H3CTOS!Wee·
• epeM11. CeAqac 3TH BOJIHbl coeepweHHO Heno.11.e11lKHb1 11 xopowo sa-

~£:::1~t~~~fc~i~: if£~ebc;~H:~H~~~11 r~::e:& ~o~~~=~~~r;H:

KpenneHbl paCTHTCJlbHOCTb!O. KpoMe !OlKHblX 01<paHH Caxapbl OHH
pasBHTbl Ta1<lKe no 01<pa11HaM KanaxapH, B nycThlH!IX AacTpaJIHH K
3ana.ny OT KnHHC..1e11.na. Her y1<a3aHHii Ha 11x HaJIH'IHe B aMep111<aH·
sepxHOCTH cywH 1< cesepo-soc1b1<y. Bnp~~!~~~~"~=K~~c;e(~.8 ~~~u~~t CKllX H a3H3TCKHX nycTb!HllX. 5IBJI!l!!Cb noJJeo<j>opMaMH, BOJIH006pa3- .
llble .!{lOHbl npe.!l.CT3B.~!l!OT TPY.11.HOCTH .!{Jill Bbl!lBJieHll!I ycnoe11ii HX.
80
8!

'(j>opM11po11a111111, XOTll TaKHe nom>1TK11 II Jle.1a.1HCb, HanpHMep,
P. B erno.1bilOM [96). BoJMOiKHO, 11To cao11M coapeMeHHblM 011e11b ~u1r­
x11M pe.11>C<l>OM BMH006pa3Hble JlJOHbl 06113aHbl JleHy.nau110llllblM npo·
ueccaM noc.1eJlyJ01Uero 60.1ee MalKHoro KJJHMaTa.
no JOlKHoli 0Kpa11He Caxap1>1. a Tex lKe npHMepHo yc.1os1111x Ka K
II oo.111oo~pa3Hble JllOl!bl, T. e. np11 H3Jlll'lllH MOlUHOii T0.11Ull Ol1110p0.'t·
JlblX no I pa11y.10MeTpH11eCKOMY COCTaey neCKOB, <l>opMllpyeTClt Cllle
041111 rnn llJOHHoro penbe<l>a. KOTOphlA II<. Tp11Kap 11 A. Kal'!e {172)
-0n11Cbl83JOT non Ha3aa1111eM a Kn 3. AKnJ npel1CT3MllJOT .!IJOHHble
non11 c COBepwe11Ho 6ecnop11no11noi1 op11eHTHPOBKOi1 CBOllX 3.~eMeHTap·
.HblX <j>opM. «BnaAllHbt, 6onee 111111 MCHee OKpyrnb1e, 06b111110 acnM·
MeTp1111HblC, c on1111M CKJJOHOM 60.1ee KPYTblM, 11eM Apyroi1, '1epe4 y.
JOTC!l c 6yrpaMll, PCllKO npe4cran.rnJOlUllMH OCTpblC rpe61111, HO 1131Ue
.scero BblnVK.1ble nepWllHbl c OilHllM CKJJOHOM 60.1ee KpyTl~M. 'leM npy.
roii> ( [ 172), CTp. ~2). ~ho cosepwe11110 HC38KpennCHHble llJOllbI, pa3·
HllB3J01UllCC!l 8 paHOH3X, r4e 'lllCTO MCCTHble )'C.1081111 C03A3 JOT CMeHy
c11.1bHblX eeTpoe paJHblX Hanpae.1eH11f1. B CBllJll c HllM q>opMbl n ec11a·
11011 aKKyMy.111u1111 Henpepbls110 nepecrpa11saJOrc11 OT o;i.11oro .:11111 K
.llpyroMy. necOK. BLIAYTblH BHXPllMH, 3a6pacblnaeTCll Ha eepWHHY CO·
ce411ero 6yrpa, '13CTbJO nanaer s 4pyryJO sna4H11y, OTKYlla 011 no34 •
Hee MOlKeT 6b1Tb 1131>llT H B03Bpame11 Ha MCCTO ornpae.1e1111Sl. TaK
npoTeKaeT 11enpep1>1s11a11 nepecrpoi1Ka penbe<l>a aK.13. Ha6.1J0113JOTc11
T3KiKC coo6meCTB3 JlJOH, npeJlCTallMllOlUHe n epeXOllbl OT aK.13 K rnny
BOJIH006pa3HblX llJOH.
fi llp3MHJ1311bHble JlJOH bl
Ecn11 11apnn,y c rocno4cTBYJOLU11M11 o Cenep11of1 A<1>p11Ke naccaTllbl·
MH llerpaM11 no.1y11aJOT JHa11eH11e 11 serpbl llToporo noplll!Ka, 06paayJO-
w11e c nepBblMll llCKOTOpblil yro.1 II llHTep<j>ep11py101UHe c llHMll, TO H3
npyrnx nmon llJOHHoro pe.1be<j>a Moryr B03HllKaTb csoeo6pa3Hble nec-
qa11ble aKK;my.111rns111>1e o6pa3oeaH1111, no.1y•msw11e Ha3sa1111e n 11 pa-
~· 11.~ a .1 b H bl x 4 JOH (apa6. ghroud. eit. ghord; chouchets. dune5
etoliees, dunes pyramidales, conical dunes). 01111 npCJ1CTaBJ11110T
11~'13Hble H3KOn.1eHllll, 8 KOTOpblX OT UeHTpa.1bHOii. Ha116011ee BblCO·
KOii TO'IKll paCXOltllTCll no pa411ycaM OCTpble rpe6HH, a MelKJtY HllMll
pacno.iaraJOTCll DOrHYTble rpaHll (pHC. 23). n11paMll)13.1bHblC JllOllbl
MoryT B031111K3Tb 113 lllOH THna aK.13. 06pasyJOLUllCCll DOJt BJIHl'lllHeM
JllOHHOro pe.~bC<j>a B03l1YWHble BllXPH npcspamaJOT lllOHllble rp RJtbl B
CJICrKa H30rHYTble II aCllMMCTpllqHble, np11qeM xapat<rep 8CHMMC'rpHH
H3MeHnerc11 eo speMe1111 H npocrpaHcToe. TaK11e rpllllbl e Caxape 113·
necTHbl noA Ha3~aH11eM «c11y<j>» (eJt. «c11<1>»). H3MeHl!I01Ueec11 n o 110 •
.10lKeHHJO B03J1Cl1CTBHC BHXpcA Bbl3b1BaeT pa3eeoa11He rp!!Jl CHY<I> 8
OTllCJlbHblX llX yqacTKax, a coxpaHi!JOlUHCCR 8 MCPTBblX npocTpaHCTB3X
MelKJtY 3T11M11 aae11xpe11u11M11 11acrn rpl!n npeopaLUalOTCR e n11paM11·
.Jt3JJbHblC oCTaHubl. MolK110 npoc.1cn11Tb Pllll nocreneH111>1x nepexonoe
OT npocr1>1x npo40.%HblX rp114 K n11paMHAa.1bHblM JlJOHaM. B 3 3 n 34Holl
'1.1CTll Bonb1uoro Bocro11Horo 3pra rp!!Jtbl eLUe roxpa1111JOT npoJto.11>-
HblH xapaKTep, 110 CTpoe1111e llX He OTJIH'laCTCll 06bl'IHOli npae11.1b-
HOC1'bl0. YnnoLUellHble II CJJerKa B0.1HHCTble sepWHHllblC 11aCTH rpRn.
npespamaJOTCll B OCTpblH H 3y6'laTblit rpe6eHb, II rp11na K3K 6bl 11a-
'1 11113CT paC'l.1ellRTbCR nOHlllKCHllRMll Ha OTltCJlbHble 3BeHbR. no Ha·
npaBJleHllJO K BOCTOKY pacqne11e1111e ueneA CTaHOBllTCR BblpalKeHHblM'
see CllnbHeH, II, H3KOHeu, 01111 CMCll!lJOTCll 60.lbWHMH CJJOlKHblMH nH-
paMH)laJJbHblMll llJOHaMH. B BocTO'lllOM 3pre chouchets pacn011araJOT-
cn p11.11aM11, op11e11n1posaHHblM11
WllpOTHO llJJll c ceeepo· BOCTOK3 Ha
JOro·aanan. y KalKAOA n11paMH·
.n.anbHOR .lllOHbl o6oco6JJRCTCR,
npe11MyWeCTBeHHO Ha ceoep 0·3a·
118l1HOH CTOpoHe, sornyra!l Ha PYlKY
H Keepxy <j>aceTKa - p op a <I> <I> a
(rhorafia), C03.!laHH31!, O'ICDllllllO.
30.11oeoil Jle<j>.1l!u11eA; Hao6opor, Ha
JOro·BOCTO'IROH CTOPOHe OTXOllRT
no npe11Mymecrsy nocreneHHO no-
H11lKaJ01U11ec11 rpe61111. PacnOJJolKe·
1111e KpyToro 11 nonororo cK.no11oe
no OTHOWeHHJO K BeTPY y n11pa-
M11.naJJbHblX llJOH no.nyqaeTCR, Ta· J>AC. 23. nHp3>1KAMbHble AIOHbf
KllM o6pa30M, o6paTHOe TOMy, 'ITO e npocj>Knb H e nnane (no WHp·
!oeepy)
llMeCT MeCTO y 6apxaHa HJJll no-
c
ncpe'IHOli .lllOHbl. TC'ICHllCM epe.
Me1111 06oco6neH11e n11paM11AanbHbIX AJOH ece yeen11q11oaeTc11 nyrc~r
Dbl.ll.yBaHllll necKa HS npoMelKyTO'lllblX npo cTp8HCTB, 11 3a C4CT 9TOro
paCTCT Bb!COTa II Macca JllQllbl. BhlCOTa nHpaMll.!laJlbH blX JlJOH MOlKeT
JlOCTllraTb MllOrHX 4CCllTKOB MCTPOB. Bo snanHRC .LlewTC·JlJOT B BOC·
T011Hoi1 11acrn HpaHCKoro 11aropbR M . .Llpew (M. I. Dresch (118].
cTp. 145) Ha6.nJ04an n11paM111taJ1bHble llJOHbl llO 150 M BblCOTOli. Bna-
ro4apR csoeii MaCCHBHOCTll n11paMHJ13JlbHble lllOHbl llBJlllJOTCll n paKTll·
'ICCKll HenOJlBHlKHblMll ((88), CTp. 382-383).
Kop1111w (Cornish [110), crp. 290) BblCK33blBaeT M11e1111e, 'ITO s
npouecce pocra nupaM114a.nb110A llJOHbl He111a.1yJO po.ib J1MlKHa 11rpaTb
HHC0.1llUllR H KOHBeKUllll. TaKaR J1JOHa npH 11arpesaHllll .1y'laM11 C(MH·
ua l1MlKH3 llBllTbCll UeHTPOM 06pa3oeaHll!l BOCXOlll!lUllX TOKOB 803·
11yxa. 3TH BOCXOJllillllle TOKI! cnoco6crsyJOT coxpaHHOCTll <j>opMbl lllO·
Hbl, a BMCCTe c TCM OOJ1XBaTblB3JOT neC'IHHKH II HarpoMOlKJlaJOT HX
BblWC Ha reno ll lOHbl.
non H3383H11CM <I> y JI b A)!( II (fuldgcs) HJBeCTHL>I eLUe JaraD.OllHblC
no csoeMy re11e311cy .ne<j>n11u110HHble <1>opMbI nec'laHblX n ycrblllb Apa·
em1. Cy1111 no on11ca11 11JO A . EincHT (Blunt [ 103]), <j>yJJblllKH npc11·
CTaBJlllJOT yrny6.1eHHll 8 OCC'13Hb!X nosepxHOCTllX, H3 00MHHaJOume no
<1>opMe K3K 6bl c..ie.!1 nowa41rnoro KOnblT3 rnraHTCKOH neJJll'IHllbl. Bna-
D.llH3 HMeer e nnaHe nony.1y1myJO <1>opMy, 11ocT11ra11 Ha116onbWCR r.1y.
61111bl BllO.lb sornyroi\ (no 11anpas.1eHHJO rocn oncTBYJOlllero seTpa -
nepe411ef1) cropOHbl; JTOT ROl'H\"Tbl(I CK.1011 sna)lllllbl RB.1RCTCR, c.1e-
. rlpOTHBOnOJIO/KHblH BblnYKJiblH CKJIOH (no Ha- XapaKTepHOH qepToii THnH'l!HhtX npo.n.oJibHbl
:aJlHHfr) no.n.HHMaeTcsi:, Hao6opoT, OlleHb no.1oro .rrneTCSI OTCYTCTBHe y HHX m1<f>cj>epeHUHaUHH CK.
C'JaHOM paBHHHbl. <f>yJih.ll..>K SIBJJSleTCH, TaKHM 06 - BeTpeH11 b1i'I 11 nonornfl 11aaeTpeHHbtfl; nonepe1
b!M OTTHCKOM 6apxaHa c TOH JlHWb pa3H11Uei1, 'ITO 6oJiee 11.'IH Mettee CIIMMeTpHtIHblH. 0TCYTCTBye'!
·o 11 nonororo cK.rrotta B HeM o6paTHoe ToMy, 'ITO Tpbii'I rpe6eHb. BepxywKa rpSl.ll..bl si:BJUieTCH no.
JM OTTIICKe 6apxaHa. npH 0.ll.H006pa3HOH <f>opMC .'IOW.fHHOH H B npo.ll.OJlbHOM npo<f>1rne HMeeT I
aapbHpOBa.rrn no ae.rtH'IHHe. C 3ananttoi1 (no
- nepe.n.HeH) CTOpOHbl yrJiy6JieHHC cpyJibll.>Ka
120
B3.FJOM, npe.n.cTaBJl5110W.HM K3K 6bl CKOnJieHHe
3 ana1111Hbl. f Jiy6HHa caMoro rJiy6oKoro cj>yJihll·
:>.riCHT, .u.ocrnraJia 280 cpyroa (85 M), BK.'llO'laH
uero BaJia, KOTOpb!H B03BblWaJICSI MeTpOB Ha 15
pamrnHbt. <f>yJib.ll.>KH pacnoJiaraJIHCb .ll.JIHHHbIMli
lll.llMHCSI c BOCTOKa Ha 3ana.u., B 11anpaBJ1eHHH
lJa. Orm Ha6.ri10.n.aJ111cb npeHMyw.ecTBeHHO -raM,
IOH TOJlll!H 6bIJla OT 80 110 100 cpyTOB. B UeH-
y.n.a, rne MOlllHOCTb necKa 6b1Jia npe.u.noJIOiKH-
r.riy6HHa cpyJih,ll.>KeH 6bIJla MeHbWe, l!eM 6JIH>Ke
MY Kpa!O, HO JaTo OHH o6pa30B3JIJJ 3.ll.eCb 6onee

aTKoMy on11caHHIO B. MaMe.n.oaa [50], .n.ecpnm.1,H-

<b cxo.n.Hbte c cpynh.n.>KaMH Apaa1m, pa3BHThI a
bl3b!JIKYMOB.
!t.>KeH He6e3blHTepeCHb!M H SIBJISllOTCSI Ha6JIIOlleHHSI
1. 284) nan necl!attoi1 psi:6bIO, c.n.eJiaHHhie B Kop-
no aeTpy, KopHHW B rpe6Hsix necirnttoii psi6H
!He yrnoo6pa3Hb!X Bhirn600, 'HMeBWHX BH.ll. Ha-
6paw.eHHOfO no BeTpy. B Ka>K.D.OM TaKoM H3rtt6e
Jia 60Jlbllie, lleM Ha coce.n.HHX npsiMblX ee yqacT-
eJibHhIX rpsi.noK psi6H yKJJa.ll.blBa.'IHCb a npo.n.onh-
K BeTpy) PSl.ll.bl, OTCTOSIB!lJHe .n.pyr OT .n.pyra B
JB (OK0.'10 30 CM). no.riyqaJJaCb, T3KHM o6pa30M,
MllH a10w.an cpyJihlliKH B MHHHaT!Ope.
fpSl.11.0Bble neCKH
pacnpocTpatteHHeM, l!eM onHCaHHbie BhlUJe none-
f!OTCSI B nyCTblHSIX nectJaHble HaKonJieHHSI B BH.ll.e
rnpaaJieHHH rocnonCTBYIOW.HX ae1·poa - npo110Jib-
aKHe necirnttble rpSl.ll.bI SlBJISIIOTCSI, nO-BHllHMOMY,
cpopMOH 30J10Bb!X aKKYMYJISll.UIH B nyCTblHSIX
1 [ 153], cTp. 222-223). OrpoMHbie npocTpaH-
TaK>1<e B 3prax Ceaepttoii Acpp11KH, pa3BHTbI B
nycTbl!IH Tap, B KapaKyMax H HeKOTOpbtX .n.pyrnx
:penttei1 A3Hn.
crsasr A. BJieHr ll.OMHHHpy1oll.lHMH seTpaMK s :3Tor1 •iacTH
~eTJ)bl, H KPYTblM sis,isr.~cR, CJie.110B8TMbHO, 3anaJtHblH CKJIOH
30
b - -
I ?!f-
1 ------ I
r~y·
I - Ii
120
Puc. 24. npocnrpa11Ke ncC"laHblX rpRll. I! poobl BeTp
· .1HH (no Madigan)
penosamrn nOJ!OrHX nOBblWeHHH H noHH>KeHH
HOBHYIO <f>opMy 6bIBaIOT KaK 6b! H3.'JO>KeHhl M(
nopHlll<a B BH.ll.e nonepe'IHb!X aCHMMeTpH'IHblX
<:OTe II MOp<f>oJJOrH'leCKHX neTaJISIX MO>KeT •
pa3Hoo6paane.
B aacTpa.1nflcK11x nyCTblHSIX rpH.ll.ht HeBhH
12 M OTHOCHTeJibHOH BblCOTbl npH M aKCHMaJI
rpsl!l,bl npOTSlfl1B3iOTCH napaJJJieJibHO B Blille
-r11 npsiMhIX :rnHHH, co cpenHHM paccTOSIHHeM c
11 ~10ryT .u.ocniraTb B .ll.JIHHY COTeH KHJIOMe
<:Tporo COOTBeTCTByeT Hanpaa.rieHHSIM llON
ttacrnx AacTpaJIHH aeTpoa (naccaTos), KaK 3
'KapTOtIKe, cocTaBJieHHOH M e.n.HreHOM (p!ic. ~
nyCTblllSIX OHH npornrnsa!OTCSI MepH.ll.HOH aJJbH
:rnnopr11maa10r K ceaepo-aana.u.y, a B nycThIH:
 Tep11Ka npHHHMatOr w11porHoe npocTHpaH11e. Bc11 9Ta KapTHHa crporo
COOTBeTCTBYCT nocreneHHOMY n osopory BeTpOB BJleBO BC.1eJICTBlle
orK.101111iowero s.11t11H1111 sp3We1t1111 3ew.111. P3cno.1o>Ke1111e 9Tux rp11.!l
He OCT38.1SleT, T3KllM o6p330M, HHK3KOro COMHClllUI B TOM, '!TO Mbl
llMeeM 3D.eCb 90JIOBble o6p33083HHll, Ta K K3K HHK3Ka!I 11pyr311 CH.13
He Morna 6bl COJD.3Tb CT0.1b npaBll.llbHOro II 33KOHOMepHoro HX p3C-
no.1o>KeHHR.
B 60JlbWHx 3pr3X Caxapbl nec11a11ble rp!l.!lbl HMetOT J11a1111Te.1bHO
66n bwue paJMepbl: 11x BblCoTa 11a11 ypon11cM Me>Krp1111onblx KOT.1os11H
MO>KCT .llOCTuraTb 200- 300 M. f pRllbl 3TH B p331tblX '13CTS1X C3X3pbt
HOCRT paSHblC H3383HHR: .11P33, 3CMJl3X (zemlah, MH. zemloul). 31l b6•
•'lo>K6H llbl, OTJle.llSltOWHC rpRD.bl .11py r OT .npyra, B 60JlbWOM Bocro11-
HOM 3pre w11poK11 11 npeJ1CT38JIRIOT fJlllHHCTblC 111111 we6Hellble (per)
noeepxHOCTH; Jlletb 11x H3Jb!B3JOT racc11 (gassi). 60J1ee Y3K11e n
o6bl'IHO noKpblTble TOHKHM c:.1oeM neCK8 Me>Krp!!.llOBble KOPll.llOPbl 3a-
n3.!l.Horo 3pra 113eeC:THbl no.!!. 11a3saH1teM d>en.z<>K (leidjs); .!lpyrne co-
OTBeTCTBYtOWHe Ha3Ba1t1111: a1111 (3in - MapoKKo), T31!3p (t3yart-
e Cy.na11cKof1 C a xape). fpll.llbl 11acTo MoryT 6b!Tb npoc.1e>KeHbl Ha
f
COTHll Klf.10MCTPOB (Perret 166), crp. 382).
n ec11aHb!C rp!Ulbl 3pros C a xapbl qacro 6blB3IOT OC.llO>KHeHbl Ha llX
CK.1011ax none p e q 11 bl M 11 eo.1H3MH eroporo nop11n.Ka c 60.1ee 11.111
Me11ee ac11 MMe-rp11q11blM nonepe11Hb1M n po<t>nneM (c11y<1>). C nycKaRCb
no CK.1101!3 M rpR.llbl K ee noD.HO>KHIO HJIH 33XBaTblB311 TaK>KC II AHO
Me>KrpRJlOBOA JIO>K6HHbl, ec.1111 OHO ncc11aHoe, T3KHe CHY<l>b! np11n.a10r
rp1u1e nepHCTblli 011.11 ( chaine pennce, no <1>pa1tuy3CKHM aaTopaM).
ECJIH ca~ia neC'13H311 r p11na K3K uenoe SlDJIRCTCSI CT36HllbHOH, TO 3Tll
nonepe'IHbte rp11n.K11 n peD.CT38JIRIOT, no·DHllHMOMY. 311eMCHT noD.DH>K-
Hblil; B HllX H3XO.llHT ce6e Bblp3>KCHHe o6wee ncpeMe WCHHe neC'l3Hbl:C
Mace B 11anpaMeH1111 rocnon.crny10wero oerpa.
CBll3b MC>KJlY npocrnpaHneM n ec11aHblX rp11.11 11 Hanpas.11e1111eM roc-
noncrsy10uuix e CesepHoil A<1>p11Ke serpos coeepweHHO oqes11nHa.
B.111111H11e naccaTa 11 A 3opcKoro MaKcnMyMa on pen.c.111er Ha cesepe
npeo6.1an.a1111e ceeepo-Jan3llHblX serpos, KOTOpble no Hanpas.1e111110
K !Ory Bee 60.1ee 11 60J1ee OTK.10HRIOTCR snpaoo. B CBRJH c 3Tl!M II
r pRJlbl n pHHJIM3lOT CH3'13113 Cellepo-socro•rnoe - 10ro-Jana.1111oe Ha-
npa11.1eHHe, a y rpaH11u Cyna1ta ll3>KC 1111cro w11pOTHoe. 3.a.ecb, O.!lHa-
Ko, Ha !O>KllOR OKpa1111e nyCTblHHOA 30H bl H3PRllY c n accaTOM .'leTOM
rocnon.croytOT TaK>Ke CHllbH blC lOlKHblC BeTpbt, B CBll311 c 'ICM y Wl1·
pOTHblX neC'13HblX rpllll ll114J<1>epe1tu11pyeTCSI Kpyrol't ceeepHbll't CKJIOH
11 nonornil lOlKHbll't (Dufour ( 119), cTp. 276-277).
B nycTblHRX CpellHel't A31111 rp11nonble n ecK11 Ha6.'lt0JlaJ111Cb 11 on11-
Cb1Ba11HCb MHor11M11 11cCJ1e.nosare1rnM11: A. M. Ko1tw1111b1M [39J,
B . A. 06pyqenb!M [60], B. A. ,lly6n1tc1<11M (32] , IO. A. CKoopuoeblM
[75], n . c. M aKCCBbll\I [48), c. IO. fcJ1J1epOM [19, 22) It llPYrHMH.
fpllllOBb!e neCKH llBmllOTCll 3D.CCb 60.'lbWeA '13CTblO Hen OD.BH>Kllbl·
Mii, 3aKpen.1eHHbl MH paCTHTe.~bHOCTblO. npoTR>KeHllC rpsi.11 11awe ecero
MCPll.llHOH3Jlblloe, HHOrn.a c ne60.1bWH Mll OTK.10HCHl1Rl\lll OT Hero B TY
H.1111 npyr}t0 cropo1ty. PaJMepbl rp11.11 c11.11bHO sapb11py10r. B. A. 0 6py-
86
'leB, 1ta6.1t0ll3BWHft nx B JanaD.HblX K3paK}'.\13X, yKa3blBaer OTHOCH·
TC.1bH}'lO BblCOTY rp114 8 15-20 M. c OTJ1C.1bllbll\llf nOBblWCHllRMll D.0
25-30 M. Pa::cTOR HHR MClKlJ.Y rp111taM11, no aa1111blM Toro >KC asTopa,
llJMCHSllOTCR OT 50-60 .110 200 M. H31t60.1ee 11aCToe - 60-80 M. fp n-
llbl COCAllllll !OTCll MC>Kll} co6oit ncc11a1tblMll nepeMbl'IKaMH, 6.1arollap11
\ICMY MC}Krp!IAOBble .1o>K611Hbl pa3.11e.1R!OTCR Ha 331\!KHYTble, Bb!TllHY·
Tble n o )l.1!1HC JIO>K6llllbl KOMOBHl!bl . CK.10Hbl r p11.11 He ocern.a HMCIOT
0)11maKosy10 Kpyrn3H)'. B 3a nal!HblX KapaKyMax, no 06pyqeny, 60.1ee
Kp} TblM llMRerc11 33nannon ci<.1011. B 10ro-oocT0111tblx K3paKyMax, rne
rpllAOBb!e neCKl1 33HHM310T OKOJIO l 4,5 Tb!C. KM 2, rpstD.bl llMCIOT 6011ce
Kpyroi1 BOCTO'IHbl H CK.'1011 ([32], cr p. 136-138) .
B 1olKnoi1 11aCT11 uettrpa.nhm~x KapaKyMoB rp114b1 necKoo l!OCTll·
ra10r llblCOTbl 10 M, 6b!B310T OKaill\IJICHbl no.1ocaM11 60.1ee H113KHX nec-
KOB II 'lepelJ.Y!OTC!I c BblTRllYTb!Mll B MCPH.ilHOH3.1bHOM 1tanpaBJ1CHltll
ll.0;1lll1Ka MH, no JlHY KOTOpb!X o6HalK3eTCR r.1HHllCTblil T3KblpHb10 ro.
p113011r (puc. 25). HecK0.1bKO ccsep11ee, a JoHe TaK 11aJblsaeMblX !OlK·
111>1x wopos (co.10 H'laKOB). n cc11anble rp11;u>1, coxp3HRR Mep11J111011a.1b·
Hoe npoT11>Ke1tne. n.ocntra10r 60.1 bweit MOUlHOCT11 (no 15-20 M). Pac-
Tio.1olKeHHblC Me>f<Jl\" Hll.\111 r.1lfllllCTble JaT3KblpCHHble J.O.iltHKH TCpR-
ICT 3AeCb xap3KTep' cn.1ow1toro. no OT'13CTH norpe6eHHoro TaKblpHoro
rop11301tra. T aKblpHble 06pa3ooa1t1111 p3cna11.a10Tc11 Jlletb na PRll Tep-
pacoeblx ypoe11eil, a MCCT3Mll npepblnatOTCR rny60KHMH Jn.1HRTll'IC•
CKllMll Bfla)l.llH3 Mll COllOH'13KOB·W0p08 C 6CJIOH, 611CCTRWCrt nonepX·
11ocrbt0 co.neii ( <l> e.noponH'I (78], crp. 259-260).
Cy,nR no Kapre p3cnpocrpa1te111t11 r11noe nec11a1toro penhc<l>a n
nycrbtH !lx CpenHeil A31m, cocraone 1-moi1 6. A. <l>e.11opoBH<1eM ua oc·
HOD(: a3pO<!>OTOCbCMKll It .nU'lllbl X 11~ 6.110.11e1t11i1 , npOJl0.1bHble n eC'l811blC
rpllllbl JaHHM3 lOT llClO orpoMHYlO n.1owallb 33yHryJcK11x K3paKy Mon.
DpH noM e IO>KHOii 11acTn 3ayH r y3bR, np11MepHo K eocroKy or Mep11·
Jlllllll3 CepHoro 3aoon.a. rpllllhl OTKJIOHSllOTCR OT Mep11ll.HOH3JlbHOro
npocntp3HHR K IO fO·lOro·BOCTOKy, a Ha 3anan.e, B np ny360ACKOft 'la·
CTH,- K 10ro-33nan.y.
nec113Hble rp11Jlbl cpen.11ea311aTCKHX n ycr blHb, noHo6Ho rp11n.aM ca-
xapc1<11x 3pfOB, q aCTO 6blealOT OC.10>KHCHbl 30.lOBblMH <t>opM3Mll BTO·
poro nopRllK3. 0 np11y1tryJcK11x rpsillOBblX necKax A. <I>. CoceAKO
n11wer: <OT oceit rp!!A nepneHllllKy.111pHO llM no CK.10HaM T!!HYTCll n ec-
"13Hb1C rpe6HH, oce nOHl!lK3lOWHCCR H CJ!ltB3lOWHCCll c rpe6HR Ml1 CO·
ceD.HllX rpRll» ( [76J. CTp. 11 9) . 3n.ecb Mbl llMeeM, O'leBHD.HO, o6pa30·
eaHHR, 3H3JIOrH4Hble CH<!>aM caxapCKll X 3p ron.
npo11cXOlK.!l.CHl1C npollOJlbHOrpRJlOBblX necKOD npeJJ.CTaBllReT ewe
MHOro cnopHoro 11 HCRCHoro. B n epeol't nOJiomrne reK ywero cTo.1er1111,
HO y >Ke noc.1 e BellHKMt 0KTR 6pbCKOI\ peDOJllOUUll, Korna y H3C D
CCC P Hat13JIOCb yc11J1eHHOe Hsy11eH11e n ycTbll1 b n uCJ111x 11x X03Ri!t-
creeHHOro oceo eHHR, B03H11K.1a O>K1to.~e11Ha11 no.1eM11Ka no oon poca M
reHC3HC3 rpllllOBblX neCKOB. lleno B TOM, "ITO 11CCJIC.!l.OB3TCJll1 3TOro
nep110.na, a T3K>Ke 6onee CT3phle (KoHua XIX cro.1em11) np11n11CblB3·
.iit nec11aHblM rpRll3M K apaKyMOB C3MOe p33Hoo6pa3Hoe njlOHCXO>K·
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HRIOW3RCSI B rop1130HTa.%HOM 11anpaeneHllH, ewe He ao6pM3Cb. c
Ha·
tf3.1bH blMH 9T303Mll pa3BllTHS1 3Toro Jl3H,1lWa<j>Ta Mbl y>Ke 003113KO·
M11.111c& Ha npHMepe penbecjla 5on&woro BacceilHa Ceeep110A AMe·
pH KH , ODllC3HHOM Ha 50 CTp. 3TOll KHHrH D pasaene c f opHble "Y:
CTblHll». TaM Mbl BH.1lClTH cpaBHHTe.1bHO Y3KHe DOJIOCbl cKa.1HCTOll
.'\CHY.1l3llll0HHOll p3BHHHbl (neJJ.HMeHT3 1). OK3HMJl!llOWell OOLlHOlKHC
ropCTOBblX ropHblX MaCCllBOB. 3Tll paBHHHbl <j>opMHpOB3JlllCb Ha ypon-
ne 6a3HC3 .ileHYll3llHH, K3KOBblM !IBJIRJ13Cb ueHTp3.1bH3R, 11a11Gonee
no1111>1<e11Ha11 qaCT& np11.1e>Kawei'I aenpecc1111 - 60J1&C0Ha.
B 311aqHTeJlbHO 6onee noaa11ei1 crallllH pa3BHTll!1 .llCHY.!l3llHOHHOro
llllKJia, 6JIH3KOH K ero saeepwellHIO, H3XO.!l!ITCR Jl3HAWa<j>Tbl neAHMCH·
TOB II OCTpOBHblX rop, pa3DllTble H3 orpoMHblX npocrpaHCTD3X Tpon11-
'ICCKOH qacT11 A<j>p11KaHCKoro MaTep11Ka, ne>Kawux e npe11.enax JOH
ap11.n11oro 11 ceM11ap11a11oro KJ111MaTa. Cn11ea10wHecn Me>KJJ.Y co6of1
CK3JlllCTble aeHy.!lallHOHHble p381111Hbl ne.!lH MeHTOB saHHM3!0T B HeKO·
TOpblX qacrRx 3TOA o6nacrH AO 90% ecei'I nnowaau. CpeAH srnx pas·
ltHHHblX npocrpaHCTD DOllHllM3IOTCS1 3,!leCb II T3 M, H3 6oJlbWHX pac-
CTORHH!IX apyr OT .!lpyra .11160 CJlllHH'IHble, JIH60 o6pa3y10w11e He·
GOJlbWHe rovnnbl OCT3ttll0Bble 803BblWeHROCTH - OCTDOBHblC fODbl
(bornhardts. Inselberge, inselbergs).
D0.1bWllHCTBO HCC.1eaoeaTenell CKYJibnTYPHOro .1a11nwacjlra OCTpOB·
nblx rop (3. naccapre [ 161] 11 ap.) y1<asblea.1H KaK Ha xapaKrepHyJO
cro ocoGeHHOCTb, 'ITO 3TH ropbl nonHllM3!0TC!I H3.!l np11ne>K3WHMll K
llllM paBHHHaMH CBOHMH KpyrblMll CKJIOH3MH cpasy, G~ nocTeneH·
11oro nepexoaa, 06pasy11 Ha rpaHHlle pe3KO Bblpa>KeHHblll nepMOM
ronorpa<j>H'ICCKOH noeepXHOCTH B BHllC BXOllRWero yrna. 0.!lH3KO, K3K
noKa3anll Go.nee 110311.HHe llCCJICllOD3HH!1, 3TO OTHIO.!lb He RBJISICTCR
upam1noM. 4acTO H3l<ODJieHHe 06n0Moq11oro MaTep11ana y OOllHOlKHll
CKJIOHOB C03.!laeT nocreneHRblA, nnae1mA BOrHyrblA nepexoa OT KPY·
ri~x CKJIOHOB K np11ne>Kawell pae1111He nellHMCHTa. Ta 11n11 apyraSJ
tl>OpMa nepexo.na 33BllCHT, K3K yKa3b1Ba lOT cjlp3HllY3CKHe aBTOpbl
1 KaK yxa32n )!(. .llpew, c.1010 c nc.1tHMtHr» Ke npoHcXO.llHT OT cJtOa •PCS>
(11ora), K3K MOlKHO 6bL10 61'1 .llyMaTb. HO Oll«IHa•aeT tl>POHTOH - apxH"n:KTYflllYIO
•l><l(lMY 8 BK.Ile tpeyronbHOl'O OMA DOJl JllVCKOTHOA KpwmeA 3/UIRKA.
105
()K. TpnKap, A. Kaile [172)), OT ceollcTe ropHblX nopon, c.1ara1011.111x
CK.10Hbl, H OT KJlllMaTa, onpe.lleJT!llOU~ero HHTeHCllBHOCTb noecpXHOCT·
Horo CK.10HOeoro cToKa (rui ssellement) . n ocne.nHeMy 9TH aeTop1>1
npHl13IOT 60JlbWOe 3H34eHHe B npouccce Q>opMHpOeaHHll ne.nHMeHTOB.
Ec.111 ropHa11 nopoll.a, pa3.npo6neHH3A .nttaK.133aMH, cKnOHHa pacna-
A3TbCll npll BblBeTp1183HHll Ha Kpyn111>1e 06JIOMKll, KOTOpble CKJIOHO·
Bhlil CTOK He MO>KCT 3aXB3THTb,- OHH H3Kan.1HBalOTCA y no.o.HO>KHll
CK.10Ha. Ec.1H >Ke nopo:ta cK.10Hon npH Bb1Be1p11eaHH11 cpa3y pacna·
A3eTCll, no;'.106110 rpaHHT3M, Ha MCJIK03epHHCTble npOAYKTbl, noc.1e: t·
HHe 11erKO H 6b1CTPO y.naJTlllOTCA noeepXHOCTHblM CTOKOM BO BPCMll
AOil\llCi1.
Cne:tyer OTMeTl!Tb, 4TO Ha AQ>p11KaHCKOM MaTepnKe ocrpomble ro-
pbl 6btB3IOT 4aCTo c.1o>KeH1>1 HMCHHO rpaH11TaM11 lfJ111 rneilcaMH. OT·
MeTnM raK>Ke, 'ITO )I(. TpHKap np11nac r, no-ennnMOM}'. npeyse.111'leH-
Hoe 311a'leHHe noeepXHOCTHOMY CMblBY B npouecce <j>opMHpOBaHHll ne-
Jlll~ICHTOB H OCTpOBHblX rop. 3TOT CMblB 11rpaeT po.lb m!Wb B nepe-
MCuteH!fll npOAYKTOB BblBeTpHBaHllll no noeepXHOCTH ne:tl!MCHTa If
onpell,e.rneT 60.1ee TOHKYIO Cl<YJTbOTYPHYIO ero MO.llC.lHpOBKY, rnaeHoe
iKC 3H34eHHC npH!ia.llJlelKllT DblBCTPHBaHHIO H OTCTynaHJllO CKJIOllOB
(backwearing. no aHrnmkK11M H at11epHKaHCK11M anropaM). TaKHM
o6pa30M YHH'ITOi+<eHHe B03BblWCHHOCTei1 II o6pa30B3Hlle Ha HX MeCTe
.neHy.'t3UHOHHOli noeepxHOCTll BblpaBHllBaHIUI npOHCXOllHT 3lleCb B ro·
pH30HTa.1bHOM HanpannenHH 11 :nor npouecc no.1y'l11.1 HaaoaHHe nenH-
nnaHaU.HH, o or.111411e or neHen.1e1111aau11H, no B. M. ,Ueo11cy, np11
KOTopof1 no YHll'lTOlKCHlle no,10>KllTeJlbllblX 9.1eMeHTOB pe.i&e<j>a MblC·
J1HTC!l HA)'utHM coepxy BHH3, nyTCM llX nocreneHHOTO no1111>1<CHH!l npo-
ueccaMJ[ ACHYA3Ullll.
Jl. KHHr n cooei'\ KH11re «Mop<j>onorn11 3eMJTH» (Geomorphology
o f lhr Earth. 1962) 1 CKllOHCH npHnaoaT& npoueccy nen11n.1aHaUHH
)'HllBCpC3.1bHOe JHa'IClllle B <j>opMupoeaHllH pe.1becl>a 3eM.1H, cqHra11,
'ITO 011 JaB!ICllT TO.lbKO OT CBOllCTB ropHblX nopon II OT o6utHX l1Jlll
oceA se~1Ho1i noeepxHocT11 <1>11a11qecK11x c11.1. Ho <1>11JH11ecKne ceoiicrea
ropHblX nopon B 3Ha1111TeJ1bHOi'l Mepe aaBHCllT OT <j>aKTOpoe KllHMaTa.
a 11eiicrny1om11e <l>H3H'ICCKHe CHJlbl (HMCIOTCll D BHAY <j>aKTOpbl 3K30·
TCHHOTO npo11CXO>K.llCHH!1) Haueno KOHTpOnllpylOTCR KJIHMaTOM. 3ro
HMCHHO KJlll MaT COJnaeT TaKylO t<OM6l!Haunl0 llCHCTBYIOWHX CHJI, npH
KOTopoi1 pa3Bl!Tlle pe.%e<j>a, COJ)laHHoro 3Hl10TeHHblMll npoueccaMll.
nporeKaer noTOM npeHMywecreeHHO no mny ne1111nnaHau1111. B ce11311
c 3TllM reMn pa3BllTHll ne..:mMeHTOB B p33HblX K.1HMaTH4CCKHX 30Hax
6yAcT HeOAHHaKoe. TaM, rne OH saMen.1eH H ycTynaer npoueccy ne·
Hen."eHHJaU.HH no cxeMe Ilee11ca, ne.a11MeHThl He 11rpa10r sat11er11oi\
ponH B Q>opMHpooaHllll MOp<j>0'10TH4eCKOTO naHAW3<j>Ta. HanpOTH D,
raM, r.ne ycnoe1111 craHoe11rc11 6naronp1111TH&1M11 .n.1111 pa3BHTHst nen.11-
nnaHau11H, nel!HMCHTbl nonytJalOT WHpoKoe nnowa.nHoe pa3BHT!le II
!JO>KC1' c<j>opMHp083TbCll Tllllll4Hbli\ naHAWa<j>r ocrpOBHblX rop. J.ilMeH·
HO TaKHe YCJTOBHA HMCIOTCll B 06nacr11x p33BHTHA CCMHapHAHOTO K.111·
MaTa. OOJlbWHe CYfOllHble aMOJlllTYAbl TCMneparypbl cnoco6CTBYIOT
1 B pyccKOM nepenone BhlW.•a a 1967 r
106
llllTeHCHBllOMY <j>H3H4eCKOMY BblBeTp11eaHHIO II 6b1CTPOMY OTCTynaHHIO
CJ(JIOHOB, a noeepXHOCTHblil CKllOHOBblH CTOK BO epeMll .!tO>K.lleii cnoco6-
CTB)'CT 6b!CrpOMY ynaJTeHlllO npOAYKTOB BblBCTpHBaHIHI c MCCT !IX
uaKonneHHR. lllnpoKoe pa3BHTHC ne.nHMCHTOB Ha A<j>pHKa11CKOM MaTe·
p nKe 06bllCH!leTCll TaK>KC 60J1bWOi\ npOll0JllKHTe..1bHOCTblO AeHyna·
IUIOllHOTO UHKJ!a, He Hapy waeweroc11 CK0.1bKO- HH6Y.ilb 3Ha'lHTCJlbHbl~lll
no;"tll!ITllllMH, raK KaK 66.%wa11 11aCTb aHyrpHrpon1111ecKoi\ JOHbl 9roro
MaTepHKa npencraB.1ACT cna6o M06HJlbHYIO n11aT<j>OpMy.
PaccMOTpHM rcnep& 6011ee no.ilpo6110, 'ITO >Ke npencrae.111er H3
ce6n nen.nMeHT, a JaTeM yc11oe11n H Mexa1111sM ero 06paJonan1111.
KaK y>Ke 6blJTO cKa33HO DblWe, ne.n11MeHT npen.craen11eT panH11Hy
KOHTHHCHTa.1bHOH )J.eHy.nau1111, OtJeHb no.1oro n OHH>KaiOUWIOCR OT nO!l-
llO>Kllll ropHblX MaCCHBOB HJIH ocrpOBHblX OCT3HUOBblX rop K T3.1b·
ecraM D.OJIHH speMeHllblX BOJIOTOKOB THna ean11 JIJIH K 11a116onee no:
lllflKCHllbl~I cpe.itHHM 11aCTAM TeKTOHlllleCKllX Me>KropHblX aenpeCCHH
opo 1 c \' >Ke pacc~mrpeH11b1x 60.1bCOHOB 50.1bworo 5accei!Ha CeeepHor1
AMepiiKH . noeepxHOCTb ne.nHMeHTa pe>KeT 11acro noA O.llHY n.1ocKOCTb
c11.n1>110 llHC.10UHPOB3Hllble TOJIWH nopoA, JIHTOllOTH'ICCKll Ol!eHb pa3·
.1!1411hlX. n oeepXHOCTb 9Ta noKpblTa TOHKHM, l!aCTO pasopnaHHblM CJIO-
eM 06bl4HO MC.1K03epHllCTOfO o6JTOMOllHOro MaTepttana, H3XOllRuterocn
e' COCTOllHHll Tp3H3HT3. nepeMeutCHlllO H3 He6oJTbWHe paCCTOllHHll
3TOT MaTepHall noneepracTCll CK311KaMll .1HWb BO epeMll pellKllX .1HB·
lll!H, Korna Ha noeepx110CTH neJ.HMeHTa B03HHKaer Te11e11He. Bnaron.a-
Pll cooeA HH'ITO>KHOH MOWHOCTll noKpOB pblXJIOro MaTepuana He ).13C-
KllpyeT HepOBHOCTei\ nooepXHOCTH KopellHblX nopo.il. 3Tll HepOBHOCTH
o6ycnoB.1HB3IOTC!l HeOllllH3KOBOr1 yCTOHllHBOCTblO OT.ll.eJTbHblX nnaCTOB
OC3lt0lfHb1X nopon HJIH 60JTbWei\ nJTOTHOCTblO OT)leJlbllblX Yli3CTKOD
MarMaT11l!eCKHX nopoll H 'laute ecero He BblXOllRT H3 nopAD.Ka MHKPO·
tJiopM, pe>Ke np116J111>K3IOTCll K MeJo<j>opMaM: HX OTHOCllTeJTbHblC npe-
lll~WCllHll ne npCBOCXO.!l.llT HCCKOJlbKHX MCTpOB. B ocano4HblX noponax
no 6ynyr HCBblCOKHe, 60JlbWCH l!aCTblO aC!IMMeTpll4HblC B nonepe'l-
llCM cetteHHH rp11.i1KH, npOTllrHBalOutHeCll 'laCTO Ha 3Ha411TeJTbHble pac-
l TO!lHll!l H COOTBeTCTBYIOutHe BblXOAaM CTOAKHX n.1acron. MarnaTH'll!·
CKflC II MCTat11op<j>11tteCKHC nopOJtbl. pas.npo6neHHble .llH3KJl333Mll Ha
KpynHblC rJlb16hl OT.lleJTbHOCTH, o6Ha>t<a!1Cb na noeepXHOCTH ne.ilHMCH-
1a, o 6 pa 3ylOT y11aCTKH rnna KaMenHblX Mope!\, c.1a60 pa3npo6neHHhle
flDJIAIOTCll B BH.ile or.1a>KeHHb!X, OKpyrllblX B nonepe'IHblX npo<j>HJlllX
nOBblWeHllH, no.1y4HBWllX y <j>pau~yJCKHX aeropoe HaJBaHne _«K~TO­
llLIX cnHH» (dos des baleines). Bcrpe4alOTCll H O'ICHb Hern)60Klle,
(iJJIO.llUeo6pa3HblC aaMKHYTb!C nenpecCHll, JanMHeHHble cyr.,HHHCTblM
111111 r.~ 11 nucTb1M HaHOCOM ([172], crp. 52). H eKOTOpb1e npyrne :ine-
MCllTbl MHKpopenbe<j>a nenHMCHTOB 6y.nyr yKa33Hbl n03l1HCe B CBll3H
(' yc.noBHllMH HX Q>opMHpOBaHHll.
KaK 6blno y>Ke yKaJaHo eblwe, o o6paaoeaHHH nen11t11enTo~ OCHOB·
11 , 10 pOJlb 11rpa10T aea npouecca: Bbl&erp11oaH11e (Wandverw1tterung,
11i 1 11 eMCUKllM aeropaM) H orcrynaHHe cKnOHOB 11 nooepxHOCTHblit
1 1111<. Calm co6oA paJyMeeTc11, 4TO Hatta.1y 9Toro npou.ecca no.~>KHo
llJH'llWCCTBOBaTb pactt.1eHl!HHe r.Tp3Hbl H B03HHKHOBCHHe nepBH'IHblX
107
 .c1<.rt0He pac1eKaHHS1 (glacis d'epandage, no <I>
ineHeHHe MO>KeT 6b1Tb Bb13BaHO TeKTOHH4eCKHMH
me MOWIIOCTb pblXJIOfO nnawa HeCKOJ!bI<O yse
J 3TO BH.ll.eJtH Ha npHMepe Bonhworo Baccef!H a
Kil BOD.bl ewe He COBCeM yTpaTHJIH cnoco6HOCTI:
11.1H >Ke OHO MO>KeT HMeTb 3p031fOHHOe npOHCXO>K·
11n6.1ion.aeTCSJ ewe HH>Ke. QqesHn.Ho, non.06HaS1
blX c.11yqanx Tpe6yeT .rr.onyweHHSI B npownoM Ha·
Ill!I<aeT H np11 nnaCTOBOM CTOKe, Korn.a OH Ha4H
BJta>KHblM KJIHMaTOM.
JISICTCSI Ha OT.ll,eJtbHbte CTpyH. Tio neBHCY ( 11
3HPYR ycnoBHSI (HanpHMep, npHHHMan nonHyto
o0pa3yIOT 3TH Henpepb!BHO H3MeHSIIOWWeCSI 3pc
opon.HOCTb CKJIOHOB)' H.ll,eIO OTCTynaHHSI CKJIOHOB
uoaepXHOCTH ne.rr.HMeHTa, KaK 6bl pacnan.aeTCSI
{JlbTaTe BblBeTPHBaHHSI H C'be.LI.aHHe BO.ll.Opa3.ll,eJ10B
o6pa3HblX B oqepTaHHH noneA D.JIHHOH OT 300 .
• Ti e HK {165]. 3THM npou.ecCOM OH o6'bSICHSIJI 06·
KIHI ropHblX MaCCHBOB npeJI.rOpHOH nosepXHOCTH
3M6pHOHaJtbHOro neJI.HMeHTa. 0.rr.HaKO B ero 00·
,, OCTaBaSICb napannenbHblM CaMOMY ce6e, MOr
:TeneHHO yMeHbWaBWH.:iCSI B BepTHKaJibHOM pa3·
Ia, TaK KaK Hll>KllSISI ero qaCTb IlOCTeneHHO no-
JieHHeM npOJI.YKTOB Bb!BeTpHBaHHSI, o6pasytoll.lHX
1 o H o c bl n a H Hsi (H atdenhang). Tiocnen.HHA,
>KHBan nepexo.rr. OT KpyToro oTcTynaiomero CKJIO·
paBHHHe (JI.HHWY pe4HOA .ll.OJIHHbt). CTaHOBHTCSI
o6pa30BaHHSI ne.ll,HMeHTa Heo6X0.1I.HMO HaJIH\llle
KOTOpbtR y.rr.aJISIJI 6bt npo.rr.yKTbl BblBeTpHBaHHSI
eCJ!H He Henpepb!BHO, TO no KpaliHe(1 Mepe BpeMSI
acref! ceMHapH.ll.HOro KJIHMaTa TaKyJO pOJJb CTaJHI
oweA n.eRTeJlbHOCTH nnaCTOBblX noTOKOB (sheet-
x npM pe11KHX, HO 04eHb 6onhwoli HHTeHCHBHOCTH

1caHHe ~rnneHHSI nnacTosoro noToKa n.an MaK·fH

aa6nto.rr.em1io B Hbio·MeKCHKo. Bo.a.a nocTy n ana
13 ropHOH .ll.OJIHHbt H pa3JIHBanaCb CilJ!OWHblM P11c. 27. H.neanH3KPOBaHHast 1<apn1Ha pacnpeJteneH
.ll.CCSITKOB CaHTHMeTpOB MOWHOCTblO. f~!IlOTe3a CTOBOrO nOTOK3 Ha nouepxHOC~ll neAKMCHTa (

ilM IlOTOKOM, KaK cj>aKTOp cpopMHpOB3HHH nemr·
>HHHKOB B nnu.e H. JI. PH4a, JI. KHHra, A. KaAe
p, He oTpHU.aSI ponH IlJ13CTOBb!X IlOTOKOB, KOTO·
npe.llCTaBJ!HIOT 04eHb pe.ll,KOe SIBJieHHe, CKJIOHeH
3Ha'leHHe B npouecce <1>opMHposa1mn ne.llHMeH·
oKy» (ruisselement diffus), B03HHKaioweMy np11
nHBHHX, cnyqa10wHxcsi 3Ha4HTeJlbHO qawe. P ac-
asneH MHOro1mcneHHbtMH BeTBSIWHMHCH, aHaCTO·
MH BOJI.bl, KOTOpbte He CJIHBaIOTCSI B 6onee Kpyn.
JlHBaIOTCSI JIHWb .ll,a.1JeKO B HH>KHeH 4aCTH ne.llH·
HMeIOT wHpHHY B HeCKOJibKO .rr.eU.HMeTpos H
caHTHMeTpoa M Ob!BaeT .llOCTaT04HO caMoll HH4-
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n.eneHHIO. 3p03HOHHaH cnoco6HOCTb 3THX CTpyeK
a 6op03.1I., KOTOpbte OHH C03.ll,alOT, He npeBbtWaeT
>OB. 3TH 3p03HOHHble 6op03.ll.KH H MX «6epera»
aTHO Ha npoTR>KeHHH nason.Ka. CeTKa 3p03HOH·
mo xopowo Bblpa>KeHa B 60J1ee y.rr.aneHHhtx oT
>CTaHU.OBbtX Ml!CCllROR 1HIC'TfJX 11cn11MeHTa - Ha
·raKoe none npen.cTasnsieT 6ec1rncneHHOe MHO>
<SI 6opo3D.OK (pHC. 27). B sepxHeli, Y3KOH, p<
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npoS1B.'!S1eTCS1 HeKoTopasi 3 p03HSI. B HH>Kneii
npo11CXO.ll,HT aKKYMYJISIUHSI HaHoca B <t>opMe
porno Bblpa;KeHHbtM cj>poHTOM. TaK KaK 3TH 51
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J<a>K.ll.Ofl raKOR 11.eJibTbl Ha,llBHraeTCSI Ha sepXHI<
Ecn11 npou.ecc ne.nHnnaHaUWH HMeeT MecTo
1CMllOH KOpbl, rn.e n.eHyD.aU.HOHHblH UHKJI Hap~
ll0,1UISITHSIMH, TO Ka>Kn.oe TaKoe non.HSITHe co
IllilM BpC30M rn.nporpacj>H4eCKOH ceTH, C03.ll,al0
lib) Ha 60.Tiee HH3KOM yposHe, I<OTOpbte TaK:>
TnK co3n.a10TCH CTyneHttaThie ne.ll.HMeHTbI pa
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.Mai< KeHHOM B sepxoBhHX peKH CTy3pKO R H
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B o~o~~~~T
II cer111ac. HeKOTOphle aBTOpbl paccMaTpllBMH HX K3K 6blBWlle 3KKY-
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y~=~::: HK~Teo:~x
MY•lllTllBllblC paBtlllHbl, OCB060l1HBWllCCll OT caoero ll3HOCJIOrO TIOKpO-
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Pacq,qeHerme 0Kp3Hll n .1aTo 3p03Heil apeMeHHblX aOAOTOKOB MOlKeT"
OTAeJJHTb OT OCHOaHoro MaCCHaa 66JlbWHe H.qH MeHbWHe ero y'la-
CTKll, KOTOpble Ha'lnnaIOT pa3aHaaTbCSI no THny OCTpOBHblX rop. no-
C.1C.!lHl!e OTAemJIOTCSI .11pyr OT APyra H OT OTCTyna10wero B CBOIO O'le-
peAb KpaSI nnaTO nee 66nbWHM H 66nblllHM paCCTOSIHHeM, 06pa3y11
nepeA HHM 1rnorna l.lCJTYIO 30HY OCT3Hl.lOB (p11c. 28) . B 3TOM cny'lae
JIX npHHSITO Ha3&JBaTb r 0 pa M H - c B H .!le Te JI SIM H (Zeng~nberge,.
lcmoi n s, gour - a CeaepHol! AcppHKe; «TYPTKYJIH»- B CpeAHe11 A311H).
Csoe HassaHHe «CBllAeTeJJH» OHH nOJTY'IHJIH aCJIC.11CT8He Toro, 'ITO
OHH yKa3b!BaIOT, ao-nepsblX, KaK AaJJeKO npOCTHpa.~OCb paH~!lle n.1a-
TO B ropH30HT3JlbHOM HanpasneHHH H, BO-BTOpblX, AO KaKOll BblCOTbl
nOAH HMaJTaCb Ta noaepXHOCTb, H3 KOTopoi\ OHH 6b!JIH Bblpa6oTaHbl.
,!leJTo a TOM, qTo nepaoe speMSI nocne caoero orAeJTeHHSJ, noKa CTono-
Dbie ocraHUbl coxpa11si10T Ha caoeir seplllHHe poeHyIO n.11ocKyro nosepx-
11ocTb BblCOTa HX Mano HJlll coaceM He OTJIHqaeTCSI OT BblCOTbl OCHOa-
11oro ~Jl3TO. 3TO CBHD.eTeJJbCTayeT 0 qpe3abJqaitHO c.11a6or1 AeHyD.aUHli
aep!llHHHOH nosepxHOCTH OCTaHl.lOB cpaaHHTeJJbHO c HX CKJJOHaMH, 'ITO
aaaHCHT OT psr.11a npHqHll, a HMeHHO: I) o6pa3yIOW3SICSI KO pa_ BbIBeT-
pHaaHHSI He y.11am1eTC!! c ropH30HTaJJbHOH nosepxHOCTll .neHCTBl!CM
CHJ!bl TSllKCCTH H aaurn waeT HHlKeJielK3WH e KOpeHHble nopOAbl OT
.!l3JlbHei1wero BblaeTpHaaHHSI; 2) HaKanJJHBa!OU(HHCSI Ha noaepXHOCTH
we6eHb 06pa3yeT cnJTO!llHOH CJTOii, npeAOXpaHSieT Kopy ablae_:rpHaaHHst
OT Ae<!>JISIUHH H 3) MaJJaSI BOAOC6opHaSJ nnowa.11b aepwmIHOH noaepx-
HOCTH He .11aeT a03MOlKHOCTll o6pa30aaTbC!l Ha Heil BO ape.\!!! AOlKAl!•
CKOJlbKO-H H6Yl1b 3Ha<rnTeJTbHb!M CTPY!!M BOAbl H n03TOMY 3p03HSI
3.11ecb no'ITH orcyrcrayeT. K 3TOMY cneAyer ewe A06aa11Tb, '!To nno-
cKa>1 aepWHHH3SI noeepxHOCTb OCTaHUOa '13CTO 6blaaer 06pa3oea11a·
TaepAb!M «6pOHHpyIOWHM» nnaCTOM, O'leHb MeAJTeHHO noLUtaIOWHMCl!·
a&IBeTpHaaHHIO H .!(eHy.11auHH.
6blCTpoe ITOHHlKeHHe OCTaHUOBOi\ B03ablllleHHOCTH Ha'IHHaeTC!l
TOJlbKO c Toro MOMeHTa, Kor.11a BCJJeACTBHe OTCTynaHH!l CKJJOHOB sep-
IUHHHall ITJIOCKOCTb coeepweHHO pa3pyWHTCSI H npOTHBOJJelKaWHe
CKJIOHbl nepeceKyTCSI !lpyr c .!lPYfOM HenocpeACTBeHHO.•B 3TOH CTa-
l1flH pa3BHTH!l «CaHAeTeJJb» npHHllM~eT BH.11 KOHH'leCKOH. ao3ab1WeH-
JIOCTH, CHa'lana AOBOJlbHO ewe OCTpOH, n03AHee, c ;:\aJJbHeH!llHM OOHH-
lKeHileM cTaHoasiwei\csr ace 6oJTee H 6onee npHTyn.qe1111oi\, noKa He
6yAeT pa3py weHa coaep!lleHHO.
Hepe.!lKO nepeA o6phlaoM nyCTbIHHoro nnaro MOlKHO aHAeTb l.leJTble
pS!l\bl rop -cBHAeTeneii paaHoii eenH'IHHbl H n pa3HbTX cTa.11nsrx pa3BH-
THSI: 6nHlK3H!llHe K nnaTo ewe HMeIOT xapaKrep croaoabIX rop c Tpa -
11cu.HeaHAHbIM npocjrnneM, 6onee y.!laJJeHHble- MeHbWei\ BeJIH'IHHbl H
c npocpH.11eM Tpeyro.%HOH cpopMbl .
0CT3Hl.l0Bble ropbl-CaHACTeJIH nonb3YIOTCSI lllHpOKHM pacnpocrpa-
JleHHeM no oKpaHnaM cronoablx raMaA CeaepHoii AcppHKH H acrpeqa-
IOTCSI T3KlKe a n ycTblHSIX CpenHeH Aarrn. 0CTllHII0llhlli Ml\C'C'Hll nlKHJlb-
11 5
"Tay non.1tHMaerc11 nepe.11 cesepHblM 'IHHKOM n.iaro Ycr10pr n.o a6co-
~i10rnoii BblCOThl 167 M. Uenhlll ocraHUOBblll na1t.11wa<j>r npe.!lcrasnReT
pai10H cepHblx 6yrpoe Kb1pK·J:t>KYJJ&6a y IO>KHoil oKpaHHbl 3ayHr}'3·
<:Koro nnaro KapaKyMoo. 06oco6.ieHne rop-ce1tn.ereneil onuca.1
.Jl. C. 6epr (7] Ha ceeepHOM no6epe>K&e Apa.%cKoro Mop11. Ocratt·
uooble rop1>1 cro.weoro xapaKTepa w1tp0Ko pacnpocrpaHeHbl e 6ac-
·ce111te 03epa Jlo6Hop 8 TapllMCKOil KOT.10BHHe.
fEOfPM>H'IECl(O E PACOPOCTPAHEHHE OYCTblHb
B C3MOM Ha'lane 3TOii r.iaebl nyCTblHR 6bl.1a onpen.e.ieHa KaK RB·
.JICHHe K.1HMaTl!llCCKOC. nycrblHll 06pa3y10T KJIHM3TH'ICCKH o6yCJIOB·
.JICHH)'IO naH.11wa<j>THYIO 30Hy, cosna.!lalOIUYIO B OCHOBHOM B K3>K.!10M
HJ nonywap11A c 30HOi't rocno.11crsa ap11.11HblX yc..ioeuA, C03.!lasaeMblX
<:llCTCMOK nnaHerapHoii 803.llYWHOA UllPKYJJRUHH. 3TO 6yJlyT 30Hbl Wit·
por OKono 25-35° K ceoepy H !Ory or 3Kearopa, 06.1acr11 rocno.!l·
-CTB3 BblCOKOro aTMOC<j>epHoro aasneHHR Ha.11 OKeaHa MH, o6nacrn 3a-
J>O/KJ1CHHll naccaTHbl)( oerpos. MHHHM3JlbHOA o6na'IHOCTH H OTHOCll·
TeJJbHOA BJTa>KHOCTH B03Jlyxa, CKYJlHblX ocaaKoB H3Jl Mat'epuKaMH.
n yCTblHll o6pa3ylOT TaKHM o6paSOM JlDa KOJ!bUa, pa30p8aHHblX OKCa·
Ji3Mll H OTIORCblBalOIUllX 3eMJIIO D Ka>KJlOM H3 nonywapHii. B CBll3H c
66n&WHM pa3BHTHeM Marep1tKOBblX npocrpaHcrs s CeeepHoM nonywa-
;J>HH nycTblHH 3aH11MalOT 8 HeM COOTBeTCTBeHHO 66JibWYIO nn01.ua.11b,
·'ICM 0 IO>KHOM.
HecMorpsi Ha cKa3aHHoe, rpaHHUbl apHJlHblX 3oH, a cne)loearenb·
'HO, H rpaHHUbl nycTblHb, He coena.11a10T TO'IHO c KaK11MH·JJH60 onpe·
JleJ1eHHblM11 napannennMH. KaK " see K111tMarH11ecKHe J11tH111t, OHH HC·
!TblTblBaIOT OTKJIOHRIOU!ee BJIHSlHHe p33HblX MeCTHblX reorpa<j>HllCCKllX
o<j>aKropos: pacnpeJJ.CJICHHSl cywn II MOpR, ren.ihlX H XOJIOJlHblX MOP·
<:KHX re11e1t1ti1 y 6eperon MarepHKOB, pen&e<j>a cywu, HepasHoMepHoro
.Pacnpe)leneHllR aTMOc<j>epHoro JlaeneHHR H3.!1 OKeaHaMH II MaTepHK3·
MH. B C8!13H c 3THM rpaHHUbl nyCTblHb HMeJOT O'ICHb HenpaBHJ!bHblil,
Ji3BHJl11CTblli X0.11 H caMH no11ca nyCTblHb OTJIHll3IOTCR OlleHb He0.!1HH3·
KOBOA WHPHHOH, TO CHJlbHO cy>KaRCb, TO pacwHpl!l!Cb, oco6eHHO 8
<:ropoHbl noniocos. HaH6on&wee pacwHpeHHe nycTblHHoro no11ca Ha·
6n10n.aerc11 06bl'IHO BO BHyrpeHHHX 11acrnx o6wHpHb1X MaTepuKOB,
-OC06eHHO, eCJIH K 3TOMY npucoen.nHReTCR ewe BJIHRHlle oporpa<j>HR.
noc..ie.!(Hee 3aK.1IOl!aeTCR 8 TOM, 'lTO DblCOKHe ropHble xpe6Thl, CTOR·
1.llHe Ha nyTH nepeMe1Ual01UHXCR Ma>KHblX D03.!1YWHblX Mace, nepexea·
Tbleaior 3anacbl o.1arn H cn oco6crsyJOT 06pa3ooaHHIO o 11x ceerposoil
TCHll> CYXHX npOCTpaHCTB. no.l06HblC )'C.'108Hl! Mbl H3XO.!IHM 8
Bon&WOM 6accei1He CesepHoA AMep1tK11, n Cpe.11Heil A311H u IOJKROM
Ka3axcTa1te, s U eHTpan&noil A31111. 3To 6yayr YJKe He aonan&Hble nyc-
TblHH 30Hbl naccaros, a a30Ha.1bHble, npeHMylUeCTBeHHO ceMnapH.!1Hble
nyCTblHH yMepeRHblX WHPOT c HX UHKJIOHll'ICCKOH aKTHBHOCTblO, c
ioea)lK3MH npe1tMy1UecTDeHHO <j>pOHTaJ!bHOro npoHCXO>KJlCHHR, CKOH·
ue11Tp1tponaHHblMH 118CTO Ha O'ICHb KOPOTKHA nepHOJI ro1ta (B IO>KHblX
116
nycrblHllX CpC.11HeA A3HH MaKCHMYM ocan.Kon np1tX0.!1HTCR Ha MapT 11
anpe.1&). B Ue1tTpanbHoil A3HH none nycTblHb cesepHoro nonywap1111
llOCTHraeT H3H60JlbWeA WHpllHbl, npOHHK3R OO'ITll 11.0 50° c. w.
B Cesep1toA AMepHKe nycTblHH 3aH11Ma10T npeJK.a e scero orpoM·
uoe npocTpaHcrso TaK Ha3bleaeMoro 60.i&woro 6accei111a, 3aMKHYTO·
ro Ha aana.11e C&eppoA-Hesa.11oii, Ha socroKe - ropaMH Yaca11 . n po·
;l0.1lKCHHeM Ha !Or nyCTblHb 60JibWOro 6accei1Ha RBJIRIOTCSI nyCTblHH
<iacceflHa p. Ko.1opano - Moxaee, X1tna H n.pyree. Ceeepo·aMepHK3H·
CKHe nyCTblHH npeHMywecrseHHO ropHble, OHH c.1ara10TCR 113 PAJla
<i0.1bCOHOB, pa3i1e.1CHHblX 11e60.1&WllMH ropHbl!llH Macc11saM11 [I xpe6·
TaMJI, <j>HKCHpyK>UlllMll Ha ce6e 3TMOC<j>epHble ocaaKH. B CBR3H c 3THM
3.lCCb rocnO.!lCTBYIOT B 06we~1 ceM1tapHllHble ycnOBHA, a CaM!l nyCTbl·
HH MOryT, no>KanyA. c 66JJbWHM npaBOM 6b1Tb HaseaHbl nOJ1ynyCTbl·
llRMll II n.a>Ke CYXHMH CTeITRMH.
B nocro11HoM no.iywapHH 30Ha.i&Hble nycTblHH aaHHMalOT sec&
ceeep A<j>pHKH, nocreneHHO nepexoM Ha 10re s cyxne cTenu H caea11·
111>1 Cy.!laHa. 0HH oxnar&1eaJOT orpoMH)'IO nnowaJl& Caxap1>1 n JhtsHA·
<:Kori nyCTblHH. no Jl3H.!1Wa<J>THOMY xapaKTepy nyCTblHH !!TH HCOJlHO·
poaHhl: orpOMHble M3CCHBbl nec11a1t1>1x nycrblHb (apron) . saHHMalOIUHX
06bl'IHO .11enpCCCHH penbe<j>a, He npeBblWalOIUHe 500 M a6c. BblCOTbl,
<!epeay!OTCR c 6once B03BblWCHHblMll KaMeHHCTblMH nnaro raMa.11.
Bcrpe11a10TCA TaK>Ke nnowaan cepHpa H nyCTblHHble rop11b1e Macc11e1>1
(Axarrap, Tn6ecTH). no HC'IHCJ!eHllIO llJaeaHH3, B Caxape npH6Jlll311·
TCJ!bllO 4 259 500 KM2 noKpblTbl K3MHCM H rallbKOil, 2 000 000 KM 2 -
rop11cT&1 11 1200000 KM 2 cocraen1110T o6nacTb nec11aHblX JJ.IOH. P. nep·
pe [166) onpen.enAeT l1JIOIU311b necqaHblX nyCTb!Hb HCCKOJ!bKO MeHb·
weil ulr<j>poA - I 000 000 KM 2.
K eocToKy OT Cy3UKoro Ka11ana no,1oca nycThlHb npoaonJKaeTCA
s ropucTOM C1111aAcKOM nonyocrpoee 11 e ApaoHH. B noc..ieaHeil Hap11·
JJ.Y c ropHblMH KaMeHHCTblMH nyCTblHRMH no 0Kp3HHaM pa3BHTbl T3K·
>Ke 6oJibWHe Macc110&1 nec11a111>1x nycTblHb: Bon&woil He-cj>y.11 (Kpac·
1ta11 nycTblHR), nycrh!HR Py6·Mb·XanH. CHp11AcKa11 rrycrwHR, npoTA·
11yswa11c11 Ha cesepe Apae11Ac11oro nonyocrposa oT 3n&·.lliKy<j>a 110
Anenno, K3MCHHCTa, MeCTaMH noKpb1T3 necKaMH.
.llanee K BOCTOKY nycTblHH JaHllMalOT BCIO BHyTpeHHIOIO 11aCTb 06·
WHpnoro HpaHCKOro HaropbR, 3aMKHYfYIO co scex CTOPOH BblCOKllMH
0Kpa11HH1>1MH ropHblMll uenRMH. 311a1111Te.rt&11a11 qacr& HpaHa (60.11ee
1,5 M.1H. KM2) JlllWeHa CTOK3 D MHpOOOfl OKCaH. nyCTblHH, '!aCTblO
ropHble, noKpblTble rpy6blM 06JIOMO'IHblM Marep11a.10M H.'IH npe.it·
<:TaB.1RIOIUHe CKaJIHCTble 06Ha>KeHHl! KOpeHHblX nopon., '13CTblO (e npo·
MC>KYTKax Me>KD,y ropHblMH uen11MH) npe.11cTaB.1RIOT aKKyMy.1RTHBHble
paBHllHbl, 33RRTble necKaMH, H-1H rJIHHllCTO·CO.lOH'l3KOBble npocrpaH·
CTBa - Kee1tpbl: ,llewre·Kesnp, nnn 60.i&waA ConeHaH nyCTblHR,
.newTe-nyT.
06oco6JieHHbll't nyCTblHHblH MaCCHB, OT.lleJICHHblH OT nyCTblHb H pa·
11a 11 Ue11Tpa11&HoA As1111 sblCOKHMH ropaMH, npen.craBJJReT nec11aHa11
nyCTblH!l Tap B naKHCTaHe. HaXOi1RCb no.n BJIHRHHCM IOrO·Janall.·
117

HOro MYCCOHa, 3Ta «nyCTblH!l» npC,il;CTaM!leT CKOpee cyxylO CTem••
0 nec'!aHoM penbecj>e Ta pa yJKc roaopHJIOCb Bblwe.
nycTblHH H paHa npO,il;OJlll<alOTC!l Ha ceaepe, 3a HeBblCOKllMll It
nycTblHHb!MH TypKMeHo-XopacaHCKHMH ropaM11 s paSHHHHblX nyCTbl·
H!IX Cpe.1tHell Asm1: KapaKyMax, Kbt3bIJIKyMax, necqaHbtx nyCTbtH!lX
CesepHoro np11apaJ1b!1, MylOHKyMax, nyCTblH!lX IOll<HOro Dp116aJ1·
xawb11. Cpem1 nycrhlHb Cpeµ;Heii As1111 H IOJKHoro KaJaxcraHa 11aH-
60J1bWee pacnpocrpaHenHe HMCIOT necqa11b1e - «KYMbt», HO npe;i.craa·
JieHbl TaKJKe ropHbte nyCTblHH, raMaJlbl H fJIHllHCTO-CO.lOH'!aKODbte nyc·
Tb!HH, nocne.1tH11e npe11MywecrseHHO 11a ceaepe. Bb1COKa11 HaropHaSt
nycTblH!l BocroqHoro na~nrpa no cnoeMy o6wcMy xapaKrepy 11 DbICo-
KOMY rHnC0Merp1111eCKOMY noJIOJKeHHIO np116J111JKaeTC!1 K nyCTblllllbl~l
n11ocKoropb11M UeurpaJibHOli A31111 - K T116ery.
K aocroKy OTCIOJla, a UeHrpaJibHOil As1111, no11c nycTblHb npo1111··
Kaer ewe Jlanee Ha ceaep, a npeJlCJibl yMcpeHHbtx wHpor. n ycrblHH,
nonynycrbIHH 11 cyxHe cren11 pacnoJIOJKCHbt 3µ;ecb Ha caMbIX pa3HO·
o6pa3Hb!X Ilb!Corax 11 Hoc11r pa3JIH'!Hbtii xapa1<rep. OrpoMHbtft 6accelili
Tap11Ma H osepa J10611op c ab1coraM11 780-1400 M JaH11T 60.1bwea
t1acrb10 nec11aHoA nycrb1Hefl TaK11a-MaKa11 c rp11.1tOBbtM11 necKaM11.
06w11pHa11 KOTJ10B11Ha Uail.1taMa JieJKllT Ha DblCore oKo,10 2700 M;
3TO - COJIOH'laKosa11 nyCTblH!l, qaCTblO JKe noKpbITa u1e6HeM, sany·
HaMH 11 necKaMH. HaropHoe nnaro T116era co cpeJlHeA Ilb1Coror1
4500 M K sanaJly or Jlxaccbl npe.1tcras1111er nycrblHHYIO crenb, ycc·
!IHHYIO COJICHblMH 03epaMll II nepece11eHHYIO MHOJKeCTilOM ropHblX ue-
neii. Ha ceaepe npoT11r11aaerc11 06w11pHa11 nycrblH!l fo611, 6onee pos·
Hall B BOCTO'IHOli nOJIOBllHe II 3anoJ1HeHHa!I ropa~m Ha sana)le. B IOJK•
HOH '!aCTll fo611, a ra1<JKe Ha 10ro-3ana)le (B CTOpOHY nJKy11rap1111)
npeo6J1aJla10r necK11, Il Jtpyrnx Mecrax, npe11Myw.ecrseHHO no oKpaH·
HaM rop, npOT!lrHilalOTC!l w.e6HeSble nyCTblHH, acrpe'lalOTC!l raK)f{e
rnHHHCThle 11 neccoable y<1acrK11. necKH 10ro-socro'IHOli fo611 npOJlOJT·
JKa10rc11 11 a cesepHylO 11acTb OpllOCa (nycrbm11 Kycynq11). ropbl
UeHrpaJibllOA A311H HOC!IT 60JibWCli '!aCTblO ra10Ke xapaKTep KaMe·
HHCTOl'I nycTb!HH.
nycTblHHOe KOJlbUO IOll<HOfO nonywap1111 Bblpall<CHO MeHee coaep·
weHHO, pacnpeJlen1111Cb MCll<llY rpcM11 Marepm<aMH. B IOJKHoA AMep11·
Ke nycrb1H11 pacnonara10TC11 a 3anamrnli qacrn .1tnyM11 nonocaMH, Bbl·
T!lHYTblMH Mepl!Jll!OHaJibHO, B COOTBCTCTBllll c oporpacj>11eii. 0JlHa no·
noca nporSir11aaerc11 IlllOJTb no6epell<b!1 or IOJKHoro nepy µ;o 25° IO. w.
IOJKHa11 11acTb 3TOil nonocbl HOC11r HasnaH11e nycrbtHH AraKaMbl, cc·
aepna11 - naMnbt Ta~rnpyranb. 8CCbMa pacnpocrpaHeHHOfl ¢op-
Mofl necqaHblX 30JIOBblX aKKYMYJI!lUHli B 41rn11flcKO·DepyaHCKOH nyc·
Tb!He !IBJl!llOTC!l THOHQHbte 0.ltHHO'lHbte 6apxaHbl (CM. p11c. 19).
Bropa11 nycTb!HHaR nonoca IOJKHofl AMep11K11 - DyHa, npornrn-
naerc11 aocroqHee, MeJKllY uen11MH 3ana.1tHb!X H Bocrot1HblX KopJlHJib·
ep. IOJKHa11 t1acrb 3roro nycrb!HHoro HaropHoro nnaro HasblaaerC!l
DyHa-Jle·AraKaMa (eb!cora 3400-4000 M), ceeepHa11 - DyHa Bo·
n11e11flcKaR. DyHa npe.1tcrasn11er 6onbweli qaCrblO nec'laHylO H COJTOH·
t1aKOBylO nyCTblH!O.
118
B TOJKHOli Acj>p11Ke KpoMe yJKe ynoM11Haewelic11 6eperonoii nyCTbl·
1111 6onbwoe npocrpaHcrso saH11Maer nect1aHaR nonynycrbTHR
Ha~1116
J(a.~axap11, 11cc,1e)losaHHa11 11 on11caHHaSI 3. naccapre f157].
HaKoHeu, Ha Aecrpan11l\cKOM Marep11Kc nyCTbIH!lMH saH11Ta ec11
llCHTpaJJbHa!l H sana)lHa!I ero t1aCTH, 3aKpb!Tbte ropaMH IlOCTO'IHOro
no6epe:>Kb!l OT BJl3ll<Hb1X B03JlYWHblX TC'ICHHll (10rO·BOCT0 11Horo nae·
<'ara). Ancrpa1111iicK11e nycTbIHH no npeHMywccrey necqaHble, c penb·
<)(jJOM B BHJlC JlJll!HHblX, napannenbHblX, BblT!IHYTblX Il HanpaeneHHll
npeo6naJlatow11x aerpoa nec11aHblX rp,SIJl (Madigan, (153]).
Jil1TEPATYPA
I. A 6 p 0 c H M 0 8 11. K. reoMop<j>OJtOrHqeCKHe npeAllOCblJIKH <j>OpMHPOB311Hff H
110HCKOB npecHbl X rpyHrODblX oo:t o neC'laHblX nycmH.x. M., 1965.
2. A 6 p 0 c " M o o 11. K. 11H:tHKaUHOHHbln .iaH.!lWa<j>THo-reoMop<jlonorn•ecKHfi
aHa.1113 rnp u rn.worcoJTOrn•ecKHX HCCJte.!losauu•x o nycrblH•x (Ha npHMepe socroq·
t:oro .MaiHrblwnaKa 11 ceoepHoro CTpHapaJtbff). Asrope<!>. K3H.!t . .!!HCC. M., 1971.
3. A " .!!po n " Ko o E. K. K.1H>1arHqecKHe runbl nycrblHb. <Tp. 1-.ro Scecoio3H.
reor p. C'be3:ta>, 11-18 anpM• 1933 r., ·abln. 3. JJ., 1934.
4. AH A p y c 0 B H. A. MarepHanbl ;'\... r eOJIOrHH 3aK3Clll<ttCKOR oo.oaCTH,
'l3CTb !I. MaHrblw.iaK. <Tp. Apano-KacnnRCKOR SKCilC,!lHUHH>, &bin. 8. n eTpo rpaJl,,
1915.
s. A p.., a" 0 a a A. K. O sacywnHBOCTH 3anall.Hb1X no6epel!<HR MarcpHKoo B
TponH•ecKHx H cy6'rpon11qecKHX ruHpor ax. •BecrH. MocK. yu-ra>, cep. reorp., 1963,
)o.~ 5. " .,
r,. Ban p y" a c M. B. Bcccroq Hble ena)l11Hbl IO>KHoro 1.. aurnw.•aKa. <r13B.
PvccK. r corp. o6·Ba>. 1917, T. 53.
· 1. 6 e p r JI. C. K Mop$o.oornu 6eperoo ApanbCKoro MOP•· cE>KerO!l.HHK reo.•.
u MHHepan. PocCHH», 1902, T. '5.
8. B ~ pr JJ. C. 3aMerKa o necKax 6. BapcyKn. «CToqoooeaenHe>, 1907.
9. B c pr JJ. C. ApaJtbCI<oe Mope. Onblr (j>H3HKo-reorpa<j>uqecKoR MOnorpa<j>nH.
cn6 .. 1oos. n
10. 13 e pr JI. C. <l>opMbl pyccKHx nycrb!Hb. pHJ1o>KeHHe K pyeCKoMy H3Jl.3HHIO
l<HHrll 11. Ba.i brepa c3aKOH oopa30B3KHR fl)'CTblHb». CCT6., 1911.
1L 6 ·• a r o a ewe H c K H A 3. H. npoueccbl :te<l>-• •u1rn H reHeJHC rp•:touoro
pe.1bC<j>a necqaHblX nytTblHb. cCTpo6neMbl <j>H3H4CCKOA reor pa<j>KH•, 1949. T. 14.
12. 6 JI a roe ewe H c K H A 3. H. <t>opMHponaHHC npo.1to.1bnoro 30J10ooro PCJibe·
<!Ja. «}bu. ou. ecreCTn. HayK AH T3.lllKHKCKoA CCP>. 1957, r. 24.
13. 13 0 JI bl we u H. H. H En .!lo Ku Moe a T. 11. 0 npHpo:te KOpO<!CK raKbl-
pou. cfl 04ROBC:teHHe», 1944, t,~ 7-8.
14. 5 0 p 11 e Ma H 6. A. " C n Hp H .!! on o o M . .U. QqepKH noqn H pacmre.ib-
HOCrn nonyocrpoeon MaHl'blWJ1aK H 6y3aq11. O'!'teT o pa6orax no•oeHH0-6oraHHq.
OT!I.. l(a3axcrancKoA sKcneAHUH H AH CCCP, Obin. 7 (Mar-.•bl KOMHCCHH SKcne:t. HC-
cne:t .• Bbln. 12). II., 1929. ,,. r
15. Be Ac o a C. Ha6J110.!!CHHR na.1t (j>opMHpona1mcM sOJtoeoro peJtbe.,a. co-
rpa<l>••ecKHe npo6neMbl ocooeHHff nycrblHHi<X 11 ropH blX r eppKropHA Ka3axcrana
(TC3. JlOK-1. 3 -A nay'!J, KOH(j>.). AJ1Ma-Ara, 1966 (Mar•nbl KOMHCCHH 3KCOC)l. HCCJ!ell. ..
Obin. 12). JI., 1969. , (
16. Be it co e C. 0 MeXaHH3Me $OPMHPOB3HKM 6apxaHHblX uenen no SKcncpH·
MeHra.1bHblM 1taHHblM). d13u. AH CCCP>, cep. reorp., 1966, N~ 3.
17. Be rt c 0 B c. M cTOJl,HKa 113yqeHHM nepBH• HblX CT3Jl,HK so.1oeoro pe.1be<l>a
nOJl.BH?KHblX ne<:KOB. cl130, AH CCCP», cep. reorp., 1968, N9 3.
18. r a e JI b A. r. K oonpoc y 0 reHe:JHCC H 3D0.110i(HH necKOO CCCP. cTp. 1-rG
BcecoI03H. rcorp. coe3:ta~. 11-18 anpen• 1933 r ., abtn. 3. II., 1934.
119
 19. r CJ1 J1 e p C. 10. I( MOP<!>MOTHH HCKOTOpblX necqaHblX o6pa30D8HHA 3a-
KacnHACJ<HX l(apaKyMOB. «Has. rrO>, 1932, T. 14, Dbln. 4-5.
20. re n .1 e p C. IO . O npoucxolK.!lcHHH KapaKy!<ltKffx •KHKou. «Tp. reoMop-
<1>onoru.ecKoro llH·Ta AH CCCP», 1933, Bbln. 9.
21. r c n .i c p C. IO. I< sonpocy o npoHcxoll<.!leHHH 6cccro•HblX snaJtHH. cnpo6.1_
<!>Ha. reorp.>, 1938, Bbln. 5.
22. re n n e p C. IO. " I( y H K H B. H. 0 npoHCXOll<ileHKH rp•.!lOBblX necKos.
Jl,AH CCCP, HOB. cep., 1933, t.~ 2.
23. rep a c K M 0. 11. n. I( nonpocy 06 3B0.110llKll neCKOB T ypKCCT3H3-
«Tp. noqe. ffJMa AH CCCP•, 1930, T. 3.
24. rep a c HM 0 B H. n. no•BeHHblA oqepK BOCTO•Horo YtrlOpTa. Qyqcy 0 pa-
6ore noqseHHo-<ioraHHq. OTP•ila l(a33xcraKcKoA 31<Cne.o.. AH CCCP 1926 ro.!la, Bbln. 4..
JI., 1930.
25. r Cp 3 CH M 0 B H. n. 0 «T3Kblp3X» npOllCCCC T3KblpOOOp3aOS3HHR-
cn oqeose.!leHHe>, 1931, JI:~ 4.
26. rep a c H M 0 . H. n. CoepeMeHHble reo,ion1•eCK1te OPOllCCCbl B nycTblHRX.
JanuHorO TypKCCTaHa. «Tp. no• .s. HH·Ta AH CCCP>, 1934, T. 10, BblO. 8.
27. rep a c·11 Mo a H. n. " 4 n x a• ea n. I(. reonoru•etKKil o•epx Kb13blnKy-
l!on. cTp. r.~3SH. reo.~oropa3BC.!l. ynp. BCHX CCCP•, 1931. SblO. 82.
2& r 0 )t( e 8 A, .!t THObl TCPPHTOpHf{ ceeepHOA qacTH 60JlbWHX 6apcy1<os II
ceecpo-aana.!lHOA qaCTH npKapailbCKHX KapaKyMOS. «H3S. rro. , 1932, T. 64, SblD. 6.
29. r J> a M M M. H. Jr30bl pa3SHTHR Mb1K6ynaKcKOH KOTJlOBHHbl. d1Js. AH Ys-
6eKCKOH CCP», cep. reOJJ., 1957, Xt 2.
30. JI. p a H "ll bl " Jl.M. noea.!lKa s A.i>l<Hp. 0'T'leT Jl.oKyqaeSCKOMY n o•SCHHOMY
KOMHTCTY 0 KOM3HllHPODKC • CCBcp11y10 A<l>pH'Ky s 1913 r. cTp. Jl.oKyqaeotKO!'O noq-
SeHHOrO KOMKTCT3>, Shin. 3. nerporpa.!l, 1915.
31. JI. y 6 p 0 s K H H B. JI. ~H lHKO·reonorH•CCKffe RBJlCHHR Ha Tcpp11rop1111 pas-
HHHHO~ qacTff TypKMeHcxon CCP. • Bonp. rH1tporeOJJorHH u HHll<effepKof• rco.ioruu•.
c6. 16. M., rocreonTeXH3.!lar, 1959.
3'2. JI. y 6 • H c K" A B. A. nec.aHu nycTblH• ioro-socro•Hble KapaKyMbl, ee ec-
recroeHHblc paAOHbl, DOaMOlKHOCTH HX ceJJoCKOXOJRfitTBCHHOro HCDO.%aosaHHH H JHa-
qe1rne ilJJR uppura!lHH. cTp. no npHtuiamtoA 6oraH11Ke, ~entKe H ceneKUHH•, 1928.
T. 14, 1'(; 4.
33. Kan o · Pe it P. <l>paullyJCKaK Caxapa. M., r eorpa<!lrffa, 1958.
34. l(apaxyMbl. PeaynbT8Tbl sKcneAHllHA 1928 u 1929 rr. JI .. 1930.
35. I( e c b A. C. Pycno Ya6on " ero re•eanc. <Tp. H H·Ta r eorpa<l>ff11 AH
CCCP•. 1939, SblO, 30.
36. I( H" r JI. Mopl!lonorn• 3o."nu. HayqeHHe u cnHrea csc.o.eHffA o penbe<l>e-
3eMnff. nepesO.!l c aHrJI. M., cnporpecc•, 1967.
37. I( n c l'I H e p IO. M. 0 npottcxOll<.!lCHHH 6eCCT04Hblx sna.!lHH (Ha npff•tepe·
crenKoro MaKr1>1wnaKa). «Hse. AH CCCP>. cep. reorp., 1961, .II'; 3.
38. I( 0 s n 0 8 n . l(oqyio111ue peKH UeHTpMbHOl'! AaHH. •Has. r ro•• 1935, T. GT.
39. K 0" w" H A. M. npeasapHTeJlbHblft orqer 0 pcsynbTarax reonOM<qcCKKX.
H <1>uaffKO·reorpai1>11•ecKux Kcc.nei1osaHffl'I s TypKMcncxoA HKSMeHHOCTH. «Has. Pyccx.
reorp. 06-sa•, 1886, T. 22.
40. I( op lK e Hee c K ff A H. JI. A.iaA<:xa• ao.•ffHa (oporn1tporpa<l>H• u oneae-
HCffHe), naMffpCK3R 3Ktne.O.KUHff 1928 r. «T p. 3KCOC.!lHllfff{ AH CCCP•, Bbln. 3. JI .•
1930.
41. I( 0 p 0 s HH E, n . H I( aw Kap 0 B .!l. H. THObl nytrblHb TypKecraHa.
creo6oT3HHK3>, 1934, Sbln. I.
42. I( y_ H HH B. H. Hexoropblc .!laHHble o coepeMeHHblX so11oeblx <l>opMax s ioro-
socro•11blx l(apaKyMax. C6. d(apaKyMbl>. JI., 1932.
43. I( y ff n H B. H. Mc.cTKble SO.!lbl nycrblHb H sonpocbl HX ncnonbaoeaHffR.
M ., H3.!l·DO AH CCCP, 1959.
44. I( y p 6 au M y p a .o. o s I(. TH.llbl 6apx attHblX necKos sanaJJ.HOA •aCTH HKa•
MCHHblX l(apaKyMOB. • noo6.oeMbl OCSOCHffH nycTblHb•, 1967, M 3.
45. l(blablnKyMbl. JI., 1933.
40. JI H q K 0 s 6. JI. 06 HCKonaeMblX peKax H 6ecCTO•HhlX anaJtKH•"· .1an11CKHI
l<KeSCKoro 06-sa CCTeCTBOHCOblT3TeJ!ei'!>, 1927. T. 211, l\Lln. 2
120
47 ·'' } 1111" II 11. 11. ( l l tlltJllCC CJplJIK6>1blWCKO(J onaJ)JfHbl. cHJB. oro•• 1948,
T. 80, Sbln, 2.
48. Ma Kee e n. C. QqepK penbe<l>a 1(1>131>1.~KyMoe. C6. •KblSbl-~KYMhl>, r. I.
.'I., 1933.
49. Ma Ke cs n. c. Cesepo·BOCTO•Hble Kapax~MIJI no il3ffHblM 1929 H 1930 rr.
C6. cl(apaKy!o!bl>.•11., 1932.
50. Ma Mell 0 s B. nccKll SH)'TpeHHllX Kb1Jbl.1K)~OO. Aeropc<I>. K3HA. Jl.HCC.
TawHe'lr, 1963.
51. My pa a e e 3. M. Hosble .o.anHblC no rHncoMeTpffH 6cccTO•HblX KOTJIODHH
TypaHCKOA Hff3MCHHOCTH. cHau. rro •• 1936, T. 68, .II~ 5.
52. My pa a es ::>. M . O caMOM ceecpnOM npouHKHoseffffK cyxHx nycrblffb.
dias. AH CCCP•, cep. reorp. "rco<!>HJ., 1947, T. 11, sbln. 6.
53. My p 3 a e e 3. M. npupo,u CHHbll3RHa " <l>oP!<!HposaHffe nytTblHb UeH·
rpanbHOR A311H. M ., cH ayKa•, 1966.
54. M y w Kero e 11. B. <l>ffa•qccKa• reMOrffR, r. 2, 1903.
55. Hanus x HH JI., OnblT ffCtnC.!lOB3HHR nccKOB <l>epraHcxoA 06.~atrff. H osbll'<
.Mapre.1aH, 1887.
56. Hall J( HA A. JI., 3aMeTKff 0 l(apaKyMtKHX una,lHHaX. creo.1orff4CCKHfl BecT·
ltHK>, 1916, T. 2.
57. Heyc1pyee C. C. K sonpocy o npoHcxolK.!leHHH npHapaJJb(KllX Kapa·
HyMOS 11 JJ.pyrux 6yrpHCTblX necKos TypxecraHa. Mar·nbl K KHCTPYKllHH Jl.Jlll HCt.ne·
Jl.OSaHllff CblOY'!HX neCKOS PocCHH. n erporpal, 1915.
58. H HK HT HH c. A. necKH aana}l.HO!'O npu6anxaWbR. Pa6oTbl nytTblffHOH
ceKllH H no•seffHoro HH·Ta AH CCCP. M.- JI., 1935.
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M301!CKH 3an.·CH6. OT.!l. PyttK. reorp. 06-sa•. 0MCK, 1885, Kit. 7, BblO. I.
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no o6weA reorpa<l>HH•, 1890, T. 20, Nt 3.
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ffOi'! AJHH. «3an. Muuepan. 06-sa•, 1895, T. 33, Bblll. I.
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63. 0 6 p y q es B. A. Ilorp&UH•B&R .ll.»c)'llrapHR. To11cx, 1911- 1912.
tH. O 6 p y q ea 0. A. l(yqee1>1e nccKK Kax oco61>1ii THn ncc•aHblX ttaxon.ieHffA.
<C6opKnK s qecTb teMHJietRntJJeTHR npo4>eccopa .n. H. AnyqKHa. M ., 1913.
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66. Or" n b s" H. A. BttyTpKrpyHrosa• KOHilCHCallKH n ffCnapCHHe D nycrbl-
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f!3KOnJICHHR. cfus. rrO>, 1939, T. 71, DblO . 8.
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iO. n e T p y we. c K H n 6. A . 0 npOHCXOlK."tellHH rpRAOSblX ne<:KOS s KapaK)'•
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i I. n e T p y We B c K H ii 6. A. npoKCXOll<!leHllC 30..0BblX necKOB H HCKOTOpblC
11onpocbl reoMop<1>0.10rKH Typan<:KoA HHJMCHl<OCTH . cH38. rro •• 1941, T. 73, ll't 3.
72. n er p y we s c x Hf< 6 . A. 11 Poll ff H JI. E. reorpa<1>••eCKHl1 o•epK pas-
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133
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134
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135
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136 137
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OKeaHa II OT MOPCKHX Te4CHHA, Hecym11x TCOJlble 3KB3TOpH3JlbHble BO· CD!l33HHblC ,!lpyr c .11pyrOM reHCTH'IC
.!l.bl o 6onee BblCOKHe w11pOTbl • .llnsi pa3BHTllll Kopannon TeMneparypa 011.HOrO UHK.qa pa3BHTH!l. KOTopoli OO)l.llHM3IOTC!l 3Tll no.qo·
9THX B0.11 JlD.1>KH3 6b1Tb He HH>Ke 20° c OOTHM3.1bHblM 3H3'1eHHeM OT 5. Ba3a.1bl131l nosepXHOCTb, Ila bCll 113 a311blX a6CO;ll0Tllbl'(
25 .10 30°. B CO!l3H c 3THM KOpa.l.100ble OOCTpoilKH WHPOKO pacnpo· }l(llTMbHble cj>opMbl, MO>KCT pa cno.1a~~~cKoro 3a~on.1eHHll (Vorfluter •
crpaHeHbl B.110•1b OOCTO'IHblX 0Kp3HH MarepHKOB H npOHHK3IOT 3.lleCb Bb1COT3X. 3ro 6yJ1CT ypo)BCHb nepH~!Mblfl yponHeM OCHOBllblX .llPCHH·
.113JlbWe acero OT 3KB3TOpa 6.1aro.11ap11 npOXOARIUllM BJlOJlb 3THX 6e· no 11eMeuK11M antopaM • onpeaen ne xHoC1Horo croKa .
peron TeOJlblM Te'leHH!lM H OO'ITH OTCYTCTB)'IOT y 3303JlHblX 6eperon B PYIOWllX K3pCTOBYIO o6naCTb aptep1ill no p MOllCKCa TPOOHKOB
Tex iKe WHporax, OMblBaCMblX XOJIO.!l.Hb!MH Te4CHHllMH. HanoMHllM 6. Oco61i1M s.qeMeHTOM Mop<j>o.qor111.1~:or~ 1 ~o (Kar~lrandebene).
JJieCb, 'ITO n cenepHOM no.1ywap11n rpa11nua pacnpocrpaHeHHll Kopan· llBJl!lCTC!l 0 K pa If H Hall pa B If H Hae a 3~ C'leT nocreneHHOro )'1111'1·
110
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to>Ke1111si KoppoE3llORHblll1 npo~~~~: ~TaJ1bHOM Hanpaa.1eHH11 MO>KllO
OCTpOBOB (OKMO 30° c. w.). T. e. BblXOJilff )'lKC 33 npeae.11i1 rpoOHKOB.
npoxoii.nr qepes ceeepH~IO '13CTb KpacHoro Mopsi (26-27° c. w.) H cKoro KapcTa. e pa3BHTHe
301
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paCCMatp11BaTb K3K atta.ior pocra. Bwnp~T §Jl~Cb Mbl llMCeM oco6b1A
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fanal!cK11e octpona (20 c. w.). B I0>1<110M no.qywap1111 sta rpaHHua
npoxo.1111T 1.1epe3 cKanbl X aytMeH (28°31' IO. w.) y 3ana.11Horo 6epera .111eMoro nOllbll K3pCT3 yMepeHHblXpaBHRB~llllR C03ll3BaCMblfl Kapcro·
AncrpanH11 11 1.1epC3 ocrpoa JlopJl Xoy no.11 31°30' IO. w. MelK.!l.y As· reHeTH'ICCKlll\ TllO noaepXHOCTll Bbl •
crpa.meii n Hosoi\ 3e,1aH.1111ei\ (Guilcher(15), CTp. 119).
BblM npoueccoM. oco6eHHOCTll llCKOTOpblX par10HOO TPOOHl.ICC·
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no.11po6HO OOllC3Hbl B mane xv TpeTbero TOMa 3TOI'I KHllrH, K KO· Koro Kapcta yKa3blB3IOT H3 noBTOPI CBllJ1CTenbCTB3MH llBlllllOTCll, BO·
TOpor1 Mbl fl OTCblJlaeM 'lllT3Ten11. BHTllll KapCTOBOrO p enbecj>a. TaKHM~p>KaHHblX yponHeA nepWllH KOHH·
nepBblX, H3.~H1.llle HeCKOJ1bKllX BblJlOCTCli TpOOllQCCKOrO Kapcra If Ha.111·
K apcT r pom t KOB 1.1eCKl1X HJllf 6aweHHblX B03Bb1WCHH 113 CK~OH3X 6onee BblCOKllX B03·
l.IHC «Jan.1e'IHKOD> H3 3TlfX ypOBHllX ec~O~b~llX sipycon 60.1ee 11.111
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3 11 4
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1
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003J1Her1 CT3JIHeil UHKJ!a pa3BHTH!l «KJ13CCH'ICCKOrO» Kapcta, HC .!l.O· 8. Oco6blM, no·BHJlnMoMy, He A ocT one .Sb1af1Ka Kapct ,
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143
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noaepxHOCTb oKpammblx 3
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HOA TOm:~~l'leCKOro Kapcra 6blB3eT CllOlKeHa T~ MClKD.Y B03BblWeHHO·
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en 31JlllOBH!1 H Kp3CHOU o.iee llllH MeHce MOil.i ro rnna penbe<l>a BOAopasne.nbH ble npoc1paHCTBa npenc1ao1111t0r He·
Tl!Aacer11a H3CblllleHHOi'l BO.llOii II neTHblM 31JIOBH_e111 113BCCTllllJ.'.OB,. noq: DblCOKHe Jl003CTHble rpllll.bl, npOTl!rHB310ll\HeCSl MClKJl.Y w11pOKllMll no·
Jie CTBl!e Ha flO.llCTll.13lOUlHe H3Be~:33blB3lOIJ.le11 patTBOPll!Oll.lee B03· .11111a ~111 c n.noc1<11M11 JlHHUl3MH, np11'leM KalKll.bll'I onanat0w11ii B srn
~~~o n~~g::e~~~~fr /~i!e:· HanoM~~=~lll~fi no;~~~=~K::Jn~~:eTcn Jl0.1 HHbl 1a11boer y>Ke HaMe<raeT o6oco6JleHHe DblflYKllOTO noBblWeHl!ll
1pR.'lbl, B Aal1b11eilweM pa3011Ba10meroc11 s cno.1yane.1bCHH• (Tricart
HepaaR0111epH0111 p3CTBOpeHH1111;::~~:l1KOB CBll.l(eTe.1bCTByeT
HllKOBoro cy6crpara.
06 o.:::~ (J7), crp. 3-4). XapaKTepHblM 11onS1CTCS1 ro, '!TO cK.~OHLl nonyane.nb·
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neneHHoro Bo r 11 y r or o nepexona e nooepxHOCTb paBHHHbl.
«n onyanen bCllHbl > i\\. A. Lefevre {25] 06011CHReT 3TO teM, LtTO y>Kc noc.1e Mop<1>011orn·
OaH11M 113 xapaKrepHblx THno 'letKOrO o6oco6.ieHllll xMMOB llX BOrll}'Tble HHlKlll!e 11acrn 6bl.ill no-
H03e.1eHoro .ieca TPOOHKOB, P33Bll~ PeJrbe<l>a 06nac1e11 B.13lKHOro, Be'l- t pc6eHbl 00.l r.111HllCTb1M a;1JllOBllCM, 3anOJtHllBWHM Jl.OlltlHbl, Bp e3a11·
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r------ npeano.iaraTb. 1110 pa3BHTHe pe.1be<l>a r11na cno.~yane.1bCllHOB• CBll·

33 HO c 'leTBepTll'IHbt MH 113Me11CHHRMll KJ111M3Ta, onpeAellSlBWRMll nefl·
TCJlbHOCTb BOll.OTOKOB.

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foeOp ll 0 .1aH,aWail)>Te .cno.1yane1JbCHHOD>, HC.1b311 He OCT3HOBllTb·

Cll eme Ha OllHOfl, 11aCTO Cll1133HHOl'I c 3TllM 11aHnwacj>TOM II O'leHb xa-
paKrepHOi'I nm1 n11a>KHblX rpon11KoB, <1>opM e, no.iy•urnweA Ha Ma,urac·
Kape Ha3B3HHe «llanaKa> (p11c. 31). 3TO - OTPllU3TeJtbHllll l!jlopMa
pe.1becj>a paHra Me3openbe<1>a, ope3aHHaR o BblO)'K.1blft CK.10H Kyno.10·
Bllll.HOfl D03DblllleHllOCTll «no11yane.1bCHH3>, pelKe - B J<paA n.rtaTO.
np11•111HOl1 Ha'laJlbHOTO sa.noiKeHllR naoaKll Ha CKJIOHe MOlKeT 6b!Tb
yr,1y6.1e1rne. o6pa3oBaBweecR BJlO.ib rponhl, 6opo3il.a nosepxHOCTHOro
CTOKa llJll! c~cj><l>03110HHOC B03ll.eiiCTBlle nonnoeepxHOCTHOrO CTOKa BOA
a pb1X..10M ropH30HTe tpom111ecKof1 KOpbl Dbleerp11sa111111. Bee 3'nl npo·
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.11peeeCHOH pacTHTellbHOCTH, npono>KeHHeM nopor. JlaBaKa npencTaB·
.111eT cy<!>cj>03110HH0· 9p03HOHHYIO pblTBllHY, BblTllHYT)'IO Jl..111 HHOll OCblO
coepxy BHll3 no naneHHIO cKno11a. JlaBaKn cpeAHell oe.111'l11Hb1 nocn1·
WHX a6c0.1IOTHblX DblCOTax ( 0 r alOT 150-250 M JlJlllHbl, 100-120 M w11p11Hbl II 30-40 M r.ny61111bl,
nee 1500 MM, llBJllleTCll co .110 4 0- 450 M) c CYMMOil OC8.llKOB 6
orS::~~~:OCTb n~:
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nywapoBHAHOA <l>OPMbl c OKpyrnblx n nnane xo.rnoe 3TOro r11na .1.0 2 KM Jl.,1HHOrt II 300 M w11p11Hoit B 04CptalJHH .naoaKa
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cpe.IUleH '13CTH)' n1imyK.1blM11 c D.~BOJlbHO KPYTblMH (35-40• n HYIO cj>OpMy c H31!60JlbWeil wnpnHOfl y aepxitero KOHUa, saMKHyroro
Kyno.lOBHD.HYIO <l>opM x D.O CaMOI! OOJlOWBbl CKllOH3MH 3a c llO'ITll or eeCllOH CTCHOfl. y nOllHO>KHll 3TOH creHbl noJ13CMHble BOll.bl
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OM, pa3BllBWeMCll Ha O'l~Hb MO. ii noKpblTbl cn.10Wb rytTblM ie i;a cy;K11eaeTC!l II OTKpblBaCTCR yaKllM npoxonoM KO ll.llY AMllHbl, pa3·
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144 145
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PYWHB3IOTC!I no Tpew.11naM, napan.ienbHblM 11x nonepxHocrn, '!TO oe-
Aer K poc1y anaJUIHbl a w11p1rny. HHoraa a 3t11x creHax JaKJ1a.zt1i1oa-
10TCR KOPOTKHe, c KPYfblM naaeHHeM OTBepwKH, 6.1aro11ap11 KOTOPbllt
.1aaaKa np1m6pe1ae-r B O'lepT3HHll <j>opMy n11c13 11y6a ( lavaka en
feuille de chene).
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I) CT3lllll0 .111HefJHo DblT!IHyroli .10>K6HHbl, C0343B3eMOil npeHMYutCCT-
BeHHO cy<j><j>oo11e11; 2) c1a111110 rpyweBHAHOA <j>opMbl (lavaka pirifor·
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33 C'ICT )'DIMll'leHllSI llJlllHbl nyreM OTCTynaHH!I 33MblK310Weli ro.109·
llOH CTellbl, T3K JI 33 C'leT yDCJlH'leHll!I r.11y6HHbl . no n . 6pCHOHy,
.111Heirnoe orcr ynaH11e 33MblK310uteu CTCHbl MO>KeT JlOCTHraTb 0,5 M
B ro4. E c..1H noTOK no113eMHblX 0011 OTK.10HReTC!I H.111 npeKpawaeTC!I
conepweHHO o pe3ynbrare yMeHbWeH1111 HH(j>H.1brpau1111 npH yn.1orHe·
HHll BepXHHX ropH30HTOB KOPbl BblBeTPHD3HH!I, 33.llHll!I CTCHKa Jl31l3·
Kn nepecraer orcrynarb n BMecre c 3TllM npeKpawaeTCll pa3BHTHe
pblTBllHbl B ue.10M. B A3JlbHeAweM cK.10111i1 ee, 11at111Ha11 c H11>K1111x 11a-
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n npno6pera10T npeae.1bHblii yron paBHonecn11 (oKo.10 45°), Ha HH~
nocrenellHO no11an11ercl! pacr11TeJ1bHOCTb, pacnpoc1pauniowaHc11 no3a-
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IOTC!I, c OllHOii CTOPOHbl, llHblM xapaKTepoM peJlbe<l>a (J1aH4wa<1>r He·
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c apyroll CTOpOHbl, <j>llJH'ICCKllMll CBOflCTB3Mll ropHJOllTOB KOpbl BblllCT·
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W310T noc1eneHHO cnoe aKTUDHOe paaBHTHe 11 npespawaiorcl! n 6anK11
c 33.llepHeHHblMll CKJ10H3MH, T3K >Ke 33BOCBb103eTCl! paCTl!Te;1bHOCTblO
11 ,1asaKa, npeKparHnwal! cnoll poc1.
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ii.
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KHX nopoa.

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146
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cpe.nH MKOJKecraa T3KllX rop (pJ:; ;?,cBOHMH lKllJ1blMH KDapTa.1aM1: ·~Clp MaM B03Bb1WeHHOCTeil, D,HaK.1a3bl, 11rpaiow11e onpe.JeJJRIOWYIO poni.
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Kap, nOAHllM31QWancR npH BXOJle o;e; MCTpoa. TaK, ropa naH·Jl'Acy- r.11y6b ropuoil nopOJlbl. B TO JKe apeMn te~mepaTypa ua nooepxHOCTH
COTbl 395 M, KopKoaany _ 7
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caxapHblx ronon o6b111Ho Kp Tb1:1·(JO°pa 111JKyKa - 1020 M. CKno11bl
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u pe3yJJbT3Te C03)1.3IOTCR T3KHC yc.10!llfll cpenbT, np11 KOTOpbIX K3K
npOAYKT XHMH'leCKoro Bb1Derp11aamrn B ,11.11aKJ1a33X 06pa3y10TCll MOHT·
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I. E .i Hcc e n B. 11. Co.1H<lt.110KllHR ) l KB3Topa. cJl11ro.10rHH H no.1CJHble HC·
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172
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no 11e11 np116or111oro 110T0Ka cTa1101111TCA nee 6onee 11 6once .nn111111hlM.
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pe1111ee Tpem1 e, 118 Tpe1111e o n.110. 11a nepeMeme1111e c eon.oii TBep.loro
M3TCPll3.18. ~aCTb ero BO,.'lhl <j>HJibTpyeTCll np11 3TO\f 8 pb1X.1LI(' OT.10>Ke-
llllA fl.1A>Ka. r aKllM o6p330M, np11 Jl.OCT3TO'lllOir w11p1111e a6p33110HHOit
llJ13T<)>OpMbl np116oi111blil nOTOK He 011e11b MOlUllblX eom1 II 60.1ee
llblCOKll .X 11p11 llllJKllX np11n11eax nepecTaeT .ll0CTlll"3Tb OCll083Hllll 6e-
peroeoro 06pi,1Ra, II TOJlbKO WTOPMOBblC non 11 bl np11 BblCOKllX np111111-
nax e1ne MoryT no3JteitcTBOBaT1> H3 11ero. Ho 11 3TO ao3.nei1c1e11e
JlOJJ>KllO n KOllUC KOllllOB 11 peKpaTllTbCll. II TC~I ca~LblM np110CT311 38-
JlllllaeTCR pocT a6paa 1101111oi'1 nn81<jlopM1>1 n urnp1rny. Te11epb MO>K110
ronop1tTb .o .llOCTH>KClll lll 3 6 pa 3 II 0 II II 0 i1 Tep M II II a HT bl (Abra-
f
s ronstermanante, 110 A. <l>11mrnnco11y 54)) . .L1.anb11ei1wee pa3e11T11c
npo11ecca e 11pelK11eM 113np8enem111 MO>KCT 6b1Tb Bbl3B3HO e :nofi
CTa.n1111 paJBllTllll 6epera TOJJbKO onyc1<a1111eM cyw11 11..111 noehlwe1111eM
) 'POllll!l MOpA . np11 3TO!ll llll>Kllllll 'l3CTb Oll}'CTllBWeiic11 r.1y6>Ke 6epe-
192
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11 1111 11 nepecTae-r 11rp8Tb ponb ropMooa .llJIA ABHlt<e 111111 eo,nbl. Cne.io-
naTenbllO, np116oil MO>KeT ,nonbwe coxpa1111Tb ceolO >1rney10 c 11ny. Ta-
1<11M o6paJOM, npn nporpecc11e110M onyc1<8111111 cyw11 a6pa31111 MO>KeT
33 X83TblB3Tb ece 6o.1bWlle II 6onbWlle npoCTp311CTB3.
TcopCT11'1ecKue 11cc.1cA0Ba111111 B. B. J1011nt11oe3 (58) n oK33anu,
'ITO np11 CT3611JlbHOM COCTOllHllll C}'Wll II ypoBllR MOpA 803JteiiCTBlle
80JIH 11 np116011 CTpeM11TCR np11.naTb noeepx11ocn1 a6pa31101111oi1 MaT·
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paet1oeec1111, - n11we-r 0. K. Jleo11TbeB { [52). c1p. 62), - 11MeeT TOT
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COCTO!lllllll, 60J1bWe 11e MClllleT CBoero npo<jl11n11, CCJlll OTOJlC'lbCll OT
(~11311KO·XllMH'ICCKllX 11poueccoe». l\p11 B31l a6pa3HOHHOfO npo¢un11
pao11oeec1111 1rneeT B1>1nyKny10 KBepxy <)>opMy, nocTene11110 01>1nona>K11·
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no.1o>Ke111111. Teop1111 noK33blnaeT, 'ITO 'ICM 60,,1bwe a6con10T111>1e
pa3Mepb1 BOJlH, TCM (np11 B3RTOii noCTOAHHOH BCJIH'lltlle np11.no1111oli
CKOpOCTll) 6o.1ec ,llJlllHHblM II nonorJIM 6yAeT npo<j>HJlb paBHODCCll A.
A6pa31101111a11 nnaT<)>opMa - sTo o6n3CTb .nestTenbHOCTn np116o11 11
np116oi111oro nOTOK3. 6n11>1<aii1ua11 K n o.n110>1<11JO Knu<)>a 11onoca nnaT·
<)>opM.bl JannnaeTCA BOD.Oii TOJlbKO BO epeMll BblCOKllX nptL1111808 II
c 11nb11blx WTOPMOB. n0Kpblea10m11i1 a6pa31101111y10 nnaT<)>opMy 11.1am
pblxnoro M3Tep11ana {r3Jle'l11111<a, rp3Bllll, neci<a, paKywe~11oro .1eT·
p11Tyca ) H33bl83JOT II n ll )I( e M. •l\1aTep11an 11Jlll>K3 OTJ111'13eTCll D••CO·
KOfr CTeneHblO OOllBH>KllOCTll: ero n epeMCLUCHllC npo11CXO.llllT c ropa3,ll0
6onbwef1 CKOpOCTblO, 'ICM nepeMeLue1111e AOIHlblX H3HOCOB 110.llDO.llllOro
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>KeDblli M8Tep1rnn MO>KCT OK833TbCR H3411CTO C~Lb!TblM II OTJ1 3r aeTCR
ntlOBb np11 6onee cna6mt BOJIHCHllll. np11 3H3'111Te.ribllOli w11p1111e llJJR>K
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T3K II .npyrofl xapaKTep11syJOTCll 33T)- X31111CM CKOpOCTeii OT H3 113Jl3
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:ia11111>1M c 11ei'! o6tU11M yMe11bwe1111eM oo.nuoi1 M3CCbl noToKa . YMellb·
we1111e CKOJ>OCTeit B o6p3THOM nOTOKe TO>Ke CBll33110 c <)>11.1bTp8LlllCi1,
a T3KlKe c TCM, 'ITO 06paT11blit llOTOK 11p11 CK3T.b1B3111111 81111 3 no C1<no11y
ecTpC'lae1 conponrnne1111e cne.nytoiuero ua6eraiomero np11Moro nOToK3»
(JleOllTbeB (52), CTp. 68-69). np11 T3KllX yCJlOBllAX B JJJ060fl TO'IKC
nJJR>K3 CKOpOCTll np11Moro nOTOK3 6y.nyT 60JJbWe CKOpOCTll 06pan1oro
ll0TOK3.
np1160HHblil llOTOK 113 OJl!l>Ke CTpeMHTC!l 11blp360T3Tb llpO<)>llnb
paBHOBCCllR, B KOTOPOM YKJJOl lbl npo<j>llJlll onpe.11.e.rIRIOTCll nen 11•rn1101i
BeKTOpa CHnbl Tll>KeCTll, 11eo6X0.1.lllMOil ,llJlll KOMneucau1111 llOCTORllHOfO
npeo6n8,na111111 np11MblX CKOpoCTefl 11a)l o6paTHblMu . Mo>KHo Bbl.lle.rillTb
.nea rnna nn11>1<ei1 no Mop¢onor11•1eCKOMY xap3KTepy: nnA>K ~OJ111oro
7 O&i<u "°"°*"""""· •· 3 193
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Mblft 6 e p e r 0 B 0 ii n 3 n, KPYTJl3H3 CKJIOHOB KOTOporo II cro urnp111ia m 11 poKu~m Ha rane•1ublx nn11>Kax <)>eCT0111>1 6b1BaJOT CllO>KCJJbl Kpyn-
33BJJCllT OT cnara10LUero Ban M3Tep11ana. TaKofl 11n11>K 06pa3ye-rc11 11oii ranbK~fl c npuMCCbJO 6.tToii 11.n11 aa>Ke l.lCJlbHOit p3KYWKll, ua
nec,1311blx llJlll>Kax - rpaoHeM n KpynubJM nec1<0M. <l>opMbl Mll>K~ebl ~
npu PC3KOM npeo6n3.11.aH1111 npnMoro nOToKa 11aa 06paT11blM. B 33011-
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nblM, 111160 oornyTblM. J.1rp3e-r 3JJ.ecb ponb H xap3KTep MaTepnana r 3 6ap11Toe llOJIH, yrna no.nxo.na eonu K 6cperoeo11 n11111111. CTpe'l JO
Bana: ra.1e<JJlble eanbl ••ame lJMCJOT BblllYKJlblfJ CKJIOH, BOfllyTblil CKno11
60.1ee xapaKTcpc11 ann nec<1a11oro B3na.
«Op11cno11e1111blil» nnR>K llM eCT TOnbKO OAllll CKno11, 06pawe1111bliJ
0 CTOpo11y MOpR, np11CJJOIHIRCb CJlOJJM rpe611eM nnnoT11y10 JI.OJI K Kn11-
«j>y, 111111 K 113py>K110My CKnOuy nn11>Ka non11oro npo<1>11nst, C03.ll.3JJHOro
6onee c1tnbllbJM eo.n11e1111eM.
KaK y>Ke Ct<333HO, npu pesKoM npeo6n3JJ.a111111 nepenocstweit c11n1>1
np11Moro npn6oii11oro nOToKa naa TaKoBOi1 >KC o6paTJJoro nOToKa M3·
Tcp11a11, 33XB3•JeHHblil npllMbJM OOTOKOM c 110!180/IHOiJ '13CTH 36paa11011-
11oil nnaT«j>OpM.bl, He MO>KeT 6b1Tb 1131.leJ!O yene'leH o6p3THblM OOTOKOM
II OCTaeTCR ne>K3Tb H3 nn11>Ke D BllJlC He8blCOKOfO D3nJIK3 ( 1-2 M) c
3CllMMeTp11•111i.1M nonepe<111blM 11po<jm.1eM (c 6onee KPYTblM c1<no110M
o CTopony cyu111), npoTllrHB3JOWeroc11 napanne.nb110 6eperoeoii 1111111111.
3TO 6eperonoit ean (beach ridge, berm. levee de galets, Strandwall).
On JllO>KeT 6b1Tb cno>Ken rane'IHJJKOM 111111 necKOM, 11p11<1eM r a.ne<11111-
1<oe1>1e 6epcroe1>1e ean1>1 06bl<1110 11Me10T 6onee 1<pyn.ie CKJJ011bl, ••eM
llCC'la11ble. 4acTo 6eperoeble nanbl pacnonaraJOTC11 113 nnn>Ke n He-
CKOJlbKO napanneJJbllblX p1111on. CaMbliJ nepxm1r1 113 llHX, <1aCTo 11111ue11- Puc 41 Cxe.ia o6pasoaairn• wa.t1CHbK11x nnff>Keablx 4)>ecT011oe
Hb1ii BllYTpe1111ero CKnOH3 II np11MblK310Ulllii HenocpeACTBeHHO I( l{)Jlt(~y. • np~ KOC0118'.6crat00111x eon11ax (no ~I . <I>. r e..111cp-r)}
0611aa11 COOllM o6paaoeaHJJeM 11a116onee CHnbHblM WTOPMOBblM BOJIH3M,
3 nocneay10m11e 33 1111M e CTopouy MOpR ua6pocaubl npu6oiJHbJMll
noTOK8M11 nocTene11110 yMe1JbW1tew11xc11 eoni1. Ha 6eperax ooep, r.ne csi esKo orpaH1f'ICJH1ble ra.ne'IJJble rpc61111, 11MCJOutlle e11.11 poroe,
OTCYTCTBOBan11 np11nnebl, 6eperORblC B3nbl OTMC'l8IOT KO/le6aHllll ypoe- 1111!r.'(a IJCCKOnbKO 8CllMMCTp11'1Hble B nonepe<iHOM npo«j>une,>Ko~~~~
1111 03ep3, 06ycno11J1e1111ble nep110.'(11<1ecK11M11 11JMe11e111111M11 KJ111MaT3 111.ie 6o.nee KPYTOft CTOpOHOil K KOCO H36eraJOweMy ua nn11 •
111111 113Me11e111111M11 ruaporpa<1>11•1ecKoi1 CCTH. TaK, ua 6opTax Capb11<a- HOMY IJOTOKy II OK3H'IJJ83JOWHeCll B CTOpoHy MOPll 1<11neo6p~~·~~
M.blWCKoii Kornoo1111bl n Cpe.11.11 ei1 A31111 6eperonble BaJJbl on1e•1aJOT aaocTpeH11oi1 wnopoii (p11c. 461): .Upyr11e rT1np11e~reone~~bl~e~~~·~dnne;~u11
co6oit 6epcronble n11m111 03epa, 3anOJ11111e1uero KOTnoe1111y n nep110A1>1, e npeJJ.CT3BJIRIOT co Oil OO'ITJl
1
~~;fe~~< ~r~ MaTepuana, 06pame11uble e cTopouy MopA oa1111M 113 yrnoe:
J
Koraa AMyJl3pb11, 11an11eana e nee cnou BOJJ.bl.
D.pyrHM xapaKTCPHb!M 3neMCHTOM 3KKYMYnllTltBH0·3p031101!110ro 3 nanoo6p33Hble OOBblWeHllR nO.ll.HllM310TCR H3Jl JlHllUlCM p33.!lC
MllKpopenbe<j>a nn11>Kei1, ua6nJOJlaJOw11Mc11 3Ha'l11Tenbuo pe>Ke, 11en1110T- Jl;~LUllX HX JJO>K6JJH 113 BblCOTy, H3MeHRIOUl}'IOCA OT llCCK°"'.1bKllX cau-
TJJMeTpoB ao uCCKOnb1<11x aeu11MCTpoe,Ae 11c~.1~<111T:1<:~:aa~y.11~3;~
Cst n n 11 >Keeble <!> e c To u bl (beach cusps, Slrandhorner, crois-
sants de pl age). noa 3THM ua3e31111eM noapasyMce3t0TC11 «j>opMbl, npee1>1waJOU1YJO I M a o Kopuyon.~e 0
. u1 c er
C03.!\8BaeMble 11p116oii1t.b!M OOTOKOM y MOPCKOit 0Kp3111J bl nn11>Ka, y>Ke 4
y RblCOT B 3 M ([124) CTp. 80). PaCCTOllHHll Me>KJJ.Y rpe 6Hll-
611113 6eperoeon 1111111111, ua MeCTe uopManbuoro 11a116onee H11si<oro ~.~.3H¢~HOB T3K~e no.neep~CHbl 3113'1JJTCJlbltblM Kone6aHJlllM - OT
6eperoeoro ea.n3. 01111 npe.QcTaen1110T nan11K11, pacnonar31ow11ecst o 5-6 .11.0 70 M u 6onee. "'
PllJJ., nap3nnenbJJblit 6eperoooii 1111u1111. Ca~lll ean11K11 uanpaene11bl J1011rCT-X11rnmc [ 141 J yCT3HOBl1n. 'ITO paCCTORHHe Me>KAY :ecTo;
nep11eiui.11Kyn11p110 11n11 HCCKOJlbKO KOCO K 11eii , OHll nou11>K3JOTCll II uaMJJ H3XOAllTCll B Tec11oi1 33BllCllMOCTll OT BblCOTbl BOJlll, a ~aKlKC 0
llb1Knlllllt83IOTCll 8 CTOpOll}' MOpll. w 11 Jtllbl JOHbl .11.ei1cTBHll np116oii11oro noToKa. Cnoco6uOCTb o p3T11oro
B an11K11 MOfYT p3cnonaraTbCSI ua p33Hb!X pacCT011u1111x apyr OT 11p1~6oft11oro OOTOK8 3po.1111ponaTb JIO>K61t11y MC>KAY <j>eCTOJJ3MJJ 3~~-
.11.pyra, uo a Ka>K.11.0M OTJlCJlbHOM cny•1ae ua 6onee 11n11 Meuee Bblllep- 0THOCllTCJlbHOil IJJJTeHCllBHOCTll np11Moro II 06paT110ro npu JI·
~~~oo~OTOKa, a nocneAJJll H (o6paTHblii OOTOK) B 3113'111TCnbJJOil CTCOCJllJ
194
195
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no1<33b!Ba!OT, 'ITO npOllllll3eMOCTb B JIO>K61rnax 3Ha'IHTe.~bHO MeHbWe, MOIUHbltt CTOK C03llaJOT 6JJ3ronp11!1THble yCJJOBH!I llJl!I 3KKY_MYJJ!IUHll
'leM Ha <j>ec-ro11ax. 3To 06'bRCHReTc11 11aJ1114HeM 6onee TOHKoro M3Te· M3Tep11aJ1a npOTl!B JIO>K611H 8 BH)le oTCblneil B noJlBOllHOH '13CTH
p11an3 a coCTaae nepeMew.aeMoro rpyHT3 a JJ0>1<61111ax, oco6eHHO a llJlll>K3 COCTORLUHX H3 MaTep11ana cpenHeii KpynHOCTH, KOTOpblrt CHO·
33KJJIO'lllTenbHble <j>a3ul ¢opM11poBamU1 <j>eCTOHOB. CHTCll ~ rp!!.D. II 113 JJO>K6HH» (Eropon (23]. CTp. 122).
CTJ111>KeBble cj>eCTOHl>I - He JlOJifOBe<lllblC o6p330Bamrn : OHJI 8031111· HeKOTOpble 11cCJJenosarenu c'l11Ta10T, 'lTO nn11>Keeble «t>eCToH~J
K3IOT npH 113Jlll'IHll onpeJlCJieHHblX ra6ap11TOB BOJIH H MoryT 6b1Tb MOfYT o6p330R3TbCSI np11 0611aaTeJ1bHOM nonxone BOJIH K 6eperoBOH
11aueno p a3pywem>1 np11 H3MCHemm ycnos11i1 11x o6pa3oBaHH!I . 3aMe- JlltHIJll no HOpMaJJll H np11 OTCYTCTBHlt npoJlOJlbHOfO nepeMeUleHH!I H3
•1eHo TaK>Ke, 'ITO npH cj>op~mposa11HH HOBOii cepllH cj>ecTOHOB OllH
B03HHK3Jlll He H3 Tex >Ke caMblX MeCT3X, rJle OHll 6bJJJll paHbWe.
Ha6nt0Jle111111 naJl B031111K1f01Je11HeM 11 pa3pywem1eM nn!l>KHblx <j>ec-
TOHOB 6wrn nposeAeHbl E. H. EropoBblM (23) Ha 6eperax 4epHoro
11 A3osc1<oro MOpeii 11 BaiiKana. 06pa3osaH11e <j>ecToHon nMeJJo MecTO
JJHWb a TOM cnyqae. KOrJla np116olmblii noTOK ( «3annecK», no
E. H. Eropoay) 11e JlOCT11ran rpe6H11 6nmKai'lwero K 6eperoao11 n11111111
6eperoaoro sana, He nepe6pacblnanc11 4epe3 11ero, a CKaTblB3JJCR 06 -
paTHo B CTopoHy MOp!!. CTo)l AellCTBHeM o6p3THOfO CTOKa 113 llJl!l>Ke
no11en 11n11cb y3K11e no>1<61111K11, 'laCTO Ha O'leHb 11e6onbWOM paccTosi -
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Heii llaCT11 CKJJOHa nJJR>Ka. 803np3me1111eM CMblToro MaTep11ana nocne-
llY10LU11M11 3anneCK3Mll llCKOTOpb!C 113 3TllX JIO>K611HOI\ 33MblB3JlllCb.
Dp11 noc.1c.n.yio1neM yrny6neHHn tt pacw11pe111111 HeK0Topb1x no>K611HoK
01111 nornoman11 pacnono>Ke1mble P!IAOM 6onee CJJa6ble no>K6HHK11.
Dptt 3TOM npo11axoA11no ycKope1111e pocTa D rny611Hy 3Toi'! r nan11oi1
JTO>K611Hbl, TaK KaK a uee ycTpeMJJRJJ3Cb Macc3 BOAN c np11ner31ow11x
yllaCTKOB. M3Tepu3JJ, 8b111ece1111blii 113 JJO>K611Hbl, 06p33oaa.i1 1111>Ke Ha11- P,11 c. 42. l(ocble llJIH>KeBble <j>ecTOHbl Ha nt..:•1a110M nn•n<e (oo E. H. Eropoey)
6onee rny6oKoii ee 'laCT11 (Kolke, no feJJnepTy (114]) He6onbwoii
nonyKpyr.%1ii KOHyc BblHoca ( «oTcblnb», no E. H. Eropoay).
KaK 11a rane•1Hblx, Tai< 11 Ha nec•1a11blx nnsi>1<ax npn <j>opMnpoa3· 6epery ua 11 ocoa. OD.HaKo, Ha6niolleHHR E. 11. Eropon3 n OK33aJJH, •1TO
HHH nn11>KeBblX <j>ecT011os Ha6JJ10AaeTCS1 copT11poaKa pblxnoro nepeMe- <j>eCTOll"bl ~wryT o6p330B3TbCll npn 31l3"1HTeJJbllOM OTKJIOHeHHll H3·
maeMoro MaTepH3JJ a. Ha raoJ1e'l11b1x 11n11>Kax <j>eCTOHbl cno>KeHbl npaBJieHHR nOD.X0Jl3 BOJlll K 6epery OT HOpM3Jlll, 11p1t'leM 8~3HHKalOT
6onee KpynHoii ranbKOil, "leM AHH!Ua pa3ne.n11iomux 11.J( no>K611H. Ha cJ>eCTOHbl H JIO>K6Hllbl KOCble no OTJIOWellHIO K _6eperoBOH JIHHHll
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cocTaee rpe6Heil na6nioJ:taeTCn aua'lHTeJJbHasi np11MeCb K 6onee 1<pyn- JJO>K61rn OTKJIOH!leTCSI OT H31lpanJJeHllSI noJlXOllfllUHX BOJIH Jl3>Ke H3
HOM}' necKy 6HToil HJ111 Jla>Ke lleJJOi\ paKywKu. B 11a<1ane <j>opM1tpoaa- 23°. A. T. Bna.o.u~rn poa ( 12a] nyreM Ha6JJIOllCllH!I nepeMeLUeHH!I OKp3-
HH11 <j>eCTOHOB 3311JJeKC OK33bl8aeTC!I 3H3'1HTeJJbHO 6onee CHJlbHblM weHHoi'I ranbKH noKa33JI, 'lTO 11an11•rnc BAOJJb6eperoeoro nOToKa Ha-
npOTHB rp!lll It 6onee cna6b!M no JIO>K6HH3M, rAe OH BCTpe<i3eT uocoa He !IBJl!leTcn npensiTcTa11eM ll-"!I 06pasoaaH1t!I nn11>KeBblX <j>ecTo-
Momnoe co11pornene1rne 06paTI10ro CTOJ<a npcJlWeCTaonaaweii SOJIHbl. HOB f;faMeHeHll!I ra6apHTOB BOJIH MOryT CK38b1BaTbC!I JIHWb 11a
llonoM} 3JleCb aannecK He D coCTO!IHHH noD.H!ITb Ha nnR>K 6onee BeJJ~llHHC I! B03MO>KHO <j>opMe <j>eCTOHOR, OCHOBHblMH >Ke yCJJOBHRMH
1<pynHbltt Ma-rep113n. DpoTHD rp!!Jl CHJJbHblM aanneCKOM sb16pacblaaei-- /\JI!! HX cj>opMHposaH1111.' no ~111eH1110 E. 1-1. Eropoaa, RDJl!llOTC!I: I) JlH·
c11 M3Tep113n paaHoil KpynHOCTH. H3u6oJJee Kpyn11ble raJibKH ocT3IOTC!I 11aM11lleCKOe paauoeec11e nJJR>Ka npH )l3HHOM BOJIHCHHll II 2) H3J111'111C
113 rp!!JlaX, 60Jlee MCJIKHii MaTepnan OTHOCllTCSI 8 JIO>K6mi.bl. «TaKllM D nepHOJl <j>OpM11po83Hll!I <)ieCTOHOB 6onec HJJJI MeHee pnTMH'lHOfO
o6pa30M, noCJJe ccJ>opirnponaHH!l <j>eCT011oe 11, CJJeD.onaTeJJbHO, noCJJe aa nnecKa, HMeiowero 11aHOCOllRll>KYIUYIO CHJJY )lJIR H3HOC?B D.aHHOH
npoweD.weii a 06nac-r11 .~o>K6HH 3po3m1 a HHX coeepweHHO OTCyTcT- 1<pynHOCTH. P11TMll'lHOCTb 3a11J1ec1<a JlOCT11raeT Ha1t60J1bWe11 aupa>KeH·
ay10T ycnoa1111, 6naronp11S1THblC llJJ!I OTJJo>KeH11si KpynHblX cj>paKllHi1; HOCTll np11 MepTBOH 3 N6H, HO MO>KeT Ha6JJIO,D.aTbCll T3K>Ke II np11
TOflla KaK MeJIKHe <j>p3KUHH XOT!I I! CHOC!ITCSI CTOKOM, HO T3KNie yCT3HOBllBWeMCSI BeTpOBOM BOJJHeHHll, conpOBO>Klla101UeMC!I pOBHblM
aa6paCbJBalOTC!I H o6p3THO np!!MblM aanneCKOM HJlll MaCCOl! BOD.bl, IJeTpOM. CTp11 ycT3HOBHBWeiiC!I MepTBOii 3bl611 ncer)la Ha6JJIOJ13eTC!t
196 197
 11epe.aoea1111e cepuii Kpym1bl x, Manblx u cpe.Q1111x nonu. no.ll p11TM1111-
HOCT<1>10 3311.1Je<:Ka cne.rzycr llOllllM3Tb rlOBTOpHeMOCTb Mano p33Jlll'l31()-
11UIXCH napaMcrpoe cep11i1 11a116onbw11x eon11, KOTopble, co6CTee11110,
II npOll3BOAHT <j>opM11po1Sa1111e <)>eCTOHOB.
PealO~lllPYH CBOH 11a6J1tO.llCHllH H3A ll.IJH>KeBblMll <jleCTOH3Mll
E. H. Eropoe npuXOJlHT K n.1>100.ny, 'ITO !ITH <~ecT0111>1 OTHIO.llb ne npe.n:
CT3BJIHIOT CTOJlb PCJlKOe HDJICllHe, K3K JJ.YM310T 11e1<0TOpb1e HCcne.11.oea-
TeJlll. nnH>KeBblC <jleCTOHbl o6pa3ylOTCH '13ute BCero H3 BOfHYT!ilX
Y'1 3CTK3X 6eperoeol1 Jlllllllll, 113 6eperax WllpOKO OTJ<pblTblX K MOP~
6yxT, pe>Ke 01111 ua6n10.na10TCH 11a yqacTKax poeuoro 6epera 11 c.iue
p e>Ke 113 ero BblnyKJJblX }''13CTK3X ({23), CTp. 125).
Hs Apyrnx M11Kpopenbecj>11blx 06pasoea1111it, 11a6n10.na10utnxcH 11 3
nnsi>Kax, cne.nyCT ynOMHllYTb 0 MllH113TIOpHb1X KY3CToo6pa3HblX r psi.n-
Kax, 06p3~yeMblX TOHKllMll n.naCTaMll nec11am1Ka, CUCMellTHpOB3HHOro
yrne1<11cnou 113neCTblO. 3T11 nnsi>KeBble nec11am1K11 •1aLUe ecero ecrpe-
'1 8IOTCR 113 neC•l 311bLX nn11it<aX Tpon1111eCKllX CTp311. no.npo611ee O HllX
6blJTO C1<aaa Ho a XIV rnaee 9Tof1 K1111r11.
H~ no6epe>KbHX, cno>Ke11111>1x 113neCTHHK3Mll, a nonoce npu6o11
1111or.11.a 11a6n10JJ.aeTCsi paae11n1e Kappoe. 3To - npu6oi1uble Kappbl
1(Bra~dungskarren), n o 1<JTacc11<)>11Kau1111 K3ppoe, npeAJJO>Ke1111o11
A. Bcrn11.
Ha to>K110M 6epcry Tafxa111<yTc1<oro nonyOCTpoea l\p1>1Ma
A. M. .Zbe11c-Jl11T0Bc1<11i1 ( 16 OTMe•1an w11p0Koe pacnp OCTpaueHue
«11cno.~11HOBblX KOTJTOB», wxpa60T311HblX MopeM 113 noeepx110CT11
6eperoooii nnaTcj>opMbl Me>K.11.y mm11ei"1 npH6011 11 n11111iei'i oT.1mea n 0 •
Aaenn10utee 6onbw1111creo 9T11 x KOTJIOB 11e6onbw11x p asMepoe c · .nua-
MeTpOM 0,40-0,75 M H rny61111oii OT 0,35 .no 0,55 M. ¢opMa MX 01<pyr-
nan 11n11 npo.nonron3TO· oeanbuan , BblTHHyTaH nepne11JJ.111<ymipHo K
.~mum 6epcra. Ha Alie KOTJTa 061>111 110 ne>K11T o.n1111 11n11 He<:KOJlbKO
OKpyrn1>1x K3MHeil-6oM6, KOTOP.blMll BOJIHa II npoll3BOJlllT O'leBll.llHO
BblCBepn11eam1e 3TllX yrny6ne1111i1 B K3MeHllCTOM rpyHTe (~apA13TCKll i;
113BeCTllRK). BonbWllHCTBO KOTJJOB 3anon11eHO BOJJ.Oil AO Kpaes .11.py-
r11e-:- JJ.O nonoe1111bl, eCTb 11 coeepwe11tto cy.x11e, KOTOpble aanonu~IOTC!I
eo.no11 TonbKO BO BpeM!I I UTOPMOB. ECTb KOTJIOBllllbl 118XOJlHU{lle<:H B
paSJ11111111>1x cTa.n11six cm1n1111H Me>KJJ.y co6oi1. Bee !IT1; Mei1 1<ue <j>opMhl
OOllC311Hble .ll.3eHC·JlHTOBCKllM B 1936 r., B03MO>KllO, 11a6J110JJ.3IOTCR ~
Ha .npyr11x no6epe>KbHX.
Al(l(Y!olYJl,Sl'CH Rllbl E 4>0P!olbl 6EPErOBOR 3011bl
npe>KJlC 'ICM nepei'ITlt K p8CCMOTpeHlllO 3KKYMYRHTllBJlblX 06pa30-
B31111i'! 6eperosoi1 30111>1, noa11aKOM11~1csi c 11po11cxo>KAe1111eM 11 xapaK-
TepOM pblxnoro MaTep11ana, 113 KOTOporo CTPOHTCH 31"11 <j>opMbl a
T3K>Ke paCCMOTPll M Te Cllllbl, KOTOpble rtpllBOAHT 9TOT MaTepHa;; B
ABll>Ke1111e, nepeMCU{3IOT ero 8 OJlHllX MeCTax H 0TKJl3.11Jb1B3IOT B .np y -
no:. 4aCTlll.lbl p1>1xnoro 06n0Mo'l11oro MaTep11ana, yeneKaeMble llBll-
>Ke1111eM BO.llHblX M3CC, CllJl bllO napb11py10T no aeJIH'IHHe - OT T011•1aii -
Wl!X •1aCT11u, nepcMeLUaeMblX TOJlbKO BO B3Bewe11110M COCTO!lllllll, .llC\
198
raJleK C3MOit p3311006p33HOif BC.111'111Hbl. npOllCXO.>K.11,eHlle 3T0f0 M8Te -
p 11ana T3K>Ke O'ICllb pa311oo(5pa3HO. nocn enCJl.llllKOB3R cj>n811ApCK3H
Tpa11crpecc1111 M11po eoro 01<ea11a 3 aTom1na 311a1111TCJ1b111>1e npocrpa11cT-
B3 c y w11, y>Ke noKpblTble 11n11 cy6a9panb11oi1 Kopoli BblBCTp11na111111,
11n11 ua11ocaM11 Toro 11n11 1111oro npo11cxo>KAe111111 (cj>n 101S11anbuoro,
ne.n1111Koeoro, 3 0/IOBOfO). KOTOpble, OK333BWllCb no.a llOJlOit, 6b1Jlll
nos.11e•1e111>1 a ee .n011>Ke1111 e. Orpo~111oe 1<onnticCTBO TBep.lloro o6noMO'I·
uoro M3Tep11ana 01>1110C11TCS1 n Mope ena.na10m11M11 pe1<aM11. no Jl3H·
11wM r. B. Jlo naT1111a {61], e}l(erOJlllO peK11 np11110CHT co ecex M8Tep11-
PHc. 43. TlcpClioc oWJ().\!OQnoro wnt'pHua BAOJlb 6epcra (nOTOK Hano·
coe) 11at5era1mew 112 nnR>K KOCO<O np116on11oro noroKa (no Kye11c11y •
lllenapey)
KOB B OKea11 OKOJJO 20 Mnpn. T pblX.JlblX npOJzyKTOB. CaMa paapyw11-
TenbH311 pa6oTa Mopc1<oro np116osi 11a KOpe1111'blx 6eperax JlOCTaensicT
JHa'l 11TenJ>11oe Kon1111e<:TBO pblxnoro 06n0Mo1111oro MaTep11ana. Ko
eceMy noMy MO>KCT np11coemm1tTbC11 T3K>Ke MaTep11an .xeMore1moro
(11JeeCTKOBble OOJlllTOBble 3cpHa) 11 opra11oreH11oro npo11cxo>KAeu11si
(Kopa n nOBblit 11n 11 necoK, pa1<yme11111.ii1 .neTp11ryc 11n11 na>Ke ue.1 ble
paKOBllllbl MOJIRIOCKOB, 1138ecTKOBble II KPCMlleBble namu1p11 OTMepw11x
nna11KT0111wx opra1111JMoe), eynKa111111ecK11ii nenen 11 np.
B nepeMewemm 3Toro MaTep11ana np111111Ma10T y•taCT11e 1<a1< eon-
1108ble JlBll>KCHllH MOpCKOil BOJlbl, T3K II HeKOTOp1>1e Te<ICllllH. nepeMe-
we1111e MO>KeT npOllCXO.llHTb K3K B npo.nonbllOM uanpaBJICJIHll, T. e. B
HanpaB.11e111111 np0Tn>Ket11111 6eperonof1 n11111111, TaK 11 e n onepe11110M,
nepneHJllfl<yJ1Hp110M K 6eperonofl Jl 11111111. np1160HHblH llOTOK pa36HB-
weftcst eo.1111>1, noJJ.xo.nHme1i K 6epery no.a. 11e1<oropb1M ocrpwM yrnoM,
sa6eraeT ua nnA>K T3K>Ke B 1<0COM 11anpanneimn K 6eperoeoi1 n11111111,
yBJ1eKaH c co6ofi 11aCTlll.lbl o6noMo•moro MaTep11ana (p11c. 43). 4aCTu-
ll.bl npoxoAffT a.necb napa6on1111ec1<11c nYTll c11alla11a enepx no nnH>Ky,
a 33TCM BMeCTe co CTe1<a10utei"I o6pa T110 eo.noi"I 11 no.a nn11111111eM c11nbl
TH}l(eCTll 011113, 110 y>Ke a uanpaBnemm 11a116onbwero yKJ1011a, T. e.
nepne11A111<ynHp110 K 6eperoeoli n11111111. T a1<11M o6pasoM, 'laCT11ua ue
B03Bp3LU3CTCA B 11cxo.n11yl0 T0•1Ky, 110 OK33blB3eTCH CMCLUCHllOrt OTllO-
CHTe!lbllO 11ec 11a HeKOTOpoe 11e60J1bWOe paCCTOHHJle B uanpaBJleHllH
J<OCoro nO.QXOJla BOJIHbl K 6epery. TaKoe CMetUeHHC npo11CXOJJ.llT np11
199
 Ka>K,noii Haucraioiueii BOJJHe, "· C.~CAOB3TeJJbHO, uecb OMOMO'lHbli'I
MaTep11aJ1 flJlll>Ka nepeMCJ.U8eTCll KaK llCJJOe, 06pa3y11 T8K Ha3blSa eMblli
6eperOBOii nol'OK 11aMocoa (longshore drifting, Strandversetzung).
Cne.D.yeT OTMeTllTb, 'ITO np11 3TOM npo11CXOJlllT 11eKOTOpa11 COpTllpOBKa
l\laTep11ana, TaK KSK 6o.nee TOllKllC '18CTHUbl COBepwalOT 6o.l!ee .lJJHH·
HblC ITyTll II OTHOCllTCll np116oftHblM flOTOKOM BBepx no flJlll>KY .o.aJJbWC,
<1eM 6onee KpynMble 06nOMK11. l\poMe Toro, np11 31'0111 npouecce 06-
JJOMK11 flOJlBepralOTCll 11CT11pa111110, YMCHbWSIOTCll B BCJIH'lffHe II np11·
o6peTaJOT cj>opMy OKpyrnoli, CffJlhHO CflJJIOIUCHHOfl raJJbKll, OT.111'1110fl
OT 6o.1ee wapoo6pa311oii ranbKll ropHblX p eK. CKopocTb nepe111ei.ueM1111
HSHOCOB BAOJlb 6epera CllJlbHO eapb11pyCT B 388ffClllllOCTll OT BCJlff'lll·
Hbl o6nOMKOB, OT napaMeTpOB BOJIH II OT yrna ffX flOJlX0,18 K 6epery.
H anpaeneH11e ITOTOKB lllOlKHO onpeaen11Tb no H8XO>KJlCHHIO ranei;
K8KOii·JJff6o 38MeTHOii ropnoi'i nopOAbl, 06H8>KCHllll KOTOpoil 113Be<:Tllbl
Ha Aa11no111 6epery e KOpeH110111 3aneramm.
Hapl!AY c 6eperoebl111 nOT0Ko111 H8HOCOB, o6ycnoenenn1>1111 KOCblM
Ha6eran11eM HS llJTlllK np116oflHoro flOTOKa, HS MCJIKOBO.llHOM nOJlBOJl·
HOM CKJJoHe MOlKeT 803HllK8Tb ITO,ll BJlllllHllCM B0..1H0BblX JlBlllKCHffif
AOHHOC npOAOJlbHOC nepeMeute1111e HaHOCOB. 3TO ocyweCTBJJllCTCll
JIHOO np11 ITOAXOAC nyqa BOJIHbl K 6eperoBOil JlllHllll non. HCKOTOpblM
KOCblM yrno111, 111160 B pe3y11bT3TC KOM61111aium nonepe'lHOro nepe·
MCIUClfllll HaHOCOB C BAOJJb6ep erOBblM ll Te'lellHllMH. 00CJJe.llHllC MOryT
B03HllK8Tb npu BeTpax, AYIOIUllX c MOPS! B CTOpOHy 6ep era, 'ITO
Bbl3b1BaCT naro11 BOAbl 11 ITOB1>1wem1e y 6epera ypoBHll 111op11. H apyweu-
noe TeM C3Mb1M fllAPOCTaTlfllCCKOe paBILOBCClle CTpeMHTCll BOCCTSHO·
BHTbCll 'l8CT.bl0 nyTeM BOSIH1KllOBeHJlll y>Ke OflllC8HllblX BblWe «pa3-
pb1BHhlX TC'ICHllfl», '13CTblO OTTOKOM DO.Ubl D Bii.UC BA 0 JI b 6 e per 0.
B 0 r 0 Te., e H II ll. T a KOH lKC 3(~<t>eKT MoryT Bbl9blBaTb BOJlflbl,
noAXOA11ut11e K 6cpery AB>Ke n oA npAMbllll yr;1011111y<1a BOJlffbl. BomioBble,
B.llOJJb6epcroBblC, p83Pb1Bllhle II np11JJHBO·OTJlffBHblC TC'ICHHjj MoryT
nepeMeut8Tb Pbl<XJJblii o6JJOMO'lllblH M8TCpff3JI Ha MCJIKOBOJlbe noJlBOA·
HOro CKJIOH8 6eperoBoA nJJaT<j>OpMbl KSK B nonepe'IHOM, Tai< If B
npoAOJJbHOM Hanpaencmrnx. Op11 onpe.o.ene1111blx ycnoa1111x nepeMe·
iuaeMblH pblXJJhlii 111aTep11an MO>KeT H8K!ll.~llB3TbCA If o6pa30B8Tb
flOJlBOAllble, a lfHOr.na It 118ABOAHble 3KK)'M)'JlllTllBHble <l>opMbl pe.~be¢a.
no 0. K. JleoHTbCBy (52], np11 npO)lOJlbHOM nepe111eiuc111111 HSHO·
COB Ha flOABOAHOM CKJIOllC B.llOJJb6eperoBbl Ill TC'lellJICM OTJIOlKCllllC
HSHOCOB ft o6pa30B8HllC 8KKYMYJJATllBHblX <j>op111 npoltCXOAllT npu
CJJC.D.yioumx ycnoBffllX: I) npu 3anOJ111e1111H BXOAlltUero yrJJa n3oOaT
(nrrn11it paBllblx rny61111); 2) np11 oru6aHJ111 noJlBOJtHoro BblCTyna .'!Ha·
3) np11 6..ioKuposKe y<1aCTKa Alla OCTpOBOM, MblCOM 11m1 6aHKOA:
o6bl'IHO npeACTaBJ111ioiuell B1>1cryn i<open11oro penbe<l>a .n11a; 4) nepe.l
noJlBO.ltHbllll npenl!TCTBHCM, op11e11n1poaam11>1111 noA yrnoM K 11anpaBJJe-
""'° AOHHoro nepe111eutem111 na11ocoa; 5) B pC3ynbTaTe non11oro norpe·
6e11n11 ITO.llBOAllOro npCITllTCTBltll (BblCTyna KOpCHHOro penbe«J>a) no.'{
RSHOCOM. 06pa30B3BW1tec11 T8KllM o6p830M ITOBblWCHllA JlH8 np11°
onpCAeJJeHHblX yCJIOBltR X MOryT .naTb H3'1ano If 118.llBO.llHblM <l>opltalll.
T&KllM o6pa30M, BOJIHOBOii n oTOK HaHOCOB KSK rnaBHblit <J>aKTOJ>
200
o6pa30Ba1rn11 M1JOr11x 3KKYMYJJllTllBHblX 6eperoBblX ¢opM, flOABOJ\llblX
II 11aaBO.llllblX, 3aXB3TblB8CT KSK 11eKOTopy10 118)\BOJ\HYJO '18CTb ITJIA>Ka
(66.lbWYIO llJlll MellbWYIO - B 38BHCllMOCTll OT llffTeHCllBHOCTlt BOJlll),
TSK If MCJIKOBOJ\HYIO '18CTb flOJlBOAJIOro 6eperoeoro CKJJOHa AO npc·
.l,CJlbllOif rny611111>1 803.UeitcTBllll BOJIH 11a .llHO. CneayeT OTMeTHTb, "ITO
non BOJ111001,.1111 noroi<oM Hanocoa no1111MaeTc11 cy111111apt1oe nepe111eme·
1111e B.lOll b 6epera p1>1xnoro 111a-rep11ana 3a 6o11ee llJIH 111e11ee JlJIHTCJJb·
HOC n p e11111, B Te'ICHllC KOTOporo MOryT llMCTb J\lecTO 1111or.na Kp8TKO·
epc'lle1111ble nepe111ewe111111 Toro >Ke 111aTep11a.na B 06pai:_no1o1 11anpaa-
.1c111111 . CnCJ\yeT JlaTb onpene.1eu11e HCKOTOpblX flOHATllll, CBA3aHHblX
C ffOTOKOM H8HOCOB. E M K 0 CT b JO flOTOK3 H8HOCOB Ha3blB8IOT MSK·
CJIM 8llbHOC KOJlll'ICCTBO H8HOCa, KOTopoe BOJIHbl It TC'ICHJIA MOryT
nepeMelU8Tb BJ\Ollb A3HHOfO y'laCTKa 6epera B e.IDIHllUY apeMCHlt. 00Jl
Ill 0 w II 0 c Tb IO fl0TOK3 no1111MaeTC!I KOOll'leCTBO 111arep11ana, ¢aKTH·
•1L>CK11 npo:-.o.nlliuee '1epe3 .aa1111oe ce'le1111e s eM11nuy spe111e1111 . OoTOi<
H3HOC'OB ABJIReTCA II a C1il Ill. e H H bl Ill, KOr)\a ero MOIUHOCTb paa11a
eMKO<:Tll. E c;111 nOTOK 11a11ocoa ABJJACTCA He 11 a c bl me 11 11 bl 111, T. e.
~ro MOlllllOCTb MCflbWC CMKOCTll, TO 'laCTb 3Hepnm BOJIH, He 38Tpa•1e11-
Hall 11a nepeHOC, paoxoAyeTCA 11a pa3MblB JlHa 11n11 6eperoaoro o6pb1·
Ba. Ec.111, 11ao6opoT, KOJJH'lCCTBo nocTynaioiuero MaTepffa.na npeBbl ·
waeT C~ll<OCTb nol'OKa, TO 3TOT H36blTOK OTJJaraeTCA - npoltCXOAllT
3KK}"\Jyn11u11 n 113HOCOB.
no B.n. 3e11KOB11 •1y [29]. npll'lllHaMH nepepb!Ba noTOKa HSllOCOB
MoryT 6blT.b: I) o6pb1BllCTOCTb OTJlC.Tlbll>blX y'laCTKOB 6epera, np1111e111
o6pb1B yXOJlllT 118 3H3"4HTCJlbH)'IO rny611Hy; 2) yron flOJlBO.llHOfO
OTKOCa CllJlbllO OTKJIOHRCTCA OT npo<!J11n11 paBHOBCCHll; np11 9TOM
H3110C npeKpaiuaeT cooe JlBlllKCHllC - OH llJIH CBSJll!BaeTCA K n0.'\110·
lKlllO CKJIOHa, llJlll Db16paCblB3eTCll Ha 6eper; 3) H3MCHCIJllC 11anpaB·
JICHllA 6epera, Bb13blB810lUCC pC3KOe y111e11bwe11ne CKOpOCTJI .llDfflKCHllA
nauoca 111111 ero nOJJHYIO ocranoaKy; 4) 3CTyap1111 11J111 6yXTbl c rny6o-
K1tM11 VCTbAMll.
3ACCb tpe6yeTCA ITOACHllTb, 'ITO noApa3yMCB8CTCll nOA flOllllTJleM
n p o <j> 11 n b pa a 11 o a e c ff A no.nao.a11oro cKJJona. I<a>KAaA <1aCT11ua
Hauoca B 6eperoaoft 30HC MO>KCT nepCMCIU3TbCA llOA .neitCTBlleM .nayx
c11.1 - BOJIHOBblX .llBltlKClfllif BOJlhl II CltJlbl T!llKeCTll. Ecn11 06JJOMO'l1ta11
48CTllll8 B BOJIHOBOM none npOXOAllT paBHblC OTpe3Klf nyT11 B ,nByx
npOTllDOITOJJOll<HblX 11anpaBJ1CHllRX OT K8KOtt·TO TO'lKJI, TO 31'0 6yAeT
f,;().1e68TeJlbllOC ABlflKCHllC '18CT11Ubl - 0118 npH K8lK,QOM Kone6aH1tlf
npnxoAHT o 11cxo.n11oe nOJ10>1<en11c. Ecnn >Ke oTpe3KH "Yl'"· coBepwae-
Mble '18CTllUCrt B npOTllBOnOJIOlKlfblX HanpaBJJeHIUlX, He OAllHSKOBbl, TO
npo11cxoA11T 11e TOJJbKO .nB11>Ken11e, 110 11 nepeMeme1111e 111acr111.U>1. Op11
nOJlXO.te ny'la BOJlllbl noA npl!MblM yrnoM " 6epcroeoii n11H1111 .11MceT
\ICCTO nonepe<111oe nepe111eiucm1e HaHOCOB, 11 a noM cny'lae Jle11cra11e
BOJJ1t 1i1 ff c11n1>1 T11>KeCT11 6y.D.eT npo11cXOJlHTb no O.llHOit n11111111. B np11·
po;ic '181UC BOJJHa nOAXOAllT K 6epery no.a HeKOTOpblM yrnoM, a
noTOM} a 60JJbWllHCTBe cnyqaeB nonepe11Hoe 11 npO.!l0.1bHOC nepeMciue-
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pc<111oro nepCMCIUCHllll B 1111CTOM Bii.UC, T. e. 6e3 npo,nOJJbHOro nepeMC·
201
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11oro eKJJoHa, CJIO>KCllllOro 'laeT11uaM11 11a11oea omrnaKoooro eocTaBa
II KpynHOCTIL H a H3KJJOllHOi! noncpx110CT11, .Aa>Ke ecn11 Bon11a llC JlC·
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JlllWCll •1aeT11 nyn1 0JlllH3KOB, cuna TmKCCTll COKpa1uacT 0TpC30K O}'Tll
'laCTHl.l.bl Bnep.x n o CKJJoHy 11 yeeJ111'l11BaeT 06paT11bl1t.
«D03TOMy n 1rrore Ka>Knoro no.111oro KO.~e6a11iu1 <11aCT11u3 6y.neT
nepeMemc11a Ha HCKOTOpoe paCCTOllH11e BHll3 no CK.llo11 y npn'leM 3TO
p aCCTOllllllC onpc.nen11erc11 pa3ROCTblO OTpC3KOB nyrn npOTllBonono>K·
11blx 11 anpae11e1111ii.
... Bm-i~e K 6epery, 11a MeHbW11x rJJy61111ax, ac11MMerp11n rpacj>m<a
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P~TllOll MO>KeT . 6b1Tb TaKOBO, 'lTO 'lacr11ua rpYJ!ra BO npeM!I npo-
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MO CKOpocrn 6y,ne-r nee 6oJtee B03paCTaTb, eooTBCTCTBCHllO lice
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nepeMCut3TbCR K 6epery.
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.nee 3011bl BblllOC3 "l8CTllU - Hll>KHAR, 113 Koropoi! 'l3CTllUbl 6y,nyr Bbl·
llOCllTbCA 811113 no CKJIOHy, II nepXHRR, 113 KOTOpoi1 'l3CTllUbl 113HOC3 6 '·
.nyr BblHOCllTbCA Bsepx no cKno11y. fpa1111ueii o6e 11 x 3011 6 .ne-r 1teK~­
ropa11 J11u11111, n3panncnbH3A 6epery, 11a Koropoi1 "laCrllUbl y6y,nyr co-
BepwaTb paBHblC KOJJe63HllR BBepx II 811113 no CKJJ011y llC non lJaR
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llCC. Ta .111111111, xapaKrepH3)'CMaA T0411blM COOTBeTCTBllCM CKO OCTCit
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3Ba1111e Hei1Tpanb110ii> ((52], crp. 54). flocKonbKy 8 'np1tpo;~~~ c~~:
113
BllRX 11cnOCTORHeTno BOJJ llCHllR, H3MeHRIOlUHilCR 611aro11ap11 VK~3aH
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CTllU Ha npOTlllKCllllll npocj>11nR II HCKOTOPblC .llpyrite <j>aKTOpbl BJllllllOT
Ha nono>Ke1111e 11ei1Tp8nb11oii 1111111111, Bb13b1D3R cc nepeMeute 111111 8 npe-
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HCC - ooepx no eKJ1011y. B MCCT3X BblHOCa o6p33YIOTCA Bbl~~IKll II
cne.noB3TCnbHO, 11apywaerc11 o.nttoo6pas11c yKno11a • .11 3 Bcpx 11 eii BblCM:
K11 ;118'lllTCJJbHa11 •1aeTb MaTep113na, B TOM <111cne 11a116onee Kpvmioro
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Tcp113n llll>KHCH 30111>1 pa3MblB3 OTJJ3r3CTCR o 6onee rny6oKof1 113CTll
nonoo~oro CK.~0113, o6rcnowmB3R 3,ztCCb 11apacr31111e 11 ynnol!lc1111e
Jlll3. o BblnOJJalK11B31111e 6y.neT npo,non>KaTbC11 ,no Tex nop noK 3
JlllO lie CT311CT 113CTOnbKO nonort1M, 'ITO nepeMCUlCHlle '13CTllU n~ HeMy
~peKp8TllTeR. flo Mepe H8KOllJICHllR M3TCp11a11a 9T3 30lla 3KKYMynR·
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202
ee aeepx no CKno11y. Bblwe 11eihpanbHOii 1111m111 npo<j>1111b 6yJJ.eT Dbl·
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Ubl Me>K,ny npAMoii 11 o6p3T11oi1 11311anb11or1 eKOpocTblO 6y.neT enoco6·
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11aKon,1e1111e BblHOC3 y 6eperoBoii 4epTbl 6y11cT eo3,n3oaTb yBen11•1e1111e
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nOK3 S.lllAHllC CllJlbl TR>KCCTll llC CMO>KCT KOMllCllCHpoB3Tb pesKoe npe-
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,nnR '13CTllU Jl311110ii Kpyn110CTll» ({52], eTp. 54-58).
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11oro ~ KnOll3 .n11a, OT Benll'IHHbl o6noMO'lllblX '13CTllU, noKpblBalOutllX
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CCA II 11enpepb1BHO crpeMRlUCCCll K BOCCTa110Bne111110. Heo6XO,ztllMO
llMeTb B 011,ny, 'lTO 113MCHCllllC nepBH'lHOrO yKno11a np11 BblP360TKe
npo<j>H.~R p3BllOBCCllR II eBR3311HOC c 9THM 113Me11e1111e rJJ)'OHll <iYllYT
CK33blB3TbCll II 113 CTenCHll .neJ<j>opM3Ulll1 BOJlll, 3 STO, co cnoeii CTopo-
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110i1 30HbT, OTCblJJ3R HHTepecyiow11xe11 STllMH BOn poeaM11 K eneu11anb·
llblM p3CiOT3M 0. K. J1COHTbCB8 (52, 55] II B. n. 3e11KOBll'la [29. 37),
II orpa11111111MCll n11Wb llCKOTOpblMll 33MC•l3HllllMll.
6blnO OTMC'lellO, •ITO Bblp360TK3 np<><1>11n11 paBllOBCCllA no.nno.n110·
ro eK.~0118 MO>KeT conpoBO>K,118TbCR eMeutc1111eM 6eper0Boi1 m1111111.
cO'leB11,nn o, •110 npn .na11Hor1 Kpyn110CT11 11anoea H p33Mepax Bonu B03·
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per 6yne-r 11Cnb1Tb188Tb pa3Mb1B. IlpH yrne, MellbWCM ynOMRHyTOrO
KPHTlf'ICCKoro yrn3, 6y.neT npo11CXOJ1HTb 11ap3eT31111e 6eper3 33 C4er
3KKY,My.1AUllll» ([52), CTp. 59). tho )f{C K3CaCTCR BCJJll•IHHbl 11aKJIOHa
nooepxuocnt nepB0113'lanbHOfO OTKOC3, TO 91'3 BC.111'lllH3 33811CHT OT
x3p3KTepa pe.%e<j>a TOi1 OKpa111111oli nonocbl cyw11, KOTOp3R 6bln3 33·
Tonne113 BO,zt3MH nocnene,nu11Konoli <1>na11.npcKoft Tp3HCrpecc1111. ECJ111
9TO 6bW 6eper HHSMem1oii, llO'ITll rop1130HT3nbllOit paBHllHbl, TO T8·
KOH 6epcr II nocne Tpa11crpecc1111 6y,neT HMCTb TCHJJ.eHulllO K ll3nbHCit·
203
 weM~ H&p8CT8111110. B cny'l8e >Ke 38TOnne111111 KPYTOro Ci<.,10113 CKna,1-
'laro11 rop110A CTp8llbl 8031111K3C1' y>Ke 0"11C81!llblH BblWe TllDll'lllblil
86pas11011111>11l THn 6epera.
nonepe'1111>1e nepeMew.e111u1 11a11ocoa, o6ycnoene11111>1e eon110Bb1M11
,ltBH>Ke11111lMll, MoryT Bbl3b1B8Tb 113 MenKODO.ltbe, 8 MecTax S86ypy1111e8-
111111 11 'l8CT11ri11oro pas611ea111111 BOJJ111>1, OTnO>Ke1me 11a11ocoe, nepeMe-
w.aeMblX B cropo11y 6eper8 c 6onee rny6oK11x riaCTe1i nolUlO.ztHoro
CKno~a. TaK BOSHHKBIO"r no .It Bo .It n bl e Ban bl, napannenbHble 6epe-
roeo11 n11tt1111 11 n11111111M 11so6aT. 4acro 11a6nlo.1tae-rc11 11ecKonbKO T&KHX
napannenbHblX Me>K.ztY co6oil aanoa. B OTMepwei1 '13CT11 6epera.ztenb-
Tbl TepeK8 B ncp110.1t cro11a BOllbl 0. K. neoHTbCB [51) Mor R3C<lllT3Tb
a nonoce BeTpoeoii ocywK11 w11p1111ol\ 640 M .zto 14 aanoe OTHOCHTenb-
Hoii Bblcoroii .zto 0,5 M. KpoMe Toro, npoMepaM11 co wnionKH Ra npo-
.1ton>t<e111111 on11cbleaeMoro npO<j>11n11 e Mope Ra rny61max .zto 1.5 M
6blno o6Rapy>KeRo ew.e n11Tb at1anor11'l11blx nanoe 11e6onbwor1 BblCOTbl.
ECTb OCHOea1111e npe.ztnonaraTb, 'ITO Kpyi-11s118 eon11 a nptt6pe>Kttoii
so11e (0,043 11 6onbwe) 6naronp1111TCTeyeT o6pasoea111110 noneon-
HblX nanoe, npll MCHbWCil >Ke KPYTll3He Ollll, K8K npae1mo, Re
8031111K310T.
KaK Bll.11110 113 TOnbKO •ITO np11eene1111oro 0. K. neo11TbCBblM npn-
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o6p83}'IOW.Hec11 Ha MenKODO.llbe nonepc'lnblM nepeMew.e1111eM 11a11ocoe.
He OTnH'l310TCA s11a'111TCnbHOii 01'11oc11Tcnb11oii DblCOrofi. TonbKO np11
OC06b1X, OnJICblDaeMblX Hll>Ke. ycnODllRX 3111 B&nbl MOryT CT&Tb 113!1·
B0l1Hb1Mll II TOnbKO TOr]la nony'l310T cnoco6HOCTb paCTH II npeepaTHTb·
c11 o TaK 11as1>rnaeMble 6 a p br. 61>1n11 c.11ena111>1 nonblTK11 np110ne'lb
no.11oontt1>1e 6eperooblc oanbl JVIR 06'h11c11e111111 npottcxo>K.1te111111 111n8
penb~a TaK 11a3blD8CMblX «6sponcK11X Gyrpoo», 381IHM810W.11x orpoM-
Hble npocTp811CTl)3 8 11e..1bTC II D HH>KHCli '18CTll 6accef1113 Bo.nm II B
BOCTO'lnoir •1 acT11 KyMo-Ma111~•1 cKoli no>K61111bl. Mop<ponorn'ICCKa11 X8·
paK1cp11cn1Ka s1oro nma penb~a y>t<e 6blna .ztana 11a cTp. 94-95
sroi1 KHnr11. B. A. H11Ko.~aco a O.llHOi'! 113 ceo11x p860T ony6n11Koea11-
HOi1 B 1955 r ., C'lllT8n, 'ITO «6spOBCK HC 6yrpb1» npOTllrH~8IOTCll CBOllMll
.11n11H11blMH OCffMll e 11anpaenc111111 .1tpee1rnx 6eperoeblx ,1111111fi 11oeo-
xeaJ1blllCKOft 1pa11crpecc1111 Kacm111 11 118 oc11oeaH1111 onpcneneH1111 11M
re11e311ca TaK 11as1>1oaeMoll «6yrpoooii TOnw.11» p8se11ea.1 MblC.%. 'ITO
«6spoecK11e ~yrpbl» npenCTaMAJOT no.11eo.1t11ble 6eperoeble ean1>1 Kac-
m1ff, OKa3aew11ec11 11a cywc nocne perpecc1111 MOPff 11 no.11eeprHyew11e-
c11 noc.~e 310ro HCKOTOpblM 113Me11e111111M. Ha CTp. 95 sroii KHHru MllOIO
61>1n11 np11ee.11e11bl y6e1111Tenbllble .lt080.llbl 0. K. neoHTbCBa II H.11. <l>o-
TeeBOii, 3aCT8en1uow.11c OTKasaTbCll OT n p111111T1111 rimoTeSbl B . A. H11-
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np11XO.ltllTCll npll3113Tb llX cy683p3nbllOC, CBll3aHHOe C 30JIOBOil ,ltCll·
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204
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npe.1tno>K11n 11asea1111e barriers. Boo1111Kae1 sonpoc: MOryT nu noJlBOl!·
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110CT11 OKOllO 9% npoT11>Ken1111 6eperoeblx 1111Hni1 M11poooro _0Kea118,
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11 311al!11Te.~bHblC npOCTpaHCTBa no6epe>K11i1 Ceeep11011 AMep11K11 11 Ao-
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BOllllblMll np11 He113Melll!OM ~lnll DOBblWaJOw.eMCll ypoo11e Mi1ponoro
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1111i1 11an ,1t1111aM11Koi1 no.nao.o.HblX eanoe. 0TeeT Ha eonpoc.
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MO>KCT DOl11111TbCR 113.ll nocne.a.1111M, JJ.3CT aH8JIH3 RBJICHllll pa3pywe111111
non111>1 uan rpe611eM i<j>opMnpyiow.eroc11 nonno.nnoro eana. llcno a
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npu STOM '18CTll'lllOC paspyWeHHe OQnHbl Ha.ll B3JIOM - 386ypyHllB8·
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6oiiHoro nOToKa. «TaKHM o6pasoM, 30118 11ei1cT01111 nocne.ztuero 6y.zte~
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np 116oimoli so11bl KOTOP8ff nonoep>t<e11a TOnbKO p83Mb1By. 3011a 8K·
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TOKOM c rpe61111... B pesynbTaTe npH DOCTOllHllOl\I ypoene rpe6eJlb
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Ban Mor CT3Tb 118.llllO.llJlblM aKKyMynATUBHblM o6p830B8HllCll, Tpe6yeT-
Cll XOTll 6bl opeMe1111oe, HO l10CT3TO'lllO JVlllTeJlblloe no1111>KCllllC ypoe-
Hll Mttpoeoro 0Kca11a. AaTOpbl 11a3ea1111oi1 e1>1we p860Tbl npe11no.1ar8-
JOT nosTOMy, 'ITO nocnenCJ\llUKoOaff <j>n81111pcKa11 Tp811Crpecc11ff KaK
205
nnaHerapHoe 11BneHHe npep1>1aanocb no 1<paiiHcf1 t.tepe OD.HH M 3Ha'l11·
TenbHblM 9BCTam<1ec1<uM n o1111)f(e1rneM y poBHSI M11poaoro 01<eaua. B ne-
PHOA STOro noHH)f(ellHSI BblWCAWHC Ha noeepXllOCTb n o.neOD.Hble 3KK)'•
MynATllBllble <j>opMbl Mornn c<j>OpM llpOBaTbC!l 11aCTonbKO, \JTOObl oCTa·
eaTbC!l Ka.11eo.n111>1MH Aa)f(e npu HacTynneHm1 n0Bb1WCH1111 ypoaH11.
CTaow11e np11 y1<asaH11blx ycnonu11x Ha.neoA11blMH nanbl Mornu pas·
BllB8TbC!l H AaJiee - paCTH D DblWHHY H WHp1my sa C'leT H8nO)f(ellHR
11a HllX npHOOHllblM noTOKOM
6eperoeblx nanon. TaK Morne
06pa3oaaTbCll MOWHblC 6cpero-
Bble 6apbl, npOTRrHB8IOWllec!I
113 MHOrHC COTHll KHnOMeTpon
n apannenb110 6eperonoii mrn1111
B TOM 11n11 HllOM paCCTOllHHll OT
HCe II OT'lneH!llOWHe OT OTKpbl·
Toro 01<ea11a ysKylO nonocy na-
ryHbl. Tip11MCp3Mll MOryT cny-
)f(HTb 6eperooblc 6apb1 ATJiaHTH·
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sanaztHoro 6epcra MeKCllK311·
CKOro sanHna, OKai1Mnll10lllllC
naryny Ma.ape (pnc. 44). 1-hro-
r.na TaKoii 6cperoeof1 6ap 01Ca11-
'IHBaerc11 CB060llHO, llHOr.na )f(C
nptt<inCHlleTCSI OKOH'laHHeM K
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B MCCTC co eceM STllM 3acny.
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>KHBaCT 6b1Tb OTMC'lellllblM TO, 0 - npi; aanOJIHeHHH BXOAlllll.ttO yrna; 6 - npH ont62HHH Bl>KT) na; 8 - ;
\JTO coapeMenHble 6eperoable n H BHCWHeA OnoKHpooKe; 2 - npH n8Jl1!11HH ~•epnm 80/IHOBoro nou
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6apbl y>Kc 11e 11nnn10TcS1 cl>opMa- l CT 8"" c onepettHew nOK838llO ttanpaMeHue eom1oaon paaHo-
Ma.11pe •• 3ana.llHOM no<Sepe>Kbe
McKt1tKa11cxoro sM11ea (no MH YCTOfl•lllllblMll npll Tencpcw- A~~~~yio=. npOCTblMH CTpeJTK3MH - H8Tlp8MCHllC ncpeMCUlCllHR ,::,_a·~~":.
o. I<. neo11TT>eoy) (BCJIKqHH8 CTpr.10K COOTBCTCTnyeT CKOpOCTll n cpeMcU\CHHH). Ha p •
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a1111x 6epcroooli 30111>1. KaK no-
Ka3an A. T. Bna,nHMffPOB (12,
13) 11a np11Mepax 6eperon KaM\J3TKH u Caxan1111a, 6apbl s-rux no6epc. CHTCnbH8!l ponb TCX II .a,pyrnx MO)f(ef 118XOAHTb Bblp3)f(CllHC 8 newe-
)f(Jli'l llCCYT !lCHble cnc,!lbl P33Mb1Ba. n o M11em110 0. K. JlcoHTbeBa CTBeHHOM cocranc 8KKyMYJJ!lTff8HblX <j>opM, T8K K3K TC'lellffR, 33 HC·
ff JI. r. H11Kmj>opona, 6eperoable 6apbl Bceii 3eMJJll cnc,nyCT pacCM3T· Kn.IO'leHl!eM ueKOTOPblX O\JeHb cneui1anbublx cny'laen, 6b1B8IOT 11ecno·
Pll83Tb K3K <j>opMbl pcnllKTOBblC, He COOTBCTCTBYIOUUIC COBpCMeHllblM co6Hbl nepeMelllaTb 6onee 1<pynHblii MaTep11an (ranbKJ1, eanyH1>1). a
ycnoo1111M, 11 nocrencHHO pa3pywa10w11ecS1. ne eMelll3IOT nHWb MenKHii necoK. Pac<1neee11Hble 6epera 11cnb1Tb1Ba·
Ha paccMorpeHHOM TonbKO <1To np11Mepe nOABOAllblX aanoa ff ffl\
npo113BOAHblX - 6cperODblX 6apoa - Mbl n03HaKOMHnHCb c 3KKYM Y·
io! 803.lleftCTBffe TC'leHHfl npe11MyWeCTDeHHO y MblCOB, B 3an11nax >Ke
HMelOT MeCTO nllWb cna6ble MeCTHblC TC'leHU!l HJIH noecpxttOCTHble BO·
n!lTllBHblMll o6pasonaHll!lMll, COSA3Hllb1MH B OCllOBHOM BOJIHODblMH AOBO OTbl ff DOnllOBble ABH)f(CHH!l 6YAYT HrpaTb 3Aecb rnanHylO pOJlb.
ABll>KCH11AM11. B ljlopM11poaa11u11 .npyr11x aKKyMynATHDllblX <j>opM Mor yT c~eAy~ 8 ocuoBHOM O. K. JlCOHTl>eny {52}, paccMoTpl!M 3ACCb ;~-
np111111MaTb y<1aCT11c xa1< oon11oa1>1e npoucccbl, TaK 11 Te<1e111m. Orno· JJOBH!I o6pasonaHff!l BO•lHOBblX aKKyMyn!lTHBHblX <j>OpM, 8031111K .
206 207
 cnblTblBaeT 3H3'1HTe.JlbHoe paCTR>Ke-
llUIX Ha OTHOCHTenbllO npnrny6b1X 6eperax H CJIO>KeHHblX B OCHOBHOM MCCTO pe4>paKU.Hll cl>poHT BOJlllbl II MeuteHtte H8HOCOB CllJlbHO 33MeJl-
H3 C5onee rpy6oro Ma-rep11ana, np11 npe11MyutecTBeHHOM npo.nonbHOM Hlle II 3uepr11R BOJIHbl nanaeT. nepe 3a TO'IKOrt B tta1J1111aeTCR o6pa30-
nepeMeLLleH1111 11attocon. OTJ1o>KeHHe nepeMeutae~10ro MaTep1iana 6y- .1RCTCR 11n11 npe1<pamaeTc11 coaceM," T na10ut11e c oTpeaKa AB 11os1>1e
AeT 1ti!eTb MeCTO T3M, r.ne eMKOCTb nOTOKa H3110COB B Cl!JIY Tex llJlll B3HllC aKKYMYJIRTllBllOfl cjlopMbl. noc y A8JlbHei1wee 11apaCTaHllCOKOH·
llP~ rnx npH'lllll yMeHbW3eTCll. JrO MO>KeT npo1tCXOAllTb B CJ!eJlYIOWHX nopu1111 ttattOCOB 6YAYT o6yl'._nonmiaaTbKOTO 6yneT yan111111TbCR, ace
CJIY'l811X: '13HllR 3TOH aKK}'MY11RTllBHOll <1>0P~lbl, :!ro 811
6yJleT ceo6oAH3R 3KKy-
6anbWC yD.an11ncb OT 1<0pett11oro eper;~a1111e Koc bl (spit, Nehrung,
I. l\orna 6cperosan nn11H11 o6paayeT mm16 n CTOpony Mop11, a
peaynbTaTe 'lero yron no.nxona ny11a DOJIHbl K n11 H1111 6epera qJ yee- Nyn1m1n~1a11 <j>opMa, ngny'l1:B~l11M·~~ep11an, cnara10ut1tf1 KOC}'. MOiK':,T
n111maaeTcsi (p11c. 45, a) . np11 noM npo11cxon11T sanon11em1e 11a11oca- !leche, d1gue de sable, e ga e · CJIH'IHHC 3 ept1a 1(ranbKa. rpann11,
M11 axo.n111uero yrna 6cpera. 6b1Tb O'ICHb p83H006pa3eH Ka~ ~~!1y II ne-rporpa<1>11•1eCKOMY xapaK-
2. J<or.na 6eper oGpasyeT 11aCT01lbKO KpyTofl 113rn6 s cropo11y cy- neCOK), TaK " no N1t11epanorn' Kopc11111>1x nopon 6n11lKai1WHX 86pa-
w11, 'ITO 3HeprHR BOJlll Pe3KO na.naeT H8 HODOM OTpeaKe 6epera BCJ1en- Tepy, 3aBHCRl!le~1y OT xapaKTep:!OlllllX NaTep11a11 JlJIR 9TliX 11a11?COB.
CTB11e OOnbWOro npOTR>KeHltR nym 118.ll MCJIKODO.llbeM II 6naro.nap11 3 11011n1>1x 'laCTeH no6epe>Kbll, :) Kp1>1Ma (nanpllMep, n pai10He Esna-
pe<j>paKu1111 (oru6atttte BblCTyna 6epera). B CTpoe11tt11 KOC (" nepecblne I llTODblC 3ep11a 11eorenoablx usnecT·
3. l\orD.a 6eper conposo>1<naeTcR OCTposaMH H11H OTMem1M11 111111 TOptlll) 6onbWYIO pOnb Hrp alOT ~OMKll paKOIJllH (paKyWe'IHblit neT·
llMCCT pC3KO Bb1Cryn aiouu1e MblCbl, KOTOpble 3autHW3IOT p8CDOJIO>Kett- lil!KOB, a T3K>Ke p aKOBllHbl HJlll 11epnoMOpcK0-330BCKllX MOJIJllOC·
Hble 3a HllMU }"laCTKll 6epera OT nocryna BOJlll (BHeWl!RR 6.qoKHPOB· p11ryc) conpeMettllblX H HCKonaeMbl~JlyOCTPOB8 l\aBK333 npeo6Jl8)13CT
Ka 6epera). KOB B CTpoe111111 KOC T8M8HCKoro n c TcwyeT II 611TaR pa1<yw1<a.
Cpen11 paattoo6paa1111 06paay10m11xcsi aKKyMy1111THDHblX <1>op111 'IHC~bli1 Ksapu.ea1>1f1 necoK, XOTR He~~r~eTCR napannenbllblMH nono-
B. n. 3ettKOBll'I (29) DblACJJReT no 'IHCTO 111op<!>OJ1on1'lecK11M np11311a- l111orna necOK H pasYWC'lllllKfi ~~~M3HCKJtil nonyocTpoB) co CTOpOHbl
K3M CJICAYJOUUIC llX Tltnbl: I) n p II MK Hy B w II e - 3KKYMYJlllTllBHble ca~111. Ta1<, tta Koce yra3c1<0 t croro Knapu.esoro nec1<a, 33TeM no-
o6p a30B3Hllll · (H3D.D0Jlllb1C). Ha BCCM CDOeM npOTR>KCHllll npHMblK3!0· NOPR TllHCTCR ctta'1a11a nonoca 1111 [65) B aepTHK3JlbllOM pa3pese KO·
ut11e nenocpenCTBeHHO K 6epery; 2) c Bo 6 o D. H bl e aKKyt.iy1111nrn11ble JIQC8 paK}'We'IHHK3 II onRTb necOK ~blKJIHlll!B310utllXCR cnoeB pa3-
<j>opMbl, ysK11e 11a11oc11ble nonocbl cywu, np11Mb1Kaionme K 6epery n11wh ca o6bl'IHO cnaraerc11 113 ttaKnOHl~X oca o6bl'lllO llMeeT 11ec11M·
0.llHllM CBOUM KOHUOM, a 33TeM OTXOJUlllU!e OT 11ero Ha ace 6onee yne- uoro cocrana. B nonepe'lllOM np6 a·;:;:H:81l K OTKpblTOMY MOplO, H3·
NCTpwrnoe cTpoe1111e. CTOpona, 0 P Bonnbl 3 axsa1b1B810T co
m11111aa10ut11i1c11 yron; 3) 3 a M bl Ka IO lit ll e 3KKYMY11RTHDHble icj>opMbI, 6011
KOTOpble COCAllHRIOTCll c 6eperoM KaK KOpHeaoi1 caoeii 'laCTblO, TaK XOJlllTCR n OJl B03JJ.eilCTDHeM CllJlbHOro n~~ 11a' noaepXHOCTb KOCbl, non-
II p acTyuulM KOllUOM. 1111a necoK II ranbK}' II tta6p3Cb1~3IOT OBHll BOJlbl H o6pa3yR 3)1CCb OT·
Pacc1110Tp11M, np11 KaK11x ycnoBHRX BOSH11Ka10T STll aKK}'MY11RTHB· HHMall nocnenn!OIO BblWe cpeAHe 0 yp OT 3TOf0 rpe6Hll D CTOp-OHY
Hble <1>opM1>1 (no 0. I(. J1eaHTbeoy {55)). Ecm1 <Seper 06pa3yeT exo- 'ICT.11180 Oblpa>KeH11YIO JJHlllllO. r~~~~· .nOCTllf810utllit HHOrJla 15-25°
llRlllllii yro.1 (CM. p11c. 45, a) II BOJIHbl 110.llXOllRT K 6epery 113 0Tpe3Ke MOPR lllleT KOpOTKHfl H 1<pyro11C5onee ~nMHllblil II nonomii, COOTBeTCT·
AB no.n neKOTOPblM OCTpblM yrnot.i (ny'I llOJIHbl yKa3an cTpe.11KaM11), (17). B c-ropo11y Oepera CKJIOH snonec11R p1>1xnoro MaTep11Ma.
a 6epcro08R JlllHHll B B nenaeT pe3KllH nosopoT B CTOpOHY MOpll, TO sy10w11i\ nOJlBOJlllOMY yrny pa . 110 HCCKOJlbKllX MeTpOD BblCOTbl,
Ha OTPC3Ke 6epera BB 11y11 DOJIHbl CT3HCT nOD.XOAHTb K Jl11Hl111 6epera Kocbl MOryr ,nocntraTb OT OJlHOrD erpoB )10 HCCKOJlbKllX KllJlO•
non yrnoM, 6Jllt3KllM K np11N0My. BnaronapR 31'0My CKOpOCTb BJl0Jlb- OT HeCKOJlbKllX COTeH H na>Ke nec1m~: ~~1nOMeTpOB B JlJlHllY- J<ocbl.
6epcronoro nepeNeuteHltR HaHOCOB cpa3y saMe.nn11TC11 11.1111 nepeNeute- MCTPOB B w11p11Hy ll MllOMIX necKTK a-Bora3-fo.~. 11Me!OT n.n1111y 45-
u11e MO>KeT npeKparnTbCll cosceN, TOrAa KaK co cTopoHbl oTpeaKa AB 0TJ1C.1RIOWllC OT KacmtR 331111a ap
uattocbl 6yJJ.,YT nOCTynaTb c npe>t<Heii CKOpOCTblO. B pe3ynbT8Te 3Aeci; 47 KM. OCT8 KOC3 o6bl'IHO 61>1eaeT BblTll·
6y.neT llMeTb MeCTO UKKYMYJIRU.HR B BllJle nec'lattoro llJlll rane'IHOrO B H8'18JlbHblX CT3AllRX csocro p K8K 6bl npOJJ.OJl>K3JOmeM
• nanpaene111111,
nn11ll\a, w11p0Koro s eepw1111e yrna B H nocrene11110 Db1KJ11111naa10we- H\'T3 no'ITll np111110.111He11110 8 a 11neT Te'ICHHC II llOCT88-
roc11 K oOOllM CDOHM KOHU.aN. 3To H8KOnnen11e (aKKyMynstTllDll3R Tep- npOTR>KCHllC TOro OTpe3Ka 6epera, OT~~Jl 8 sTOil H8'1a.1b1tOit CT3AHH
p8Ca) 6yn.eT pacrn B Jlmmy 11 wHpttHy. B11onb6eperosoe nepeMeute- 11RCTCR M3Tep113JI llJlR nOCTPOCHll~B~ H~Jl sceMll llPYrHMll np11axonR-
u11e 118HOCOB Ha 0Tpe3KC 6epera Br H3'1HeTCll JIHWb TOr):la, Kor.as aK- 6eperonoe Te'ICllHC eute 6epeT nep n 11mm11blM Te•1e1111eM D Map11x c
KyMy.111u.1111 AOCTHraeT CDOJIM nepe.a1111N KOHU.ON TO'IKll B. w11r.111 Telletll!RMll, uanp11111ep ua.n KPCa acTCT B JlJIHHy, o11a 113'111H3·
np11 Ort16a111111 BblCTyna 6epera (pllC. 45, 6) npoHCXOJlllT pe3KOC npttm!B3Mll. Ho, no Mepe Taro ;aK OCTO~OllY 6epera. np11n11BHoe TC·
113ru(ja1me ntt111111 6epcra a cTopot1y cyw11. J< oTpesKy AB .ny'IH no11- eT 3ara6aTbCA OKpyrnblM 113rH OM B pOCT KOCbl 33MeAJIReTCll,
ee 3118'1CHHe II
Hbl OOJlXOJllff non OCTpblM yr.noM (CTpenKa). B TO•IKe B noTOK nauo- 4 e1111e np11o6pCTae-r 6onbw • o6JlaCTb 6onee rny6oKOro
COB Pe3KO 33MCAJIReT CBOe ABlllt<CH11e, T3K K3K np11 11Me10utei1 np11 3TOM no r.iepe roro KSK ee Kaneu. Db1AB11raeTCR B
209
208
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p11a11a, 'IT06bl nO.[IHl!Tb H8Cb10b Jl.O y p OBllll 8011.bl (Johnson [1321
CTp. 289). 3arnyBW}'IOCR B cropoHy 6epera 111111 6yXTbl Kocy MO>KHO
H33B3Tb KPIO'IKOBHJl.HOA KocoA (recurved spit, hooked spit,
Hacken, digue en crochet).
<l>aKTOpbl II CHJ!bl, nOA MllRHlleM KOTOpbllt npOHCXO.IUIT pOCT KOCbl,
_ _ _·::...=- - ---:
MOrYT H3MeHJ!TbCl! BO BpeMCHll. B 0.!IHll nepHO.[\bl MOryT 6paTb nepe·

Puc. ~6. woitrna• KOca TopoHTCK011 6yxTN (no .Ll. B. )llt<o11co11y)

sec npoueccbl, cnoco6cTs}'IOutHe YAJIHllCHlllO KOCbl B nepBOR3'13.%HOM

Hanp8B.l!eHJ!H, B .npyrne MO~ o6p330B8TbCR OTpOCTKll, 33rHYTble B
CTOpoHy 6epera. flp11 T3KllX yCJIOBllRX <j>OpMnpyeTCR CJIO>K113l! sarny-
T3ll B CTOpony 6cpera KOCa (compound recurved spit). y KOTOpoi1
BllCWHHH (MopCKOil) Kpaii 6o11ee HJIH MCHCC np!!MOfl HJIH CJJerKa .ny·
roo6ga3HO Bb10YKJ!blit H rna.nK11it, BHyTpem111r1 >KC, o6 pauteHHblH K 6e-
pery, o6pasyCT p11.:t 3y6uoe 11n11 oTpOCTKOB (p11c. 46). Pac. 47. Cno>t<H•• KOU (
no B
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nocran 1si101Uero 3Tll Ha-
naTe.1 b11blx re11epau11li, no31111Ka10ut11x 11 no.neeprasw11xc11 saTCM 11a- a6pa31111 y<1aCTKa a6paJ1101111oro 6epera, 11ep~e110MepHoi1 a6pa -
CTll4HOMy pa3pyWCllHiO aCipa311eii. np11M Cp T3KOii CJIO.>KHOft KOCbl np11-
( 48) Dp11 3TOM ~naronapsi pblit yron " 31"3 .r1111111si
BOAllT B. n. 3CHK0811'1 (p11c. 47) . flp11•11111oi1 '13CTH'IH0f0 p33Mb1B3 HOCbl p11c . . ll nonep11yro11 11a 11eKOTO a uan paone-
MO>KCT SIMllTbCSI lf3Me11e1111e llOJJOlKCHlll! JlllHllH noCTynnc1111S1 ll3110· 31111 MO:a<eT OK333TbC •ITO T3KlKC .nonlKllO CK333TbCSI H
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a6paa1101111oro 6epera, 211

210
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OT Kacmrn 3aJIHB Kapa-Bo~a3-r~:6:10JlaeTcR Ha KOCax, OTJlenRJ011u1x noconepeHOCllWllX .lJ.Bll)KCHllH MOpCKOH DO.Ubl H np011mo.nei1CTBYJOWHM
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TY II .llpyry10 CTOPOHy 3M . bIC, OT KOToporo OTXOJlRT KOCbI B 6yxTy, TO CT3110Bllll.lHttCR nee }i>Ke nOTOK 113 6yXTbl B Mope Db13blBaeT
BaJOT KP bl n a T bl M {win;~t~e~cd~~~d)~TOpbI (Johnson (132)) H33bl- nOCTenett11oe yne.qH'let111e cKopocTH npun11eo-ormmHblX Te'le1mr1 n HeM
II TeM caMblM 3aMe.QnffeTCR HJIH .nalKe npeKpawacTC!l POCT KOCbl B
,nn11Hy. TaKHM o6pasoM, Te'leHHR B 6yx1y II H3 6yXTbl MOryT no.n.nep·
>l<HB 3Tb cywecTBOBaHHe Y3KO!'O npoTOKa MelKAY 6yx1or1 II MopeM.
B rny60KO BA310ll.lHXC!l B cywy sanueax BQnHbl, BXOJlll B HHX, flOA-
nepraJOTCR pecj>paKUHH, conpoeo>1<11a1omeilcH pacrmKCHHCM cj>po111a
son11bl, ncne.QCTBHe <1ero no3,nel!crn11e nonH Ha 6oKOBble c1opo11bl Ta-
KHX sannnoe nocrcnem10 ocna6enaer no Mepe y.nanemrn 01 exo.na n
3anHB. B Y3KHX H AnHHHblX 3an nnax uattoconepet1oc11ma11 cnoco611ocT1>
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na. «06pa3oeatt11e aKJ<YMyn111Hn11oil <jlopMbl na 3TOM y'laCTKe, - nu-
weT 0. K. JleoHTben, - HanowrnaeT XO/l pa3BHTllll aKKYMYnRTHBHOH
l)>opMbl n pH 6noKHPOBKe 6epera: cualfana 3,nech 06paayeTC11 aKKyMy-
JIRTHBHblf1 Bb1CTyn, noroM OH no Mepe cnoero pocra npeepawae1c11 n
CB060.n11y10 aKKYMYnllTHBllYIO <)>opMy, a ewe fl03JIJlee 3T3 3KKYM)'Jlll-
THBHal! <)>opMa MO>KeT .nocn1rnyrb CBOHM OKOH'1311HeM npoTHBononO:>K-
HOro 6epera 6yXTbl (CM. puc. 45, 2). Tor.na npueepwHHHa!l 'laCTb
6yXTbl 6yJ1.eT OT.ll.eJieHa 3 a M bl Ka JO ll\ e it (pa3pll,nKa MOil. - H . lll..)
3KKyMyn11THBHOH <)>opMO~I H npeepaTHTC!l B OT'lneHeHHYIO OT MOP!l n a-
ry Hy. TaKaR aKKyMynRTHBHaR l)>opMa, neperopa>1<11na10wa11 3am1n,
6y.ll.eT uaablBaTbCff n ep ecblnbJO» ({55], crp. 112-1'13). CooTBeTCT·
eyJOwue nepec1>1n11 Ha3eaH1111 Ha 3anaJ{HoenponeiicK11x R31>1Kax 6y.nyT:
Puc. 48. CxeNa P•3B11T11R cno>t<110~ KOCbl off-shore bar, barrier beach, Nchr ung, cordon littorale.
(no .ll. B. .ll>t<o11co11y) 06bl'mo o6pa3onaHHe Koc Ha 6oKOBblX c1opottax rny6oKoro san11·
na Ha'111uaerc11 o.nuonpeMeHHO 11a TOH H .npyroit ero c1op0He, npH'le~t
Ecnu H3MeHem1e HanpallJieHHR 0
HCXOJlHT nocTeneHHO nnaBHO 6 pa3 y10ll{ero KOcy Te'leHHR npo n npouecce pocra s .nn1111y OHH CMblK3JOTCR, 06pa3y11 nepecblnh. 0.n-
'13CTll CJIO)KHOI\ K.OCbl 60' TO noeepxHOCTb pacwupc111101'1 KOHL(eeof; ttaKo TaKoc CMblKaHHe He ncer.na MO>KeT ocymeCTBllTbCR. EcnH B ro-
npouecc n poTeKaeT CKa'IKa~mnee 11.111 Menee POl3HaR. E cnH >Ke 3TOT JIOBllYIO '13CTb 3annea ena.naeT MHOrOBO,nHa!l peKa, CTOK ee BOA MO-
Cbl OKa3bIB3JOTCR OTJleJieHHbl~l: nocJieJlOBaTenbHO o6p33YJ011{HeCR KO- lKeT 110MCPlKHB3Tb OTKpblTblM npoxo.n Me>K.ny c6nH3HBWHMHC!l OKO-
He'IHOCT!lMll o6eux KOC. B .npyrnx cnyqa11x npens:iTCTBHeM K 11x cnu11·
)KYTKa ~m. TO nonepXHOCTb CnO)KH~~yr OT Jlpyra llCKOTOpbIMH npoMe-
HlllO MOI'YT cny>KHTb HHTellCllBHble npHJIHBO·OTJ!llBHble Te'leHHll.
rp11.ztOBbII\ HJ!H napa,1JleJ1bHO·DOJIHHCT':,,~bl npHo6peTaeT napannenbHO·
rps:i.zta 3HaMeHyeT co6oil oiurn penbe<)>. Ka)KAaR OTJlenbt1a 11 PaccMorp11M Teneph 06pa3ouam1e aKKYMYJIRTHBHblX l(j>opM e ycno-
113
l!Cb no cymecTey rpe6tteM K 3Tanon HapacTat1H11 Hac1>1nu, RB.~11- BH!l x 33WHWeHHOCTll KaKoro-m160 y'laCTKa 6epera OT nonH OCTPOBOM,
3THM11 napannenbHblMH rpR,!{~~~HO~AeJihHOro nep110.zta pocTa. Me:>K.zty OTMCJJblO HJIH MblCOM.
Ha pHC. 49, KOTOpblii Mbl 3311MCTByeM H3 pa6oTbl B. n. 3ellKOBH-
Tble 60JIOT!l3MH, 03epK3MH HJ!H a:cnonara10TCR noH11:>Ke111111, 3a1111-
lfaMeH111om11ec11 OT OcHoea1111 A e Y3KHMH MopcK11M11 sanHBaM11 '13 {291 ll306pa>KeH CJIY"aii 06pa3oeaH1111 aKKyMynl!THBllOfl l)>opMbl
npH 6noKHponKe '1aCT11 6epera AB CHJibHO BblAaJOll.lH MCR s Mope 1w-
rpl!AOK OTpa:>KalOT epamemrn11 T:~~:il: 3e OKOHe'IHOCTH npoCTJIP3HH~
peHHblM MblCOM. HanpanneH11e nyqa nonH, no,nXO.ll.RWHX' K 6epery,
HblM TO, 'ITO rpl!JJ;OBblH penbe-" . acny:>KHBaeT 6b1Tb OT\tetieH-
TpaK f 'I' nec'laHblX KOC H3XO . yKa93110 CTpeJIKOli. npe,nnonaraeTC!l, 'ITO flOTOK ll3HOCOB, nepeMeUlae-
6 TOBKy. PR.'lbl paCCM3TPHBalOTCl! KaK AHT HHOr,!{a II HllYIO MblX BllOnb 6epera, 11nn11e1cR uaCblWeHHblM. B TO'IKe a, rJle 11a'lttttaer
naro.ztap11 nocneAY1ome11 nepepa60T .lllOHbl, o6pa3oeaew11ecH
BeTpOM. Ke nec'l3HOro M3TCpuana KOCbl CK33blB3TbC!l BnH!lHHC BHeU111ero npenRTCTBHll (B ,naHHOM cny'lae Mbl-
ca). pa3Mepbl u ;iueprnR eonH yMeHbWaJOTCll, a c.ne.nosa1e.1bHO, )"!lleHb-
PocT KOCbl B ltJJJIHY MO>KeT n
waJOTCff CKOpOCTb nepeMell.leHHR H eMKOCTb noTOKa. no3TOMy sa TO'l-
6yJ{eT AOCTHrHyTo paeHoeecue Me!?o,1>KaTbC!l .no Tex nop, noKa ue
,..,y C03HA3 TeJibHblM .neflCTBHeM Ha- KOil a '13CTb H3HOCa .nomKJla OT.~araTbCR, 06pasy11 npHMblK310ll.lHr1 K
212 6epery BblCTyn. H anp aene1111e pocTa o6pasonanweroc11 Db1cryna onpe·

213
 .D.eJIRCTCR B A8,1b11eiiwe111 Tell!, 'ITO « ...3HepruR BOJlll BllYTPH 38n11oa
fl8.ll8CT no p8SllblM 1ianp81lJ1CllHRM c HC0.ll11118KOBOii CKOp<>CTblO, BO-
BTOpblX, BOnHbl ecne.ncTB11e pe<l>paKu1111 y Kp8eB 6noK11pyiomero Me-
111e11Ta 11111eior o nna11e, .na>Ke aa n pe.a.en a11111 no.nso.a.11oro cKJ1011a,
KOnbUCBOit Hnll eoo6me saKpyrneHHblil (j>pOHT. n03TOMY JlllHllll M3K·
c11111 a.1 b11oii CKOpocTll ncpe111cwe1111R H811oc.oe TaJOKe nocrene11110 38BO·
p8'1HB8CT, oce 6onbwe np116n11- Puc. so. npu•lllCHtHllC ocrpoaa K~~
>K8RCb K KP8IO 6JIOKHPYIOUlero T<PHKY nocpeJlCTBOM llBYX TOM
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~o6epel4<t.e HTan1111 (no Jl. B. ./llKOH·
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t<p11soit n11mm, a 111aTep11an no-
;~aCTCR o.a.onb 6eper8 c npe>K-
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n8 3118'111TCJlbllblC M3CCbl H8110-
C3 OTJ13'f 3IOTCR B o6p83YIOUlei1-
CR eor11yTocT11 6eperoeoro Ko11-
Typa, 'ITO Bbl3b1B3CT Bbl.!IBH>Ke-
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ro 6epera (CTanm1 g 11a
p11c. 49).
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11yroc111 6y.neT npo.nOJl>K3TbCR II
nocne roro, K3K <1>op111a np11MK·
llCT K npOTllBOnO.~OlKHOMV 6epe-
ry (K OKOHC'lllOCTll lllblCa. -
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Jl llW b B TOT MOMCHT, Kor.na 118-
•••>·
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)(~JUITHBHhlX cjlopM npH 6.101mpOBKO
llOCOlll 6y.ne1 3800JI HCH8 BCR
6<·pera CHllbHO Bh1Jl8IOUUIMC>I MhlCOM DllCWHRll '13CTb 38JlllB3 H KOH·
n.
(no B. 3euKOe••Yl Typ OOCTORllllOii CKOpOCTH ADii·
lKCHJlll 113llOCOB npoTllllCTCR B
e11ne nepecbln11 OT s11ew11ero
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11 11a11oc 11a'IHCT noc1ynarb :ia Kpaii 6noK11pyiowcro 1111>1ca.
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(p11c. 45, e). Bnonb orpeJKa 6epcra AB npo11cxom1T nepe111eme1111e
e 11anpaBJ1e111111, yKaaa11110111 111anCHbK1111111 c1penKa11111. H a aam11we11-
110A1 OT BOJlll Y'13CTKe 6epera B031111K3CT 3KKYlllYJIRT118Hbli1 BblCTyn,
KOTOpblit, npo.n0.1lK3R uapaCT3Tb, Bbl.llBHraeTCR KJlllHOM BCC .ll3JlbWC B
rny6b saw11 me1moii OCTPOBOM 3KB3TOpm1 II STa KOCa lllO)KCT .nocrnr- CHllOHHMOlll KOToporo cooeTCKHC reo-
11} Tb CBOllM 0K011431111Clll ocrpos a. OcTpOB OK3>KCTCR npH'l.~CllCHllbllll K RHCKOC 11a:iea1111e T 0 M 6 0 JI 0, llblil 113 11apoID1oro R3b1K3 TepMHH
Mop<j>onorn C'IHT8IOT 33HMCTBOBSll Kor.na OCTpOD n pH'rne1111erc11 K 6e-
<ieper~ (puc. 50, 51). AKK}'Mymm1s11aR <l>opA1a, np11BR3b18310ll.l311
n e Pe i1 Ma. B oaHcaHHO~t cnyqae, a11of1 nepeMbl'IKoi1, Mbl llMCCll
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2 14 215
 np11Mep, <}>11op,!1,0Bble 6epera Hopnern11), TO STO o6bl'IHO CBR331l0 c p11 -
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JJyocTpoB CBRTOii Hoc Ha l\ TOM 6 ono MO>KeT cnY>KHTb no-
5 5 c6pocos, !P83pa60TKa MHOfOBO,QHblMH peKaMH .llonHH B.ll.Onb pa3JIOMOB,
0111\cKoro MOpll 4eneKeH coe~HKHa:e~ blBWllH HeKor.na OCTpOBOM l\ac-
o6pa60TKa 3THX .ll.OnHH nellHllK3MH). JJe>Kam11e 33 npOAOnbHblM!I 6e-
nllTHBHOll no.QBO,QllOH rp11,noi\ KO/ H c 6eperoM TypKMCHHll aKKYMY-
pera~111 BHyrpeHHHe '13CTH crpaHbl '13CTO co CTOpOHbl MOpll 6bl ll310T
Te n0Hn>Ke111111 YPOBllll l\acnH~. opal! crnna H3llBOl\HOfl B pe3ynbTa-
r py.a.110 .a.ocrym1bl .a.mi 1133CMHOfO Tpa11cnopTa, 6y.a.y'lH OT.llenCHHblMll
Ha6moaa10TCll cn)"laH Kor.na oc OT Hero napannenbHblMH 6epery BblCOKHMH ropHblMH uen11M11. 5o.1b-
K MarepnKy He o.nHol\ a ' TPOB OK33b1BaeTCll np11'1.l!CHeHHblM
eo6oii, MarepHKOM II ~crp~=~~:ll nepecb!K~1H. 33Mb1KalOllU!Ml1 MeJK,ny WHe peKU Ha T3KllX 6eperax '13CTO OTCYTCTBYIOT, a sna'l3l01UHe B Mope
.>KeT cnylKHTb CKanHCTbllt OCT naryHy. .l!aCCH'ICCKHM np11MepoM MO· ropHble peKH cpe,nuen 11 Manoii Benlflll!Hbl necy.noxot<Hbl H nepeceKa-
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IOT rop11ble uem1 Y3KHMH nonepe'IHblMH ymenbsiMH (Richthofen (160],.
crp. 293). K 'IHCny npo.ll.OnhHblX 6eperon OTHOCSlTCll 3anaAHble 6epera
eywecray npe.ncTaan'11 e: TO>K~ ~T~~TpolJa. l\pb1MCK11li nonyocTpoa no
CesepHoi'i H IO>KHOi! AMep11K11, sana,nHble 6epera CK3H.!1.HHas1111 11 5a.n-
HOfO MOpll .llBYMll TOM60no - fl B, np11qneHCllHbli\ K 6epery 4cp- KaHCKOro nonyocrposa (s a HCKnlO'leHHeM 11eKOTOpb1X 'l3CTeH). no6e-
i:KOil crpenKoii a 33Kn!O'I • epeKoncKHM nepewefl1<0M " Apa6aT- pelKbe AJJ>t<Hpa, no6epe>Kbe D.anbHeBOCTO'IHOro Kpa!l K 10ry OT YCTbf!
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CyxyM11 11 .a.p.
nonepel!Hble 6epera n npor11BonoJ10;KHOCTb npo.nonbHblM ornu'la-
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Kpb1B31l 1.13CTO cosepweHHO HOBYIO naHnwal(jlr11ylO KapTHHY 33 K3>Kllbl~1
Haxo.n11cb noCTOllHHO non pa p H3rH60M 6epera, 3a Ka>K.!l.blM Bbl,n310lUHMCSl B Mope MblCOM. 3TO CBR·
()TKpblTblH, llH'leM He 3au.mweHH~ _YW( llTCnbHblM B03.llei!CT!ll!CM MOpll,
nepecbmblO) 6eper cno>KeHHbl -
11
nanp11Mep, KopannosblM p11¢oM, 3a110 npc>K.a.e scero c 6onbwol\ pac•1ne11eHHOCTb10 nonepe<1HblX 6epe-
TllllOCTOllTb 3TOMy ~03.lleHCTBl!idi KOpeHl!blMH n?PO.llaMH, MOlKeT npo- ros. KpynHble 'lepTbl pac'lne11e11H11 o6ycnOBnHB3IOTCf! TeM, 'ITO K 6e-
pery nonepeMCHllO no.llXO,llllT TO BblCOKHe rop11ble uen11, TO noHn>KCH-
CTH OT $11311'1ecK11X CBoilcrn cna~a~;on1111aKOBOll CTeneH11 B 33BHCllMO·
HblC nonocbl pasnen1110mux 11x npo11onhHblX aon11H. nepBblM coorner-
HOM CTpoe111111 Mopc}>onorH'lecK11e qepm11x6 ero noio.n. Dp11 Heo.n11opon-
cwylOT BblCTynbl 6epera - nonyOCTPOBa II MblCbl, BTOpblM - 6yXTbt
cTene1111 onpe.nen11Tbc11 3anera1111eM Thi epera y.nyr B SHa'l11Tenb11ol1
HOro COCT3B3 Hlla'le rono ll 6 B HeM MllllepanbHblX M3CC pas- 11 3an11Bbl, '13CTO rny6oKo sna1owHecsi B cywy. KpoMe Toro, na no-
Hllll cyWH 8• p ' y,nyT 3aBHCeTb OT BHyTpeHHCrO crpoe- nepe'lHblX 6eperax '13CTO H3 KOPOTKllX pacCTOllHllllX CMeHSllOTCll no-
. CBll311 C 3THM MOlKHO Bbl,n 6 p0,!1,bl pa3nH'IHOro nHTonOrH'leCKoro xapaKTepa, Heo)lJIH3KOB31l yCTOH-
'13101U11ec11 no llHyTpeHHe"' c enHTb THnbl eperon, pa3n11-
pa111111 6epera K npocT11p11a11rpyKType, no or11owe11mo o6wero npocT11- 'lJIBOCTb KOTOpblX npornB MOpCKOfl a6pas1111 MO>KeT o6ycnoBHTb 6oJ1ee
1110 TCKTOHll'lCCKHX J!HHHH II MenKylO pac'lneHeHHOCTb BTOporo nop11.ll.Ka (crenulate shorel i ne -
B11e 6113 3Toro, no 11x Mopc}>onorn"leCKHM oco6e11HOCT11M ' KaK cne.ncT- 3y6'laTa11 6eperoBall JIHHHll, no aMep11KaHCKHM aBTOpaM) . Sn113 6epe-
epera cK.na,nqar1>1x o6nacreii Ecn 11 · ra, Ha nponon>KeHllll BblCTynOB cyw11, 'l3CTO no.a.1111MalOTCll B03BblWeH-
oca.nO'IHblX nopo.n co • cywa cnaraerc11 113 nnacToB
6 3
ocno;KHeHa BblXO~aMHP H~~~~!BCKna,nKH II ecnu 3Ta CKn3,!l,'13TOCTb He Hble OCTpOsa - OTTOprnyTble pa3pyWHTenbllOH pa60TOH OOJIH \l3CTI£
6epera. KapTHHa no6epe>Kbll Mo>Ker ew e 6onee ycno>KHllTbCll pa3.1H'I·
MOlKHO pa3nH'l8Tb 6epera n po.nHob~ b :~ e 11ssep>Ke1111b1x nopo.n, TO
ro11anbHble (K ) • nonepel!Hble 11 .n11a- HblMll 3KKyMyn11THBllblMll o6p33088Hllf!Mll MOPSl H Bna)lalOIJlHX B 11ero
8
na.llaCT c npOCTH~~~e·M ;~i.n~~~~b!X 6eperax npOCTHp3HHe llX COB· peK - BCeB03MO>KHblMll KOCaMH, nepeCblnllMH, JlMbT3MH pa311oii 4>0p-
Mbl H D pa3HblX CTamrnx paSBHTHll II T. Jl. Ul11pOKllC npOAOJlbllble '(no-
CKna.a.K11 no.a. np11M1>1M yrnoM a B .n/:oK, B nonepe'IHblX nepeceKaeT
non HeKOTOPblM OCT blM • aroHanbHblX pe>Ker OCH CKna.a.oK OTHOWCHlllO K CKn3JI.43TOCT11) ,non11Hbl BblXO.!l.llT K 6epery 113 cpaBHH-
Tpex THnoe 6eperoif noB~r~oM. Mopc}>onorn'le_cK11e oco6e1111ocT11 3THX TeJlbHO t1e6onbWHX pacCTOllHHllX .llpyr OT .npyra II se,nyT B r.ny6b crpa·
COOTBCTCTBYJOIUll 0 RIOT .no HSBeCTllOll CTene1111 oco6e1111ocr11 Hbl. Snaro11ap11 HM ropHble crpaHbl c nonepe'IHblMH 6eperaM11 .1erno·
«D.omiH1>1 x THnOB non1111 CKnaa'laTblX o6nacTeii (cM. pas.a.en .a.ocrynHbl co CTOpOHbl MOpR.
fl II TeKTOllHK3» B nepBOM TOMe 3TOfl KllllrH, CTp. 257- 264) B KatJecwe np1mepos nonepe<1Hb1X 6eperoB MO>KHO np11BCCTll 3a-
HMCT~OJlOJ1bHblf1 6eper, COBnana1om11il c npocn1pa1111eM nopo.n MO>Ke; na.a.111>1e 6epera n11pe11eiicKoro nonyocTpoBa H MapOKKO, 3ana.ll.Hblif
Barb 6~~e!11!~~-re::::~M npors1>Ke111111 o.a.11opo.a.Hoe crpoeH11e u' oKas1>1- 6eper rronyocrpona SpcTaH11, BOCTO'lHOe no6epe>Kbe 5 anKaHcKoro no-
pa60Te BOnH s e 0.!l.HH3KOBOe conpoT11BJ1eH11e pa3pyWHTenbHOH nyocTpoBa K 10ry OT ycTbll D.y11asi, 3ana.a.Hh1i\ 6eper Manoi! A31111
OTllOCllTMbH~M ~~~~~~~n~:~~;l~~a~;:o~~g:~:e~6bl~Ha06oOTn:'lalOTCll II AP·
D.11ar0Hanb111>1i1 6eper B THflll'lHOM pasBHTllH xapaKrepH3yerc11 KY·
~bl. 6e.a.Hbl 6yxTaM11, M1>1caM11 11 nonyocTpoBaM11. Ecn11 11110 f11 ~'l:e::: JlllC006pa3Hb!M pacnono>KeHHeM penbec}>HblX sneMellTOB H HCCHMMeT-
n 10.llaerc11, KaK HCK.rt10•1eH11e, rny6oKoe pacqne11em1e san11eaM11 (11a-
217
2 16
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KO npu O'ICHb M3JIOM yrnc MC>KllY npoc111pam1CM CKJl8JlOK It 06UUIM
npOTil>KCHllCM 6cpera; yrOJI 3TOT llC llOJl>KCH npC8blW3Tb 30°. np11 yr·
ne 45° cooeo6paJ11blc 'ICpTbl ttnaro1tanb1tOro 6epera y>t<e yTpa'l1tBa·
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CTp. 291). HerpyltllO y6e.nHTbCR, XOTR 6bl lt3 paCCMOTPCHHR KapTbl
1cpyn11oro MacwTa6a, 'lTO Jllf3rOH3Jlblfbli1 6eper no cyiuecTay cna·
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pe'l11oro 6epera c np11cyw11M1t HM a .nerannx '1epTaM11.
npm1ep3Mll Alt3f0113JlbllOrO 6epera MOryT CJly>KHTb 6eper J\ii6a·
Hmt, cpeAJtRA •1aCTb 3ana.n11oro no6epe>Kbst KaM'laTK1t.
6eper a l"ll b160Bb1 X 0 6J13CTeH. np11 MOJIOAOil r.~blOOBOll CTpyKType
cyw1t co 3H3\IHTCJlbH b1Mlt BepTHK3JlbHblMll CMCWellllllMlt It BblCOTHblMll
pa3JIH'IHAMll OTAMbllblX rnbl6 npOTll>KCtllle 6eperoeo(1 JlllHHlt MO>KeT
n 3H3"1HTeJJbHOfl CTCOCHll onpeJleJJllTbCll 11anpaBJ1eH11CM c6pOCOBblX Jill•
1111i1, c11c1eMbl KOTOpblx 'laCTo nepeceKat01c11 Me>K.ny co6oi1 no.n pa3·
HblMH yrna~m. 6eperoBaA Jlltllltll B CBR3H c 9ntM \laCTO OTJIH'laeTCll
rpy6blM II rny6oK1tM paC\IJICHCHllCM c pC3KllMll yrnoaaTblMll 113ru6a-
Mll, c 6onbWltM KOJIH'lCCTBOM nonyocTponon, rny60KO Blt3IOWHXCll 0
cywy saJ11tBOD H paCOOJIO>KCllllb!X n6ml3H 6epera OCTpODOB. 6epera
60J1bWci1 \13CTblO B03Bb1WC1111ble II ropuCTble, 6yXTbl >Ke H 33JlllBbl
'laCTo Y*C y caMblX 6eperon 1tMe10T 311a1111Tenb11ble rny61t11bl. Xopo-
w11i1 npnMep TaKoro 6epera JtaeT 10>1rnast "13CTb Bam<aHCKOro nony·
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'le3110BCHHR e CKa11.n1111ao1111 cnno1u11oro ne.nR 11oro noKpoea. I - Cl>CHOCIC31LAMH3BCJ<MK M3CCJHl
Ca~ioe HHTepcc11oe, OA113KO, TO, 'ITO BCe 6eperoe1>1e Jlllllllll CK811-
Jl.llH3Bltll He npoTRfllB8IOTCR ropn30HT8JlbHO, a Bb1COT3 llX H8Jl y poo-
HCM MOpll nocTene11110 YDeJlll'lllB8CTCR BHYTPb crpaHbl, K8K 3TO nOK3- Ha p11 c. 52. 113 XO)l8 1130083 BllAHO, <ITO OHR B 0611.1eM noeropRIOT
3blBaeT npocnc>K11oa1111e nx 11a 6op1ax rny6oKo a.11.aio11.111xcR o cywy 011 cpT3HHR <l>e1111ocKall)l1111aacKoro Macc11aa. MaKCHManbHOlll}' DOAHR·
<jl11op.11.oo. 3roT <jlaKT rooop11T o 11eo.11.1111aKOBOM no.11.11RT1111 ecei1 06na- n 110 (AO 260- 270 M) 00.11.oeprnacb o6nacTb, pacnono>KCHH8R e ccoep-
CT11 <l>e1111ocKa11.11.1111 3a nocnene.11.1111Koooe epeMR. ConOCTaBJJRR BblCOTY 11oil '18CTll 601111111ecKoro 33111188. OTclOJl.8 K 0Kp81!H8M M8CCllB3 Bbl·
Apes1111x 6eperoeblx n111111i1, oep x1111x npeJienoo pacnpOCTpaHeHllR OT- COTS DOAHRTllR nOCTeDCHllO }'MeHbW3eTCR AO H}'J1'1. noAHRTHC llMeeT
no>Kc1111i1 nooA11cncA1111Konoro H onbAHeea MopR 11 cneAoe paJM1:>1ea T8KllM o6paSOM Bii.ii. Kynonoo6pa311oro B3JJ.YTllR c 6onee KpyTblM ce-
MOpCM neD.HHKODblX OTJIOlKCHHif, WBCJJ.CKllil }"leHblH .11.e reep [11 9]cMor oepo-3ana.nHblM KpblnOM II 6onee nononiM IO!'O-BOCTO'lllblM.
Bbl11epT11Tb Anll CKa11A1111aa1111 11 3 o 6 a 3 bl, T. e. 1111111111 OAHH8KOB1>1x .llpyroit c pao1111TenbHO xopowo 113}"1CHHOli o6JJaCT"blO p83BHTllR 'ICT-
nOJJ.HRTHlt CTp8llbl co BpCMCHJI M8KCllM8JJbHOro pacnpocTpaHeHllR nepT!l"'lllblX 111opcK11x -reppac 11enReTC11 CpeAH3e111110111op1>e, a T8K>Ke
1-fOJll>AlleBa MOpR. l-fccne.11.0D8llllR AC feepa 6b1Jlll AODonHCHbl A811Hbl- eoponeiicKoe 11 a<jlp11Ka11cKoe no6epe>Ki>e ATnaHTHKll. H a KpYTOM a6-
lllH B . Pa111C311 .IVlll <l>1111nR11.111111 11 KonbCKoro nonyoc1pooa. KapTa pa311oHHOl\l no6epe>Kbe An>K11pa l<jlpaH~Y3CKHii }"ICHblit Ae JlaMOT
uso6a3, cocTaBJJc1111a11 P aMc3eM .nnR aceii <l>e1111ocKa11.n1111, np1won111c1t
223
222
(De L amothe [137]) 0611apy>t<11J1 AO 8-9 11pyco1J Teppac Ha ~poeH11x
17, 30, 55, 100, '140, 200, 265, 320 M II CJleAbl ell.le 60.1ee DblCOKOil
TeppaCbl Ha BblCOTe 350 M. Bee 3Tlt TeppaCbl Bblpa60TaHbl B Cll.1bHO
.1111cnou11pooaH11&1x Kope1111&1x noponax 11 MCCTaMu coxpaH11J111 6epc-
roe&1e 06pasoua111111 e u11Ae Kpac111>1x necKOD c 6cJ1oit KBapueeoit raJ1b·
KOH, pe>t<e B enne KOHrJIOMepaTOU, COACp>t<alllllX OCTaTKll p aKODllH
MOpCKHX MMntOCKOD. Tcppacy 265 M Ae JlaMOT C'lllTaJI eme n.111oue-
HOBoi1, 60JJee Hll3Klle - 'leTDepTll'IHblMll. noAHllTble 6eperoBble JlllHllll
H Teppacbl aJ1>K11pcKoro no6epe>Khll ne JlaMOT Mor }'BRJaTh c pe'I·
HblMH TCppacaM11 CTp311bl (Hanp11Mep, c TCppacaMu Ys.11-Hccepa), 'ITO
yKa3blBano 11a o6uu1e np111111H1>1 nx 06pasooaH1111. CJ1CJJ,.yeT TaKiKe OT·
MeTllTb, 'ITO ace peKll AJl>Kllpa o6HapylKllB3IOT MHOroKp3THble HMO·
Mbl ceocro npoAOJJbHOro npo¢11J1R 11 o6pasoeaHue ysK11x yme.1be06·
p a3HblX y'laCTKOB AOntlll, 'ITO CDllJJ.eTenbCTBYeT 0 HeoAHOKpaTHblX HO·
eeiiw11x DOAHRTllllX CTpaHbl.
HccneAooa111111 ne JlaMOTB 11 J].enep9 (Deperet (106]) np11eem1 K
C03A3HlllO cxeMbl nJ1cf1CTOUellOBbUt TCpp3CODblX ypoeueii, KOTOP31l
OK333J13Cb npHJIOlKHMOH II K no6epe>KbllM ATJIBHTll'ICCKOro OKeana.
CorJ1ac110 3TOii cxcMe BblAeJIRIOTCR JV!R Cpc.11113eMHOMOphR c.1eAYK>·
m11e ypoBHll Teppac, C'IHTaR OT .11pco11eiiw11x K 11oueilwm1:
CHlU<llHHCIUIM - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - 90- 100..
MK113UUJC8ll 5.S-60 "
THppe11CK> 28-32"
~~~ ·~~~
5es 11331111111'" 7...8 "
Oo3AHee 3Ta cxcMa 6h1J1a .11cTaJ111s11pooa11a. B 'laCTHOCTH, MOHaCTbip·
CKaR 1(011a >Ke nrppeHCK3R II) C•lllT3CTCR npeACTaDJleHHOH ABYMR
ypOBHRMll'. 18- 20 II 7- 8 M.
.llpco1111e 6eperoob1c J111111111 srnx Tcppac o pRAe MecT (u 60J1ee
M0611.~hHblX Y'l3CTKax) 11c coxpaH11J111 ncpooHa'laJlbHOro ropH30HT3JJb·
HOro nono>KeHllll II 6blJlll D 60JlbWCft llJlll MeHbWCil CTcneHH .11elj>OpM11-
pooat1bl. 3ro OTHOCllTCR rnaDHblM o6pa30M K 6011ce CT3pb1M TeppacaM .
0.nHaKO 'IHCJIO TCppac OCTaeTCR AOUOJlbllO nOCTORHHblM, a llX BblCOTbl
B OTHOCllTCJibHO CTa61tJ1bHblX 0611aCT11X CXOAHbIMll {81, 82).
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KaoKa3CKOM no6epe>t<he, ua 6eperax Kpb1M3, Ha 6eperax B o.1rap1m
{80, 83]. nonblTK3 YBR33Tb 'lepHOMOpCKl!e TeppaCbl co cpc.11113eMHOMOp-
CKllMll II aT.1aHTll'lecKllMll 61>1.1a npe.nnpllltRT3 n. B. <I>e.11oposb1M.
3ToT onblT KOppe.nRUllH H33U3HHblil aBTop OCllOBblBaJI npe11Myll.le<:TBell·
HO H3 reoMopcj>OJJOrH'ICCKHX npH3113K3X (Bb1COT3 Teppac), XOTll Y'l ll ·
Tbl83JI Ta!Ol<e .11a1111ble II naJ1eollTOJIOrH'lecKor o MeTOA3 (113MeReHHll CO·
CT8Ba lj>ayttbl MOJIJllOCKOB B CBR311 c Kanc6a1111RMll COJJeHOCTH). CaMO
co6oil pasyMeeTCR, 'ITO 11a116o11bw11c Tpy.11110CT11 npe.11c1aBJ1ReT uonpoc
1<oppenRum1 11a1160JJcc .11pee1111x TCppac, 1<01opble MecTaM11 YJKe c11J1b·
HO .11elj>opM11poea11bl TeKTOHH'ICCKllMll npouecca~lll. TaK, q a y .n II II·
c Kall 6 e per 0 Ba II JI II II II R Ha KaeKa3CKOM no6epeJKbe IOl'O·BOC·
224
TO'IHCC Tyance npOXOAllT 113 BblCOTe 95-100 M, a K cencpo-3ana.11y
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UblCOTC ucero 20-25 M, DOAHAM8RCb 113 6oJ1rapcKOM no6epc>K1>e CHO·
ua 113 BblCOTy 90-100 M ((80], CTp. 65-67). TaKUM o6pa30M, ~po·
BeHb 9TOil Teppacbl Ha 3H3'111TeJ!bHOil '13CTll l(aBK33CKoro no6epe>KbR II
u 60JJrap1t11 6J11130K K } poouio c11u111111!\cKoii Teppacbl Cpen113eMHO·
MOpbR, c KOTOpoil npe.nnMO>KllTeJlbllO II MOli<CT 6blTbC11IDCp01111311pOBaH.
.Upyrux JlOKa3aTe.nbCTB (naneo11roJ1or11'ICCK11x) 11x c1111xpo11110CT11 11e
UMeeTCR.
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pacnOllO>KCllHOfl H3 l(aeKa3CKOM no6epe>Kbe 11a BblCOTC 55-60 M,
MOlKHO 6b1JIO 6bl npe4no110lt<llTb, 'ITO OHa COOTBeTCTByer Mll113UllKOH
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3uo.n1110T ce11'1ac c 6onhweil ynepc11110CTbJO npc.11nonaraTb, 'ITO perpec-
c1111 4ep11oro Mop11 11a rpa1111ue 11ay.111111cKoro 11 4 pee11essKc1111cKoro
BeKoe e KaKoii-To Mcpe OTBe11aJ1a p11MCKoii perpecc1111 Cpe4113eM11oro
MOpSI, pas.11eJ1RIOWei1 9nox11 o6pa30B3HHR CllQllJIHHCKllX (CHQllJIHilCKYIO
II MaJl3UUKYIO) II Tl!ppeHCKHX (111ppCH I H TllppCH II) Teppac II cono-
CTaBJIReMoii 06bl'IHO c MllHAeJlbCKllM MeAeHeHHeM. B T3KOM cnyqae
APCBHC3BKCllHCKaR Teppaca 4cp11oro MOpll, B CTpaTHrpalj>11'1ecKOM II
naJleOHTOJIOrll'leCKOM OTHOWCHllH TecHO CBl133HH31l c y3yHJlapCKOil TCP·
pacoi1, .a.on>Kua 6b1Tb 0T11ece11a TaK>t<e K nepnoil T11ppe11cKoil Tpa11crpcc-
c1111. C4cJ1aH11oe saKJ110•1e1111e xopowo no11TBep>K.11aeTC11 Ma1cp11a11aN11
no ceeepo-sanaAHOli 'l8CT11 KaeKascKoro no6epc>1<&11 4cpHoro Mop11
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II y3y11J1apCKHC OTJIO>KCHHll CTpaT11rpa(jJ1111eCKH Tec110 CBR93Hbl 4pyr c
ApyroM 11 06pasy10T reoMopcJ>o11orn4ecK11 e.n1my10 Teppacy BblCOToit
(6eperona11 JlllHHll) 35-40 M.
...4To >Ke K3CaeTClf llOJIO>KCl!llll 11peBHC38KCllllCKOi\ TeppaCbl Ha Bbl·
COTC 55-60 M K IOl'O·BOCTOKY OT Tyance, TO OHO CKopee occro OTpa·
>t<aCT 66JlbWYrO aMnJlllTYJlY noCJICAYIOlllllX llOAHRTllill• ({80), CTp. 65).
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npo1111KHOBCH1teM D 4ep110MopcK11i1 6acceit11 3Bp11raJIHHHblX npeJ1CTaB11·
Te.ncf1 cpe11113eMllOMOpCKOil <j>ayHbl.
Cne.11y10ll.l3R Ka p a II r a Tc Ka R I Teppaca 113 K3BK3SCKOM II OOJI·
rapCKOM 6cperax l.(epuoro MOPR llMeCT BblCOTy 22-25 M II COOTBeT-
CTB}'CT e CpeJlll3CMllOMopcKoM 6accci111e rnae11oi% MouacT1>1pcKoi1 Tep.
pace, BblCOTa KOTOpolt 18-20 M.
MonaCTblpCKoii no3AHelt Teppace Cpe.1111se1.1110MopbR ua KaBKa3·
CKOM II 6oJirapcKOM 6cpcrax 1.(epuoro MOpll COOTBeTCTByeT Ka p a II·
r a TC K 8 R II TCppaca BblCOTOil 12- 13 M. 3aCJtyJKHB3eT 6b1Tb OTMe·
'ICHHblM TO, 'ITO D BOCTO'IHOM Kpb1MY pa3BllT3 Jll!Wb Oll.113 Kapa11raT-
CKaR ieppaca BblCOToi1 8-10 M. CaMa11 MOJJo.11a11, nocJ1ee10pMcKa11
H 0 B 0 'I e p II 0 M 0 pc Ka R T p a H c r p e cc It R OCT3BHJI3 113 6eperax
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TllKll.
8 <>&i,u m>W"'*'-"•· T, 3 225
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( ranbl<y, nccoK, 1111) u oTnarall ero o 6onee cn0Kof111blx ooAax 6acceil-
Ha, lllllll!CTCll ncerAa <J>aKTOPOM C0311AaTe.nbHblM. 0AHaKo II Mope cno·
co6cToyer CeJlllMCllTaumi: MOpCKall BOAa, KOTOpa11 npCACTaBJJller
co6oli pacroop 3JICKTPOJlllTOB, B TOii l!Jlll llHOii CTeOCHll 1101111311poBaH-
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eA11Hem1c 11x Muucnn o 6once KpynHble arperaTbl 11 cnoco6CTByer, Ta-
KllM o6pa30M, llX OCCAaHlllO. c Apyroi1 CTOPOHbl, MOpe np116oeM B0.~11.
np11m1BilblMll II ApyntMll Te•1e111111M11 'laCTO paJMblnaeT II }'HOCllT npO'lb
ornaraeMblC peKOll H3H0Cbl JI, CJICAoBaTe.TlbllO, ACfiCTByeT KaK 6hl B
npoT11oonono>KHOM Hanpaonemm. BHewHee MOp<IJonor11<1CCKoe pa3HO·
06pas11e }'CTbCBblX 06pasona1111ii 33BllCHT OT COOTHOIUCHllll II llHTCH·
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AllM no3AHee, B CTpoe1rn11 Ae.TlbT HepeAKO np111111Ma10T y11acrne HC
TOJlbKO pe'IHblC (noTaMOfCHHblC). HO II MOpcKllC (TanaccoreHttble) 06-
pasonaHllR.
B 061.UCM MO>KHO pa3JJll'l3Tb ABa OCHOBHblX Tllna pe'lHblX ycri.eo:
1) scTyap1111 11 2) Ae.nbTbl.
8cryap Hl!Mll (Miindungstrichtcr, Astuar, estuary, cstuaire) na3bl•
uaJOT orKpblTble, ooponKoo6pa3Hble pacw11peHHble 11 60nbwei1 'laCTblO
rny60K11e ycTbCBblC •iacT11 AOJIHH peK, onaA310tUHX 11cnocpcACTBe11110
B MOpll II OKCaHbl, a He B naryHbl, OTACJICHHb!C OT OTKpb!TOro MOPR
aKK}'M}'JlllTllBHblMll nepCCblORMll llJlll KOCaMI!. 06bl'lll0 B 3cryap111!~
nHHllll OAllH3KOBblX rny61m (11ao6aTbl) CJICA}'IOT 113fll63M 6eperooo11
Jlllllllll B CNRl"ICHHOM BllAe, o6pa3yll BXOARLUl!it yron. 3cryap1111 cooit-
CTBCHHbl OCo6cHHO TCM pCK3M, KOTOpble onaAalOT B Mope Ha no6e-
pe>Kbl!X, OOABep>KCHHblX CllJlbHblM npHJll!BaM. flp11m1BHl!_ll oon11a MO:
>Ker npo1111KaTb AaneKo oocpx no pexe, Bb13blna11 B Hen Bpe&ieHHblll
noAnOp pe'lHblX BOA. np11 OTnllBC CTeKaeT no pycny peKll He T0.1bKO
npOlillKWaR MopcKaR BOAS, HO II CKOllllBIUaRC!I 6naroAapR nozmopy
pc•mall, B CHJIY 1Jero OTJlllBllOC TC'ICHHe OTJlll'l8CTCll Cl.UC 60J1bWei1 Cll·
noi1, •JeM np11n11BHOe; OHO pa3Mb1Baer 6epcra, BblllOCllT pe'lHblC OC3A·
Kii 113 pycna peK11 B Mope 11 OTnaraeT HX, w11p0Ko pacnpocTpaHllR n
Hernv60K11x sonax ncpeA yCTbCM. 0Tn11e11oe Te'leH11e He TonbKO npe-
IUITCTByer uaKon11CH1110 o ycrbeooil 1JaCT11 pycna pe'lllblX HaHOCOB, HO
yrnv6n11CT u pacw11pl!CT cro.
ilpyruM <J>aKTOp-OM, KOTOpblil MO>KCT o6yc.10011Tb o6pa30BaHl!e 9C·
Tyapull, llBJlRCTC!I onyCKa1111e cyw11 llJlll OOBb1We1111c ypOBllR J\\HpOBO·
ro OKeaHa, 'ITO HMCJIO MCCTO, 11anp11Mep, B nocnenCAHllKOBYIO K)lnaH.np-
CKYIO Tpa11crpecc1110. flp11 9TOM MOpe BTOpraCTC!I B YCTbCBble 'laCTll
.9p0311011llblX JlOllHll, npenpaiuaR llX B rny6oKO BAalO!UllCCR B cywy
38JIH8bl. TaKUl"O npo11cxo»<.ne111111 p 11 Q c LI 3303)1.lll~X no6epe>KHH ne-
226
pm1eiicKOro nonyocTpooa 11 n 11 N a 11 bl ceocp111i1x no6epclK1111 llepHoro
II A30BCKOro MOpe11. Ho 3Tll nocJJCAHllC, B CBll311 c OTC}'TCTBllCM Ha
H33BaHHblX MOp11x npnnllBOB, llMCIOT TCHACHUlllO OTAeJIHTbCR OT MOPR
KOCaM11 II nepeCblll!IMll II npeopa1UaT1>CR B nary11bl.
flOMllMO }'Ka381111blX <IJaKTOpoo Ha xapaKTCp }'CTb!I pCKll MOryT 0K3·
3bl03Tb on11111111e Cll(e MllOrHC .npyrue, a llMCllHO: BOAOHOCHOCTb PCKll,
CKOpOCTb cc TC'lCHllll, KOJJll'JCCTDO ncpe110C11Moro CIO TBCpAoro MaTe-
p11a11a II cro xapaKTep (BJ!eKOMb!C HJlll B3BCWCHHble 11a11oc1i1). nono-
>KHTe.TlbHble 11n11 OTp11uaTeJ1bllble ABll>Ke111111 3CMHOit KOpbl, 113Jlll'IHC
11m1 OTC)'TCTB11c BAOJ1b6eperonoro TC<JCHl!ll, op11ettrnpo0Ka 6cpcroeoit
.111111111, npeo<SnaAaJOlUee HanpaMcH11c 6cpcroooro nOToKa HaHocoe
H Ap. PaJHOOC5pa3111i1M11 C01JCTaH11llM11 3TllX <1>aKTopoo o6ol!CHReTCI!
TOT <l>aKT, IJTO HHOrAa Ha OJtHOM II TOM >Ke no6cpe>KbC, 'laCTO 6Jlll3KO
npyr OT Apyra, OAHa peKa 06pasyeT }'CTbC B BllAC 3cryap1111, Apyra11
CTPOHT ACJJbT}'. YCTbll B <J>opMC 3CTyap11eu HMCIOT 6onbWHllCTBO pcK
onaAaJOU(ux n 1\T~a11T11<1ecK11f1 OKca11 11 e cro 0Kpa111111b!C Mop11. B Eo:
pone 3TO TcMJa, 3nb6a, CeHa, Jlyapa, fapo1111a, Taxo, o /\Jcjlp11Ke-
fa66011, KoHro, B AMep11Ke - peKa Co11roro J1aopeHT1111, AMa3011Ka,
P110-Ae-11a-nnaTa 11 Ap. 0TMe<JaeTCll, 'ITO B npeAenax TpOOH'ICCKOH
30Hbl pCKll 'l31UC o6paayJOT JtCJlbTbl, 'lCM HMCIOT yCTbR B BllJlC scrya-
pueo.
.ll.en bTaMH (Deltas) Ha3blBalOT }''l3CTKll Hll3MCHHOi't HaHOCHOit cy-
Wll, 06pasooaow11ec11 113 pe'IHblX OTJIO>KCHllit nepCA 06lUllM llPOTll>Ke-
llllCM 6cperoooii JlllHllll Ha MCCTC, KOTOpoe paHee 33HllM8.10 Mope
(un11 osepo). 3To H33Ba1111e npol!CXOAllT OT rpC'lCCKOii 6yKBbl a..
c Ha-
qepTaHllCM KOTOpoii CXOAHa TpcyrOJJbHaR <IJopMa HCKOTOpblx ACnbT B
TCX CJ1}''13RX, K0fA8 peKa B ee npeACJ18X Ae.TIHTCI! Ha PAA paCXOAll·
lUHXCA ny'lKOM pyKaBoB. 0J1HaKo pacnaACHHe pycna pCKll B Ae.1bTe
Ha P)'Kaoa OTHIOAb He RBJJRCTCll npan11noM II y MHOfHX pCK 11acro COB·
CCM He 11a6nionaerc11 (peK11 36po, T116p, CynaK).
:aJHblC peKu np11HOCllT K CBOCMY }'CTblO HCOA.HHaKOBblft MaTep11an.
PCKll, HMCIOIUllC Ha BCCM CBOCM npOTlllKCHllll ropHblii xapaKTep II Bnana-
IOllUIC B Mope 11n11 03epo 11a KPYTblX 6eperax, cno>KCHHblX n.~OTHblMll
KopeHHblMll nopoAaM11, MOryT np11HOCl!Tb ranbKY pas11oit Be.TIH'll!Hbl.
EOJlbWlle p8BllllHHble peKH, Aa>Kc ecn11 llX HCTOKll H3XOARTCR D ropax,
ncpCTHpalOT Ha CDOCM nnllHHOM O}'Tll no paBHHHC BCIO ran1>Ky 11aue.no
II AOHOCRT no }'CTbll TOJlbKO necoK 11nH Aa>Ke HJl (nocneAHllil - D Bii·
AC B3BCUJCHllOll MYTH ) . nonao B 6acceii11, B KOTOpblii BnaAaCT pcKa,
MaTep11an STOT 0TnaraeTc11 3ACCb o Hcrny60K11X oonax npH6pe>K11mi
no.~OCbl, rpy6blil MaTCp~an - 6mt>Ke K }'CTblO peKH, TOHKllit - Aanb·
we o Mope, Ha 6onbwe11 rny61111e, np11 STOM 6onee TOHKllM, nOCTene11 -
HO BblKJIHHllBalOU(llMCll c.1oeM. B CBA311 c 113MCHlllOIUCRCR BO BpeMe-
Hll nepeHOClllUCit cnoco6HOCTblO pCKJI OCaAKll np11HOCATCI! TO 6onee
rpy61i1e, TO 6onee TOHKHe, nosroMy 11 ACJlbTOBble OTno>Kemrn llMCIO't
11CHOCJJ011CTbli1 xapaKTcp. Cno11 pacnonaraio-rc11 HaKno1rno, cooTueT·
CTBCHHO ncpeona'lanbHOMy HaKno11y nonoon11oii noBepx11ocT11, np11<1eM
B BepxHeli ll8CTll nonnollHOro CKJIOHa OHll na.naioT cpaBHHTeJlbllO l<py
TO (3TO - OTnO>KCHllR CKJIOHa, forset beds, no Eappe.nnio {92)) . .llanb·
227
WC 811113 II B CTOpOHY Mopn OC8AKll nepeXOJIRT n 6once TOHK03epm1c-
T)'IO <J>au1110, CT8HOBRTCR nocTeneHHO nOJto>Ke, nO<tTll ropn30HT8JlbHblMH
(3TO JIOHHblC OTJto>Kemrn JICJtbTbl, bottomset beds, no Bappennio). 113
H8K.10HllblX CJIOCB OC8AK0Il (lors et beds) o6pa3yCTCR He'lTO BPOAe
DOJlllOAHOH nnal:cjlopM bl, O•leHb cnaoo HaKJJOHCHHOil OT yCTbR K MOPIO
HJIH 03epy. Bepxm1i1 Kpan 3TOil nnaT<jJopMbl JJClKllT nepnoHa'laJJbHO
Ha ypoBHC Jlll8 pe<111oro pycna B yCTbCBOit ero TO'lKe, II, CJteAOBaTeJTb-
P11c. 53. CTpOCllHC AC.,bTbl (no Keil$epy)
HO, ACJlbT3 B 9TOit paHHCil CT8Jll11f cuoero pa3BllTllR RllJIReTCR cute
DOABOAHOH. nOCTcnCHHO nouepXHOCTb nnaT<jJOpMbl noKpbIB8eTCR HO-
Db!Mll H8HOCa~m. HMCIOIJ.lllMll YlKC MellbWllit yron 118KJIOH8, np116.r111-
>K8IOIJ.lllMllCR 1< rop11so11Tanb110My 3a11cratt1110 (lopset beds, no Bap-
penmo). nonblW3RCb T3KllM 06pa30M, ,llCJlbTOB3R nJI3T<jJOpMa DO,llHll-
MaCTCll CH3'l3Jl3 CBOllM M3TCplt1<0IlblM KpaeM, a 33TeM ti 6onee
yaa.1e11t1blMll OT Hero 'l3CTRMll .llOYPOllHR MOpR II IlblWC Hero II CT3HOBllT-
CR H3.llBOJIHOil, BblJlllllf8RCb B TO >KC BpCMR BCC Jl3JlbWC II A3JlbWC B
Mope (pttC. 53). CooTueTCTllCllllblM o6p330M YA-~llHSllOTCll II nepecc-
K3IOIJ.llfe ec pyKaBa lfJlll, pe>KC, CJ{llllCTBCHHOe pycno ~CKll. 3Ta H3A-
BOAH8R 'l3CTb Ae.1hTbl, cy6aspanbH3R 'l3CTb ACJlbTOBOll paBHl!Hbl, no
Tne11xo<t>c11y [76). RllJIRCTCR JICJlbTOfl B reorpa<t>11'leCKOM CMblCJle, HO
c fCOJIOrH'lCCKOit TO'lKH 3pCHllR 0113 npc,nCTaBJJRCT TO.~bKO '13CTb 6onee
06w11pttoro 8KKyMyJIRTllDHOfO o6pa30IJ8HHR.
Orno>KCHllR cy6aspanbHOlt 4CJlbTODOl1 paBHllllbl O'lCHb 113MeH'lllDbl
no CBOCMY <jJau11aJ1bHOMy xapaKTCpy B rop1130HT3.~bHOM II nepTHK8Jlb-
HOM HanpaBJteHllRX: KPOMC 8JIJllOBll8JlbHblX 3ACCb MoryT 6b1Tb npeA-
CT8BJICHbl 03 epHble, 60JTOTllblC, nar)'llHble ocaAKll. HepeAKH n HllX
BKJllO'leHllR 3Ha'lHTeJlbllblX Mace opra111111ecKorcJ MaTcp11a.1a, 11anp11-
MCp npuHCCCHHblX pCKOlt CTBOJIOD JICpCBbCil II APYMIX paCTllTCJlbHbl~
OCT~TKo 'lTO oco6CHHO xapaKTcpHO JV!R pCK TpOmtK08. Opramt'lecKmt
8 'l3CTb naryHbl. nepBOH~'l3nbHO n narytte DOR8JIRIOTCll OTACJlbllblC llH3·
M8TCp118~ norpe6aRCb B H3HOC8X II nOABCpraRCb paSJIO>KeHITIO npu
HCAOCTa~'lllOM JlOC-ryne KllCJIOpOA8, AaCT 1ta'l8JIO yrne80AOPOAHblM
raJaM (aiCTa11 11 J1p.). Bb1Aenc1111c nocneAHllX B AeJJbTODblX OTJIO>Ke-
HHRX MO>KCT Bb138aTb 06pasona1111e HeOOJlbWllX rpR3eBblX conoK (mud
lumps). KaK 9TO Ha6nlOA8CTCR, 11anp11Mcp, 8 .nenbre Mucc11c11m1
(Crcdncr (IOI], crp. 18-19).
228
LlnR TOro •IT06bl OOK333Tb H3MCH'lllBOCTb ACJlbTOBblX OTJIO>Ke1111i1
., 8CpTllK3JlbHOM 11anpanne111111, T. c. 80 8pCMCHll, a 3TO MO>KCT cny-
JK llTb M3TCpllaJTOM AJIR BblRCHeHHR 11crop1111 pa3BllTHSI ,[leJlbTbl B 113·
~ICllRIOUlllXCR Il3311MOOTHOWeHHRX AHH3MllKll peKH II MOpR, npuee.n,y
DblJICP>KKy 113 K1111ru H. B. CaMoi111ooa cYcTbR peK>. Pe'lb llACT o
.D.CJt bTe peKll M11cc11c11n11. cnepoaR rnyooKaR (190 M) CKBa>KuHa,
npo6ypcnHaR 3.!lCCh 5cHeAllKTOM n 1854 r., Aana pC3ynbT3Tbl, nocny-
w 11ew11e Ha MllOrlle fOAbl MaTep113JIOM AJIR noneMllKll MC>KAY re0.10·
raM11. B Hei1 - 36 'lepeJ108aH11il cnoe8 rn11H1>1 11 necKa, 'lCTblpc nHrnu-
TOnblx CJTOR, HCKOTOpblC c KOpHRMH paCTCHHH, H WCCTb paKyWe'IHblX
c.1oea. Ca&1b11i H11>KH11i1 m111111TOB1>1ft CJIOlt o 162 •1 OT noocpXHocrn;
T3KOll >Ke CJ!Oil Ha rny61111e 45 M co11ep>Kan KeApOBbllt CTBOll c TOH·
xu~rn CJIORMu KpeM11e80ro DClllCCT8a. H epa3no>K118w11ecR K1mapuco-
llblC DHll llCPCAKO BCTpe'lalOTCR np11 6ypeHHH B 3THX pailoHax II TC-
ncpb, npll'lCM llCKOTOpble H3 HHX Ha 3,5 M Hll>Ke yp08HR MOpR. Pa-
KYWC'lllblC CJIOll, 06UlCll MOUlHOCTblO 4 M, llMCJIH B paSJlll'IHblX 'l3CTIIX
CUllThl MOpCKlte II npecHOBOAHblC paK)'WKll. BoceMH8AU3Tb CJIOCB rnu-
Hbl, 06Uleii MOUlllOCTblO 80 M, llMeJIH TOJIW,HHbl 5-12 M» ((69),
crp. 487). LlaHHbli'i pa3pes rooopHT o TOM, 'lTO pasourne AeJlbTbl M11c-
c11c1m11 npOTCKano 8 YCJI08HRX O'lCHb AJIHTeJlbHOfO, XOTR, n0-811AllMO·
My, npcpbIBllCTOro onycKa1111n 3CMllOft KOpbl B 06nacn1 ACJlbTbl.
MolllHOCTb JleJlbTOOblX OTJTO>KCHl!lt MO>KCT 6b!Tb BeChMa 3H3'1HTCJlb·
.!!Oi't. B Ae.ibTC H11na 6ypoean CKBa>K11Ha y 3aracnra Ha rny611He 105 M
(97 M Hll>KC YPODHR MOpn) elJ.le He ,llOCTHrJla CK3JlllCTOfO .~O}Ka. Ll1111
.,(J.CJlbTbl p. no (11T3JlllR) MOUlHOCTb JieJJhT08blX 0C3AK08 YCT3HODJ1Clla
n J 73 M. Bnpo<teM uc nccrna yAaeTCll c TO'lHOCTblO ycrattonttTb rpam1-
LlY MC>K.ny 'IHCTO MOpCKHMH II pe'IHblMll OTJIO>KeHllRMll.
06pa30B3HllC JleJlbTbl MO>KCT npOHCXOJlHTb llllYMR pa3.111'1Hb!Mll
nyrnMll B 33Il11CllMOCTll OT xapaKTepa no6epC>KbR H OT MeCTa 8nane-
HllR peK11. Ecn11 peKa, KaK sro •1acTo 6bIB8eT, 8na.naCT e rny6oKo
.e:~alOtllylOCR u cywy 6yxry llJlll 3311118, TO pOCT AeJlbTbl MOIKCT OKa-
3aTbCR c caMoro Ha'lana orpa1111'leHHblM san11paiomei1 6yxry Kocoi1
11.lH ncpCCblnblO, OTJleJIRIOWCil cc OT OTKpblTOro MOpR. CTOK PC'lHblX
J!Oll B Mope npollCXOAllT TOr,lla, "Ka K Mbl y>t<e BHACJIH, 'lCpes OllllH HJIH
11CCKOJ1bKO Y3K11x npOTOKoB u nepccbln11. Pe<tHble ocaAKll npu TaKl1x
~ CJ!Olllll!X llO'lTll HC 8blHOCRTCR 3a npCAeJ!bl cnoKOHHblX DOA naryHbl
llJlll BblllOCRTCR 8 orpaHH'leHHOM KOJIH'ICCTBe OTJl118Hb1M TC'lCllHCM Ha
no6epe>K1>11x, HMeJOlllHX np1111118bl. OcaAKll sanonilll!OT o nepoyio o'le-
PeJlb caMy nary11y. 3an011HCH11c 11.nCT TaK1tM o6p330M, 'lTO pa11bwe
8Cero npcopawaCTCR B 11113MCHHYIO, 'laCTO 3a6ono'leHH)"IO cywy fOJI08·
113R 'l8CTb 6yXTbl, T. c. npOKCllM3JlbH3R no OTHOWeHHIO K }'CTblO peK11
KllC OCTpo8a, KOTOpble nOCTCOCHHO Y8CJIH'lH8alOTCR 8 pa3Nepax II B
'lHCJIC, CJlllBalOTCR Me>KAY co6oi1, II Ha 3TOil o6p33ylOUlCHCll y>Ke
cnnowHol\ cywe nOCTenCHHO <l>opM11pyCTCR 113 OCTaTK08 npOJTllB08
Me>KAY oCTpOBaMll npalll!JlbHOe JlllHCi!HOe pyCJIO peKH IL~H PRA pycen.
B TO BpCMll KaK 8HyTpe1111RR <1aCTb naryttbl y>Ke npenpaTHJ1acb 8 cy-
Jlly, BO nHewHei1 •1aCT11 nary11bl, 6n11>1<altmeii K Mopio, noAHaR nooepx-
229
HOCTb MO>KeT ewe 33HllM3Tb 3H3'1HTeJlbHble npoCTpaHCTB3 H npco6JJa-
Jl3Tb no flJJOlUaJl.H H3Jl HaHOCHbllllH OCTpOB3MI!. Ho H 3TH '13CTI! JJary·
Jib! nocTCnCHHO 3anOJ1HH!OTCll. TioKa T3Kl!M o6pa30M BCH JlaryHa He
npespaTHTbCll !J cywy, pcKa He MO>KCT Bb!JlBllHYTb CBOIO )leJlbTY 3&
npeJlCJJbl o6pa3oBaHHOH Mope111 nepecbm11. TaKy10 JleJlbTY peKH c 6J10·
KHponaHHblM ycTbeM, pocT KOTOpoi:i c caMoro Ha'la~a orpamt'leH Ha-
J!H'IHeM ncpecbmH, KpeJlHCp (WI] Haaaa.n Jl e JI b To 11 s an o JI 11cH11 P.-
(Ausfiillungsdelta). •
6oJ1bw y10 poJ1b npH npenpawe111111 B cywy o6McnenwcH -(ncnCJl-
cTBue o6pa30B3Hl!ll )leJJbTOBOH no)lBO,l(HOH OJ13T¢opMb1) JlaryHbl 11rpa-
eT 6onOTHall pacTHTeJJbHOCTb, 0611J1bl!O pa3BllB3!0Ul311CR npH onpec·
11e111111 80,l(bl J1aryHbl pCKOH (B ycnomrnx yMcpeHHblX WHPOT H B Mo·
pllx HC HMe!OLUllX npHJIHBOB). nollBJlllllCb ncpno11a'laJ1bHO Ha 60JJee
MeJJ.KHX MCCTax B BH.ne sapOCJleil TpOCTHHKa, Kym (Thypha). OCOK
(Carex) 11 Jlpyrnx 60JJOTHbtX pacTe1111ii, 3Ta pacTHTe.nbHOCTb cnoco6·
CTByeT J1y<1weMy aa.nep>Ka111110 H 60J1ee 6blc-rpoMy HaKonne111110 3,neCb·
OC3JlKOB, a KPOMC Toro II ca~m OTMltpa!OutHe '13CTll paCTCHHH ,na!O~
MaTepiiaJJ (Top¢) ,nJIH nonb1we11H11 )lHa J1aryH1>1. B npcllcnax TponH
'ICCKOH 30Hbl TaKy!O >Ke ponb Hrpa!OT 33p0CJJH MaHrpon c HX lllHOro·
'IHCneHHb!MH JlblX3TeJJbHblMI! KOpHllM11. 3TH 3apocnH, o6HJlbHO pas·
Bl18310Ulllecll 11a H1!31\!eHHblX aKKYMYJlllTHBHb!X 6epcrax BJla>KHblX It
Ce30HHOBJJa>KHblX TponHKOB, 06paaonaHbl HCMHOrl!MH BHJl3MH JlCpeBb·
ea cnoco6HblX ncpeHOCHTb c11nbHble KOne6a111111 a M11Hcpan113aum1
BO~b! H3CbllU310lUel1 60JJOTllCTblll rpyHT: BO npC~!SI npHJJ'!_BOB OHH
33JIH~3!0TCll coneHOll ll!OpCKOH BOJlOH, BO apeMR nonoBOJIHll peK -
npeCHOH pe'IHOH eo.noli.
XopowHM np 11111 epo 111 JlCJJbTbt 3anonHeHH11, ttaxo.nHmciic11 B cTa,nHK
eme He3aKOH'ICHHOl'O cpop11111ponaHHll, MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb ,l(eJlbTa pc~5"1
Ky6aHH KOTOPOH 6blJl3 noCBlll.l.lCHa pa6oTa H. 51. naHHJleSCKOfO . Dp11 TipO'IHX paBHblX yCJIOBHllX Te peKH, KOTOpble npHHOCllT K CBOCl\ly
Ky6aHc~a 11 JleJJbTa o6paaosanacb Ha 111ecre rny6oKo e)lanaaweroc~
8 cywy (llo r. KpacHoJlapa) 3an11aa AsoacKoro ~:op11. Ee aana.nttall.
qacTb, ne>Kama 11 HCnocpe.ncn1eHHO nosaJlH nec'laH011 nepecblnH, H cei1·.
'13C emc npeJlCTaBJJlleT na611p11HT 03CP·JJHM3HOB II COCJlHHll!OLUHX HX:
111e>K.ny co6oli H c MOpCM npOTOKOB - «CpHKOB» 111e>KJlY HH3MCHHbllllll
yqaCTK3111H 6onoTHCTOH cyw11, nopocmeii UeJlbll\IH neca11111 Bb!COKHX:
TpoCTHHKOB. 3To «nJlaBHH» peKH Ky6aHH.
B aTOi't >Ke CTal!lm pa3BHTHll ttaxOJlllTCll JlCJJbTb! lllHOfHX pcK, nna-
)la!OLUHX n 6anTttilcKoe 111ope (Ollcp, BHcna, HeMaH).
PeKa c 6nOKHposaHHb!M 111opcKHMH aKKyMy.rmTHBttb!MH o6pasoea··
HHllMH yCTbCM He o6ll33TCJJbHO IJll3Jl3CT B rOJJOBHYIO '13CTb 6yxTb! HJlH·
33JIHB3 sanepToro 3THM 06pasosa1111eM. I1HOfll3 T3K3ll peKa H~eeT
ycTbC ~a 6epcry, y>Ke nblpaBHCHHOlll n npouecce cro pa3BHTHll. aK,
eKa CeHeraJ1 Ha 3anaJlHOM no6epe>Kbe A¢p11K11, no)lXOJlSJ K 6epery
~ ropo.na CaH-J1y11, H3JIHB3CT CBOll BOJlb! B )lJJHHHYIO ~aryHHYIO nono:
cy OTJlCJJCHHy!O OT ATJJ3HTH'ICCKoro OKeaHa rnraHTCKOH no nporn>KeH
H~TH 6ep6CpHHCKOH OCC'laHoi't KOCOH. BnHBallCb B 3TY J1ary11uy10 no·
nocy, peKa nonopa•rnsaeT Ha 10r, npOTeKall orpo~rnoe paccTOllHHe:
230
llapanneJJbH O 3TOH KOCC, npe>K)le 'leM H3XOJlHT BblXOJl B OTKPblTblH
OKeaH.
3anoJ1u1rn uaueno ua11ocaMH BCIO naryuy H C<jlopM11ponan Ha ee
Teppl!TOPHll x opowo 8blpa>KeHHOe JJl!HCHHOe pycno HJIH PRJl pyccn,
OTK pbma10m11xc11 '1Cpe3 npopblBbl B nepCCblOll Henocpe)lCTBCHHO B MO-
pe, peK.a Ha"IHHaeT BblHOCHTb CBOll OCaJ:lKH 3a npCJleJJbl nepecblnH H
Bbl)lBHraCT JlCJJbTY 3a 06lllYIO JlllHH!O no6epelKbll. 3)lCCb ee pOCT MO-
.>KCT 6b1Tb orpaHH4eH JIHWb pa3pyWHTCJJbHb!M )leHCTBllCM np116011 II
TC'ICHHH. TaKylO Bbt,na10iuy10C!l B Mope 3a 0611.tyJO JJl!H11IO 6epera AeJlb·
Ty MO>KHO Ha3B3Tb B bl AB II H y T 0 H .n en b T 0 ii (hervorgcschobencs
Delta, no Kpe)lttepy). np11Mcpa11111 ,nenbT 3TOro THna MoryT cny>KHTb
AeJJbTbl XyaHx3, 5IHU3bt, M11cc11c11n11, Kyp1>1 11 .np.
Ecm1 3TOT BTOpoii THn 1(Bbl)lBllHyTaH .llCJibTa) B OT.llCJlbHblX CJ1y-
q a11x MO>KCT llBJJllTbCll 60.llce nOJJ:lHCH CTa.llHCH pa3BllTHSI JlCJlbT nep-
.noro nma (JICJJbT 3anoJ1HCH1tS!). TO B llPYrHX CJly'la!lx OH MO>KeT 6b!Tb
11epn11'IHblM. 3To 6brnaeT Tor)la, KOrJla peKa c caMoro Ha'lana sna)la·
.na ue e KaKy!O-J11160 6yxry, a 11a ponHoM y'laCTKe 6epera Henocpell·
CTBeHHO B Mope II fJlC KJIHMaTH'leCKHe H fH.!l;po.n11HaM!fllCCKHe ycnOBl!ll
llCl<JJIO'l.aJIH B03MO>KHOCTb o6pa30BaHHll KaKHX·JIHOO np116pe>KHb!X 3K·
KYMYJJllTHBHb!X 06pa3ona11111i.
0 p.a3Mepax JleJJbTOBblX paBHHH, 06 llX Mop¢onom'lecKHX oco6eH·
llOCTS!X H HX X03SJHCTBCHHOM HCllOJlb30BaHHH y>KC 6b1JIO CK333HO B X
fJlaae II TOMa 3TOH KHHrH, H Ha 3TllX eonpocax Mb! 3JlCCb OCTaHaBnH-
83TbCH uc 6yAeM. H11>Ke Mbl paccMOTPHM Gonce nOJlp06Ho nHWb ¢op-
Mb! )le.n bT B TIJlaHe, llOCKOJJbKY 01111 onpeJlCJlllJOT co6oii O'lepT3HHe 6e-
:pcroBblX JIHHllH, a TaK>KC yC.lJOBllll pocTa )lCJlbT B 3aBHCHMOCTl1 OT
BJJHllHHH p33JtH'IHblX JlCHCTBYIOIUllX npH 3TOM lj>3KTOpOB.
113 ycnonHr1, BJIHllJOLUHX 11a pasaHT11e .nenbT, CJleJlYer npC>KJle
BCero OTMeTHTb KOJJH'ICCTBO npHHOCHMblX peKOH TBCpJlblX HaHOCOB.
YCTb!O 60JlbWe HJla H necKa, 6yJlyT 111\!CTb H 60JJbWe waHCOB o6pa-
30BaTb J!CJlbTY II 3TH ,neJlbTbl 6y.nyT pacTH 6blCTpce, •ICM y pCI( c
MeHbWHM KOJ11t<1ecrnoM uauocos. Ho 3TO emc He see. DOJlbWOe sua-
cieH11e TaK>Ke HMeeT rJ1y611ua 6accei1Ha, B KOTOpb1il nnMaer peKa. Ec-
1111 y>Ke y CaMoro 6epera Ha'IHHalOTCll 60J1bWHe rny6HHbl H K HHM
H)leT KpyToii llO)lBOJlHblH CKJIOH, TO npHHOCHll!bie peKoi! ,na>Ke O'leHb
061lJlbHble ocaJ1,K11 JlOJlroc BpeMll 6yJlyT He B COCTOHHHH noJlHllTb ,l(CJlb-
TOBY!O TIJJaT<j>OpMy ]1,0 nosepxHOCT!I BO.l(bl H 6yJlyT YHOCllTbCll OT YCTbll
·BOJ1HaM:11 11 Te'ICHHllMH. Xopow11M np11111epoM 3Toro 11nJ1eH1111 Mo>KeT
cny>KHTb cenepo-sana.nua11 'laCTb lfopHoMopcKoro no6epe>KbR KanKa-
sa 111e>K.Jly rencHA>KHKOM u Allnepo111. 3JleCb MHoro411cnc11Hb1c ropHbie
peKu, CTCKa10m11c c KPYTbIM naJleHHeM c KanK33CKoro xpe6Ta, 11e-
CMOTf>11 Ha o6HJlbHblH BblHOC 06JJOM04HOro 1113TCp11ana, conepwCHHO
He o6p.a 3y!OT CKOJlbKO·HH6y.nb saMeTHblX ,nenbTOBblX Bbtcrynon. Y!c-
CJJenoeaHHll noKa3blBa!OT, 'ITO llOJlBO,nHblii CKJIOH 3JlCCb 011eub KPYT (no
10- 12"') H 3Ha'lllTCJlbHbl C rny61tHbl no.nxo.n.l lT 6nH3KO I( 6epcry, a pe'I·
21b1e H3HOCbl yHOCllTCll nrny6b no.nno.nHb!M11 1<a11b0Ha11111.
Bn11111111e111 rny6nHbl 061>llCH11erc11 u TOT Kj>aKT, '!TO pocT .nenbT,
231
B Ha11anc HHorn.a o'leHb 6blCTpblli, nocTeneHHO saMen.,1rneTc11, no Mepe
Toro I<aK n.enbTa Bbl}lBHraC1'CR 8 6onec rny6oKHe SOD.bl. 3JJ.CCb, OJJ.Ha-
KO, npHXO,l(HTCR Y'lHTblBaTb 3Ha'leHHC ClllC OllHOro <j>aKTopa: B03pac-
TalOl!lec pa3pyWllTeJlbHOC JlCflCTBHC npHOOR If Te'lCHllH Ha nee BblCTy-
na10m11c a Mope 'lacrn no6epe>Kbll. TaM, rn.e en.onb 6epera npoxon.11T a
6nlf3KOM OT Hero paCCTO!IHHll CTpy11 CHJlhHOrO TC'ICHH!!, OHa MO>KeT
pa3Mbl8aTb H YHOCl!Tb }leJibTOBble OTJIO)KCHHR, Kai< 6bl cpesaR nocro-
!IHHO pacrymyIO n.e.1bry H He n.aBaR el\ B03M0)KHOCTH 3Ha'lllTeJibH()
BblD.DHHYTbC!! 3a 06my10 nu11n10 6epera. Ecn11 TaKoe eblcrynaHHe D.CJlh·
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HO CHJlbHO 6ny>Kn.a10wei1 H BCTBRWCi'ICR B npeD.e.nax l!eJJbTbl. Dpll'lHHbl
n.po611cHn11 pe1<n B npencnax .ncnbTbl Ha py1<aaa 6blnH y>Ke y1<asanbt
Ha CTp. 298 II TOMa 3TOH KHHfH.
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Ta 11 <j>opMy D.eJibT MO>KHO Hafir11 Ha Kaa1<asc1<0M no6cpC>Kbe Kac-
nmicKoro MOpll. B cpeD.HCH 'laCTll 3TOro MOPR crpy11 11a116onee CHJ1b-
11oro TC'le111111, 1111ywa11 BD.Onb 3ana.v_Horo no6epe>Kbll c ccBcpa Ha 10r.
npoxon.111 Ha w11porc .L1.ep6e11ra 6ntt3KO K 6epery. K 10ry OTCIOn.a npo-
rnnmacrc11 B BllD.C WHPOKOi'l (n.o 25-30 KM) np116pe>KHOH HH3MCHHO·
cr11 cno>1<Ha11 n.CnbTa p. CaMypa 11 uenoro pnn.a n.pyrnx MeHbWHX
peK, cre1<a10m.11x c BOCTO'IHOH 'laCT11 Bo.nbworo KanKa3a. OM1>maeMa11
yKaSaHHblM TC'lCHllCM ACJlbTa 3Ta JlllWb cna6o BbID,aeTC!I sa o6iu.yl0·
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nyocrpoBa OT6HBaCT crpylO 6bICTporo Te'ICHllll K BOCTOKy, np11'leM OHO.
pacwenn11CTC11: 'laCTb HanpaBJIRCTCR B 60JlbWCM yn.aneHHH OT 6epcra.
.n.ance Ha 10r - B IO>KHblli Kacn11li, .v_pyra11 'laCTb noaopa'lHBaer npn-
MO Ha BOCTOK, K BOCTO'lHOMy 6epery MOpR. B npocrpaHCTBe Me>K.ny An-
wcpoHCKllM nOJJyocrpoBOM H yCTbeM Kypbl BOSHHKaeT MeCTH3R unp-
KYJlllUHll BOD. aHTHUHKJIOHanbHoro xapa1<repa c 'laCTH'lHblM nepeMe-
uteHneM son K ceBepy. B6nnsu 1<an1<asc1<oro 6epera TC'leH1rn, no·Bnn.n-
MOMy, cna6blC Jl HenocTOllHHble. B CBR3H c 3TllM ana.v_a10wa11 Ha 3TOM
y<JacrKe 6epera B Kacnuii p. Kypa Morna 06pa3onarb pa3BCTBnCHHYIO
nonacTHYIO D.eJJbry, naneKo B1>1CTyna10wy10 a Mope.
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aarb cc pocry Moryr, DO·BllD.HMOMy, TOJlbKO 6onee CUJlbHble Te'lCHl!ll,
rorn.a !<3K cna6ble, no MHCHHIO HeKOTOpblX reorpa¢oa. B OT}leJibHblX
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OTJIO>KeHHIO ocaD.KOB y caMoro 6epera II He D.aBaR HM YHOCHTbCR a.
6once rny60KHe BOAbl. TaK<>e RBJICHHe HMeeT MeCTO, HanpHMep. H:C
232
Gcperax ceaepuoii 11acTH An.pttaT11<Jec1<oro MOpR Me>KD.y Tp11ecTcK1m
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ra1<oe 6naronpnRTHOe }lJlll pocra AeJibT 8JIHllHHC TC'lCHHH H36JIIOD.aeT-
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(Cred ner (101). CTP. 56).
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nacrelt c HX pycnaMH H TeM caMblM Ha <jlopMe nceil }lCJibTbl B UCJIOM.
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npOXO;J.HT Te'leHHe c CeBepa Ha 10r, Ha6nJOAaCTCR noCTCDCHHOC CMe-
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Bbl<i 3i'.tHOH 6bCCTpOTOil - B cpe.n.HeM Ha 54 M B ron. (Credner [IOI].
crp. 53).
0TMeTHM, 11a1<011eu, BJIHllHHe Ha pa3BHTl1e D.eJibT D.Bll>KeHHii seM-
HOH KOpbl, HaXOD.llUlHX Bblpa>KeHne B DOJIO>KllTeJibHblX H orpnuaTCJTb•
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ypaBHOBew11aaerc11 OTJIO>KCHlleM HOBblX ocan.KOB. <l>aKTbl D01lTBep>K-
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coopy>KCHHH, o6Hapy>KHBaeMbCe DOA BOD.OH no 01<pa11HaM D.eJJbTbl Hu-
J!a, CBHD.eTC.%CTB)'IOT 0 MeAJICHHOM onycKaHHll scero no6epe>Kb!I.
B cBH3n c STUM JJ.CJlbTa H11n a y>Ke n.aBHO npc1<parnna ceoil nanbHeit·
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no c.10BaM 0. ncwenn, npocTpaucrna, no1<pb1Tb!C ce1!11ac .~aryHHblMH
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All8WHX 3D.eCb py1<asoa HHna. ewe MO>KHO 6blno pa3nmmrb non so·
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TeJJbHOMy onyct<aHHIO, KaK 6blJIO y>Ke yKa3aHO, non.sep>KCH3 .D.eJlbTa
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233
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noo6pa3HblM BblCrynoM, 11anp11Mep ACJJbTa p . T116pa B Tamm
YPOBHR MOpll , 6yJJ.}"lll 3aUUlll.lCHa OT ero DTOp)l(CHllll llCKyCCTlleHHblMK
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peKll II a CCTb paJJ.llaJJbHO paCXO,lllllllHXCR pyKaBOB H npOTOKOB Il~bT3
noJJ.ttS1T11e cyw11 11ao6opoT non)l(HO cnoco6croo11aTb ycKope111no
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pocra JJ.CJlbTOBblX 06pa3ona1mi1, Bbl3b1Ba!I 01>1crynam1e tta noacpx-
noro B O'ICpTBHllH Bblcryna, 1111orna no KpalO WHpOKOJJOnaCTMOro, np11·
'ICM l<alKJl.3R .~onaCTb COOTBCT·
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c 11n1>111>1\1 11 np11n11ua~111. TO 6yx-
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6cpera, no npe.11CTaon11JOT no-
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cne;i11cro T11na MOlKe'I' CJ1y>K11T1>
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..ncc 003ei.1we11111>1c y11acTKll 33·
ro11nc11111>1x np11pycnon1>1x U3JJOB
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MllOfOKp3TllO ncpCCT P311638·
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) '13CTKOB JlCJlbTbl.
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B pC3yJlbT3TC BeTBJlellltR II
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235
234
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oco6e11110 BblCOKllX naBOJlK3X 1111or)l.a npopb183CTC!l 'ICPC3 3Tll B3Jlbl II
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llX B 03Cpa. np11 cna)lC nauOJ11(3 B0.1(3 He MO>KCT CTC'lb o6paTllO B PC·
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)laJIOCb HCOJlHOKpaTHO o JlCJlbTC p. TcpcKa Ha Kan1<ase.
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nepe'lllCJICHHblX 03CP ,UeJlbTOBblC OTJlO>KCHllff 33!10Jlll11Jlll JlllWb '13CTb
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311C I) llJIOCKllit, MOllOTOHHblrt na11.u111a<1>r )lCJlbTbl (puc. 58).

237
Pnc. 57. .llCJJ~T8 raura It 6p3XNftO)'TPLI (no H. B. ca .. onnouy)

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llM11ep8TOpOD, B H8CTOllll1ee epeMll ()1'CTOHT OT MOP!I 118 35 KM. ,ll.peB-
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CKOJtbKO JleC!ITKOB JIC'f. Dp11 3TOM CJJeJlyCT p8!MH'!8Tb 0611111i1 npupOCT
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I A p x a II re.nu c KHA A. .u. reonorwqec1rne HCC:"i(?J\OBaHHM B Hll30CblUC.
p. AM\ Jlapb1t . cTp. r.1. rconoro•pa3Ut'A- ynpAon. BCHX CCCP,., 1931, obln. 12.
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M3A·llO AH CCCP, 1958, crp. 35.
239
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240
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lleTPbl c OKC8118 118 38118,llllbJX 6eperax M8Tepm<Oll 8 30lle yr.!CpCllllblX
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COOTDeTCTB}'IOlltCC cro MOutHOCTll. BCTpoeoil OOTOK llC ocer11a nony•1a·
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6.1HlKai'iWCM DblCOKOM np11n1111e. 4amc >KC DblllOC necKa c 11J!Hit<8 OCT·
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noc.qe,n1111e npe.ncTaMlllOT oanoo6pa3Hble rp11.11bl, eblTllllyYble napan·
nenbRO 6eperoeoi1 n11111111 11 npe,ncTaBJJJ110ut11e cKonne1111J1 necKa, 06) C·
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no.n Toniuei1 sononoro necKa 6cpcroso1 o Ba.na MOlKCT 6b1Tb o6napy·
>Ke110 no 1rnoi1, •1eM y 3onoeoro nna111a, CTPYKType cno11cTocT11.
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241
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mus arenarius, nccKonJ06 Ammopllila ar~aria, llgropyrum junce-
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K)'CTllKOB 11a3natlllb1X pacTeHllil o6p33}'JOTCSI CKOnnellHSI necKa B enne
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TblM, KaK 11 nonnerpe11111>1i1.
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nocllCJlllSISI lleCl<OllbKO H300~11lH3eT 6apxaH 8pll/lHblX 06JJ3CTe11, 110
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llbl 8 CTOpony, OTl<Yl!3 JJ.yCT eerep. HnorJJ.a Cl!JlbHO Bb!TRHYBW3RCR B
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242
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243
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244
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245
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•1epC3 fllJIPOClJ>Cp} (llllTCllCllOllOCTb BOmlODblX .ll.Bll>Ke1111il MOpCKOil
DOAbl, npco6.1a:i_atomce 11anpae.1CH11e no.nxo,11,a K 6epery no.111. eoo-
1111K11one1111e .11pe1u~oo1>1x n;10J11>6cperoowx Te4e1111il).
7. <I>aKTOP BpCMellH, onpeneJ1f1!0Ulllr1 CT3)11110 pa3BllTll SI Toro HJlll
1111oro T1m3 6epera. Bee ::1111 lj>aKTopbl o pa3JJll4Hblx napuanT3X cuoero·
npOHDJICHllll II B pa3JllllJHblX CO'ICT31111SIX .npyr c Jlpyroai MOf)'T C03J\3·
03Tb 6ecK01:e411oc MopQ>OJJorn•1ecKOC p3a11oo6p3311c n 06J111Ke 6eperoe.
KaK 6bl110 } A<e· CK33ano. 1<n3cc111j>11Kau11H, nocTpoeH H3H 11a reHc-
Tll4ec1<0M np11111~1111c, .110.1>K113 0Tpa;1<aTb ypouenb 11aw11x J ll3HH ii o
npo11CXO>KJICllllll, ,[lllll3Ml!Ke II 33KQll3X paJOllTllll KJ18CC11<j)11u11pyeMblX
06'i.c1<1 on. LJ eM r.iy6>Ke 11 coocpwe1111ee 3Tll 3113HllR, TeM cooepwe11-
11ee 6y.neT II llX KJl3CCl!lJ>llK3U111l, TCM non11ce OH3 6y.neT OXB3Tb188Tb
nee t136.~10J1at0weecR e npupo.n.e ux pa311006pa311e. EcrCCTne11110 no-
nor.:), 'ITO 11a1160.1ee pa111111e nont.1TK11 co3J18 1111R K11acc111j>11K8Ut111 6e-
peron, OCHOBblD30UIHeCR 118 llC)IOCT3TO'l ll h1X e1ne 3H311Hl1X, CTpa.naJJH
cy1ueCTBCHHb1MH 11enoc-raT1<aM11: MHo rue ocrpc•1a10u.u1ec11 lj>opMbl 11 Tll·
llbl ne 113XO.ll11Jlll ce6e B llHX MCCT8 HJlll c 0)111H 3KOOblM npanOM MOrn11
6b1Tb llOMCUlCHbl D p3311blC '13CTll K.13CCll<)>llK3U1111 llJlll, H8l<OHCU,
ljlopMbl, reHC311C KOTOpb!X OCT8B8J!Cll HCSIClllAM, DblllC.~RJlllCb no 'lHCTO•
Moplj>onont'lecKll M np113H 3K8M. T aK, o o.n11oi1 113 p3mmx K.18cc11<)>11-
Kau1111 6cperou, npc,11,no>Ke1111011 ll 1901 r. <I>. P11xTro<j)e110M [160), ae-
TOp Jl8CT Tpll l<Jl8CC11<j)lll<8U1111. nep nasi HJ llllX, <111CTO MOpQ>orpa<j)114 C·
Cl(811, OCllOBbl88CTCR Ha <j)opMC eepT11K8Jll>llOrO nonepC'IHOrO npolj>11m 1
no6cpe>Kbll. B 3TOM ornowe111111 P11 xTroc)>e11 pa3Jl11q3eT:
I) xpynie 6cpcra, o6p1>1e>10lllHCC• CKat.HCT\IN )M')110" 11cnorp<J1CTee1Ho K.
NOPIO ~ 6"3 3H&•HTCllbHOro >WJONI np<><1mnM npoAOMKalOUlHCCR noA ) poee»i. " OP•
(uanpHMep, 6cpera cjrnop.aou); '2) Cicpcra c MOCkHM mrpa11.aoN 11 r.e:r«&UlllM sa mtN
Kp)'TblM )CT)110N, .ao KOroporo, 01\ll&KO, AOCrn racT npnntte; 3) Cicpcra c WH PO•Oil
6cpcroeorc paeH1111or1 y non11olt<M>1 Kpy1oro o6p•rna, AO •oToporo uona 11e Aoxo;ucr
ABll<C no epuut raMblX uwco•Hx np11n11oou: $1'0T rnn Cicpcros u031111KaCT npH 0Tp11-
U8TC/lbt10M ncpcMCUlCUHH 6epcroeoit nHHHll; 4) llH3MCllHble 6epera, co•ietanwe HH3KOfl
cywH " wer.Koro Mop• •
247
 Kau1110 pRll llOBblX MOMCl!TOB, KOTOpble He )"'111Tb1B81111Cb B pauee np11-
BTopa11 K.~accm)>HK31l11R PnxTro$eHa oc11ooblnaeTc11 11a crp) KT) pe BCACHHblX. npell<JJ.e acero 011 pa3.i11~aeT 6epera no crcneH11 1111rpec-
(TCKTOHllKC) C}"WH. no !;TOH K.~8CCH<jJllK8UllH Bbll\eJIRIOTCR 5 TllnOB: c 1111 MOpfl. npcJJ.CT3BllM ce6C, 'lTO C) JUa IJDJ111CTCl1 CKJ18J\48TOJI 30110ii~
I) npOAon•11~e Clepera; 2) nonepc•1111>1c. A11aroHanhH1>1e; 3) aoruyTblC liepcra no cocro11weri 113 pRna napannenbHblX rop11blx uenell 11 npoll.OJlbllblX no-
!<pa>l\I 6acce1mou <TI)CK31111R 112 B11yrpc1meA CTOPOHC CIUllA••Tb<X rop (uanpMMCp .11111, npo-rnr11s a10w11xc11 napannenbuO 6epcroaoi1 111111m1. E c1111 srop-
38TIIAJl()C no6epl'll<be HT8Ja1K); 4) BLICOK~• HCHTP81lbHLIC 6crcra MaTO ff CTO.'IO&bl~ ll<e1111c (1111rpecc1111) MOPS! 3axsarblnaeT T0.1bKO 40111111bl n npenenax
rnbl6oBblX crpau (Ocr-HHAH•. IOlK11~• AocTpBllMH); 5) """"'"""'• Gcpcra c pen10· 11apy1KHoro cKno11a 6n111Kaii 1uef1 K 6epcry ucnH, TO Wn10Tep 11&3bl-
ua.'Z111lblM pa381tTllCM.
oacT 3TO 1111rpecc11eil ncpsoil cTene1rn; ecn11 1111rpPcc11R npo1111Kaer
TpCTbR K.1accH<j>11Kau1111 P11xTro<j>e11a 111JeeT n suJJ.y p a3mP1Hbl1) xa- '1Cpe3 S'T)" nepeJ:lOD) IO Ueflb B Jle)KaUl) IO 3a HCii npo.n0.1bHYIO JlOllllllY.
paKTep H npOllCXOlKJJ.ellllC pac~JleHeHHR 6eperon OOJ:l DJI HSIHllCM TCX rJJ.e ronOBll81l \18CTb 11Hrpecc110HHO(I 6yXTbl 3aru6aeTCR nOJJ. npflMblM
HJlll 11.pyrnx DJallMOJlCi1CTDHii DO!lbl II C) UJH. 3nccb P 11xTro<)>en Bbll\C- y rnOM B onny llJlll D o6e CTOPOllbl {MOJIOTOOUp83HblC 6yxrw). TOfJJ.a
JIHCT c.nc11y10m11c rnao11cilw11c rpynn1i1 : MO>KHO rooopHTb 06 1111rpecc 1111 0Topo1"1 CTene1111; ecnH 1111rpecc11fl pac-
A. T11m>1 6epcroo. AMoio;uueco peJy.llbTl!TOM 11aCT)na1111• wopo ua cywy 11 erop- npocr pa1111erc11 11a pRJJ. uenei1 - 3TO 6yJJ.er 1111rpecc1111 TpeTbCii CTe-
>KCHllA MOpR B OTpKU8TCJlbllbtC sneMeJITbl ee per.•<<!>•: n eHH. Ecn11, 11aK011cu, m1rpecc1111 3axn&Tb1BaeT sc10 cKJ1a.ll'l&Ty10 30HY
I) <j>11optlOTiblC 6epcra 1; BO BCIO cc UlllPHll)' H npo1111KaeT B .1e1K8UlYKl 38 HCll o()J18CTb c llHOil
2) Jl8.1M8TllllCKlll'I nm: cTpyicrypoi1, TO no W.q10Tep 11aJblnaer neprpecc11eit. KaK •1acTHblli
3) ~H8COULlil THTI;
4) 1111wa111t~n nm.. cnyqaii neprpecc1111 MO>KllO p8CCM8TPHB3Tb TOT, KOrAa no T)" cropony
6. T11nw 6eperoo, o6ycr.oOJ:CHHble np11•.1eHe11Hc K KOpeHllOMY 6el"'ry Ha11oc11oil cy· Cl<J18JJ.'18TOii 30llbl CllOBa npOCTllpaeTCR MOpc: TOfJJ.3 MO)f(HO rooopHTb
wn o pa311ux crencm1x pa3ett1101: o •leno•11<ax ocrponoo, p83JJ.CJICHHblX npom1oaM11.
5) MllllOKHT8 RCKHit
6) 11arymu.11rr THn;
nm: c no.~HblM OCllOD8HHCM W11mep BDO;J.HT I) CDOIO KJ13CCll<j>HK8UlllO
7) reHaHCKllA THn; K&K JJ.H<j><j>epe111111py10wHi1 <j>&KTOP K.~11MaT. M1i1 y>Ke 3 11aeM, KaKOC
8 ) naTarouC'KHH THO; am1RH11e 01<a3b1Daer na pac~11e11e1111ocTb cywn K.quM&T, a ,,-a pac-
9 ) 6cp<ra c umpo1wl1 6cpero11011 pae111utoi1 ( nMota eucT\ n11nwcro 113 BOil"' •111c11eHHOCTb 11axoJJ.11T ce6e sblpa>Ke1111e a Tiiiie 6epcroe np11 1mrpec-
~g~ .C:;'f.''uatenhl!OM nepeMc111e11H11 Gcperoeoft 1111111m MOPCK01 o A•ia - M eeresgrund·
1 IQ) nupauHtnH"e 6cpera (Ausglcichl.iislen)
c 1111 iiopR . Ha 6eperax 06.llacrei1 c ap11JJ.HblM KJIHM8TOM •1acTo c oaep-
we11110 OTC}'TCTBYIOT pcKH, a CJ!CJJ.ODaTeJJbHO, II J:lellbTbl. HeKOTOpble
B. 1>1 rera c MCCTHblK &11HS1HHtw na MX paC:QJle11u111e pa3.1H1.&Hti1~ ¢>ax1opoe: TUnbl 6eperos cTpOl 0 npuypo'ICllbl K onpe/tCJTCHHblM KJIHM8Tlt'fCCKHM
11) 6cperu c pa3JIH•Ulbl.Mll eynKBllHl.tCCKHM.U o6pf.3088HllAMH; 30HaM, 11anpmrnp Kopannoo1i1e 6cpera - K TponH1<8M, 6epera c Toil-
12) 6cpc1 a c pac.nc11e1111eM, o6yc..10s.1e1111blM 11eoA1111aKoeoii 1ecp;iocTb10 r .a· Ul&NH JICKOnaeMOfO JlbJJ.8 llJ! H npeJJ.CT8BJIRKlWl\e JleJJ.llHble o6pb1Dbl Ma·
.raioui11' rop11hlx nopoA;
13) 6cpera c KopaMO&blMH nOCTpoAKaMH TepHKOBOro n e111111Ka - K CTp8H8M XOJIOJ:lHOro non11p11oro IUlllM8T8.
Ha1<0He1~. Wn10Tep y•mTblBaeT TalOKe paJJ11t'IHoe BOJJJ.elicroue
3. Jl.\aprOllll f 1461 JJ.3eT ('1C.'.1.}'IOUl) 10 K.~aCCll<)>llK8l\lllO 6eperOB:
MOpR, pa3m1q11R 6cpera c np11n11naM11 11 6e3 np11111100B. Mb• npuBOJJ.HM
J. n noCKHC Cicpcra (6epcrODLIC paUHllllbl): 34ecb KJ1acc11c)>11KaUH10 W.q10Tepa no.q110CTbKl BMecTe c np11MepaMH.
I) THn Jl\sp11.1CH.na (llOCTOo<Hoc noOe.pell<~ CLUA).
2) •. 3T}lllllaA THn: nbl.lle.'1ReMblX HM THnoa 6eperoo.
3) THn •wap!I» (IYr'' des Marais) noeit:pc,.1111 <l>p211u11H """ ..1ap111ceur Cic·
ern fepMaHHH Ii fonn3HJ\Jllt. K11accM<j>11•&llM• 6epcroa, no O. Ul1110Tepy
fI bcpcr a c1U18A•8ThlX o6nacrer.:
4) A3JIMITHHCKHii THO;
Kope1111 we 6ep era (Kcmkiislen)
5) <j>HHHCTCptKHi< THTI (38TI8AHLlfl 6eper nonyOCTpoBI 6peT81111); I . H11rpeccHoH11ue 6epera {Kope11Hble 6yxroewe 6epera) .
G) p118COUL1(1 THTI. I. HopManhnble Hnrpecc1101111ble 6cpcra (nO.oblC cj>opMLI no ceocMy npo11e<OlKJlC·
JI I. 6cpcra c<ipOCOBblX H UYJIK8 111._CCKHX o6JlaCt A: HHIO COO'fDCTCTBYIO't' coeptMClllllllM KJIHM8TMtlCCKl!M ycnOOHAM).
7) 6cpcra rpcum1, IO>t<llOn Htamrn. A. C1U18A••1wt J)1<TOUblt 6q>era (Gepera 3011 ionolt TpeTH'lnoll CJU1•A•111TOCT11).
I\. 6epcra o<W acreii upc"'' cro OlleJlClllllHM: a.. C1<naAqan:e npoAOllhHble 11 AH&l"Ollal!bHblC 6epera.
11) «1>11opAO• "e 61 per•. 1) C uttrpCCCHcH ncpoorc c1'Cfle1m. rnn «Kana•.
9) WXCfltLIC 6cpcr• IOll<llOfl <l>llllJIRllJll(ll. npHMCpbl: OTAe.llbllble Y'l8C~KH no6cpe>1<11it Cpell113CMUOrO MOPM. Operoua,
V Or11cnb11ble ocrpona: 10CT0'111bln 6cper ocrpou M111U1aHao, 10>K1<1>1i1 6cpcr ocrpoea K) 6"'~ c KOCblM pac·
II)) 8)ni(81tH•1ecKHe OCTpoea , •. CTO c UCl'(WKOo6pa •lllJM f8CllOl10A<<'HHCM); •111c11cH11ew· 3anaru<b1A 6eper nM)"OCTposa K1u111<j>opH>1K. cpeAHCC H cencpuoe no6e-
11) •OP•· •<>DblC ocrpona. pc>Kbe •fanH.
2) C 1111rpecc110M11 aropoii cnne1111 (<iepcra c MMOT006pas111•M11 6yxT&Mll ff T&·
l la116Mcc nera.nbHO pa3pa6or&Hll) 10 KJ1acc11<j>11Ka111110 6eperon Aan MHMH "'e 11onyocrpoo01<11) .
B 1924 r. 0. IUnlOTCP [ 166]. nocne11.1mit BBOl\llT n CBOIO 1rnacc1t<)>H- a) C Hl"311a•1111enw1uw 803.lleAcTBHCM wopH (6e3 npH.1111000). ,!laAMaTCKHA
nm (6epera .llanualU<H).
I XapaK.TCpucntKa nu' ruuou litt-TCR tmA\e.
249
248
 6) C cn.11hHhlM D03ACifCT011cw wopll (c npHllllB&MH). OpwMepy: l(an•l!><>PHHR o. BynK&JtH•CC:KHe 6cpera. Brop>Kerr11e 11opM a 6app811KOC:hl 11 a npoMC>K)'TKrt
) CaH-Cl>paHuKCKO, n cpy ) r aai<aKBHna. no6cpelt<b<' CTp2Hbl 6aCK08,
3•n8Jlllall CTOpOHa 11HAOKHT8ll, BOCTO•lllMfi 6eper l(an11C1>oprrnn. IOlt<llMA
MClt<l!)' l!P)'ll<MHMC"""""" ay11Ka11wqecKH• coopy>KCHH_!<.
11. r n!!UllanbuLlt 1111rpecc1101111b1e Clcpcra (Glatialbuchtkusten).
6ep~r l1pa11cKoro 11aropbn. A. <l>HOPl\OUblC <lcpera.
3) C 1111rpecc11eii TpeTbeA CTcneuR. Op11Mcp : )"q2CTOK no6tpclt<bR Men<;i)" Map- a. C 1111rpl'CCllCl1 ncpeor1 CTeDCHll sKapoBLIC 6cpera).
1::encM H J (uu,u,eH; npMkpblTble 118110CHblt.IH o6pa30D8HllRMH : SRtt(IAllOC noC5epe>Kbe p C 1111rpecc11cn uropoh 11 TpC1"bc11 cTcnc1111 .
HTa.11111. ti CKll8l!•8TLI< rop11b1X ttpan (npoAonbllblC ijrnop11on1>1e 6epcra; uoncpe<l'l'"c,
4) ncprpect118HblC 6cpcra. OprtMCpbl: Bcmo<:ya.ia, TpHllllAa.:t. IOlf(Hblfi 6cper KnlKeTC•, ue ectpe•&IOTCA). IOlKKOe tJ11n11, &p11Te11c•an l\onyMCl11• H A.1•c•a, op·
r a11T11, TllXOOKC811CKOC no6<.ptll<bC l(QCT8· PllKH H 0auaMbl . BCrHR K ceecp) OT bZ- c. Ill. 6 )
5) UenO<IKH oc-rpoeoo. Op11.'lcpu : Ma.n .. e AHTMni.cx11c, A11.a,aMa11cKMc ocrposa. 2) 0CT8T00Hlbl• ro(l (6on•weif •18CTblO llllJlllCl>CPCl!Tllble <j>uopl!OBblC ·~ere •
6. f!onepe..llMC CKnait•BTLIC 6epcra. OpuMcp: OOCTO'lllblrr KOll<U nwpe11ec11. np 11 BblCOkO nOAllATOK crp811C C r.1y6okHUll A0.1HH8>1H (fpcnn8HAHA, OPBCrHR
b. 6) UOBblC liepera OCT2T001Hbl• MBCCHOOB (Rumplbuchtklistcn. Rumlkusfen).
J>11acoobln Tim B WHpoKOM CMblCJ:e. "'""''h~· ~"~~~HOM l!Ol8b1Wet1HH c:rpallM " cpW1ern)1loKHX AOJ:HllU (lla6panop) .
0. .M)llbAOOblC 6epera OCT2TO'lllLIX M8CCH808 (HHJKHC). np11Mep: /l\ap611a11. 3) y CTOJIOBbl' CT"plll (neifTp811bHble Cl>HOPl\OBblC 6epera). l1cn811JlHA, Cl>apep·
p. .nonHlutLIC 6epera 0CT8T()qllLIX MaCCHBOB (rpe.1111en BLIC:OTLI). flpwwepLI:
1\p>eopHK•11c•,1A wa~10. 6epcr l(opuyonn - .Qeo0Hw11pa. CKHe ~l~~;~ecCHanue Cl>Hopnoe1>1e 6epera (Fjorddaurchgriffkiislen). 3anaiuru cro-
I) C 1111rpecc:HRM11 ncpsoii CTcne1111- MC.11KOp11acouhlC 6epera (l(leinriakiisfen). poua llin11116epre11 a.
flpllMCpLI : 38 D8l!lll<r1 6epcr n-aa t<ortT8HTCll. B. Cl>bCPJt08LIC Clcpcra. " n
2) C ru1rpecc11AM11 eropoil 11 TPCTbeA creneHH ( npe.ncTa1JJ1e11"' TOllbKO Ha oKe· c.i. c 11 urpccrnen nepno~ cTenemt (ocTpona 9.1011.11. CapcMa u ullnTH CKOM
.•!llCKHX ll06CpClKbHX). Mope). •
8) n-pOJtOnbllLIC p118COU"C 6cpcr8. np11MCp1>1: l()>KllOC no(SepClKbC 6pcra11H p. C tlHrplCCl!l ii DTOpOA 11 TpCTbCll CTCOCllH. o6 •pclKbC
e OKpCCT11ocr11x llopbAlla 11 l(eMnepne; cceep11oe no6epclK•e 6pcra1m I) npoAOl>blllAC If nuaro11al1bHble lj>i.epJtODblt 6epcra (roro-oocTO•llOC n c
K DOCTOK)" H 3808l!) OT M opnc. Hoeoit WoT11ar1J1H11 11 H broci>ay11nnc11na) . • )
6) n oncpe..11we p11acoe1>1c 6epcra. Op11><ep .. : aana.1111wn K011e11 non,OCTpooa 2) n one '"""'cC1>i.ep.11oeble 6epera (M'"· ccnepo-BOCTO'IHblH Hbrocj>a)rutnenn .
6pera1111. t<or11y11.1. • 3) J.IHl!H~epeirTHblC Cl>bepl!O&ble 6cpera. Wxep11bli1 THO (Wee1111R H Cl>Hll1RllAHA) .
y. 6cpcra OCTaT00<11blX rop (Rumplgebirgskusfcn) (ubltOli11e). c. HHrpcxc•Mmi.:c 6epera o6r.•CTeir ne.irnxooon aKKy11yn•111111.
I) C HIU"PCC:Crr11M11 nepoofi crtnc1111. a be3 l!CACTBHA np<1'.H808. .ll
8) np11 HC3H&OllTC.1bHOM D03ACftcrBl!ll MQpH. np11Mep: 0·08 l\HK.UAbl. i
1 6cpcra 6olUlCllOB (Baddenkiislen). n ep• l!llRH noMcpaHHA, BTCKHC OC:•
6)c CHl>bHblM 803l!CftCTUHCM Mopll. npuwepbl: AtT)('HR, ccoepo-sana.1111oe
no6epelKhe l(oprn. -rpoea2) Cl>ep.11ooue (5~cra (Fohrdcn1'usfen). CocT0•111oe no6epe>Kbe l01.1a11AH11.
2) C H11rpecc11eii BTopofl 11 TPCTbeA crene1111. c
p. 80311cricTllllCM nplll!HBO• (Flutboddcnkiislcn). AMepKKa MC>KAY SocronoM
c
8) 11e311ao11TenbllblM B03J\CACTBllCM <MOpR. 3an8}1118R l\op<:11Ka. 11 HbJO·filopKOM. • • • k" t A ss· onskilstcn)
6) C CHllbllblM B03ACRCTUllCM MOpR. v A6pa3uonrrble 6epera ( Angnlfkust en, Abrs1ons us en, g re r ·
Ha 11poA0.1b11blx 6cperax ( J!oablA IO>K11t.1n Ya.obC). 1i HKaKHe a6pas1101111ble 6epera (11113K11e 6cpera cTonoeblx crpa11) .
Ha J1Karo11an•11wx 6cperax (l(u1111C1Te1111. IOlK11aR HpnallJtHR, roro·BOCT0011L1A a) C npO'lnon nopo11e (IOlK11aR AucTpan••).
1(11un). a) n .lltrKO P83PyW•IOUlHXCR nopol!8X (HopM811}1HR) .
Ila 11onepe<111blx 11 Hr1,111C1>4>cpe1<T111>1x 6eperax ( f anHtHH, roro-sanaAH8R HpnaH· 2) BhlC:OKHe a(lpa3110111tble liepera (6onbmeA qaCTblO no KpaRM CK.118.ll•BTbll.
~""· roro-3anuutait t<ope11, '°""'"'" 6eper TaCM811HH).
3) I lcprpecCHBKble 6epera OCT8TOOlllblX rop (IOlt<HLIA Y~bC OT l(apA11C1>4>a AO
o6n2c:reif H QCT3TOOHblX MattJIOOB, """ BblCOKHX cTonotJblX CTp811).
6e era oxaAM.lleHHblC n o3 AH CK WHMH rr aHO Cll blMH
ne.. 6p>•a). "n ~ 0 p'r a 110 re 8 11 ,,." 11 0 6 pa 3 o a a 11"" RM H (Saumkust en)
C. 6) <tooL1e 6epcra cTonoabl.' CTJ>a11 ffalelbuchlkusfen) . f. 3aeyanKpooatutblC Kopc111tb1C 6cpent. ~ "-er• (T)ltHC A116a111111
a. JlonH1t11ble cronoeblc 6epcra (Tafclfal kusten) (eo o.1alK11ow 1<..1111o1are). f 3anyanHpOD811HblC MBHOC:llMH KOPellllblC u)'XTOOble ~Y •
I) Jl11s•11e c:ronooue 6epcra. sanaA11t.1A 6cpcr l1Tan1111). A (V hi,· rte Kemrand-
•) c 1111rpCC:CHRMH nepuoit CTCllCllH. 2. Bb1pooue 1111 ., n Kopc1111oi1 6eper c 11a11oc11or1 11onoco ersc c1e
6) C 1111rpccc11n>111 eropon CTcne1111. kfisfen); Ma11a6apCKHfl 6cper, roi1ma11 &pa311n1111 .
Bea neACTBllA np11n11000. n 11M8HKblit THO. CeueprrblA 6eper lJep11oro II 3 Bcpera c 01<8'1M1111ro111ur.t p1111><>M. ~
A3o•CKoro MOpeA. II. Ha~TOlllll.llC Ot<arlMJlr!lllblC nonocoi1 noo1111ci11u11x o6pasooa11HA uepcra.
C 003ACHCTDllCM npK.1111808. n11Kapa1111, BOCTOOlllOC no6epC>Kbe n aTaro- I. B y.Mcpe11110M K.1111MaTC. •
c
11)
HllH, noc:m<111oc no6epe>Kbe CllIA MClt<AY Hb.O:RopKoM 11 H op<j>onKow.
1111rpecc:HAMH rpcrbCK crcncllH {e8JlOl1elic:KHC H aanaJ1HO·Cll611pCKHe a:A 4HCTO
C 11C3HaquTMbtU"M eroneucTBHCM wopA.
Ae.llbTOBblC 6epera (nOTawore1111blC 118MNBHb:C).
6epera llCA0•11roro OKca11a, 110CT0<111an A11r.1NA, cpe.1t11n11 oaCTb no6.!· p. r a4H1><>eb1C 6epeN! (npyOCHll. lfaHreAOK).
pelKbR 32'18JIHOH J1p1!8KAHH) . , •• llaryrmhlC 6epera {AlllbTbl POHLI, Hwa, no).
2) Bb1COKHC CTOJ:01lb1C 6epera, paC'lnette1111ble A0.•1111aM 11. B C c11r.bllblK ll03ACAcl'llHCM wop•. (W ti k"
a.· Sepera c nonocor1 wapwci1, 1aTonn•ewhle ao ope1rn np11n•o• a en u-
a) C 1111rpec:c;u11o111 ncpeoll CTcneHH (san8l!noe no6cpclKbe ncpeAHcll H111t1111
K ceeepy OT roa). sten). r cpMarrCKOC no6epc>Ki,e CeBC(lllOm MOpll, aOCToqHoe no()epelt<bt CWA K ror~
6) C HrrrpeccHRMH BTOpon cTenc1111 (ceecpnhlil Ma.urecKap, ccoep11a• Au-
CTpani1n) . fl. Ct.1poe11 c1111ble Jtl01111L1e 6epera (380 81\11811 n OMcpmm11, 3an8All811 10Tn81WtA•
OT H opCl>onbKB.
ronnaUJtllA, <l>n811JlllltR, faCKOllb).
p. Bepera c OTKpr.ealOUUIMllCR 88.1111 (e apHAllOM KnHM8TC): CIOl!8 lf(C OTllOCHTCR 2. B lK8PKO•D.118lKHOM K.OHM8TC.
llllpMODbin Trrn
A. 5cpera c Ma11rpOBblMK 1apOC11RM11.
.250 251
 B l\opa.1 onble 6epera (6apbep11blc pH<j>bl, non. t.1)
3. B r)XOM KJIHMaTe (6epera n)CTLllU.). ATn&llTH"CKOc no6cpell<be Ca:<apbl,
10ro·3rnaA110A Acf>plCKK.
·I B ~OllOAl!OM KJ:HW8TC
.\ Ci·6nonop11ble JlellbTODble 6epera.
B. Jlt';tRllLIC 6cpua (Kp&ll onyc••rou:eroc• a MOft wanpHKonoro .1UHHKa).
3a noc.1c.111111c 15-20 .1eT 6bl.~ on)6.111Koaa11 c111e p11J1. pa6oT, no-
•Cs11wc11ttblX KJlacc11<j>11Kau1111 MOpCKllX 6cyc1 OB: K.1accmp11K3UHll
B.n. 3CllKORll'l3 f33]. 0. I\. JJeo11Tben3 [50J, Bane11rn11a [147], MaK
fl
r11.q .1a 43]. He llMCll B03MOll<HOct11 np1rnecrn 3.necb nee 3TH Knacc11-
·cjl11Kau1111, Mbl OTCbl.13CM llHTCpecylOWHXCll 3TllMll nonpocaM11 'll1TaTC-
.1eil " op11rn11a.nh1tblM p36oTaM 11a3ea1111i,1x anTopoa. AHaJJH3Hpy11 H
COllOCTan.1m1 MC>Kl\Y co6ol1 nee 3Tl1 K.~aCCll(~lll<lll\1111, MO>KHO y6e-
l!llThCS1, •!TO flO'lTll Ka>K.na11 113 llllX llMceT no cpanHCHlllO c
.np} fllMll CDOll npeHMYWCCTBa, 110 II CBOll llCJlOCT3TKll. y HC·
KOTOpblX 88TOpoo 3TllX KJ1acc11cjl11Kau11il H36mOJJ.3CTCll PC3KO Bbl-
pa>KC11113R re11.ne11u1111 npn.'laBaTh e npoueccc cjlopM11pooa111111 6eperoe
llCK.1IO'lllTCJlbH} IO po.1b T3KOMy MOpcjlore11CT11•1ccKOMy cjlaKTOpy, J\8K
D0.1110DLIC !lBll>KClllUI MOpCKHX BOJl, npnyMCllblUllll np11 3TOM, BflJlOTb
.no no.111oro 0Tp11U81111R. 3H3'1CHllC T8KOro cjlaKTOpa, K3K reo.1orn•1e-
CKOC CTpOCllllC C} 11111. I<oHC'lllO, reonont•ICCKOC CTpoe1rne B cjlopM11po-
na111m 6cpc1 on o 6onbwuucrne cnyqaen nblcTynacr KaK cjlaKTOP nac-
c11B11blir, OK3:1bl88IOU\llll mJWb H3np38.1RIOWCC, H36up3TC.%HOe 803-
!lCllCTDllC 113 pa6oTy He TOJlbKO q6a3p3.%11bl\ 3K3oreHHblX <jlaKTOpOB.
HO II na p36ory CBMOro MOpll, 110 3TO OTHIOllb He YMCHbW3CT ero
6om,woro 311a•1c1111n. HcKJJ10'le1111e noro ¢3KTOpa 113 nocTpocnHn
K.qacc11cJ>11Kau1111 Cieperoa non>1<110 noene'lb 33 co6oll ynpa31u1e11ue
I enCTll'ICCKllC OTHOWCHllR !IX TllOOB, llX pOACTBCllllblC CBR311 B 11pouec-
("(' ' " pa3011T11ll, 11x crann3.ib11CX'Tb.
11 H3 Konell, ewe o.nno 3aMe'la1111e. l\.1acc11cjlnKau11n Gcperoe MO·
>KeT 61>1Tb ucno.1b3oD3n3 KaK nercnn3 K K3pTe nmoe 6eperoe M11po-
.oro oKca 11 a. TaKan KJ13cc11cjl11K3Lll!R·Jlerc11.113, ecrecrne11110, JJ.0Jl>KH3
C.b1Tb B COOTBCTCTBllll c M3CWT800M KapTbl, pa3JlH'l3!1Cb, D 38BllCllMO·
CTll OT noc.nc.1].l!er'O, 6o.1bwe11 11m1 MCHbWCit .ll.eT3.%HOCTblO. Mbl 113XO-
ll!M 3 : 1ecb B03MO>KHblM npnnectH K.iacc11<jlttKa1U110 Tlrnoe 6eperou,
pa3pa60Ta1111y10 H83B3UllblMH Bbl We 3BTOP3Mll • B K3'1CCTBe .ne1Cll.C.bl
JlJTR reoMop<jJOJTOrH'lCCl<llX K3PT 113A8HHOrO D cCCP lj>llJllKO·reorpa-
11m•1ecKOrO AT:iac3 ~mpa, 3 noTOMY 11111epec11y10 ;i..rn coeerc1rnx 'll!T3·
1c.ncii. ::>Ta 1<.~acc1ujHma1u1n e1>1rnn.n11T c.11e,izy10Ul11M o6pa3oM:
I. Cit pcra, C$OPMHP<>081!Hble C)'08'pMbllblMll TCKTOllHQCCKllMH npo1.1ecca•r11 II MB.ro
11-UleJICHlfhlC Morrt11.
8 IJepmm<blC pacqncucm1L1c Ocpcra.
· I. 6epera TCKTOHH•CC•oro pac•1ne11em111 (l\8nMar1111cK11ft, c6pOCOBL111, 6 yx-
TOOblii). )
'2. Lepera "IJ03ULHllOro pecqr.c11u11111 (n11Ma1111ble, 9CTyap11colie •
3. 6epcra "i'03HOHH().ltKTOllHOl-CKOro paC'l ..eHCllHI! (pHacoeble). ""'er·
4 Bepera neAHMK0&0-ttuo1m•te•oro pK'<J:eHeHHR (<j>HopAODLle. "'"
AOBblC). )
5 be era r.fAHHKOSO-'P03110HllOfO pac-1ncuet1Hll ($HOPA08ble •
S: Bc~era ~apa1t1101111 oro 11 r.cJlllllKOD().8KK}'WYnRTHBHOro paC'l.. cHtHHR
(tuxepHblC, <j>M<1lAOBblC).
1. 6epera aynKa1111~eCJ<oro paC'lr.e11c111111 (n)'llKa1111•ea<He).
8. 6epera 9onoaoro pac'lne11cm111 (apani.cKoro THna).
()) ncpcH•lllO·llOBllblC Ciepcra.
9. C".1a)!'l8TUC JXIOtlblC.
10. Qlpocoable poonL1c. e'lCTBi1e·· 11coon11ooblx
II. Bepcra, <1>opM11py10u111ee• npem1ymecrue11110 001\ Bo3A " m

Ta1m:-. TCpM1111on, K3r< 6cpera npo.no.r1b11blc, noncpc•111uc, .n11aro113Jlb- <1>a•ropoa.

8. no-raMorellllblC 6cpcra.
Hble, c6poconhlc, 1tl'iiTpanbl11>1e. Henb3R, no 11a1ucMy M11e111110, conep-
11. .Uen•roe,,.e.
Lt1c11110 11CKJJKNl!Tb n cjlopM11poe3111111 6cpe1 on pOJlb nono>1<11TeJJbHblX 12. Bepera annron11anb111.X pao111111.
11 01 p11uaTCJJb11blx 11cpeMeu1c1111i1 6eperoaoft .111111111, K3K 3TO npenna- 6. np11.111BHblC 6cpera.
rn10T A c. n..\.
110111111, c.
K.an.11111 II B. Me.neence ([40), CTp. 102). 13. BaTTO&ble (ndlJ\UlllLIC, ""pweu1>1c).
e. B11orc11111>1e Oepcra.
3TO\ty <jlaKTOpy, K3K 113Becn10, np11.naea11 8 CB()C DpeMR 60JlbWOC
14. f\Op811ll00blC.
:.;11a•1e1111e LI. Ll>Koncon, BblJteJJRR c6epcr3 no.n1111T11ll> 11 «Ciepera 33. 15. Mattrposble.
Tonnc11nn> [ 132]. Mbl ue MOlKCM n36elK8Tb 3Toro cjlaKTOpa, ecnu r. Tepwoa6p23H011Klic 6epcra.
D1.l\'l18CM .'\8Tb llC'lcpnb1B3IOU\ee rcHeTll'ICCKOC onpc.nc.,eH11e, CK8>KC\J, 16. Tep>1oo6pa:!DOHHblC a pbilUlblX qeraepmqnux TOIWlax.
TllKOro rnna 6cpera, KaK Jl3JJMaTcKui'I. Onpe..'le.1c1me non>1<110 6b1Tb 17. JlCllJlllblC.
Jl. 18. .UcH)'ABWIOllllble 6epeni.
-<:cJ>opMyn11poaa110 TaK: «3To npononb11bll1 rnn 6epcra M0.11onor1 CJU1311- Ill Bepcra, c[>OIJ1"'Pl IOUIHCCR npe>iM)'U.lCCTSClllfO oon11oa1>11111 npoueccaMH..
'laT011 cyw11. 8 KOTopoil TCKTOllll'ICCKllll II TOnorp3cjlll'ICCKHil penbe<I> a. Bblpl!9H11Ba10UlHecA 6cpcra.
-coon3.nat0T 11 1<0TOp311 np11 reo1<p3Tll'ICCKOM ncpeMewe1m11 6eperoeol1 19. A6pa3HOHHblC O)·xroo1;1e.
m1111111 no1111epr.'1acb 1111rpeccm1 Mop11 pa3HblX cTene11eii n TeKToH11tJe- 20. A6pa:rno1111o·a••)M)llRT11&111.:e 6yxroe1>1c.
CK11e If 9p0311011111>1C OOllHll<CHllll pc.~bC<l>3». Jforpecc1111M MOp!! B pa3-
o. l3L1poe>1e1 lllblC Oepcra.
21. Bb1poe11eH11blc a6pas11011111~e.
Hb1X CTCrlCllRX !IX p33BHTl!ll, K8K Mbl n11.ne;111, npHJl3CTCR OOJlbl!IOC '22. Dt.1poa11e1111•1c aOpa311011110·0KKY"'>-111we111>1c.
311a•1r1111c e <jlopM11pona111111 6epcrou (nanpnMep, e KJ13cc11cjl11K3u1111 23. D1>1poo11c1111t.1c &Kl<YMYllRTHBllLIC nar)11111>1e.
Wnt0Tep3). 24 Bb1poencn11blc 8KK)'M).1ATHUHblC' nuMa11HO·nary11ttble.
2s: 13blpOBHCHHblC 8KK)'M)'llATllOllble c OTMep1u11M Klltt<jlOM H np11•1ne11e1111on
BMeCTe c 3TlfM HCJlb3n ne COrJJ3CHTbCll c MllCHlleM H83B3HHblX coepeMCllHOfl MOpcKOfl TeppacoA•
f
3DTOpOB 40]. •!TO llJlC3Jlbll811 K.13CCHcjlllK8UllR Cieperoa l!OJllKH3 00K3· .,,. Drop11•11o·r~c•ne11c1111blc Gcpera
3b1B3Tb ne TOJlbKO rellC311C OTl!CJlbllblX 3.lleMeHTOB llX penbC<jla, HO II 26. A6piu11owcble 6yxroeble.
253
252
 -cl L. Solc-S abaris [94), H. Mensching {149]). rny611H1i1 npu nxo.'le o
~CTbCllblC nopo11x11 puac 11ocrnra10T 1111or.na 50- 70 M, '13LllC >Ke 3118
' lllTCJlbllO MCHhlUC. HcKOTOpblC aOTOpbl ~ K3 3blll3IOT, 'ITO y Hel<OTOpblX
pua 11a6.110naeTcn 60.1ee i;pyToc na.'le1111c npO,'\OJlbllOro npo<~11n11 .ZlHll·
111a. 'ICM BblWC no TCqCHlllO peKll, npo.:tOJJ}K310Ulei1 6yxT~. 3-ro M0}1{110
o6n!lCllllTb nOJlHRTllCM cyw11, npe.ZllnCCTD008DWllM 1111rpecctH1 ~!Op!!,
q·10 .lOJl>KHO 6blll0 Db13B3Tb llOHll}KCHllC 6a311ca 3p03111t II rny6HHHYIO
ipo11110, nocTcncm10 pacnpocTpa1111owy10c11 onepx no .nomrne.
Il:i ccuepo- 3ana.Zl11blx no6cpc>K1>11x n11p e11ci1cKoro : 1onyoCTpooa, 11a
6cpc1 ax ceacpo-3ana1111oi1 AQ>p11K11, no 6cperaM 6p111a11cx11x OCTponos
11 H .1p~ mx pai1011ax pa3n11T1111 pna llMelO'TC!I TeppaCbl. pacnonar aio-
11111ec11 a 11ecK011bKO sTa>Keit o.ana 11a.!l Jlpyroii. Bbl.ZlellRIOTC!I qame
ece10 5 ypoe11ei1 Teppac 118 Bl>ICOT3X 2- 5 M (11mKHRSl MOH8CTblpCK8R,
no llCl<OTOpblM anTOpaM). 15-20 M (MOH3CTblpC1<8R), 30-35 M
(Tllppc11CK31l l, 55 60 M (~111.1au1.1KaR) 11 80- 100 M ( CllUllJIHHCK8ll);
1111or.la 11a6.110.na10TCR Teppacbl 11 eme Go.ice nblco1mx ypoo11eii-300 M
11 n1;,1we. D1;,1nep11<8HHOCTb n11x ypos11ci1 •1aCTo o 0<1e11b yJlaJJeHHblx
} 'l3CTK8X no6epc>K11i1 p331fbl'( M3TepnKOB 33CT3BJIRCT np113118Tb 3Tll
Teppac1;,1 pC3yJJhT8TOM 3ncTaTH'ICCK11x 113MCHe1111ii ypoa1111 OKC8Ha. On-
IHlKO 6onee CT3pble llCCJJCJlOU8Te.Tlll ra1111c11i\CKOro no6cpe}KbR, H8·
np11MCP F. Schwind (168), oblc1<&3b1B8JJ11 MHCHne, '!TOSTO no6epeliibC,
118'11111811 c 11JlllOUCll8 H ,'.(0 118CTOSILUCl'O opeMCllll, llCOblTbllla.no OOJlllH·
TllC. c llP~Toit CTOpOHbl, 'ICTBCPTH'IHOC npeMR c ero nonropHblMll one-
!lCllCllll!IMll II MC}l{JlC.ZlHllKOBb!IMll HC MOfJIO 11e conpODO}KJ18TbC!I SB·
CT3Tll'ICCKllM 113MCllCll!ICM ypOBHll l\\11poaoro OKC3113. 3Tll KOJJe68Hll!I
ypoann . 118K.13.'tbl03RCb 113 o6UlYIO Te11.iteHUlllO I( no111111T1110, B 38811·
CllMOCTll OT 311axa MOrnll 111111 yCKOp!ITb CMCll(CH llC 6eperonoii JI HHllll
B CTOpo11y Mopn, 1•.1 11, npn llODblWeHllH YPODll!I, KOMneHCllpOD8Tb ::i<J>-
¢eKT OOJlH!ITllR. C0.3.!188311 HCKOTOPYIO CT8611JlbllOCTb 6eperonof1 JlHHHll
II conponoavt811Cb n1;,1pa6oTKOll KOMnJJeKC8 COOTBCTCTB~IOUlllX Q>opM.
Co•1CTa1111eM 3TllX 11syx npoueccon Morna 6b1Tb c03n.a11a c11CTCMa MO!J·
P11c. 60. PHaw ceeepo-3anaiu1on l1cna111U1 (
E. Wey) no CKllX Teppac, 113 KOTOpblx K3iKJ13R 6once MOJIO.ll.3R OK33blB8J13Cb ne-
CKO.lbl<O C.lllllll)'TOii R cropo11y MOpll. noJJ.llRTllR ypOBHR MOp!l H ero
Tpa11crpecc1m ltOJJ}Kllbl C0Bll8Jl8Tb c Me}KJICJllllll<OBbSlMll, i<or.na B OKe-
Zl. ACSpasHOH110·aKxy11)',1ATHB1tble Gyxroetic (a3oBcKoro THna 11 •p.). all uooopamanacb Macca noltbl. 113'b11Ta11 nepen reM 118 one.11e11e1111e
28. AKK)"My.1An1Bt1ble 6)xTOBble. ~ cyw11. B 'l3CTllOCTll, nocneJlllR!I 1111rpecc1111 MOPR n yrny6ne1111ble ne-
PC.Zl 3TllM no11u>Ke1111eM 68311C8 spo31111 pC'IHble .ZlOl!Hllbl 11 o6pa30-
Ptt8C0Bbli! Tim n a1111e conpeMCHllblx p11a JJ.O/l}Kll8 6b1Tb pC3yJJbT3TOM nocnenem111-
i<ono1i Q>na11npcKoi1 Tpa11crpecc1111 11a 6eperax 3ana.n.11oli Euponbl. Xa-
no.Zl 11a3ua1111cM «pHa» (ria, Mii. rias ) o ceoepo-3anRAHOfi H pa1nep110 :tn11 6epcroo fam1 c1111 11 AcTyp1m, •1To ronoeublc KOHllbl pn8

0 1111 (fam1c1111, AcTypun) 113neCT11i,i rnytloKo B.Zl8IOIUllCCR

YXTbl, nocTcneHnO CY}Kll0310lllHCC!I OT DXO.Zla K ronoo11oii
! c~~;
'13CTH,
60.lbWCli •HICTblO 11e npocrnpalOTCll B CTOpOHY C}'Wll 38 JJllHHIO 11311·
60JJee BblCOKOi'i 100-MCTpoooii Tcppacbl.
llHOr.Zla BCTD!llUllCCR II ncpeXO.ZllllllHC DblWC 8 pe•lllblC .ZlOJlllHbl P 11 a con bl i1 T 11 n 6yxTOeoro 6epera 6bln BblJle.1c11 nOJl 3THM
(p11c. 60) • Byxn,i 3Tll 11 npencTaMRIOT JaTOn11e11Hble MOpeM n 11 no· 11a3oa1111eM nnepoble <l>. P11xTro<j>e110M [ 160], KOTOpblii C'lllTaJI 3TOT
l!O}KHTe.TlbHOM (reo1<paT11'1CCKOM) nepeMCUlCHlllt 6cpcronoir ~llHllll Tlln cooi1CTGCllll1'1M n 0 n e p e 'I II bl M B03BblWCllHblM 6eperaM, 110, KaK
}CTbC~ble '13C1 II spo3HOllHblX .ZlOJlllH. B C0!1311 c T8KllM otlp830B31111CM }'K83blB3.nOCb n03Jlllte, TaKaR CTp}'KTyp11a11 np11ypOllCHllOCTb .D.JJ!I Hero
II my Hiia p11aconwx 6yxT Otlbl'IHO nocTeneHnO }'MellbW3CTC!l OT BXO· He o6113aTe.1bH&. B 'l8CT11ocr11, 3a na.Zl110c no6epe*bC ram1c1111, no-
.Zl8 K HX rOJJOOllOM}' KOllQ}'. Ila no6epe}Kb!IX ranHCllll II ACT , Hlf x cny>K 11nwee o6p83QOM JlJIR 9TOf0 Tnna, MO}KCT 6blTb 118308HO CKopee
powo 113)''1eHHblx p!t.ZlOM 11ccnc.i;.oaaTe.nefi (E. Scheu (165},}PR. 'si~
255
254
 HeiiTpllJlbHblM, Tai< 1<31< D cro CTpOCllllll npmmMalOT y•1aCTHe r.~all­
HblN o6pa3oM rpauttTbl ll 1<p11CTa.111tt'ICci<ne cJ1a11ubl ( [ 165]. crp. 88-
89). np11ypo'lellllOCTb p11aCOBblX 6eperoB K 00.13CTRM p83BllTllSI rpa-
HllTOB 11a6.1io1iae1c11 .llOBOJlbHO •1aCTo (n-oe BpeTaHb, !Oro-BOCTo'l11bl11
l<ttTaii). 0. lll.110Tep fl66] c•1111an p11aconblli rnn caol'tc1ne11111.>1M 6e-
peraM .11pen1111x OCT8T0'1HblX MaCCllDOB, flOJlBCprm11xc11 DecbMa CllJlb·
11oi1 JteH}'itau1111, nblne.11wc11 11a nosepxHOCTb r.1y6ttH11ble nopo.1tbl. Ta-
KHM o6pa30M, PH8C0Bblil Tim MOlKllO 6blJ10 6bl oxapa1<Tcp111oeaTb K8K
Tim D03Bblwe1111oro tt11rpccc11mmoro Ciepera ocTa1o•rnblx Maccunon 11
OCTaTO'lllblX rop, llOPM8Jlbll0 paC'IJlCllCllHblX pC'lllOii 3p03Heii II l10,.'l-
oeprw11xc11 JaTeM 1111rpecc1111 Mop11 6naro.n.ap11 111160 onyCK8Hl!IO cyw11,
m160 3DCT8T1t'!ec1<0My nooblwe111110 }pon1111 M11poeoro oKeatta.
T11n11•mblc p11ac1~ 0611apyJK11na10T o6bl•rno c.1a6oe pa3011T11e 11a11oc-
11blx 06pa3ona1111i1, oco6e1mo 11a 8TJla11T11'leC1mx no6epe>Kb11x Enpo11bl,
noi.eep>KenHblX DblCOKHM np111111eaM. Bnpo'leM, 1mor.n.a HeKOTOpble
6}'XTbl BTOporo 110PR.ltK8 (38TOn!leJIHble MOpCM }'CTbenble }''18CTKU
11pHTOKOB r.~8BHOfl pe1<11) 6bl83IOT 01'.lleJlellbl OT OCllODHOfl 8KB8TOp1111
pua nec'laHblM eanoM. Bc1pe•1a10TcS1 1111or.1ta 1106epe>K1.>S1 pttacoooro
Tlln8 11 ll 60Jlee 1103JUlll'( CT8.ltlll!X p83BHTllSI. np11MepOM ~IO>KeT CJly-
lKllTb IO>Knblii 6eper no.1yocrpona BpCTa11b, r.n.c OCTpoea 11p11•1.~c1111-
n11c1> } >Ke K 6epery, 6yxTLI 0Tropon11n11cb 01 MOp11 nepecbll111&111 11 11pe-
epa1111111cb e nary11w. MeCTaM11 nary111>1 yc11c1111 .11a>1<e 11aucno Janon-
llHThCR 11811ocaM11 11 11peoparn.111ch e Mapw11.
C .'lp)roii cTOpOHbl, no 6epcraM ptta 3an8.1111oi1 Eopo11bl 11, e 'l8CT-
uocr11, cenepo-3a113.1111oii Hcn8111111 11a611io.1ta10Tc11 Httor.1ta, oco6ettttO e
11x ronooublx }"l8CT1<ax, 11eo1i1co1<11e 1UJ11cj>bl 1<a1< Pe3YJJbT8T a6pa311011-
11oro noaneiicT01111 MOPS! 11a 6epera. Eonbwei1 'laCTblO 3TO n11w1> 11e-
60J1bw11e BbleMKlf D 6eperonoM CKJJOHe, T8K K81( CllJ18 np116011 B ::.THX
6yxr8x cnnhHO 0CJ1a6ne118, a co epeMe1m 38TonneH1111 cj>na1111,pcKoil
Tpattcrpeccneii 11p0Te1UJ0 ewe He T8K ~rnoro opcMeHtt.
Puacouble Cicpera llMCIOT w11po1<oe pacnpocTpa11e1111e. l(poMe yme
ueo.111101cpan10 y110M1111aom11xcii 110Ciepe>1<Hii fam1c1111 11 ACTyp1m oHn
npe;iCT8MeHbl TaKme 11a 110.nyocTpooe 6pe1a11b, r.1te p11a H83blB8IOT
'l3CTO aber, BCTpC'ISIOTCI! D IOH<HOM l\op11y011.1e, IOll<llOM Y;ince, IO>K·
11oii Hp.na11m111, o IOro-Bocro\IHOM !<11Tac, J(opee; a Acj>pH1<e - R ycT1>S1x
faM61111, I<aJaMauc 11 cocc.n.1mx peK, a Ta10Ke Me>K,ri.y 38J111D8M11 Ka-
Mepy11 11 6yx1oi1 fa6011, 11a t\rna11T11'1ecKoM no6epeJKbe CllIA Me>K.!l.y
H1.>io-HopKOM H BawnHrTOHOM; 113 p11.1te ocrpoeoa T11xoro oKeaua
(cenepo-nocro1< Hoeoii f em1ett, Hoea11 l(a11eA0111111 11 .1tp.); e 01<pecT-
HOCTS1x C111rne11 (Guilcher (124). CTp. 15'1) .

.ll.anMaTCKJlii THn

Dpo.llO!lbHblii 6eper MOJlOJtOil CKJJa.11'laToii ropuoli crpaHbl, 06pa-

sonanwnf1c11 11p11 11ono>K11TeJJbllOM 11cpeMewe111rn 6eperonoi1 JlllHHll
(011yc1<a1111e cymtt), nony'llU 11aana1111e .11a11MaTc1<oro nma. Ou p83·
BUT 118 3anaJtHOM no6epe>Kbe Ba.~Ka11c1<oro nonyocrpooa (p11c. 61).
Mope B1'oprnocb oo nee no1111>Kett11R TeKTott11•1ec1<oro ropttoro peJ?becj>a
Puc. 61. Jl.MM~TCl<Hf< TNn C5epera
256
9 Oclul•• f'<OM0f>4>ono,,.R, T. 3
.n1111apcK11x An bn, 3anon1111s npo.11.o.nh11ble c1111KJ11111aJ1bt1ble .noJ111111>1
11 npc11parns 11x n npOJJHBbl (canali) MC>K.:lY ocTponaMll 11 6eperoM,
nnu n 3an11 n1>1 11 6yxTbl (\'alloni); Te 11 .npyrne ce113a111>1 Me>K.ny co6oi1
6o.1ee l<OpOTKllM ll nonepe'lllblMll npOJJllB3Mll, npe.nCTall.ijfflOIUllMll Jl1t60
3a1onJ1Cllllble nonepe'lllLIC )''18CTl{ll p C•lllblX ]J.OJl llll, J11160 D03Hlll(lUllC
n Mecrax 3aMb1Ka111111 0111.enhllblX a11111KJ11111anbHbl X cKJJa,noK. TaK no·
JlJ'lllJJllCb CllOCOOP3311ble «M<MOToo6pa3HblC» 6yXTbl II nonyocrpona,
pacwnp!llOUllleCll B o6e CTOPOHbl 118 CBOllX OKOllC'lllOCT!IX. Bee :me-
MCll1 bl CllJlbllO pac•1.~e11e1111oro no6epe>Kb!I - M11orotrnCJ1e1111blC ocrpo-
ea nce11osMO>KHOi1 ne..1 11\111111>1, nonyoc1pona, npOJJHllbl 11 samtDbl - nee
BblTllll) Tbl CBOHMll llJl1111HblMll OCllMll D 0..'1.llOM 11anpaBJ1CHHll, napan-
JIC.%110 o6meMy npoc111pa111110 6epcra. Canali 11 valloni 11.ocraTO'lllO
rny601m .nn11 nnasa111111 11 cro1111K11 cy.noe.
On11ca1111bli'i nm 6epera, 6e3 c1<0JJbK0- 11116y.nb saMer11oro paso1111rn
H8110CllblX 06pasoea1111ri, npe..'1.CT3BJ1!1CT 1011y10 CT8]J.lllO pa3BllTllH.
0 TOM, 'ITO 311CCb euie 11e.nao110 llMCJIO MecTO, a 6b1Tb MO>KCT eme II
npoJ1.0J1>K8CTCll Oll)CK81!11e cyw11 llJJll llOBblWClllle ypoollR MOpR, rooo-
pltT KaK xa paKTCP 6ep cra, T31( Ii H8Jlll'IHC T8KllX !IBJIClll1ri, KaK cy6-
M3p111111blC HCTO'lllllKll (CM. TOM. II, crp. 33) . 0 IOHOCTll ]J.3JI M8TCKOro
t11na 6epcra ronop111 TatOKc ;:,1a6oe pa3e11r11e 11aHOCHblX 06pasosa1111i1,
'lTO, nnpo'leM, MO>KeT T8K>Ke 6b1Tb 06"bllCHCllO CllllbllblM pa3BllTllCM
Kapcra, 06ycnoll.~11ea10u111M 6eLtnocn nnaAa10u111x 3.!lCCb peK Tnep-
.LlblMll 11a11ocaM11.
nonce 3pe.ny10 cTaJ1.1110 pase11T1111 .a.on MatcKoro rnna 6epera MO>K-
HO 11a6n10.!l8Tb 118 TOM >Ke 38fl8JJ.llOM no6epe>Kbe 6an K311CKOro nony-
OCTpOua K !Ory OT lllKo.nepa, r.Lte, KpOMe roro, 6eper nepexo;i11T 113
npo11on1.>11oro n .n11aro11anb11bli1. 3.nech MO>KHO 11a6mo.ri.aTb ocrpoe a,
np114JIClleHHblC KOC3 MI! K M8Tep11Ky, 6yXTbl II 38Jlllllbl, OT11eneHllble OT
MOpR 11113Me1111b!Mll nepccblnRMll II npcnpaweHllble B 1181J' Hbl, 6blCTp0
3anon11RCMble 11a11oca&1R unana10w11x e 1111x peK 11 .npyr11 M11 11a110CHbl·
Ml! o6pa3088111ISIMH.

<l>110p)!.OBblH T H fl

n o.a CK8H.Lll! H8BClrnM Ha3D81111CM «<jrnop.n» no.itp 83)'MCB3IOTCll rny-

601<ne 11 y3K11e, 11aneKO npo111ma10w11c B r ny6b cyw11 3an 11Bbl e1>1co-
KHX, CJJOiKellHblX 113 Kopel!llb!X nopOJJ., no6epeJK11i1 cy6nonR p 11b1X H no-
.111p1tb1'( WllpOT. l.(acro T8Klle 38.1111lbl HMelOT CJIO>KHblC pa3BeTllJlellll!I
JIJlll >Ke cMe>KllblC 4rnop.Ltb1 coe.n11111110TC!I CBOllMI! OTDeTllJICllHllMI!, 06-
pa3y11 nponHBbl II OT'IJICl!!lll OT OCHOUllOil cyw11 ¢rnop.nOBblC OCTpona.
l(naCCl1'1CCKOil o6naCTbl-O p33Bl1TH!I MllOrQ'lllClie111tblX <j>llOPllOll flBJIR-
IOTC!I sanaAHble 11 ceeepo-3ana.n11ble no6epe>KbR H opscrn11 (p11c. 62).
<1>11op,llbl HMetoT Kpyrble, '18CTO OTllCCHble II llblCOKlle 6opTa, yxo.n11-
Ull!C c TaK1tM ;Ke KPYTblM na.ne1111eM no.n ypooe11b BO.II.bl 3a.n11na. rn y-
6 1111a <1>11opAOB Mopnenm •1acro n.ocr11raeT M11or11x core11 MeTpoe ( 11a-
np11Mcp, y Cor11e·<j>1>op.na 1240 M). Ha116onee Kpyn11bl e <1>11op.Ltbl no-
6cpe>K11i1 CCCP - l\\aTO'IKllH llJap (Hona11 3eMn11) 11 l(onbCK11i1 3a-
m1s - 11Me10T rny611111>1 ue 6<Mef' 3SO M. f ny611111>1 ljl11op.LtoB cenepo- P11c. 62. 4'11opnoeb!A 6eper CKaUARHaBCKoro nonyOCTpoea
258
nocToKa CCCP 06b1tJ110 11e npeab1waJOT 100- 120 M, 11 TOJibKO B 6yxTe
npoa11J1.e111111 ueHTpanbHaR Ha116onee rny6oKan nna)l.1111a 11MeeT rny-
61111y 156 M (KanJIHH r41)). B WllpOKHX npeJJ.enax 113MeHll eTCR II JI.Jiii·
ua lj>11op.noa: MaTO'IKl!ll Wap m1eeT npOTR>KeHHOCTb 125 KM, Jan11a
•Tlaspe11rnn Ha YyK01'CKOM nonyocrpone - 52 KM. BonbWllHCTllO JI.PY·
nix <1>11opJ1.0B BbITRHYTbl Ha 15-30 KM, imorne <1>11op.nb1 KonbcKoro
nonyocTpoea 11 nee KaM11aTcK11e 11e npesblwaio1' 15 KM ([41),
CTp. 208).
.ll.iR MHOfMX <1>11opJlOll xapaKTep110 •1cpe/lOBaH11e BJl.OJ!b l!X OCll
OTJJ.enbHblX rny60K11x nnaJlltH H pasnenniouu1x 11x noncpe11Hb1X no;t-
BO/lHblX noporon. Oco6e11110 •JaCTO TaKof1 nopor 11a6nionaeTCR n ycT1,e-
noi1 tJaCT11 sannea. OT/leJlll!I <1>11op.n OT OTKpbITOro OKeaHa. 0 ll03MO>K-
HOM npOllCXO>K)leHllH penbe<l>a .D.Ha <1>11op.non 6yJJ.e1' CKa3aHO lll!>Ke. Ha
KpyTblX C1'eHax <1>11op.non, 'laCTO Bb!COKO Ha.n ypo1meM BOJl.bl, OTKpbl-
BalOTCR 6oKO!lble BllCR411e llOJIHHbl, pe'lKfl II PY'lbll KOTOpb!X H113llep-
raJOTCR a <1>11opJl n BllJle no.nonaJlOB 11oceM11TcKoro nma. 3T11 60KOBb1e
ll.OJllll!bl 'laCTO l!Me!OT OT4eTJl11BO Bblpa>KeHllblii KOpblT006pa311blil no-
nepe'lHbli't npo<1>11nb. HepeJlKO B HllX Ha6JIIO.D.3IOTCR CKanHCTble noporu
(p11ren11). OTWJ111<1>osaH11L1e B Bl!Jle «6apaHbl!X n60B» CK3JlllCTble 803·
Bb1wen11 0CTH, MOpeHHble HaKonneHHR (XOJIMbl H rpllll,bl) II no.nnpy>Kell-
Hble HMll oJepa. Ha 6opTax <jll10PJlOB Hopner1111, KpOMe TOro, pa3Bl!Tbl
n.pee1111e 6eperoeble 1111111111 - a6pa31101111ble Hl!Wn c B03Bb1waiou111M11-
CR HaJI. 1111M11 Kn11<1>aM11. 3T11 6eperoeble n11H1111 pacnonara!OTCR n 11e·
CK0.1bKO 11pycoe 0Jlll3 H3Jl /lpyroi'1, 'laCTO ua 3Ha'1 11TeJ1bHOi1 BblC01'e
Han. ypos11eM BO/lbl, u sTa BblCOTa eoapacTaeT a rny6b aan11na - pe-
3YJTbT3T nocneneJl1111Kosoro csoaoaoro noairnnrn CKaHa1111ae1111.
Ceoeo6pa311b1e 4epTb1 <1>11opJlOB eme no BTopoii nonon1111e npow-
JJ oro CTOJTeT11R np1rnneKJ111 n1mMa1me 11ccnenoeaTenei1 11 6bln11 npu-
'll!ltoii O>KllBJTe1111oii noneMl!KI! OTllOCllTe.rtbllO l!X npOllCXO>KAeHHR.
MHCHllR no 3TOMY sonpocy CHJTbllO paCXORllJl l!Cb. 0AHI! HCCJTeJlOB3·
TeJlll (<!>. P11xTro<j>c11, A. ncm<. <I>. Ha11ce11) C4111'3JTH <1>11opJlbi npe-
HMYUleCTBellliO 9p03110HHblMll pe'lllblMll AOJTHHaMH, 33TOnJTeHHblMI! MO-
peM, apyrne (A. PaMC3ii , .ll>K. rei1K11) np11n11CblB3Jlll l!M JTeJlHl!KOBOe
npOl!CXO>KJlCHHe, TpeTbll ()l. rperop11) paCCMaTpl!ll3Jlll llX B OCHOBllOM
K3K TeKTOHH'leCK11e o6pa30B3HllR. n o irne1111JO rperop11 {123), 06.nacn1
BbtCOKHX w11pOT o6oux nonywap11ii, n KOTOpwx pa3Bl!Tb1 <1>1mpno-
Bbte samrnbl, no11neprnHCb so npe~rn anbn11ilcKoro oporeHe:ia CBOAO·
Db!M OOAHRTllRM, nptt4eM B M3JIOn11aCTH'IHblX Kp)iCT3JIJ1114eCKllX nopo-
Jl3X B03Hl!KJll! Cl!CTeMbl pa)lttaJlblll>IX II Ko11uenTp114eCKllX p33JIOMOll,
C03/lanw11x sonbl ocna6ne1111oi1 npo411ocT11 3e~moi'i KOpbl. B noJlTBcp-
>KJ1e1111e TeKTOHH'leCKOH npeJJ.OnpeJleneHHOCT!l <jJl!OpJIOB rperop11 npl!·
DOJlllT pn;i: np11Mepos COOTBeTCTBllll OT)leJTbllblX <jJ11opn.OBblX 33Jll!BOB
11 npon11eon n11HHRM Att3'bJOHKTH8HblX HapyweH11il. B arnace <I>1111n1111-
JlHH, 113.D.3HHOM <I>HHCKHM reorpa<jJ11'leCKUM 06u1eCTllOM eUle B 1910 r.,
llOMeU[eHa K3pTa, nOK33bl8l!IOUl3R rycTyJO CeTb pa9JTOMOB, pasJJ.po-
61lBWl!X TeppllTOplllO CK3l!Jlllll3BHll, II Ha Hef1 AeilCTBllTeJlbHO MO>KHO
BH/le'Tb yn11e11renbuoe coenane1111e n11H11ii STllX pasnoMon c 04epTa-
HllRMI! 6eperoBblX JlllHllH. OCllMll ¢mopnos, KonrypaMI! 03ep IO>KHOH
260
IJfoeUHll. n o -Bll.!J.llMOMy, BJlOJlb 3TllX OCJT36JTeHHblX pa3Jlp06JleHHeM
30l! 3e~moii KOpbl paapa60Tan11 ceo11 AOJTl!ltbl 6onbWHHCTBO peK CKaH·
}lllH3BHll, a no3.D.Hec, B 'le'l'BepTll'lHOe npeMll, 91'11 JlOJTllHbl 6b!Jlll 33HRTbl
Jt e/lHllK3Ml!, yrny611BWllMH HX II npHJl3BWllMI! HM <l>OPMY Tporon .
T a KllM o6pa3oM, <jJ11opnb1 CKa11.n1111as1111 11snnJOTC11 06pasoaaH11RM11
-c.1on<uoro re11e:r nca, 06ycnoencH11b1M11 K3K TCKTOHH'leCKHMH <jJaKTopa-
MH B 811).le Jlll3'blOHKTllllllblX AllCJIOK3UHii, TaK 11 tteRTeJibHOCTblO pe4-
11ofl II .qe)ll!HKOBOfl 3p031111, npoAOJI>KaBweii HX Jl3Jlbllei'1wyJO MOJleJlll·
,posKy. TaKoe npo11cxo>K11e1111e 11Me10T, no-n111111MOM)' . TaK>Ke <1>1mpJlbt
lllo1'na11J1.1111 11 BpnTaHCKOfl KonyM6trn.
B TO >Ke npeirn, KpOMe <jJ11op.1ton, TeKTOH1111ecK11 npeJlonpen.en e11-
11blx. HMelOTCR, nO- BllJlllMOMy, H <jll!OPJlbl 'll!CTO 3p031!011HOr O npOHC·
XO>KJlelll'IR, TaK KaK y HllX ue ycrauonneHO np113H3KOB KaKof1-111160
np11ypotJel!HOCT11 K 1111un11M pa3pb1BHblX Hapywem1k TaKOBbt, no 11c-
c 1cJlo!la111111M pR/l3 3BTOpOB, MHOrne <jJ11opAbl no6epe>K11i\ rpeHJ1311·
/{11 11, HcnaHJlllll, llinHu6epreHa. no Ml!elll!IO r. AJTbM3H3 [90), rny-
'60KOMY 3p03HOHHOMY paC'IJTellel!l!IO 0Kp31111 rpeHl13HJlllll HeMaJIO cno-
co6CTBOB3J1 BJ13>KHblii KJTHM3T TpeTll'IHOro npeMeHH, a 1'3K>Ke JTllT0-
.1orn4ec1rnii xapaKTep cnaralOUlHX ropHbtx nopoJl ( rnHHHCTble cna11-
u1.>1, neCYallHKll, KOHfJIOMepaTbl), B KOTOpblX peKH MOrJTll <l>opirnpoaaTb
y aKue 11 KPYTOCTel!Hble JlOllHHbl, npeepaT11nw11ecn np11 3aTonne111111
MopeM B <j>ttOpllbl.
YTO >Ke Kacaercn <jJ11opAOB, npeJlonpe)leneHHblX TeKTOHH'leCK11, TO
<>nH, no MHCHHIO 11eKOTOpbtX anTOpon (D. A. Kanmm 11 Jlp.), np11ypo-
•1eHbl npe11MyllleCTaeu110 K M3CCllBllblM II TBepJlblM Kp11CT3J1J1114eCKllM
nopoaaM, M3J10 nJt3CTH'lllblM, a nOTOM}' CKJIOHHblM o6pa3083Tb np11
-CHJlbHblX Jlllll3Ml!4eCKllX ttanpR>KeHHRX pa3pb!Bbl I! KpynHL>le rpa6eHbl,
110 KOTOpblM II paspa6aTblB3IOTCll JlOJTHHbl. TaKHM o6pasoM, B03HllKHO-
aiem1e II. TeKTOl!H'leCKllX, II 'lllCTO 9p03110HllblX <1>11op/lOB cne)l.yeT C8R-
9blD3Tb c 6blCTpb1M nO)lHRTHeM ropHCTblX no6epe>K11i1, npH'leM 60Jlb·
wyio pOllb 11rpan11 cnaraiom11e rop11ble nopOAbl. Ha116onee 11HTeHC11B·
Hble nOllHRTllR npOHCXOJlllJIH B <jlllOPJlOBblX oonacrnx BO npeMR 311b·
n11iicKoro oporeue:ia, u K STOMY epeMe1111, no- 811Jl11M0My, cne)l.yeT OT·
HOCllTb sano>KeHHe 60JlbUJllllCTB3 <jJllOPJlOB.
n. A. KanJIHH YK33btBaeT, '!TO, HeCMOTpR 113 MHOrlle 11ep1'bl BHeW-
11ero CXOJlCTna, MC>KJlY 9p0311011Hb1MH I! TeKTOHH'leCKl!Mll <1>11op)laMH
m1e10TCS1 11 cyu1ecTse1111b1e MOp<jJonorn4ecK11e paJn11111111 . «Bepera spo-
s11m111blx <1>11opJlOB o6bl'IHO CHJTbHO paC41!eHellbl, HepOBllbl, 11so611J1y10T
nTop11•mb1MH 6yxTO'IK3MH. HanpOTttB, a 6epera TeKTOHtt'leCKHX <jJuop-
.JlOB 60KOBb;e 3p0311011Hble JlOJll!Hbl Bpe33IOTCR peJlKO, a 6eperoB3R
JTl!HHR no11T11 ncerJla npRM01111HeiiHa H OJlHOpOJlH3. B nnaHe TeKTo-
HH40C"KHe <jJHOPJlbl HMelOT O'lepT3Hll!I nO'ITll npaBHJlbHblX reoMeTpll4e·
>CKllX <j>Hryp c npRMOJTHHeiiHblMll 6opT3MI!.
... 3p03110HHbte QlllOpJlbl 'laCTO ll.OBOJlbHO 113BllJlllCTbl, MeHRIOT csoe
Hanpanne1111e. HX 6epera c6n11>Ka10TC11 K nepwHHe, K MOp!O >Ke 01111
06bl'IHO Wl!pOKO OTKpb!Tbl. Hon03eMenbCKlle <1>11opJlbl, 11anp11Mep, K3K
s aMeTHJI 0. XonbTeJl3JTb, aeCbMa HanoMHH3JOT no KOH$11rypau11u sc-
-.ryapHH» ((41 ) , CTp. 215).
261

YKa3a1111ble BbIWe oco6em1ocTH penbecj>a AHHlll <lmopAOB eCTeCT-
aeunee acero 06'bllCllllIOTCfl 11X o6pa60':'KOfi AOnHHllblMH neAllHK3Mll.
l1M ermo B npoAOnbHOM npo<jJ11ne T3nbaeroa neAHl1l<OBbrx Aonm1 'lame
acero Ha6nIOAalOTCfl nepeyrny6neHHble Yll3CTKl1 B BHAe 3K3apal(H0ll·
llblX Bn3Al1H II p33AeJ!fllOIUllX !IX CK3nHCTblX p11renei1. 06 HllTeHClll3·
Hof1 neAH11Koaoi1 3po3n11 roaop11T T3K>Ke c11nb11a11 nepeyrny6ne11110CT1>
rn3Bllb!X AOJll!ll <j>11opAOB OTHOCJJTeJibHO anaAalOUlllX B llllX 60KOBblX
0
c 11X Bl1Cfl'IHMH YCTbl!Mll 11 Tl1nll'lllblll KOpblT006pa3Hbll I nonepellll!Jlit
npo<j>lfnb MHOrHX cj>llOPAOB. 06 yllaCTllll neAHHKOB B cj>opM11poaa111111
cj>11opAoeoro rnna 1106epe11rnf1 roaop11T TaK>Ke 11x reorpa<j>11YeCKoe·
pac11pocrpane1111e- npuypolleHHOCTb K B03BblWe11HblM CTpa113M Bl~CO·
KllX WHPOT, no}lBepraawHMCfl lleTBepTH'lllOMY one}lene1111IO Hnll HMelO-
lilllM neAIIHKH eme 11 B n3cTonmee apem1. B CeaepHOM nonywap1111
<jJ11opAbl 11e npocne>K11BaIOTCR !13 ror AaJibwe 49° WHpOTW, B lO>KHOM
nonywap1111 OHll BCTpe43lOTCSl AO 41° (A. D eHK [ 153]}.
YllHTblaan CKasa1111oe, MO>K!IO CAeJI3Tb cneA}'lOlllHH Bb!BOA: XOTR
nepBO!lallanbllOe 33nO>KeH11e <j>HOPAOB MOrno 6b!Tb npCAOllPCAeJie!lC>
TeKT0111-1lleCKHM11 npollecca~rn c nocneAyIOmeii pasp a60TKOif Aesi-renb-
110CTblO TeK}"IHX BOA, HO H 1103.nHeiiwee oneAe1Ie1111e, rnaBHblM o6pa-
30M B CT3.llHH CeTll AOnllllllblX Jie}lHllKOB, 1rneno HeManoaa>1moe 3Ha-
t;errne, coo6uorn 3THM <j>opMaM psiA aecbMa xapaKTep111,ix Mop<jJono-
rn<1ecK11x llepT. Ca~JO co6oi"r paayMeeTc11, 'ITO 3TO aoo.nel1cTa11e one-
Ae11e111111 Ha cj>opM11poaa1rne clmopAOB Morno a OTAeJibHblX cny<1aflx
npoRBHTbCll B HeOAHHaKOBOii creneHH B saBHCHMOCTll OT PHAa 11p11411H:
llPOAOn>KllTeJlbllOCTll II MOIUHOCTll oneneHe111111, OTHOCHTeJlbHOH «TBep-
AOCTH» ropllb!X nopOA, CTeneHH HX pa3AP06neHHOCTll H T. A- HaM Ka-
>KeTCll CTpallllblM, 'ITO n. A. Kanmm Ha OCHOBaHllll 113y4eH11!l <jrnop-
AOB Hoaoi1 3eMnll npuwen K Bb!BOAY. 'ITO <j>11opAbl 11p1106pen11 Tpo-
roo6pa3Hb!M nonepe'l!lbiii npo<j>11nb ue acneACTBHe neAHHKOBOii MOAe-
n11poaK11, a B pe3ynbTaTe AeHyAallHll CKno11oa nocne yx oAa nenn11Koa.
([41], CTp. 214). Mb! He 3H3eM, 4TO noApasyMee3eT n. A. Ka11n1111
noA «Tporoo6pa3Hb!M» npo<j>11neM, HO y THnH'IHblX TpOrOB Hll>KHHe
'laCTll CKJIOHOB acerAa OTJIH'laIOTCI! 6onbl.UOH KPYTH3110fl, AeH}'A3llHll·
>Ke o6bl4HO npllBOAHT K Bbmona>KHB311Hl0 CKJIOHOB. «51UlHK006pa3-
Hblii» nonepe4Hbii1 npo<j>11nb pRJta cjmop.noe Hoaoii 3eMJIH, 11ccne}lo-
aaI1HblX Kanm111b1M, MO>KeT, Ha Haw BSrm1n, 11an11TbCR nHWb np11Me-
pOM cna6oro B03Aef1cTB11R oneAeue111111 Ha nepaoua'lanbHblii 3poo11-
011111>1 i1 npocj>11nb 3TllX AOJll!H.
B yKasaH11b1x Bblwe w11poT11blx npeAenax <j>llopAoBblii rnn 6epe-
roa 11MeeT 6onhWOe pacnpocTpa11em1e. B Ceaep110M nonywap1111 01111.
KpoMe KnaccH<1ecKOi'1 CTpaHbl <j>11opnoa - Hopaern11- pa3Bl1TbI TaK>Ke
a sa113AHOi1 'laCT11 MypMa11cKoro no6epe>KMI KonbcKoro nonyocrpoaa
11a Hoaoi1 3eMne, B l1cna11A1111, BCTpe4aIOTCl1 a illoTnanmrn 11 Ceaep~
11oii l1pnaHn1111. T11n11'l11ble <j>11opAOBble 6epera 1rneroT fpe1ina11A11SI,
Jla6panop, HbIO<j>ay+1Jtne11A, HoaaH WoTnanA1rn, IO>K11oe no6epe>Kbe
AnsicK11, 6p11TaHcKa11 KonyM611sr, Ba<j><j>llHOBa 3eirnsr.
B IO>KHOM nonywap1111 <j>11opnoable 6epera pa3BllTbl B n aTaroHHH.
Ha Orne1111oii 3cMne, Ha IO>KHOM ocTpoae Hoaoii 3enaHA1111.
262
Ha Tepp11TOpm1 CCCP KpOMe KonbCKoro nonyocTpoaa 11 H oaoii
:1cMn11 <j>11opAbl pa3Bl1Tbl Ha 3e~rne <l>panua-l1oCH<j>a, 113 3px1111enare
Ceaep11oii 3eMnH, Ha llyKOTCKOM 11 K3M4aTCKOM nonyocrpoaax 11 no
of\pa11HaM KopHKCKoro naropMt.
Jl a rvm1blli T1111
Jlary1111b1ii nm 6eperoa 11a6nro1tae-rcn 'JaLUe acero na 11113MeHHb1x
;11<Ky M}'JlllTllBllblX no6epe>Kb!lX c OTMCJIOJI np116pe>KHOii nonocoii MOp!I.
}..apaKTep110il oco6eH110CTbIO 3TOro T11na 11anReTcsi H3n11411e nary 11 -
llO}lOeMOB, OTnenellHblX OT OTKpblTOro MOpll }'3KOH II 11113KOH nonocoi1
113 nanocuoro MaTep11ana (necKa, paKywe411or o JleTp11Tyca, r3neK}-
m' peCb!flbIO l!Jlll KOCOi'I, 11nn llBYMfl KOCaM11, paCTyUll!Mll 11aacrpe<1y
O'tlla Apyroi'1. 3TO aKK}'M}'nllTHBHOe 06paaoaau11e MO>KeT 6b1Tb C03AaHo
11 pe3)'JlbTaTe no11epe411oro 11epcMemeH1111 Hanocoa, T. e. no reHe311cy
lliJCACTaBJlllCT 6ap, HJIH >Ke B03HllK3eT 6nar0Aap11 npOAOJlbllOM}' ne-
pcMeme1111ro npOAYKTOB paspywe111111 n.pyrnx y'laCTKOB 6epera, T. e.
11BnHeTcn Kocoii. llaute acero, on11aKo, o6a 3T11 npouecca 0A11oapc-
Me11Ho y4aCTByIOT B 06pasoaa111111 11epecbm11. .llarynb1 a pa3n!Jlx CTpa-
uax 11ocnT oco6b1e MeCrnble 11a3aaH11H: «cayHA» (sound} Ha arna11T11-
'leCKOM no6epe>Kbe CWA (3nb6eMapnb Cay11A), «ra<j><j>» (Haff} -
u a 6a.n11ilCKOM Mope, «npynbl» (les etangs} - Ha .rlaurenoKCKOM no-
<iepC>Kbe <l>p a11u1111, «MOPllbl» - Ha KaaKa3CKOM no6epe>Khe Kacnm1
11 AP- AKBaTop1111 nary11bl MO)l{eT npencT3BnRTb samrn, rny6oKo e.naro-
1u.11i'1c11 B cywy, 11n11 aaTonne1rnyro MOpeM np11 onycKa1m11 cyw11 ycTb·
~ay10 •1acTb non1111bl, 11 TOrJta naryHa o6bl'IHO ObIBaeT BbtTm1y-ra caoeii
A-~ll llHOfl OCblO nepnell}lllKYJJSlpHO K Bll}'TpeHHei1 6eperoaoil JlllHHH. Ta-
l<OBbl MHOfHe n 11 Ma 11 bl ceeepo-3ananHoro 6epera lJepHoro MOpH.
B Jtpyrux cnp1al!x nary11a MO>KeT npeACT3Bnl!Tb 4aCTb WHpOKO OT·
KpblTOii B CTOpo11y MOPS! 6yxTbl, OTAene1myro OT MOp!l AnHHHOlf nepc-
CblnbIO, nenRIOmeiicll no cyu~ecray 6eperoBblM 6apoM 11 np114neHRIO·
n~eiiCll Ha KOHUax K ABYM BNCTynarom11M yllaCTKaM 6epera. B 3TOM
CJJ}"lae naryHa Bb!TllH}'Ta 6Mbweli <1aCTbIO BJtOJib o6utero npornn<e-
mm 6epera. nepeCbltlb, aaMb1Karouta11 naryHy, 6blaae-r cnnowHoi1 11n11
npopaa11a O}lHHM 11n11 HeCKOJlbKHMl1 npon11aaM11, COe}ll11llllOIUllM11 na-
ryHy c MOpeM. TaK11e npOJJl1Bbl HOCllT Ha3BaH11e inlets Ha aTnallTll'le-
CKOM no6epe>Kbe CWA, graux - Ha 6eperax .flaureAOKa, «rnpno» -
11a IO>KHbtX no6epe>Kbl1X eaponeilcKoi1 43CT11 Corosa.
.llaryHa, KaK npae11no, MenKOBOAH3, Bb!CTnaHa 113 Alie OCaAK3Mll,
0Tn114arom11M11c11 pnnoM oco6e11nocrei"1. 3To 6onbwei\ 4acrbIO xopowo
OTCOpT11poaaHHblC, OlleHb TOHKlle 110 MexaHll4CCKOMY COCTaay llnhl
TeMllOi'I OKpaCKll c 6onbWHM CO}lep>KaH!leM xeMorellllblX KOM!IO!leHTOB
11 opram1•1ec1<11x aemecra (rnaBHblM o6paaoM ocraTKOe aonopocneii},
11epenKo naxnyume cepoaonoponoM. 0611m1e xeMore1111oro M3Tep11ana
-0co6eH110 xapaKTep110 Jtnll nary11 no6cpc>K11ll CTpan apHJtlloro Knmrn-
Ta, rne llHTe11c11c11oe HCllape1111e DOAbl C03JtaeT BblCOKylO KOHUeHTpa -
UlllO pacreopeHllblX B BOAe coneii, AOXOAl!lll}'IO 43CTO AO non11oro H8·
.Cbll!leH1111 u BbmaAemrn nx 1<p11cT3nnon 11a Alie nary11bl. TaKoi1 npo-
263
uecc tta6nt0JlaCTC11, ttanp101ep, B naryHe J<apa-6or33-fo.1a, r)le
caMocaJIKoi1 o6pa3) 10TC11 Kp11CTan.11>1 M11pa6ttn11Ta, nosape1111oil conn
11 Jlpyrux M1111epanos.
B 3as11C1tMOCT1t OT roro, sna11aeT nu B nary11y Jl0CT8TO'IHO BOJl0-
11oc11a11 peKa nnu p1111 peK, 11JJ11 nary11a 11e nonyqaeT np11T0Ka BOJlbl
c cyw11, yposenb eo111>1 B nary11e MO>KeT 6b1Tb BblWe 1u111 1111>Ke ypos-
1111 B OTKpblTOM Mope. B 3TOM cny'lae B npopblBa!OllleM nepecblnb Ha-
Pttc. 63. npKJtH&Hble AeJ!LTbl (no B. M. Jle&Kcy)
uane MOr)'T 11MeTb Mecro Te'le111111, uanpaBJ1e1111ble 11s nary111,1 n Mope.
un11 uao6opoT. Ha nary1111b1x no6epe>Kbllx c Bb1COKHM1t np11n11naM1t
n npopbmax nepecbln11 eo31111Ka10T TC'lemrn, 11anpaene11111>1e npn np11-
n11ne Jl3 Mop11 e nary1ty, np11 0Tn110e - J1s nary11b1 n Mope. 3rn nepe-
Me1111ble 11 JlOBonb110 61>1CTpL1e Te'le111111 yrny6nll!OT 11 pacw11p1110T Ka-
nan, yc11ne11110 sp0Jl11py11 pblXnblii rpyllT nepec1>1n11, 11 OTKnaJl1>1Ba10T
npe11Myu1ecTee11110 nec'la1tbli1 MaTep11an npn np11n11ne 11a /llle nary111>1.
np11 OTnnse- n Mope nepeJl nepecblnb!O. TaK eo31111Ka10T n p JI n JIB-
H bl e A e JI b T bl (PJIC. 63). ci>opM Hpy!OWallCll B cnOKOiillblX II 11erny-
60HllX eon.ax nary11bl )lenbTa OObl'lllO OTnll'laeTCll 6onbWe~ BCJlll'lll-
HOii II Henpa011nbHblM nonaCTHblM KpaeM, _AenbTa no MOpCKOll C::OPOH:
nepecblnll MeHbWe It llMeeT BblpOBHeHllblll TC'leHJleM 11apy>KHblJI Kpau
(Davis ( 105], crp. 474).
.r1ary11a OTntt'laeTCll OT OTKpblTOrO MOPll Tal()Ke OC06b!M rH/lPOJllt·
11aM11'1ecK11M pe>KHMOM. Bon111>1 3L1611, nos1111Kw1te nOJl nn11111111eM
O'lellb 0T.nane1111oro UJTOpMa, 11e npo1111Ka10T e naryuy. 3JleCb C03JlaeT-
c11 ceol't co6CTBCllHblit nonuoeoil pe>KllM B CBf1311 c 'IHCTO MecT11bIMJt
eeTpa~rn. oon11b1 Jl3-33 Manero pasro11a OTn114a10TCS1 MeJlbWeli eenll-
'l1t11oi1 ceo11x sneMeHTOB. MenKoeo11110CTb 11aryJ1 'laCTO 11axon.11T ce6e
e1>1pa>Ke1111e n pe3KOM nposinne111111 cro11110-11aro1111blx 11nnem1il: npir
c11nbHblX eeTpax y OJlJIOro 6eper a .n.110 nary11bl ocywae-rc11 B npeJienax
w11p0Koi1 nonOCbl, TOr)la KaK Ila npOTllBOOOJJOlKHOrt CTOpOHe 6epcr
CTOJJb >KC s11a•n1TenbHO 3llTOllJllleTCSI 6narOJl3PSI noeblWellHIO ypos1111.
264
I mrne 11ene111111 11a6n10Jl3lOTCA, 11anp11Mep, Ha nuMana>; T:i\taHCKoro
11om ocrpoea 11 11a C11eawe. 0. K. .neo11TbeB 11a6nio.nan eeTpoeyio
oc.yiuKy 11a 6epery n.enbTbl TepeHa (51] .
CaMOCTOllTenbHblit nl!lpo111111aM11'1ecK11ii pe>KllM nary11 C03/laeT 11
rno11 oco6e11110CT11 ncpeMeu1e111111 11a11ocon. B. n. 3e11Koe1111 (31] yKa-
3LlnaeT, 'ITO 011epTam111 MHOrllX nary11 nonllpHblX II n.anblleOOCTOllHblX
MOpeu ycno>K11e11bl 6JJaro)lap11 o6pa3osa1111io M:1oro'111CJ1e1111blx KOC
llTOporo nopRJlKa, KOTOpble MOryT 0031111K:ITb KaK no BHyTpe1111ef1 CTO·
pone nepecblnu, TaK 11 11a MaTep11KODOM 6epery naryHbl, ecn11 011 cno-
>Ke11 pbtXnblMH 06paaoeam111M11. Koc1>1 nu 6bleaioT op11e11T11poea11b1
ncpne11n.11Kyni1p110 11n11 OOA 11eKOTOpblM yrJJOM K JVJHHllOil OCH nary11bl.
M11orna .>TH e11yTp11nary11111>1e KOCbl MoryT non110CTb10 neperopoJUITb
.~ ary11y, KoTopaR pacna.n.aeTCSI Tor11a 11a uenO'IKY 11e6onbUJllX OKpyr-
.11>1x no.n.oe~ioa.
BO/l006MeH Me>KJlY J1ary11oii II OTKpblTblM MOpeM MO>KeT npOllCXO·
.!UITI> 11e TOnbKO '1epe3 Kauanbl B nepecblnll, 110 II llyYCM 4>11nbTpall1tH
BOJlbl qepe3 pb1X11yio Macey nepecblm1. J<poMe roro, 11p11 c11.1b11blx
IUTOpMax np116oii11blit noTOK pa361tea10111ei1c11 BOJJllbl MO>KeT llllOrJla
nepennecKuaaTbCll '1epe3 nepecblnb e narytty.
Pa11bwe cymecrsosano np~cTaBJ1e1111e. 'ITO 06pa3oeam1e .1ary11
npo11cxoAHT n11wb e ycnon1111x 110/lllllTllll 6epera 11n11 no1111>Ke111111
ypoe1111 Mop11. Hoeellw11e 11a6n10!le111111 ue no.n.TBep>K.n.aioT .>Toro M1te-
1mn. Jlarynbl MoryT B031ll!KaTb KaK 113 no.n1111Mal01UHXC1l, T3K II Ha
onyCK3!01llllXCll 6eperax. II 3TH ABH>KCllllll 3CMH0ll KOPbl MOfYT nHWb
ycKopnTb 11n11 3aMen.nmb npo1~ecc 11x CTa110BJ1c1111n [53]. 06pasoea-
1111e .1ary11 MO>KeT llMeTb MCCTO II np11 CTa611nbHOM nono>1<e111111 ypoe·
HSI MOpll. B. n. 3eHKOBlllf nOK333n 11a Pll/le npnMepoe (6epera llep-
11oro \IOpll, 4yKOTKll, J<aw1aTKll). •!TO Ha onycKa!OIUHXCll 11113MCllllblX
noOcpC>KbAX naryua MO>KCT npe.n.crannRTb ue OTJlen11nw11i1c11 nepe-
ct.1nb10 ) '13CTOK MOp11, 110 o6pa3yeTCll ua MeCTe, 6blBWeM pauee cy-
1Uei1. npoUeCC 3TOT pHC} eTCll B cneJ1yl01lleM Bl(Jle. n o Mepe norpy>Ke·
• 111111 1111sMe1111oro no6epe>Kbll 6eperonor1 san CTa11oe11Tcn ece 6onee
MOUlHblM H CMemaeTCll B cropo11y cyw11, TaK KaK eonHbl npu nOBblWe·
111111 ypoe1111 cnoco6111>1 nepe6pacbleaTb p1>1xnblii MaTep11an 11epes ero
rpe6c11b. HapaCTam1e eana e Bblw1111y nocTene1mo JaMCM11eT cro ne-
peMemem1e. npocrpaHCTBO CYWll, np11Mb1Kal0Ulee K eany, Olia3b1BaeTCA
B KOllUC KOHllOB HH>Ke MOpll, TOr)la KaK eaJJ eUle B038b1WaeTC!l 11a.11
ype30M. <1>11nbTpau1rn MOpCKnx eo.n qepes pblxnyio Macey eana npueo-
Jl.HT K saron.ne111110 .>Toro npocTpaHCTna, npeepalllaR ero n nary11y.
I111Tepec110 on1eT11Tb ewe 01111y oco6e1111ocTb pa3011T1111 nary11ttoro
no6epe>KbR, OTMe'le1111y10 ewe e 1919 r. Jl>1<011co110M [132]. npu no-
ebl1ue11uu ypoeun MOpll 11n11 np11 onycKa111111 cyw11 nepecblnb (6ap)
llMCCT TeHAeHUHIO nepeMeutaTbCfl B CTOpOHy naryllbl, 113JlBlff3RCb 113
nar) 1111t.1e 0Tno>Ke1mn 11 nepeKp1>10an 11x. TaKoe sanera1me MaTepuana
nepcc1>1nn 11a nary1mblx 11n11cTb!X 0Tno>Ke111111x 11a6nt0)lanocb np11 6y-
pe1111nx 11a coepe.ie1111wx nepecblnnx 11 no 6eperaM CCCP, ttanp11Mep
11a Apa6aTCKOi1 crpenKe.
265
 Ha .. neC'laHblX nepecbmnx Hepe.uKo o6paayioTcn .uio11b1. necoK, c.uy-
BaeMblll BeTpOM c nepeCblflH, 'laCTO r:pHHHMaeT 6onblllOe y1JaCT11e B
aanom1ett1111 nary11b1 11a11ocaM1I.
Jlary1111b1e no6epe>Kbll, nnlI, roBopfl To•rnee, OT.UenbHbie narv111i1,
B CBOeM pa3Bl1TIIH npOXOll!lT Pfl.ll CT3/ll1H. nepBylO 113 lll1X 0. K. Jle-
OHTbeB Ha3bieaeT CTa.u11ell nary H bl - s an 11 ea, KOTOpafl xapah•ep11-
3yeTCfl TeM, 'ITO 3amrn 11n11 6yxTa 11MeeT eute ceo60Jt11oe coo611le1111e
c OTKDbITblM MOpeM, TaK KaK nepeCblllb noKa He pa3BHT3 11 npe.ucTaB-
neua TOnbKO no.neo.n11bIM aKKyMynnT11e11bIM 06paaoeaH11eM ll Bl1.lle
1iana. Do6epe>Kbe, r.ue 3an11ebl eu1e He aa MKHYTbI Ha)lBO.llllbIMlf nepe-
CbinflMll, aMepHK31lCKlle aBTOpbi CKJlOllHbl Bbl/leJlf!Tb no.u 11a3Ba1111e~1
6eperoB rnna M3pHneH.ua, no 11Me1m wTaTa ClllA. TaKOBbl 3an11eb1
,Ll.enaB3p H 4ecan1IKCK11ii Ha BOCTO'lllOM no6epe>Kbe ClllA.
BTopan cTaA11fl - co 6 c TB e H 11 o n a r y 11 a. n epecbtnb y>Ke pa3-
B11Ta, HO eonoo6MCll c MOpCM, XOT!l II B ocna6ne1moM Bii/le, Cll(e IIMC-
eT MeCTO 4Cpe3 npopblB B nepeCblflll, pe>Ke 'lepea 11eCKOJlbKO TaKMX
npOpblBOB.
TpeTb!l CT3.!lHfl- Jl a r y " a - 0 3 e po; 33ntiB OT.UeJJell OT Mopn
cnnoumoii nperpa.uoi\, 11 BOA006Me11 c 1111M B03MO>KCH n11UJb nyTCM
<1>11nbTpau1111 'lepea pb1Xnb1fl rpyHT nepccbm11. Dp11 3TOM <jJ11nbTpa-
um1 MO>KeT npo11CXOJ1!1Tb KilK II3 MOpn B nary11y, Tai( II 113 nary11bl s
MOpe, B 33BllC11MOCTII OT C1'0flll1Ifl ypOBllSl BOAbl TaM H 3)leCb. ::>Ta CTa-
/lHll MO>KeT 6b!Tb JlOCTHrllyTa Jllllllb B TOM CJl)''lae, eCJIH .nary11a -03epe>
11e non~'13CT CTOnb 6onbworo npHTOKa BO.llbl, uanpHMep, B BH/le Bna-
.uaiomelI peKII, 'ITO np11xon He KOMne11c11pyeTCl1 paCXO.!lOM BO.Ubl nyT·eM
11cnapemrn 11 <j>u.%Tpau1m. B 3TOM nocncntteM cny'lae 11s6b1TOK BOnbr
H3 nary111>1 .uon>Ke11 11MeTb CTOK 'lepea Kanan B nepecbmn II 6y.neT
noMcp>KunaTb ero cyu1eCTBOBatt11c.
.ila11b11eiilll1Iii XO/l pa3BHTHfl naryHbl 6yneT 11/lTll B nanpaencmm
ee 06Mene1111R. B ycnoe1H1x 1Jna>K11oro KJ111MaTa 3To 06Menc1111e 6yner
coBeplllaTbCn nyn!M aanon11emrn nary11hl 11aHocaM11, 3apacTall!1R 06-
MeneBw11x npocTpaHCTB 6011on10i1 paCTHTe.nbllOCTblO I! H3KOnneHH11
Top<j>a. B ycnoettf!X ap11n110ro KJT11MaTa K 3TllM npoueccaM 6yJ1eT np11-
coeJ111Hf!TbCn ell(e HHTeHCHBHOe ucnape1me. KoHe•rnbIM 11TOrOM 3T11x
npo1~eccoo 6yneT nonnoe ocywe1111e aKBaTop1111 naryttbl 11 npeBpall(e-
m1c ee poenoro JlHHuta B ycnoB11nx cyxoro KJlHMaTa B conoH•iaK c
pellKO paa6pocaHHblMH KYCTHKaMH rano<J>HTllblX paCTe1111ii l!JIH COB-
CC~I ro.%lfl, noKpblTblll GCJTb!MH Bb!UBeTaim, a 1111or.na H KOpKaM!l Co-
nell. B ycnoBttllx ryM11!,111oro KJ111MaTa, B pcaynbTaTe cMeHbI Pfl!la pac-
T11TenbHhlx accou11au1111, T3Koe npoCTpanCTBo MO>KeT npeBpaT11TbCfl a.
nyr c Me30$HJTbl!Oii TpaBsmofl paCTHTeJlbHOCTblO.
On11ca11Hhlii npo11ccc 3BOJT10111111 nary11 MOn<CT 6b1Tb ocno>KneH
.llBH>KCHlfllMI! 3e~mor1 KOpbl. 06 3TOM ce11neTenbCTB)'IOT pa3pe3bl, Bhl·
Hllne1n1ble aano>Kem1h1M11 na ocywuBw11xc11 naryttax 6ypoBblMll CK!la-
>K1111aM1L 01111 'laCTo noKa3b!Ba!OT ~moroKpaTHYIO CMe11y HJlllCTblX na-
ryHHblX OTnO>Ke1111ii nec'l3Hb!Ml1 OTJIO>KeHllf!Mll Ha.llBHraBWl1XCfl Ha
.naryny nepecblnei'i.
266
B BO/le MHOrHX naryu ap11JJJiblX 06naCTei1 1!3 paCTBOpa llblllanaioT
t.nrnepanb1 (M11pa611.n11T Na2S0 4· 10H20, acTpaxam1TMgS04- Na2S04X
X 4H20. 3TICOMllT MgS0.·7H20 II .up.), npeJICT3BJllllOl!lllC UCllHOe Xll-
MH'l eCKOe Cblpbe. 113 eoaopocnef1, 0611nbHO pa3Bl!B3IOUll1XCfl B J1ary-
1;ax, MOlKeT 6b!Tb nony<1e11 110.u.
Jl aryHHb1e 6epera nonha)'IOTCfl o'leHb lllHPOKHM pacnpocTpa11e1m-
CM, COCTaB.ll!lfl OKOJlO 13% OT 06u1eri nporn>KeHHOCTll 6eperoB M11po-
noro oKeaBa. B Eepone 01111 pa3BHTbI 11a no6epe>Kbe 6anTHHCKoro
MOpR, no 6eper<fM JlanreJIOKa, AJtpttaTH'leCKOro M0p11 B OKpeCTHOCTflX
Be11eu1rn; B CeBep11oii AMcp11Ke - Ha aTJJaHT111JecKOM no6epe>Kbe
C lllA (CeBepuafl Kapomrna 11 apyrnc Il!TaTbl). B IO>K11oi1 AMepttKc -
Ha no6cpe>Kbe 10>KHOi1 6pa3un1111 u OT'laCTH Ypyraaf!; B A<jlpm<e -
ua no6cpe>Kbe fB11HeiicKoro 3amma K 3anaJty OT yCTbll Httrepa.
B npeJ1enax CCCP nary1111b1i1 rnn 6eperoB npe11cTaBnei1 ua ceBe-
po-aanaJIHOM no6epe>Kbe 4epBoro MOp!l, 11a aanal!HOM 6epery Kpb!-
Ma, na 11eKOTOphlx y<JaCTKax KacnuflcKoro no6cpe>Kbfl KaeKasa
(K 10ry OT yCTbll p. CaMyp), no nocTo•moMy 6epery Caxan1111a, Ha
\.l y KoT1'c 11 KaM'laTKe.
UJepMOBb!H THn
lllcpM aM11 Ha 6eperax Kpacuoro MOp11 na31>1Ba10T KopoTKHe, or-
p a1111'le1tttb1e npS!MblMH .nHH!lllMH (yrJJOB3Tble B 0•1epT3HllflX) II Tyno
3a MblKa10w11ec11 6yxTbl , OTneneHHble 011113 OT .upyroi\ 60JJbWei"1 HJll1
Meni,111ei1 Ben1t'lllllbl npoMe>KyTKaM11 (A. D eHK [ 153], T. II, CTp. 569) .
01111 speaaHbl rnaBHblM o6pa30M B OTOpO•rny KOpannOBblX pll<jJOB,
np11Mb1Ka10m11x K KOpeHHOMY 6epery. 3TOT Tim 6cpera ceoi1CTBeH
1<paRM CTO.!lOBOif CTpaHbl, ne>Kautei1 B o6JJaCTl1 ap111111oro KJTHMaTa I!
c0Bcpwem10 1111wen11oii e uacTOf!Ulee Bpe~rn noBepxnoCTHbIX TeKy'luX
BO/l. 0JtH3KO OO'ITll K Ka>KnOMY wepMy co CTOpOHbl cyw11 fl0AXOJ111T
<:yxoe pyc.r10 ean11 c JIOCTaTO'lllbIM KOJlll'I eCTBOM rpynTOBblX BOJI, Bbl-
.XOJlllU(l1X 1111orna y caMOif 6yXTbl Ha noeepXHOCTb H o6pa3yl011(11X
• 3.!leCb coneHoe 6onoTo. KopannOBblC nocTpoirn11 ( coepcMe11Hb1e) nepeA
wcpMOM 06bl'IH0 pa3BHTbl cna6o 11n11 coeceM OTCyTCTB)'IOT.
no ~me111110 B. lllM11ATa (167), npo11cxo>K.!leB11e wepMOeblx 6yXT
·CTOllT e ce11311 c o6pa30Bam1eM B 11eorenc c6pocoB, no KOTOpbIM npo-
.11cxomwo onycKaH11e rpa6e11a Kpac11oro MOp!l. Jle11>Ke1111fl no 3Tl1M
c6pocaM 11 06pa:rnBa1me 110B1>1x npOJtOJI>Kanocb H n03.llliee. C6poco-
llbie nmnm 06pa3yioT JtBe cttcTeMbl: Mep111lHOHanb11yio 11 ceBepo-Janan-
HO - lOrQ-BOCTO'lHYIO. 3n1 nanpaBneHHfl I! 06ycJioen11BalOT KOHYTYPbl
~epera.
Pe1rn nn10B11anb11oro nep110.ua, cosnaBw11e ynoM1111yTble BbIWe Ba -
Jllt, C.1 CJlOBan11 B CBOl!X lll1>KHHX '13CT!lX JlllIIHRM p33JlOMOB, II HX 3p0-
3110HH .a ll nenTenbHOCTb cnoco6CTnoBana pac'lneue11uio no6epe>Kbfl.
PeJllme CJT)"1ai111ble py'lbH, 11anueaioll(11ecR B wepMbl BO epeMsi AO>K-
neff, I! llOCTORlllfbl H npl1TOK rpyHTOBblX BOil npcnflTCTBOBanH pa3BH-
THIO B wepMax KOpannoBbIX nocTpoeK H cnoco6CTeoean11 coxpaHHOCTH
3THX 6yxT. WepMbl npenCTaBn1110T y.uo6Hble MecTa flKOpHblx CTOllHOK
267
AJJJl He60JJbWllX CYAOB, 110 ,ll,Jlll OKea11CKllX napOXOAOB OHi! HeAOCTyn-
Hbl ([167), CTp. 118).
Ap3JJ bCK11ii T11n
noA lf33B3HlleM apaJJbCKllfl Tltn 6yxToeoro 6epera JI. Sepr c.
f8J BblAeJJllJJ 11113MCHllOe BOCTO'lHoe no6epe>Kbe ApaJJbCKOro MOp11.
KOTOpoe eMy npl!WJJOCb Ha6JJIOA3Tb 8 1901 r., 8 nep110,n flOBbllliCllll!t
}'pOBJlll 03Cpa. nOCJleAllCe 33TOflllJJO np11 3TOM 'l3CTb HH3MCllllOro 6e·
pera, peni,e<J> KOToporo COSJ1aeanc11 e npe11weCTeoeaew11i1 nep110.1t
y6blJJll rJJ3BllblM o6pa30M ACA'l'eJJbllOCTblO np116of111of1 BOJJHbl (6epe-
roeble 83JJbl) II BCTpa (AIOHHblC rpl!Jlbl c AOJll!HOOOpasHblMH nOHll)l(e·
llllllMll MC)l(AY llllMll, KOTJJOBllHbl Ob1JtYB3111111 8 necKax II np.). HmKe
np11eo,n11Tc11 om1ca1111e JI. C. SeproM penhe<j>a sToro 6epera 11 npouecc
ero o6pasoea111111:
cOpM OOBblW~HH ypOBHR Mope, HHrpeccHpy• H npoK>IKaR WeJKJly BblO)"KllblMM•
«l>oJ>N3MK Of\HC8HHO<O pei!be4>8, 38mt8! tT ece KOTAO&KHbl, npeepawu HX 8 6yxni.
a Bblll8IOWHOC• •8CTll C111108R'l'Cll OC"rpo88Nlt H nonyoctpO••MH . Bc.1e.a.c18He OT!lle-
•CHHOro Bblllle pa3Hoo6p8311A ¢0PM pvtbe4>8 nony.anc• CTOnb CHnbH8A p8N.1CHCH•
~~;o.~eptroeoif .'UlHll.lf, •TO ee lit y.A8t'l'CR Bblp83HTb AUt<e Ha Kapte 6o.nbll!Oro Mac·
Or K8>K,llOH 6yXTbl KAii 38nl!S•HK8, CAOBHO BCTOO OT Aepeaa, OTX0.11.• t J>838CT·
8.'lCmrn. npoTOKll «ySRKH• , 8ftC.APRt0lUHet11 8 MOTllOBllHbl Me>t4n.Y 6apx3H8)Uf, K2f\ 6bl
11aettnbHO nponar•• ce<Se nyTb cpc.m1 mix. Betep rott11T c c11noii • OAY a MeJ>K11x Me·
CT3X TO 8 ty, TO 8 .11.pyr~IO CTOpoHy H T8KHM o6p830M ,11aeT Ha•ano TC•eHHA>I, KOTO-
pble C8Mtf BblJ>blBat<lT H yrny6n•IOT pblmHHy, 3311AtyJO npoTOKOM, It pacnpoctQ8HAIOT
ee a11yTpb crpa11bl, TaK o6pasyJO'l'CA MHllHble H Y3KHC c npoTOKll• - sa1111abl, KOTOpble
orxo.11.flt, 11anp.11Mcp, oT sam1uoe AKcara, Yrn·ytK)'n b 11 AP·" ((8), ctp. 190).
fiepr Cpao1111eaeT 9TOT Tlln 6epera CO WXep311111 <l>HHJJllHAHll. no-
Jl06110 TOMY KaK wxcpw o6pa3yt0TC11 6nar0Aap11 H1irpecc1111 Mop11 s
CTpa11y, 11eHyAttpoea1111y10 JJC/lllllblM noKp080111, T3K II BOCTO'lllble 6e-
pera ApaJJbCKoro 111op11 no.~y1111n11 ceoio KOH<j>11rypa1.u1io 0cnencre11e
pacnpoCTpanCllllfl MOpll no CTpa11e, 3POAllPOB311110H BC'l'pOM ({8],
CTp. 191).
• Mil, KaK 6bl noCTOl'lllllO npononaCKllB310lUHMll YCTbe peKH.
K STOMY >Ke Tnny cne11yeT, n o-e111111M0My, oT11eCT11 t0>KH1>1i1 6eper
ooepa Sanxaw, no 1<paiiHei1 Mepe e nep110.nw nOBblwemrn ero ypoe11n.
J1HM3HHblH 'J'lln
3Tor nrn 6cperoe llMCeT rc11ern\lecK11 ~rnoro. o6utero c peacoebl11t
TunoM ceeepo-sana)l11oii H cna111rn, 110 xapaKTepu3yeTCll 11 11eKOTOpb1MJ1
cyutecree1111blMll OTJJ11111111M11 OT Hero. B npe11enax CCCP K nn111a11110-
MY Tnny np11Ha11JJelKaT cesepHble 6epera t.lep11oro 11 AsoecKoro MOpeii.
J111M311bl - 9TO TO>Ke KJJllHOBllJtllblC 6yxTbl, rny601<0 01!3IOUUfecll B
cyury 11 npe.1tCTae.n11t0ut11c saTonne1111ble MopeM }'CTbCBble 'laCTn spo-
3HOHllblX pe11HhlX .nom111. Orn111111e OT p11ac saK;1t0•iaeTC11 npC}l(Jle scero
B TOM, 'lTO JJllM3Hbl npnypo'leHbl ne K OCT3TO'lllblM M3CCllB3M, a K Heii-
Tp3JJbllblM 6cperaM cpaOllllTCJlbHO )IOJJOl!Oil, HeBblCOKOii CTOJJOBOi•
CTp3Hbl, CJJO>KCHllOii, cne11oeaTeJJ bllO, 113 rop113011T3JlbHO 3aneratoUUIX
268
OC3AO•lllb1X nnaCToB. J111MaHbl 11111e10T, T3Kl1M o6p330111, 11eBblCOKllC, 110
11Hor11a cpaemnenbHO KPYTble 6epera, no'lTll scen1a 6C3 1<a1<11x-n1160
ocrpoeoe • .llpyrof1 xapaKTep11oii oco6eH110CTbt0 JJHMaHOB '-lep11oro 11
A 30BCK0f0 MOpei1 SIBJlllC'l'CSI TO, 'lTO OHll np11ypO'leHbl K 6eperaM MO·
peli, He 11Met011u1x npum1eoe. Ta111, rAe 11a n11Ma11Hblx 6eperax 1ia6nto·
11at0TCll CllJlbllb!C npHJillBbl, npllJlllOO·OTJJllBllblC Te'lCHHll noAAep>Kll·
B3IOT 3aronne1111ble )'CTbSl peK OTKpblTblMll II 1!3>KC 111oryT pacw11pS1Tb
11x, np1111aea11 11111 01111 seyyapnee, KaK :no Ha6nto,naeTc11, 11anp1rnep,
11a tO>KllOM 11 t0ro-eocT011110M no6epe)l(bllx A11rn1111. B 111opnx >Ke, ne
llMCIOutllX np11'111BOB, sna,nal0ut311 B roJJOBHYIO 'l3CTb JJllM3H3 peKa
\IO)f(eT np11110CllTb 31131111TeJJbHoe KOJJll'lecTBO 113HOCOB, OTJJ3f311 llX
'l 3CTblO B C3MOM JJllM3lle, 3 }'CTbll Jllll\131108 33Mb1K3IOTC!! KOC3Mll II
nepecblnRMll, ocTae.n1111 11110rJla nuwb ys1mli np<>TOK («rupno>), 11at0·
uu111 BblXOJl 11s n11111a118 pe11HblM aoJtaM. Ceo6o1111blf1 Bblxo11 e 111ope
llMCIOT JJllWb JJllM311bl, B KOTOpble enanatOT KpynHble MHOrOBOllllble
pc1<11 epone llnecrpa 11n11 .lluenpa.
B Tex JJllM3113X , KO'l'Opble coeepwenno OTlleJJllJJUCb OT MOP!! (JJll·
M311bl XanlK116ei1c1<11i1, Ky11nb1111u1<11i1, T111rnrynbcK11f1, oo. Mono'lHoe),
Ha6.~IOA3eTCn YBCJJH'lCllllC K011ue11Tp3UHH coneli, JlOXOAl!utee 1111or.1ta
.'10 11acbl1ue111111 (Ky11nb1111uK11i1 n11MaH B 1869 r.). Hap1111y c OCOJJO·
11eH11e111 npo11cxon11r 11 not1t1>Ke1111e ypoe1111 sa111KH}'Tb!X JJ11Ma11oe. Ha-
npmrep, ypoeenb Toro )KC Ky11nb1111u1<oro nn111a11a CT011n B 1860 r.
Ila 5,3 M Hll>Ke ypoe1111 '-lep11oro MOp!!. B 33BJICH MOCTll OT MCTCOpOJJO·
r114CCKHX yCJJOBllii ypoeenb 33 MKll)'TblX JJHM3HOB II KOnue11Tpa1m11 B
llCM coneil no11aep>1<enw 04CHb CllJJbllbIM 1<one6a111111M (Tamp11nbeo).
Bb1JleJJllCMblC aMep111<a11c1<11M11 11ccJie,noaaTeJJ11M11 6epera nma M3·
p11ne1111a CXOllllbl c JJHM8HHblMll, HO OTJJH43IOTCl1 OT llHX TeM, 'lTO 11X
1111rpecc1101111ble 6yxTbt coeepwe11110 OTKpb!Tbl, ue onopo>1<e11b1 or
01<ea11a 11111<a1<11M11 Koc11~111 11n11 nepec1>1n11M11. TaKOBbl sanuebt JleJ1a-
esp 11 t.i ecam1KCK11i1 118 BOCT04 ll OM no6epe>Kbe CWA. 3To cocro111111e
MO>KeT noAAeplK11B3TbCll HeKOTopoe epeMH HJJH npOAOJJ>K310lllltMCll
onyCK3JlllCM cyw11, llJlll lKC CllJJbllblMH np11mlBO·OTJ1HBllblMl1 TC4ellllll·
l\\apweebli't Tlln
Mapweebli1 nm 6eperoe (\Valtenkiislen, no KJJacc111p11Kau11H llinio-
'!'epa, type des M arais - MapTOHHa) npeJ1CT3BJJlleT Ha116o.nee nooA·
11t0t0 cra,n11t0 p8se11T11R 6epera narymroro Tuna .•llaryttbl coeepwe11110
sanOJJllllJll!Cb llJJllCTblMll H3HOC3MH II npeepaTHJJllCb B HH3MeHHLIC, 33·
JJllB8CMble BO BpeMll np11n11eoe npOCTpanCTB3 Mapweil llJJH Ba TT 0 B
(Wallen, marais). t.IenoeeK, crpeMl!Cb 11cnonbsoeaTb sT11 nno11opOJt·
Hble npOCTpancrea, npe.1toxpa1111CT ux OT BTOp>1<e111111 Mop11, coopy)l(a11
no 0Kp311113M 33lUllTHble nJJ01'11Hbl II A3M6bl, a Tal()l(e npHHllM3eT
Mepbl K 11cKyccree11HOMY ocywe111110. B Ha116onee Tttnn'IHOM paJ·
e11r1111 Mapw11 npencrae.nenbl ua no6epe>KbRx Cesep11oro MOp11 (fon-
na11111111 II <!>Pf) II MCCT3Mll no 6eperaM Cl>p3HUUU.
269
 l(OPAJlnOB blE 6EPErA H l(O PAnnoBblE OCTPOBA
B MOp<jJonor1111 MHornx no6epc>1<11i1 Tpon11'lcC1<oro noRca 6onbwyio
pO.% 11rpa!OT mlBCCTKOBblC nocTpo1"rn11 pu<jJoo6pa3ylOUll!X KOpannos.
TaKue no6epe>Kbfl no 11x ceoeo6pa31110 MO>K110 BblJICJllfTb 8 oco6blii
Tlln noJt 11a3ea1111eM Kopannoeblx 6eperoe. KpoMe Toro, nocrpoi'1K 11 KO·
pan.108 o6pa3y!OT MHO>KeCTBO llC6onbWllX 11113KllX OCTPOBOB, paccc-
HllllLIX ua orpOMllblX npOCTpaucreax o OKeauax n r.iopHX Tpomt'leCKoro
nonca. lix y1106110 pacCMOTpeTb e 3TOM >Ke pas11ene, TaK KaK no ceoe-
MY re11ea11cy 01111 npe11craenn10T no cymecTBy 6eperoeble <j>opMbl ony-
CT11aw11xcsi non YPOBCHb OKC3113 OCTpOBHblX 803BblWCllllOCTeit.
P11~006pa3yiou.u1e Kopann1>1 np11HaJtne>KaT K Knaccy Anthozo;i
TIJJl8 KJIWC'IJJOno.~ OCTHblX :tKHBOTHblX II npencTae.~RIOT KOJIOHH8nbllble
opr~Hll3Mbl, 06pa3y1011111c H3BCCTK0Bblil CKCJleT. 3TOT CKelleT OCT8JO·
1JlllllCfl nocne OTM11pa111111 oco6eit, 11 cnar8CT .i8ccy pmj1a. Kopa nnbl'
1
JICJll.T('fl Ila WCCTll· II BOCbMHny'leBblC. Pn<J>bl o6pasyJOT npe11Myll1C·
cr,ec11110 wecT11ny•1eeble KOpann1>1, BOCbM11nY'iee1>1c 11 rpa!OT 11011,nmeu-
11) IO po.%. )·fa CIJCTCM3TH'leCKllX no11pasnene1111i1 KOpannoe K pH<jJO·
o.6~a3y1011t1H~ np1111_aJtne>KaT nee F11ngaccae, Orbiccllidae, 'laCTb Ocu-
hmdae. 11 Slilactcnda.c, ece Pocilloporidac, Madreporidae, ueKOTOpblc
Alcyomnae 11 Gorgomdae 11 Jlp.
Kopannoe1>1e nOCTpoiiKu npeJtCT38JIRJOT ceoeo6pa311y10 >K11311e11uy10
cpe11y, B KOTOpOil H3XOJ:lRT O<Jellb 6naronp111!THblC ycnoe1111 B OTHOWC·
111111 y6e)f(JIU~a H 0611m111 flllUll! MJJO>KCCTBO J:lpyrux opraHH3MOB K3K
BCJ1ym11x np11Kpcnnc1m1>1it o6paa >K1t31111, TaK 11 ceo60J1110 nepeMe~aio-
1101xcn. TllKO_Bbl MlfOrO'lllCJJeHHblC MOJlnlOCK11 c TOJJCTOCTeJllJblMll paKO·
UllH8Mlf (Tndacna II np.}. MOpCKIJC C>Kll, paKoo6pasHble, MW311Kll,
lf38~CTKOBble ry6K11, 113BeCTKOBble BOJlOpoc.~11. necTpooKp8We1111ble
pb1Cibl II np. l\aK BllJlllO 113 np1tBCJle1111oro nepe'll!R MHOnte 113 3TllX
opra1111JMOB T3K>Ke OTKJl8JlblB3JOT llJBCCTb If cne110B8TenbHO MOrYr
cnoco6creoeaTb 11apacra111110 pu<jJa . Oco6e1;110 6onbwyio pOnh 113
pacruTen.bHblx opra1111JMOB 11rpa10T MllOrOKJJeTOl!Hble eonopocnn Lit-
hothamnron, np1111aJtne>Kau111e K KpaCHblM ( 68rp11 11 btM) eonopocnRM
KncTKH 3T11x eo11opocnel\ BbtJtenlllOT KaK 6b1 •1cxon us KanbllHTa 1;
Marue3111a, ~OTOpblir, 01111aKo, 11e y1111'1TO>KacT r116KOCTb 11 noneii>K-
11ocT1> BeTBeJJ BOJIOpoc.~11. 'lTO 003BOJIRCT ltM, He JIOM3f!Cb, BblJlep>KJJ·
RllTb Cll.%Hble JlBll>KeHJJSl BOJlbl B 30HC np116011. 06bl'IHO 3Tll Kap60H8T·
11blc KOpK11 61>1ea10T 0Kpawe111>1 e Kp8CH1>1i'1 11n11 pososblr1 useT. ByJty'lu
MCllce npHXOTJlllBblMJJ, 'ICM KOpannbl, JlllTOTaM11HeBble xopowo P8CTYT
B TCX MeCTax, fJle KOpa.~JllJI Y>KC lie MOryY p33BllB3TbCR. 01111 nblWHO
p33Bll8310TCfl B ecpx11e11 tf3CTH p11<J>a B np11m1BO·OTJJllDllOJ'i 30
MOryr OCT3B3TbCR >KJJBblMH BO epe~rn 0TJJHB8, CM3l!llB8eMble llC~11::i~
6pb13f3MH np116ost. Jly'lwe ecero JlllTOTaMHllCBble <JYBCTBYIOT ce6H B
MC.~KJIX np03p3'lHblX BO)lax, 113 rny61111ax, He npeBblW8IOUUIX 10 M
B .1ary11ax p11<jJoe •1aCTo eCTpe1.J8eTc11 T8K)f(e MttOroKJJeTO'lttaH, BblJlC:
n11io111311 llJBCCTb ac.~eHaR eo,11opoCJ1b- xamrneJta. o6pasyiolllaH 113•
BCCTKOBble, CllTOBllJlllO npO.llblpRene1111ble BeTBll. X8JJ11MeJ1bl p83MHO·
270
lK8IOTCl1 JI pacryr T3K 6b1CTpo. 'lTO 01111 6yKeanbHO onneTaJOT CBOllMll
lleTBllMll OCHOB31111R KOp311JIOBblX KOJlOllllii (PaBHKOBlllf [68), CTp. 35).
P1ujloo6pa3yl011.111e KOp8JJnbl BCTpe•1aJOTCR TOJJbKO B BO,ll3X MOpeii,
icMncpaTypa Kor opblx 1111Korna ue onycKaeTcR 1m>Ke 20° (onrnMa.~b·
110 25-30°). TaKtte Te~rncpaTyp11ble ycnoem1 onpeJ:lenHIOT 11 rop11Jo11-
ra.1b11oe pacnpocrpa11e1rne KOpannoo, orpa1111•11108n ero nuwb MOpRMll
TpOllll•JeCKOrO nOl!C8. np11 3TOAI K0p311Jl0Bble OOCTpOiiKll CllJlbHee 11
:tanbWe OT 3KBaTopa pa3BllTbl no BOCTO'lllblM 6eper8M M8TCp11KOB,
0 Mb!B3CMblX TCnJJblMll Te<JellltHMH, II nO'ITll OTC)'TCTBVIOT )' 3a nallllblX
6epcroB, BllOJTb Korop1>1x npoxo11nT xon0Jt11ble Te'le111111. B CeeepnoM
nonywap1111 rpa11111~a KOf an11011L1x pu<jJoe npoxon11T 'lepc3 6epMYJl·
cK11e ocrposa {oKo.~o 30 c. w.). ccsep11yio 'l3CTb K pacuoro MOpll
(26- 21• c. w.) 11 fasaiicK11c ocrpoea (20" c. w.}. B IO>t<110M nony-
1U8p1m 3Ta rpam1ua npoxonn T 'lepes XayYMe11 (28°30' 10. w.} y 38·
na,1111oro 6epera Aecrpan1111, ocrpoo JlopJt-Xay noJt 31°30' JO. w . MC*·
ll) AsCTpan11ei1 u Hoeoii 3ena11n11eii ( f unbwep (124), crp. 119).
60JlbWllHCTBO p11<jJOBblX KOp8JJJIOB MO>KeT >KllTb 118 rny61t11ax, lie
npee1>1wa101.1.u1x 40 M, 11 nmub 11eM11orne 11axo1111n11cb ua rny61111ax
60- 70 M. Kopannoeb1e non11n1>1 He e1>1ncplK11ea10T CKonbK0·111t6yn1>
np0!1,0.1>KllTCJlbllOf0 npc6bJB311HSI BHC BOJ:lbl, n03TOMY >KJ18bJC '18CTl1
pucjla Jl3'111113IOTCS1 TOnbKO OT ypOBHH BOJlbl npH OTllJIBC. nanee, KO·
pan.1bl .~I06RT 'lllCTYIO II np03p3'1HYIO XOTll II O>Ki18J1e1my10 CJJllbHblM
;'181J>Ke1111eM BOJl)'. TaM, r ae 80/13 CT8HOBllTCR M)'TllOil, 11anp11Mcp nepcn
YCThR Mll peK. neCylllllX MJJOro B38eWCllllblX 11a11ocoe. KOpannOBble no-
CTpOiJKll o6bl'lll0 npepb103IOTCS1. Hy>Kll3IOTCl1 KOp8JJJlbl II B ceeTe, TaK
K8K llOJIJ!nbl H3XOJll1TCn B CJJM61103C c OJlllOKneTO'lllorJ BOJIOPOCnbJO
Zooxanthe/la, J:lJJR KOTopoii 11eo6xo1111M CBeT. C 11nb110 O>K11Me1111an
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Il.1311KTOll!lblX oprallH3MOB e OCT3TKH OTA!Hp310UlllX ; poa1111. ,llan11 yKa3bloaer H3 o6w11pHOCTb aTOnnoo 11 6apbCpllb1X pn·
H ll 13 - paKODlllfKH <j>opa~m n11'¥ep, "'
p. naro.napJJ 3THM orno>Ke111111M nooe nreponoll (JioD, KOTOpble l!OCTllf3IOT GOnbWHX pasMepoe D 3KD8TOPH8nbHblX o6-
BblUlellHOCTll ewe 60.'lbWC nooblu1aer p~llOCTb oynK3HH'leCKoii 003· -~3CT!IX, 'ICM o 01<pa11Hn1>1x '13CTRX HX apeana, H OO'bRCHlleT sTo 66nb·
MOpR 1130CCTKOOble OC3/lKll 06bl'lllO Cll. onee rny60KHX Meer .l(Ha weft .npeoHOCTblO nepawx. On .nonycKaer TaKlKe, 'ITO MornH HrpaTb
RCb MOPCKOft oo.noii npH on CK311H He /lOCTHf3IOT, 11aueno pacraop11- ponb II JlOll>KCllHR se~111oi1 KOpbt, HO He npHll3CT llM 6onbWOrO 3H3·
003Db1WeH1rOCTb np116nH3HTC~ K H. l(or.na T3KHM nyTeM no.noo.n11311
Moryr nocen11TbC11 p11<j>oo6pasyJ'!t?.~11~ Mop11 11acron1>Ko, 'lTO Ha uei1 1CllHll.
1
KaK MOlKHO oblnO y6eztHTbCR H3 113nOlKCltHOro Ob!We, pewe11He
oo300.n11r1> coo11 nocrpoilK11 no oc opann1>1, nocne.n1111e H3'lHHalOT oonpoca 0 TOM, K3K311 H3 npel!nOlKCHllblX TeOpHH H3H6onee OT8C'l3CT
113 n11eu11111x Kpanx o6pa3onanw eMy npocrpa11croy OTMenH. 0.nH3KO Hsoecr111>1M <f>at<TaM, rpe6yeT o nepoyio o'lepe.n1> onpel!enCnHR MOlU·
uaxol!HTCU o 60.rree 6naronpm1~~?,,c: r.~"M o6paaoM p11<j>a Kopanni,r llOCTll KopannODblX 1130CCTHllKOD, saneralOU{HX 118 oynKaHH'ICCKOM
coe;Kym DOlly II 0611n1>11yio n11u1y n03T~M OBHllX, nony'la11 noCTOllllHO cjlyll.ll3MCllTC 11n11 118 ronwe MeJJKOOOJtHO-MOpCKHX OC8JlO'IHbJX o6pa-
.n11r 61>rcrpec. 130 o11yrpe11m1x •1~cr11x y pocr pM<j>a 3l!eci, np0Mcxo- 30D3HHH. TaK, cornacno reop1m .Uan11, MOlUHOCTb Kopannonofl <j>op-
11aior OTM11paTb, a llJOCCTllllK OTMC OTMenH Kopannbl CKopo IJ3'1H· MBUHH He MOlKCT OblTb 60nbWC cnoll 00.ltbl, aep11yawel!c11 B 0Kea11 n
pneTCR MOpCKOii OOl!Oii. 'faKllM o6P~lllX pH<j>OO nocrene11110 pacrao-
Ha 0•1e11b Maneu1>KHX aronnax g JOM 3.lleCb 06pa3yer c11 naryHa
H He 6b1Tb, TaK KaK npH6oil oo:n~a3Ka blno Y>Ke CK333HO, JJaryHbl MO>Ke~
pesynbrare Ta111rnS1 JJCAllHKOB. C l!pyrciit cTOpo111:>1, reop1111 onycKaHHR
(.llap9H11, ,ll9H3) rpe6yeT 6on1>woii MOUllloCTH TOnlUll KopanJtOOblX
113oecr1111Koo. 3ror nonpoc Mor 6wTb pa3peme11 JtHWb nyreM 6ypc-
.ny1<raM11 paspywe111111 o11ewrnrx •1a::r°::-i11Rer.._ee ~a6pac1>1oaeMblMH npo- 11Hll 11a aTonnax. Bnepoble rai<oe 6ypettHe 6blno ocymecrone110 o
aro.inoo, TeM CHnhHee aKKpiyJJRTuou P '¥~· let.t 60.%ure pa3Mepbl
11
189&-1899 rr. 11a aronne <l>y 11a<j>yrn B rpynne ocrpoaoo 3nn11c, non-
<TaCT OT pacroopR10u1ero If .9 . 311 llCllT~bHOCTb np116011 OT· 1111Mat0Ul11xc11 c rny6Hll 5000 M. npu H113KOfl rorna TeXHHKe 6ypett11R
II T(:M 60JJbWe H fn} 6>Ke non po.nHp} IOUlCrO .llCllCTOllll MOpCKOii BO.ltbl yl!anOCb npo6ypl1Tb TOnbKO .no rny6HHbl 300 M c 11e6on1>WllM, XOTJI
l<.aK V'13CTCll nary11 a
BllAllO H3 CK3331111oro reopHll M . . <j>y11.itaMeHT i<opannoooii <j>opt.taUHH H 11e 6bln ewe .nocrMrnyr. C1<oa-
reop11tt .llapu1111a, npennona'raer cppen, o npoTMoononon<11ocrb >1<1111a ocKp1>1na 1<opannooble nopollbl, nepecna1rnaio11111ecn c nec'la1111·
MOUUloCTb KOpannocoro p1uj> OTllOCJJTCnbl{O O'lellb HC6onbW}'IO Ka~m. o6JJOMK3MH CKeneTOB npocreitWHX, paKOBflR .noycraopol< II 6p10-
HeCK0.1bKHX /lCCffTKOO MCTpoo 07<°ro 113DCCTHllK3, He npeBblwaiomyio xo11ornx MonnlOCKOD. Han11'l11e Kopannoablx nopo.n 11a rny6M11ax, npe-
Ha ueKOTopblx aronnax 6ype11.11e ~K Mhl YOlll!llM m1n<e, npeztnpm111Toe Db1W8JOW.llX D03MO>Kt1oCTb pocra i<opannoo, yKaJblaaer na onyCJ<a11He-
nonymeune. Ecr1> a reop1111 Mepp PRne cny.,aeo Ile no.nroep.nMno 3TO pmj>oooi1 nocrpoiiK11 no Mepe ee Hapacra111111 ((68), crp. 18). 3ro
11p11Mep, 8036y>K.nae-r COMJJC1111e o~~~:~!~yrue c.~a6ble CTOpOllbl . Iia- rooopnno o nonb3y reopH11 .Uapo1111a.
pacroop!llOU{llM .neifCTOHCM MO CKOll OCTb o6p830031lRll nary111>1
0
11cc.1e.10aareneii pll(j>Oo (A !\ p wbl· TeM !IC Me11ee Pff!l OHllHblX I no HCCMA081HHAM BH81JlbAI 8 liHAMMCKOM oxeaHe. nOHMl!<CHHC -revnep&Typw
non.:tepi1rnaan11 oarnR.nbl JI\~ . rea11cc11s, . 5 . r ynn11, .ll. C. rap.nnHep) n08"pl\H0CTHblX 80A 8 paAoue n3KKaJlH8CKHX H ll\IJlbAMBCKHX OC1l'0808 AOCTHf8JIO
npaaKaA111 II .nonon11eH1111M11. PP ' 1111or.na, npaona. c HeKOTopblNH no- B nep110A OllCAeHCHHR 8-9". T. e. ttwnepaTypa aoA 6blJla """'' 18" - npeAe.na 803·
MO>KHOJ'O C\rUltCT'80fU\11HR KODAJl/lnft.

280 28L
 B 6onee nos.auee speM11 6ypeHHe 11a pmj)ax 11 a10J1J1ax 6blJIO npo-
se.neHo BO MHOrHX pai'10Hax. H pe3yJlbT3Tbl ero B 60JlbWllHCTBe cny-
11aeo rooopRT s n01Jb3Y .aaps11HOBCKoii reop1m onycKaH1111. TaK, 6y-
peH11e Ha 1<1110 .LlaliTo lbtMa K JOry OT 5Ino111111 noKasano pacnpoCT-
paHe1111e HOBeilWHX nJJHO-nneilCTOUCHOBblX KOp2JJJl0BblX H3BeCTHflKOB
JlO rny611111>1 103 M, T. e. JlO rny6mlbl llCCKOJlbl(O 60JlbWCil, Tpe6yeMoil
3Bc1am11ecKoil reop11ell lbnH. ;:)ro 6ypcm1e, npone.ae1111oe .no rny6H-
Hbl 432 M, He JlOCTHrJlo cl>YHJlaMellTa pHcj>OBblX H3BCCTllRKOB. llse 6y-
P0Bble, sano>Ketmbte o nary11e Iionbworo Iiapbep11oro pHcj>a I<sm1c-
JteH.11a, noKa3an11 pacnpocTpallCHHC 11ooei1WHX p1icj>OBblX H3BCCTllRKOB
JlO rny_611H 123 11 145 M. Ha o. MapaTya K cceepo-ooc10Ky OT Bop-
<Heo (I<aJJHM3HT3Ha) KOp3JlJlbl 6b1Jllf .no caMoro KOHUa CKBa>KHHLl-
JlO rJty6Hlfbl 429 M, Ha Oary B rpynne r aealicKHX OCTpooon - JlO
319 M, 11a aronne 5HKllllH e rpynne Mapwannonb1X ocrpoaoe caMan
rny6oKaR 113 'lCTblpex CKBa>K1111 npomna 777 M, He JlOCTllrHye OCHOBa-
HHR KOpannoeoii cj>opMaU1111 (Tracay, Emery, Ladd and others (1741
crp. 82-83). MarH1tTHaR C'beMKa Ha IiHKJlHH noKaJana npe.nnono>K11-
TCJ1bHO BYJlK3HH•leCKoe OCllOB311HC 3TOJIJl3 118 rny6HH8X OT 1250 JlO
3950 M. Bee .9T11 (jlaKTbl yKa3LIB8IOT 11a 311a11HTeJtbHY10 BCJtlf'lHHY onyc-
Ka1111R .n11a MOpll. Henb311, 0JlH3KO, He CKa3aTb 0 EepM}JlCKllX OCTpo-
eax, crpoeJrne KOTOpblx o6Hapy>KHBaer cornac11e c rn11u110-3oc1arH·
'lCCKOil Teop11eli ll3JJH. 0K83aJIOCb, 'ITO pHcj>bt BepMy.noo OOKORTCR
PHC. 66. Beper, o6pa3ooa11Hb1A 11c1<onaeMblM Jlbl!OM
11a nnarcj>opMe 11a rny61rne 75 M, a ceiicMopasoe.nKa n 1952 r. n0Ka-
sa.1a H3.~H'l He nooepXllOCTH Bblpao11HBaH1111 Ha 3TOM ypoBHe no.a
BCeM 3TllM apx11nenaroM.

6 EPl:fA, OliPA308 AHHbl l.: lt CKOOAEr.\blr.\ Jl b}l.OM

Ceoeo6pa3Hblit ™" 6epera, ceol1crne11H1>1li non11pHblM crpa11aM,

'6bln on11caH .M. EpMonaenblM {27], cornacHo KOTopoMy, sror run 6epe-
ra pa3011r Ha H oooc11611pcKHX oc1pooax (A. 6y11re, 3. TOJJJJb,
I\. BoJ1occoeH 11), 11a noJ1np110M no6cpe>Kbe Bocro•rnoi1 C11611p11 Mc>K-
JJ.Y ycrb11M11 Jleu1>1 " KonblMbl (AH>Ky, BonoccooH11, E. CKoopuoe), Ha
no6epe>Kbe 4yKOTKH (TOJJMa11en) If 11a AnRCKe, B 3nu10J1bUenOit f}'6e
(I<oue6y, Dall). Ha 6eperax 3roro rnna coepxy euns MO>KHO BblJle-
JJHTb, no M. EpMonaeey, CJJCJJ.yJOU11te MOp¢onoru11ecK11e sneMenTbl
(puc. 66, 67): a) neprHK8Jll>Hblii KapHH3, BblCOTOii OK0.10 I M; 33 llllM
cne.nyer 6) uepxHRR eor11YTa11 ne.n11Ha11 cretta, KOTopa!! onupaerc11 Ha
B) TepMOTeppacy, T. e. Ha ycryn OKOJlO 20 M WHpHllOA, o6pasoeao-
WHHCfl B pe3yJJbT8TC T8ffHllll Jib.Ila If aKKYMYJJflltllH o6pb1BKOB KPOBJlll,
na.na101Ueii 011113 110 Mepe OTCTyna1111n eepx11eif CTeHbl 11 Kapu113ll.; no-
~epxHOCTI> TepMOTeppaCbl noKpblra MllOro1111CJJCHllblMH KOHyCOBHJlllbl·
Mii KY'f3Mlf H JJCJlllHKOBblMll CT01JaM11, HllOr.na ua 11eil )!(C BCTpe<1amc11
eepTH)(aJlbHble KOJlOllUbl, npOMblTble TaJJblMll eo.na~rn; r) HJOKHRll ne-
ltRHall CTe1ta, 11.nyman oepTHK8JlbHO BHH3 OT XOPOIUO Bblp8>KCHHOli
6pOBKH TepMoTeppacbl; Olla m1or.na TaK>Ke oor11yra H RBJll!eTCfl KJllf·
4><>M HllKOHCCKBe.tlTllOro (?) 6epera, KOTOpb!li y OCHOB8HHll HMCCT xa-
paKTepHylO nemepy Bb1Mb1J1am111 (eon11onpu6oi'!ua11 Hlfwa); eoruyTa11 PKc. 67. 6<per, o6p•3081HHblil Mtt0rOJ1eTHHN1t CHe)l(HHKOMH, 6epnn·
roeo Mope. <l>OTO A. C. A•'lll<cllepoaa
282
J1e.nsrna11 CTeHa, nepeceKallCb c BKJllO'le>lllblMH BO nb.ny 11aKJ10HHblMll ycTynoe 11 a.,nuam pacrn nonepeK nxo.noe n 6yxTbl necqa11ble Mnll ra·
ae&in11n1>1M11 )!(11naM11, o6paayeT npH11y.n,nHeble seMnnHble ¢11rypbl 11 JIC'IHllKdoble KOCbl, TO npRMble II npocTble, TO CJIO)f(Hbte H sarn6al0·
Jmor.na pacna.11aeTC11 ua .11ea pasn111111blx nceo.11oropH30HTa KaMenno· 11111ec11 Bll)'TPb 6yxTbl B Bii.ile KplO•IKa.
ro nb.11a, npnn11Mae1>1blx K. Bonoccoon11eM aa OCTaTKH .!IBYX paanblx Bna11.aio1.U11e o rny61111e 6yxT peKH 11a'l111la10T crpOHTb e llllX Aenb·
-0ne.11ene1rnli. Tbl llnll >Ke 3ACCb 06pa3y10TC11 nonyny1111ble, BblKJIHHllBalOIUHCCll ua
«OnncbloaeMble 6epera 0Kpy>Ke11bl w11poKoil nonocoil MelleH, aa- 1-.uuuax nonocbl nec'lanoro 11.1n rane'lnoro nnn)!(a (bayhead beach)·
Kpbleaiom11x .nocryn K HllM c Mopn. 3rn Men11 o6paaooanbl naKonne· l\ocbl H nepecbln11, aaMblKalOt.Ulle 6yxTbl, 11enpepb10110 paapywaioTCll
H11e1o1 nepeMblToro Marep11ana paSMblTblX 6eperoo, OTnO>Ken11oro Ha ll o6pa3ylOTCll DHODb, 113XOARCb KaK 6bl B COCTOllllllH nOJJ.BR)!(HOro pao·
JU!JUJHyio a6pas11011Hyio nnaT·cj>opMy. HHor.11a cnoi1 aeMnHCTblX OTJIO· 1100ec1m H nocTellellHO 113Melillll cooe MCCTOOOnO)!(CHHe. ::hQ CBll3aHO
>KeHHi1 011eHh TOllOK 11n11 .11.a>Ke oooce oTCyYCTByeT, n Tor.11.a Mope rpa- c TeM 'ITO a6pas110HHble o6pb18bl, .nocTaBlllUOt.UHe 1o1aTep11aJ1 .nn11 llX
HH'IHT Henocpe.11CTDe11110 c ne».RllblM ,llllOM. B K8'1ecTBe npHMepa MOl!(- (~OPM~pooaHllll, nocTeneHHO oTCyYnam B cropo11y cyIDH. B KOllUe KOH·
110 np11oecTH 6eper 6nH3 Mblca B1>1c0Koro ua HoBOCH611pcKl!X OCTpo· UOD nepDOH3'13JlbHble BblCTynbl
sax, on11ca1111bli1 M . 6pyc11eob1M. CyJUJ no nocne».HHM pa6oTaM Ha OC· (>epera OKa3blB3IOTCH B 3113'lll·
Tpooe 6onbWOM llRXOBCKOM, ne11.1111oe JJ.110 onORCblBaeT BCIO aanaroiyio -re.1b11oi1 1o1epe cpe3a1111blAlll ••O·
11aCTb t0)!(11oro 6epera H, MOlKeT 6b1Tb, npocn1paeTC11 no.11. npon11BOM peN, a OT.llellRIOUllle llX 11.pyr O'r
Jb1HTp1111 Jlanreea, BblXO.LIR ua 11po-rnoonono>K110M aaHaTCKOM 6epery 11.pyra 6yxTbl nO'ITll 11ni1 cooep-
e 06p1>1oax OitoroccKoro 51paio (EpMonaeo [27], crp. 8- 9). we11110 33MKllyYblMll nepec1i1m1·
Mii ll npeepau\eHHblMll D nary-
06utHE 31\l(OHOMEP HOCTH PA38 HTHJI 6EPEfA Hbl, nocrenem10 sacblnaeMble
KaK co CTOPOHbl cyw11, TaK II co
B npe.nb1.nyu111x pas.nenax smi1 rnaebl ylKe 61>1no noKaaaHo, 'ITO <:Topo111>1 Mopn. l5eperooa11 n11-
;pac11ne11e1mocT1> 6eperoeoil m1111111 MO>KCT 6b1Tb o6yc.~oeneHa Pll.!lOM 111111 np1106peT8eT OO'ITll np11M0-
np11411n: I) 111irpecc11ei't MOPll e OTp111.1aTenb111>1e cj>opMw penbecj>a np11 .1m1eil11oe np0Ts1>Ke1111e, npe.11-
.noobtwe111111 ero ypoom1, a 'lame npn onycKaH1111 cyw11, y>Ke pac'lne· <:Tan.11111 •1epcnoua1111e nepecbl·
11en11oii .no SToro sp0311011HblMll ltnll TeKTOHll'ICCKHMll npouecca~rn; ncft, c nC>K3LUllMll 33 HllMll na-
2) TCKT01111Koit -(11anp11Mep, wepMOBb1i1 THO 6epera); 3) 6naro.nap11 aK- ryua Mll, 11 ys1(11x nonocoK 11Jrn·
THBHOMY 803.D.eHCTBHIO na cywy caMoro MOpR. Pa6orn Bonn MO>KeT >Ka y nOJJ.llO>KllR l<PYTblX ycTY·
CKa3blllaTbCI! 11eo.n1111aKono B CBR3H c TeM, 'ITO 6epera 8 OT)le.JlbHblX JlOO BWCOKOrO 6epera. n o3J:UJee,
ero y11aCTK8X HMelOT paan11•1Hy10 DblCOTy, HC0JJ.HH3KOBYIO Tl!ep)lOCTb 1;orna occ narynw 6y.ayT OKOll·
-enarat01.U11x llX ropm>1x nopo11., pasnyio sKcnos11unio 6eperoeoii JIHHHH "1aTc.%110 3anon11e111~. 6y.11eT
no OTllOWeHHIO K cj>po11TaM npllXO)lRl.UHX uonn II neo.111111aKOBblH YKJIOH ua6nionaTbcn '1epenooa1111e
11.na. np11 .11J1e, np11rny60M ua eceM npoTR>Ke111m, Beeb 6eper BHa'la- ' ''18CTKOO DblCOl<OrO a6pa3110H·
JJe no.naepraere11 a6pasm1. B cny11ae, Kor.Lia AHO np11rny60 y MbJCOn 110ro 11 1111sKoro H nnoc1<0ro 11a-
H on1eno D 6yXTax, 6y.11eT HMeTb MecTO a6pas1111 MblCOB R aKl<)'My· Nbln11oro 6epera. Bnonb6epero-
JlllllllR B 3an11eax. HaKOHeu, np11 AHC, OTMeJlOM Ha eceM npoTll>KeHllll noe Te'1e11ue MO>KeT Tenepb npo. Puc. 68. 3y6'!aTall OeperooaR llHl!ltA,
{iepera, nocne.nnnii 6y.neT pa3011uaTbC11 KaK aKKyMynRTllDHblit. 11seOAHT1> nepenoc Teep11.oro Sino"""
Ha pac11ne11e1111blx 6eperax no 1o1epe Bblpa6oTKH noL1BO.a11oii a6pa· N8Tep11a.1a, nO'ITll ue ecrpe'laR
s1101111oii nnaTcj>opMbl o oepw111111ble 11acm 6yxT 11a111111aeT nocrynaTb JUIKal<llX npenRTCTOllH (pile. 69). . M
11aCTb npo.nyKTOB paspywellHll a6p33HOlllJblX YtJaCTKOB 6epera, '11'0 Seper 0 sToil craJJ.llH pa3oHTHR MOlKllO 6blnO 61i1 cpae1111Tb c 'Z,CJIO
BblSblBaeT 061o1e.ne1111e STllX 6yxT, npeKpa1.Ue1me 8 HHX a6p33Hll, OTno- peKn eh1pa60'raoweii npocjatnb paeuoBecHR nyi-eM yrny eHllll
>KeH11e Ha11ocoo ll Bbl.11.Dll>KeHHe 6eperoeoil nllHHH B CTOpoHy MOpll. <;Boe;o no>Ka B OAHHX MeCTaX H o-rnolKeHHR uauOCOB B APYrHXP. 6 epe-
np11 a6pa3HH H81f6onee OTKpblTblX Anll ,llel\CTBHll BOnH yqaCTKOB 6e· ra 11axOARWHCCll B 91'0•1 " CTaAHH pa 38 HTHR• no npeAllOlKeHHIO
(A 1 HXTro-
"chku
pera 113 OKOlle'lllOCTllX ecex BblCTynatOl.UHX 11aci-el\ cywH H Ila o6pa- ~Ila ([160}, CTp. 314), JJa3blD8IOT BblpOnHellHblMll usge1 •
l.UCHllblX B cmpouy MOPll np116pC)!(HblX OCTpooax HX nepBOH3llanbllO sten). nOCJleJlllHMll HaMeK3MH Ila HeKOrJJ.a 6blBWllC ~,llCCb 6yxTbl
6onee MllrK11e II OKpyrnble O'lepT8HllR np11o6pCTalOT B nnaue KaK 6bl srnnRIOTCR nonorne .nyroo6paJ1tble oornyYOCTll 6eperoeou n11nHH na
Metlt.-ylO 3a3y6pe1tHOCTb MHOrO'IHCJleHllblMll MeJiellbKllMH 6yXTO'!KaMH )''lai:TKax nnocKoro 11aM1i1011oro 6epera. T Toe·
(crenulale shoreline, no a1o1epnKancK111o1 aeTopa1o1) (p11c. 68). OT ya- np11MepOM CJtOlKllOro BblpOBHeHHOro 6epera MOlKeT CJly>KH b
KHX nOJIOCOK nn11>Kef1, o6pasoeaBWHXCll y nOAHOlKHR a6pas110HHblX &<ancKoe no6epelKbe l:iTam1H, ua Tepp11TOp1rn CCCP - aana11.noe no·
285
:284
 P1tc. 69. CTaJ1111t pase1rr11• 6yxTosoro 6epcra (no ./l. B. ./l>Ko11-
co1ty)

(Sepe>K&e Kp1>1Ma, 6epera nonyocTpoea KaHHK, D.arecTancKoe no6e·

pe>K&e I<acnm1. Ha 3anaAKOM 6ep cry I<pb1Ma 38MKllYTble urnpoKllMH
nepecblmtMH Hnrpecc11011111>1e 6yXTbl npeapaT11n11c& a cone111>1e osepa.
npn 3TOM npeo6nBA3HHC IOr0-3808AHblX BOJlllC.llllil o6ycnOBHJ10 06·
w.ee OTCTYOBlll!e 6epera B IOlKHOii '18CTll no6ep e>KbR II BblJ[BU>KCHHe
ero n ceaepuoi\ '18CT11 (B. n. 3e11Koa111.1). Ha .UarecTa11cKOM no6e-
pe>Kbe Kacnun pac•ine11e1111bll\ pen&e<I> oos1111K a pesyn&TaTe cy6-
aspa.1 1>11oi1 H3611p8Tenbl!OH AeHYA8UHll 6pax11a11T11MHll8JlbHblX CKJ13,ll.OK
eme AO J18CT)'OJ1eJIHR XB8JlblllCKOil ypa11crpecc1111. np11 9TOM 8 paspy·
WeHHblX CBOA8X 8HTHKJIHH3J1CH, r.ae BblXO.llHJlll 00.ll8TJ1110ble nopoAbl,
06pasonan11Cb w11pOK11e OJlOCKO.llOHHble KOTJlOBHHbl, a 6onee npO'IHble
llOPOJ.lbl KpblJtbCB 811THKJ11.llf8Jlei1 n peopaTHJlHCb B ysK11e OOJ10Cbl no-
287
no>K11Tenb111>1x 3JleMeHTon peni,ecpa. 06pasoaa1111e 6yXToeoro 6epera 7. Be pr n. c O.epK $H311•ea<OA reorp8$HH ApMl>CKOro 11opR. c3e11r.eae-
l Hlfe», 1901. E
8 STOM p eni.ecpe HMeJIO MCCTO 80 apeMI! sepXHelCB3JlblHCl(Oi\ TpaHCrpec- 8. B e p r n. c. K MOJ>«l>OllOl'llH 6epcroe Ap•.1bC'KOro MOpll. • lttCroAHMK no
CHH, a Bblpae1111ea1111e 6epera npon30WJ!o o 011.11y ll3 6onee ,!UIHTenb·
llblX OCT3HOBOK np11 cn3.11.e BO.ll. 9TOii rpa11crpecc1111 (JleoHThCB [52),
CTp. 117-118).
••wt. 9.u ><11Mepan.
B0 )I( II.
PO<'CHH». t9M, T. 5, awn. 6-7.
n . K . K llS)'ICH>!IO ABIOKCHH R 6eperonwx
d 13a. U e11Tp. n<ApOll. 6t0po», 19Z7. Dbln. 7.
H8HOCOB
4
cp11oro MOpll.

10 B 0 11 A"' p C'D B. JI. AHa.1111 i1p0$111111 6eperoobl~ euoe (K oonpocy o M~­

O.n.11oopeMe11110 c DbtpaoHHJ33HneM 6epera npo11cxo.n.11T " e1>111on a-
)KH08H11e ero 00.ll.BOJJ.HOro CKJlOHa, 'ITO .llOJllKHO ocna6JlRTb 003.ll.CHCT-
roaax ~sy•<.'ttllll BCPTllKBnbllblX 11e11>KeHH(1 tlcpcr•). • H38. sro•.
1960, T. 92, Oblll. ~.
l'I B 0 11 JI"' p c 8 B. JI. noanoa11we ncc•n 111>1e ••·'"' i<aK 111111111<a1'ofi"' BAOllb·
DHe BOJlH ua 6eper HJlH DO BCllKOM cny<1ae 33Me.n.J111Tb HX pa6oT}. TeM 6tperoe0ro nepewcweinrn 11a11ocoe. cT'Jl. l111·Ta OKC&HOl!onrn AH CCCP>, 961, T: 48.
11e Menee MO)KHO npe.n.CTaBHTb ce6e n .n.a11b11ei1w11it xo.n. pa3enT1111 01111· 12. B 11 8 A 11 M 11 p o e A. T. Mopcl>Ollor11• 11 980.llOUHR .1ary1111oro 6cpera oc·
ca1111oro Bblpoo11e1111oro 6epera. Ecn11 BOJIHbl eiue npo.n.on)KalOT pa6o-
TpOBa Caxa1tHH8. cTp. H u-ra 0><eaH0110n 111 AH CCCP>. 1961, T. 48. n
1'2a. B 11 a A 11 11 11 p 0 8 A. T. 06p330B1Hllt MHlKl'6W< ci>ecroHOB. c p11poA>P,
T3Tb 11aJt pa3pywe11 11e&1 6epera , 01111 Bbl3blD8IOT nepeMeute1111e 6epero-
1950' Nt13. 7.B .• 3 A 111111 p 0 8 A. T. K 11opcl>Ollor1111 11 AMMIWHKC 6epera 3aaaAHOAK •><·
eoi1 JlllHllH see .n.an1>we 8 CTOpOHy cywH. no3TOM Y 0 .ll.OCTIDKCHHll CTa-
Jlllll 3peJIOCTH MO>KHO ronopl!Tb JlHWb TOr.n.a , KOrJta nee BblCTYObl KO· • TKK cl1sa AH CCCP», cep. reorp., 1958. M 2.
r
j4 YA e JI II c B. K. Jltoubl KypWtO·HepHR H HCKOTOpble MeTOAH•CCKHe 00-
pCHHOtt cyw11 6y.n.yT cooepweHHo cpesaubl Mope M, 06pa300aewHec11 upocw ~}"IClllll! coepeMeHHO(I 90JIOJl)IHIMHKH. cTp. 1111·Ta reon. H reorp. AH n11T08·
paHee .ll.eJlbTOBbte OTJlO>KCHl111 " Mapw11 3anon11eHHblX naryH 6}'.n.YT
t•Oil CCP>. 1957. Nt 13. K 6 • 3 p CCK
p 83Mb1Tbl H 6epero11a11 Jl llllllR OTOJlBHHeTCR 33 ronOOJlhlC TO'IKH 6blo- 15. Jl 8 1111 •1 eucK11 n H . 51. Hcc.1c)IOsa1111fl o y a11CK011 11c.1 btt. • an. Y .
WHX 6yXT II 6y.n.eT npoTHrllB8TbCll, cnettOB3TCJlb110, HCKJllO'IHTCJlbHO no f('()tp. o6·D8», 1869, T. 11. ~. T
l(paio KOpe1111oro M8Tep11Ka • .Uanbuei\wee OTc Ty na1111e ycTyna c 110-
n
16. Jl a e Hc. HT 0 8 c KHA A. H . MopCKHC K8M~Hllble KOTnbl 118 u.:pery ap·
xa11KyttK01·0 nOJ>yocrpoea e Kpl>lMy. cnp11poJ1a», 1936, No 4.
CTene 11110 38Me.D.JJlllOWllMCR TeAtnOM 6y.n.eT llJlTll AO Tex nop, llOKa n
17. Jl 8 e H c. II T 0. c I( H ii A. "'· nepecwn11 II KOCbl Kphl>ICJ<HX COllCHYX 03ep.
HC 6y.n.eT .1l.OCTHrHY'f8 a6pa3H011118R TepMHH8HT8. 113MCIJCHllll, KOTOpble • H3a. rro•. 1933, T. 65.
•1s. .l( 3 C II C • n K
11 T 0 8 C K 11 H A. J1. npo6newa pb111CKHX KBIWe C
c n.
np11po-
.n.on>KeH 06H apy >K11oaTb npn STOM 6eper 1(8K o nnaue, T8K 11 e cooeM
nonepe'IHOM npocp1rne, 6bln11 y>Ke o n11ca111>1 oblwe.
3Ta «KOHe<IH811> CT8.1l.Hll p83DHTRR 6epera MO>KCT 6b1Tb JIOCTllrHy·
Aa>. l~·:O ~op bl HII" B. <I>. 0 ttppacax BotT<l'IHOtO CpeAHJellbR. c3e11r.eaeA~
1111e», 1932. T. 24, Bblll. 3-4. '"'' 1930 5
Ta, no·BHJJJIMOA!y, Ile O'leHb '13CTO • .Ueno B TOM, 'ITO HOpMaJlbHblil xo.n. 20. Jl 0 6 p"' H 11 " 6. <!>. Teppacbl A6xl311H. cY'I. 3an. M1 ""· • abln. ·
OOHC8HHblX npoueccoo MO>KeT 6b1Tb B JJI060il H3 npoMe>KyrO'IHblX CT3· 21. Jl b 11 ., K 0 a . Tap a c 0 8 A. II. K oonpocy o AellbTe Ky6au11. cMsa. Kaui<.
Alli! 11apywe11 HJIH llOBblM OTHOCllTeJlbHO 6blCTpblM onyCK8Hl\eM cy- OTA. P)-C~K. r corp. oll· BU, 1901, 1'. 14. ro 8KKYM" •
22. Er o po o E. ti. Ponb 90JIOBWX npoucccos o n1111a1>111Ke oTr.te,,o ,
WH, 11n11 6blcTpb1M ee n01tll!ITHCM. B nepBOM cny'lae cnooa eoo1111KaeT llHTllDHOl'O 6epera. cTp. 1111-Ta 0Kea110110nt11 Al I CCCP», 1953, T. 7. T
pac•1ne 11e1111oe 6yxToooe no6cpe>Kbe, ao 11TopoM cny•1ae nepen ycTynoM 23. Er 0 p 0 8 E. H. H 86nio11eHHH t1aJ1 1111 •>KCBb1><11 $ecTOH8Mll . c p. 11ll ·T8
KOPCllHOH cyw11 06pa3yeTCll TOA HJIH HHOit WllPllllbl ( 8 38DHCHMOCTll 0Kea11onor1111 AH CCCP•. 1953, T. 7.
24. Ero p 0 1 E. H. HeKoropwe •1epTbl AllHIMllKH OTMenoro _aKK)IMyll•THa11oro
OT BeJlllllllllbl nOl!llllTllll H ooone'leHHll B 3TO nOJIHllTHe .n.11a npHne>Ka-
6epera. cTp. Hu-ta rcorp. AH CCCP». 1956. Nt 68.
utero Mop11) nonoca 6eperoeoi1 paBHHHbl c COOTBeTCTBYIOuteu eA cna- 25. Er 0 p 0 . E. H. JI r
a .1 a It 0 B n. r.
0 HCKOTOphlX $Op>l8< lle30pe.1..ajla
60 pac'lne11e11110A 6eperoeor1 nH1111eA. a aoKe noABOAllblX 81.108. cTp. HK·Ta Ol<ClllOllOC"Hll .\H CCCI'>, 1961. T. 53.
26. E r 0 p 0 • E. H. II K a c b R H 0. B. HHTet!CllB~ coapeweHHble n~
n.
pasoBaHnA .wopcteoro 6cpes-a, ewaaHHble BWlBM>KeuKeM peqHOH Jlt.."lbTY " coop)>Ke-
HHCM 110.1oa. cTp. HH·TB OKeallOl\OrHH AH CCCP», 1961, T. 53.
n MT EPA TYPA 21. E p,. 011 a e 'B M . 11H<:TP)'l<Ull• AJIR SKCnCJ!J<UHOHKoro 11ay•e•11• 11cKonaeMoro
nbA8 K8K rrorpa«1>11•1etKOtO <l>aKTopa. JI.. 1932. cw'
l . A A6 y n a Toe H. A. K oonpocy o po1rn sonoobl x npo11cocoo s 111111a>111i<c
28. 3 e II I( 0 u 11'1 B. n.
CrpoeHllC wenb<I>• ATnawnmxxoro no6cpClKl>R ' '·
on.1cnoro 8KK)'My11•111sMoro 6cpcra . cTp. l1M·Ta 0Kea11onorn11 Al-l CCCP», 1961, T 48. cnpOO;ieMbl «1>11s. r eorpa«1>1111•, 1940, T. 8.
2. A ii 6 y n a T oe H. A. 11 W a A p 11 H H. <I>. H eKOTOpble A&HHblC. o &J!Ollb· 29. 3 e HI( 0 8 II. B. n . .UHH8MllK8 II MOPCl>Ol!Onlff MOpC!CllX 6cpcroe. T. l. 8 0.1·
6eperoeo•1 nepeMeWeHHll neC'l3HlolX H8HOC08 6." Hl CCTecTlleltllhlX npenl!Ttt8HA ( "b1C08, HOBYe npouec:cw. M . - n ..
1946.
r11p11). cTp. HH·Ta 0Kea11onor1111 AH CCCP>, 1961. T. 53. 30. 3 e II I( 0 I) II. B. n. 0J(llH 113 Opollc<:COB o6pasoaa111t11 OC1'Jlell11AHYX 6apoa.
3. An 6 y 11 a To a H . A 11 W a A p 1111 H. Cl>. POl!b pupwa11wx tt-1c1111ii a ne· cnp11poA», 1950. Nt 12. 952 84
pewc111eHHH """'""""' ua•ocoe e 6q>croeoA 30Me. •Tp. H11·ra OKe2•011on111 Al I 31. 3 c II K 0 . "., B. n . 3110.\IOW!R aKUTOp11A llll')'H. cH.ln. sro•. I • T. •
CCCP•. 1961. T. 53.
4. AH A p ye o a H. H. 0 APHHMX 6eperoo1.ix r.11111111x Kaen11itci<oro 11op11. awn. ~ 3 e HI( 0 B II .. B. n. Hexotopble 11TOrH II 0CH08Hble 3BA8'1K 113yqc1<KR llOJ>CKllX
cE>KeroAHHK no reon. 11 w1111epaJ1 Poccttn», 1900, T. 4. C)cperoe: cTp. 11M·TI OKCIHOllOrm< AH CCCP», 1954, T. 10.
5. A 11 l! p y c 0 B H . H . Tcpp&Cbl OKPetTllOCttH CyAIKft. c3an. i(JieUCKoro o-oa 33. 3 e HK 0 8 II" B. n . Jl11Harrn•CCKOI! ••1acc11$t1K8'1llH "OptKllX <lepcroa. • Tr.
ecreCTBOllCll.>, 1912. T. 22, Ablll. 2. HH·Ta 0KeaHOOor1111 AH CCCP>. 1954, T. JO.
6. Ba c I( 0 M B. Bo1111w II 111\l!IKll. .l(11HaM11K11 MOPCKOA noecpx11ocrA. n.. fll)\• 34. 3 e II K 0 u II 'I B . n. Ha611t0)lCHHR 38 a6contOTHhlM TCMllOM a6p83Hll 6eperoe
pOMC1COH3A8T, 1966. Kpwwa. cMa.-.11w no reoMopci>ononm 11 113neorcorpa«1>1111 CCCP», 1956. ir. 15. '

288 10 06w•• reowo~1iu1. T. 3

289
1958.
35. 3 e II K 0 8 " .. B. n. 5epera 'lcpuoro II A30BCKOrO MOpeA. M., reorpaoj>rn3, 64. O (5 p y • c B B. A . K eonpocy o cnoco6e ncpeA11H>1<e1111n 60.1ee rp) 61>1x
"" IKOB BJlOllb 6epcrOB 80,llJlblX 6acceAH08. cMse. To>1cxoro TCXHO.iom•. Hll-T8»,
36. 3 e 11 "o e"" a. n. M opcxon 6oper. M . - n .. roc•ex11•1taT, 1962.
':IT. 3 e H K 0 B II • B. n. 0CJIOBbl ) 'ltllMA 0 P83BlmtH MOpcKnx 6operoe. M., I'«~). T. 13. • J1 •·
H31t-eo AH CCCP, 1962.
65. n 0 A 0 s e pc K H n K. 11. CoBpeMCHH~it Ta>l 3HCKHll nonyocrpoa. « 38. "8BK.
VIJ\. Py« K. reorp. o6·B8•, 1911- <1912. T. 21, N! I.
38. 3 e HK 0.". B. n . OCJIOBHblC nono...e1111• TeOpH11 o6p•3088HllA 8KK)"l<)'nA· 66. n 0 n 0 B 5. A. <llopMl>I a6pa3HH 6qieroe, CJIOll<eHtlblX ¢n11we8blMH nopo.:i.•·
THBHblX ¢0(»1 np1i6pei1rnoft 3011t.I MOP•- •Tp. OKC8110rp. KOMllCCllH», 1962, T. 10, Obin. 3. NII. cTp. H11·T3 OKC8HOJl0Mnl All CCCP», 1953, T. 7.
39. Ho H 11 H A. C. 11 .ll on o Toe JO. C. Oco6e11HOCTH AHH81<KKM 11 MOpoj>Mo-
rJIH 6epcroa noAHATHA (111 npuwepc H0tooA 3e>cnu). cTp. HH-Ta o•ea11onor1111 AH
67. n 0 n 0 B o. A. BnHllHllC Pe<l>PBKUllH BonH H3 oj>op>rnpoeatrne npo¢11ni1 pae-
CCCP>, 1958, T. 28. llOBeCHA noA110n1<oro CKJIOH&. cTp. lh1·T8 OKCa1<0.ooru11 AH CCCP», 1961. T. 48.
~ Pa a" Ko a" •1 A H Coepc>1<H111>1e 11 110-onac>1ble pn¢u. lll., H:IA·BO
40. H o n 11 11 A. C., K a n n 11 H n.
A., M e A e e A e e B. C. KnaCClloj>HK•W<" m -
All CCCP, 1954. "'"'
noe 6eperoe 3e>l11oro w apa (npuwemrrenbHO K KapTaN oj>K311Ko·reocpa¢W<ccxoro a•- 69. Ca N o A11 o a H. B . Yen.• pCK. M., feorpa<l>m3, 1......
naca M11pa) cTp. liH-TI OKcaHOJIOMIH All CCCP>. 1961. r. 13. 70. C a M o it JI o e I I. B. HcKorop1o1c eonpocw AHH2>1H•11 H wop¢0.1on111 6epcroa
41. K 8 n ,, II II n.
A. flpo611~a . npo11cx~CIOIA oj>KOPAOB H $KOpllO!lblt no- npK H31>1CUllHH Mopcl<llX noproa. cTp. MH·Ta o•eaHOllOfKH All CCCP>, 1954, T. 10.
6epC>KbA CCCP». cBonp. reorp14'HK», 1958, c6. 46. '7 1. ca T >' H ff H K. A. O..cpKH np11poAW J(aeKa3a VIII. no •epHOl<OPCKONY
42. I( an n"
H n. A. <llHOPAl>I 3ewuoro Wapa. cOpupo.ia., 1961, N! 6. noCiepe>KblO. «EettetaosHatnte H reorp1¢11n>, 1911, 16 d , 2, 9, 10.
43. I( a n JI " H
AH CCCP, 1962.
n.
A. <1111op.ao11>1e no6epc>K.bll Co•CTCKoro Co>00a. M. liln· eo
' 72. c a q, b. II 0 8 r. A. X11M11•1~oe Bbllllell8'1HB8HllC HI 6eperax II 26p83HOll-
11uf1 npouecc. c0'ta110.1on1••, 1962. • . 2, ehlD. 4.
44. I( an n K Ha T. 11. Hex01op1>1c oco6eHKOCTH puw1o111a 6eperoe, CJtO>KCHHblX
NHOro.ieTHeNCP:lnblMK ropHblMll nopoAa.tH. cTp. OKtaHOrp. KO.\CUCCJm», 1959, T. 4.
73. c e" e 11 0 8 • T • 11 b.wa11 c x" i1 B. n. K aonpocy o uapacT3HHH AMbTbl
,/l)l1U. «H3a. Pyc:cx. f corp. o6-ao, L908. T. 44, BYD. 3.
45. K" II r I(. A. M. nnAlKK " «Sepcra. M .. Hn, 1963. 74. co" on o a H . A . .Ll10H1>1, HX 06pmoea1111e, paaeHTMe I\ BH)'TJlCH>tce c•poe·
46. I( 11 • n c P. H . 0 HeKOTOpwx sa•o11owcpHocrMX pa3BKTll• nollBOJlHblX n~­
'13HblX ru!JIOB. cTp. OKClttorp. KO•H<CCHH», 1969, t. 4. 11•e. cn6 .. 1884. """' B o.i
75 Co K o n o a A. B. Oc11oa11we npou=w uvy830B•HH~ AMl>Tbl p. •11·
47. I( o H ll p • Tb ea H. E. Pac-1e'l'1>1 ~poaoro aom1e1111• 11 nepe¢op.i11poea1111M n
Cieperoe BOAOXp8HllJllUU, n.,
fKA(>_Ol<CTCOll9/l8T, 1953. c3ew11ceene1111e•, 1936, T. 38, BWn. 3. M
76. Tae11x o oj>e .1 Y. X. Y.e1111e o6 06pa308atu1H OC3.'.\K06. ' . - .•
1936
•
48. n C 0 HT b CB 0. K. J!OHHWC 3KK)•l}nAnlBHble 4j>OpM1>1 (iepCrOBOil 30111>1.
cTp. Hu.Ya OKea110J1onm All CCCP», 1954, T. 10. 77 TeopenNCCKllC eonpoew AHH8MMKM MOpcK11x 6eperoa. Hay•rnwe coo<>111c11Hn
49. n e 0 II Tb e B 0 . K. 0 TepNHHOnOrHH 8 Y'"""" 0 MOpcKHX 6epcrax. 110 npo;p8MMC MtlKAyHapon11oro reorpa¢11•e<:1<0ro KOffl'PCCCa. M., cHayK•• . 1964.
cTp. OKe&11orp. KOl<llCCllll•, 1956, T. I. 78. TH x 0 H 0 8 II., 11. II n 0 n e 8 0 n n . feoMop¢0.1or11•1CCK11i\ o•CPK P)'CCKoro
50. n e o 11 r • e o 0 . K. K eonpoc) o • nacc11¢11KaUH11 " rcoMopoj>onor11qecKoM Caxamrna. cTpyJlhl reon. KOM.», 1108. cep., OeTporpa,1, 1915, BblO. 120.
K8pt11poeam111 ><opcK11x 6cp.cl'Oo. •Y•1. snn. MfY», re0Mop¢onor11•, 1956, Nt 1.82. 79. y n b c T n. r. K eonpocy 0 33KOllOMepHOCTIIX P338HTHR 30.llOBOft •••Y·
51. n
e 0 H Tb C B 0 . I(.. 5epera C BeTpOBOA OC)'WKOH K3K oco(SblA rtHeT11'1ecK11({ M)'Jl"1lllll 118 MOpcKOM 6l'JlCry. cTp. OHC8Horp. KOMHCCllllJ>, 1959, T. 4.
THn Ciepcrn. cMse. AH CCCP», cep. rcorp., 1956, Ht 5. 80 <I> e A 0 p 0 0 n . B. 0 Kone6a1111•X ypoBHR lJcpKoro MOP• B llOCl1elJCA~llKO·
l9S5. 52. n
e 0 II Tb C 8 0. K. fCOMOpoj>onor1rn MOpCKllX 6cperoo 11 AH3. 1'13.ll°"'O /l\fY, eoc ape~n .llAH CCCP, 1959, T. 12'4, 11~ 5. n
81. C)) c A 0 p 0 8 n . B. LJeT8CpTll'lllble -reppacbl Kacm1iiCKoro H 4epuoro Mope
53. n co 11 •b e o O. K. 11 JT co 11 Tb e o B. K. K sonpocy o re11C311cc 11 sa•o· 11 ux 803'MO>Kll&R KOppc.i•uH• c TeppacaM11 Cpen•se•rnoro MOpA. cTp. 1'111-Ta reo110-
HOMCpllOCTA X P83011Tlln .1or)'HHblX no6cpel1<11i1. cTp. 0KC8110rp. KOMllCCHll•, T. 11 (2) . nm AH 3CTOllCK0(1 CCP•, 1961, Nt 8..
Mucp11an1>1 ccKu1111 no HS)'•1e111110 6eperoe Mopeii 11 oonoxpa1111.111111. H3;i-eo AH CCCP
19• •
n.
82. <II e A 0 p 0 II B. llpo6.1c>18 KOppell<HUlll 11J1eAcroueHOBblX 6eperoBblX nH·
1111r1 t.Jeplloro MOpR, Cpe1t•SeM110MOPbR " A1na11t11K11. B c6.: clJeTBepTH•1ublr1 nepuo;i
54. n
e 0 HT be 8 0 . K. Hcrop111t ¢opN11poeaH11R nooepelKbA 33Jlll88 Kapa-
II ero llCTOPll•• (K Vil Ko•rpcccy INQUAl. 1965.ll. A n B H Hoaue A•H·
5or83-f o.1. cTp. 1111-ra 0Kea110,,oni11 Al I CCCP», 1%1, T. 48. n. n"
B., 11 11 e "6 e p r ., o 11 o 8 • • 2.
83 Cl> ell 0 p 0 8
. 55. n c 0 H T b e B 0. K. OcHOBbl reONOpoj>onorHlt MOp<:KHX 6cperoe. l13A· 80 MhlC 0 ~ppacax tlep1<0•1opcxoro no6epe>1<•• Bonrapm1 . .llAH CCCP. I 96 T. I 44•
Ml>, 1961.
.NI 2.
56. n e 0 II Tb e B 0 . K. " II" K II qi O'P 0 B n. r. 0 llPll•HH3X ru!OHCTapuoro 84. Cl> c A 0 p 0 811 • 6. A. OpoHCXolt\AeHue c6epoBCKKx 6)'f1lo11> Op111cacm1•.
pacnpocrpa1tc11111t 6cperoa1>1x 6apoa. «0Kt&Honontn•, 1965, T. 5, ewt. 4. cH:!a. AH CCCP», cep . reorp. 11 re<>qJ113., 1941, M I.
57. n
HT 8 H H 0 8 A. A. 06 H31<CHCHHRX Te«et<HR p. TepeK H 6eperoa KaCDHii· 85 <II H we p P. n. CpeAJ<HMblii xpe(leT 118 IOre UCHYpU.bllOA •8Cnl MHAHflCKOro
cxoro ••op11 c 1&41 no 1864 roA, c3 an. Kaa1<. OTJl. P)CCK. feorp. 06-ea», 1864, KH. 6.
n
58. 0 Hr It H 0 B B. B. .llHHIMKK3 6epcroaoA :JOHW 6ttnp11J1H8HblX MOpeil. M .. OKHHI: B c(I.: cC11CTl'M8 p11oj>T08 3e..nH>. M., cMttp», 1970. A
lfu-ao AH CCCP, 1963. • 86. X H 3 a H I W 8 H JI H f. }l.. ,llltH8MHK3 3ellKOO OCtl epaweKHA H )'poBHC
59. n 0 It r H It 0. B. 13. CoapeMCHHWC np~CT&Me>lllR 0 AHHal<MKe 6<-peroeoit OKC3HOB. T61<1ntCJt, 1960. • -reppac 8
30H1>1 ••op•. cTp. oKeanorp. K01<HCCH11•, 1962, T. 10, awn. 3. x
87 r.
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294

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CTBe1111oro npom1K11osemrn 11ccne11onaTenei\ ll rny6Httbl Mopel\ 11 oKea-
HOB B 33MKHYTblX KaMepax THna 6aTHC<j>ep H 6aTHCKa(j>. B l!HBape
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6ar11cKa<J,>e «Tpuecr» enepabte !lOCTHrJill n MapHaHcKOM rpa6eHe rny-
6n nbl 10 916 M. Hccne.nosa11Hl!MH coeercKoro nccneJJ..oaare.nbcKoro cy.n-
na «BHTl!3b» 3JJ..eCb 6bwa ycra11oene11a rny61111a 11 034 M.
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penbe<j>a, noaeonsiJOw.ero Bbll!BHTb H Hay1111Tb ua116onee MenK11e ero
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a TaKJKe MOpc1<aSJ reonorirn.
297
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1) non.nOAH}'lO OKpa1my MaTepnK:} ~)llllle 'leTblpe OCHOOHble 30Hbl: pc, B KOTOpoit rpaHHTllblH CJ!Oit cooce/11 OTCYTCTByeT.
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OKeaua HMbSR llOllRTb e n c eii penbe<jla rny60K11x '13CTeil no>Ka
6 3 MaTep11Ko11oii OTMeJiblO no.llpasyMeoan8Cb cpas1111Tenb110 y3Kan nono·
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611H OKOJIO 200 M, T. e. no TeX rny61111, r.1te eute CK83bIB3eTCll 803-
neHH1.>1e SOJtbl npe.nCT3BJIRIOT KO~~~e~~DaeT npCJ1CT3BJieHa. O epe'lllC· neilCTBlfe son11os1>1x nott>Keu11it MOPCKHX BO.ll Ha rpy11T .nHa. C'l11Ta-
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Jl)llOUUfe CTpa1111ubl 3TOif rnasbl. H YllYT aocsRweHbl cne- npyKrype c np11nera10Ull1M M8TCpHKOM. 0.1tll8KO T3Koe CXO.llCTOO MOP·
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T8K, lUeJiblj> OxoTCKOro MOPll .llOCTHraeT rny6HH I 300 M. npeo6na-
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<l>HHJIRHJJ.Hlf, WeJTb<j>OB3R 30113 KOTOporo npeACT3BJIReT nonysaTOOJICH-
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MOll.lHblM KOH)'COM OblHOCa llnlf 80.1180.llHOii .lleJ!bTOfl, 06m11i1 OO'beM KO·
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MOro K8HbOH8 •
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KBepxy llMCCT XOTR II 11eo.n1111a1<oooe 118 OT.lleJlbllblX yqacTK8X, 110 D·
0611.leM 11e11pep1>1e11oe na.ne1111e, Kat< npa1111110, 6onee Kpyroe, qeM y cy6·
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TOM >Ke p aiio11e - OKOllO 0,24. ll111p11Ha UO.llBO.llHblX K 8HbOHOB 113MC·
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Marep111<on1i1fl C1<no11 11a6nio.naeTC11 061>1'IHO 11 cpe.nHeii '18CTH ero npo-
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06bl'IHO llOKpblTO OQCllb pblXnblMll, oco6e11110 n nepXHHX rop1t30HT8X,
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10-15 M II 6once) 113MCll CHllH rny61111bl K8HbOH08 38 KOPOTKl!C OTpC3·
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<1>op111111), npOllSBO.llllllWHCCll c 1948 no 1960 r., nOK838nH, 'ITO 38 3TOT
nepHO.A I) I pa3 npo11CXOJU1nO p e3KOe yrny<SneHHC AH8 K8Hb0H8, co-
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m11p11HOii OK0/10 3 M He MOrno onyCTllTbCR .no llX .llH8. Ha rny61111e
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n 811.ne e.n1moro K8Hb0118 co CK8JlllCTbl Mll CKnOH8Mll. Ha rny611He OKO·
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B PLIXJlblX OTllO>KCHllllX no.nno.nHoro KOll)'Ca BLIHOCa [43].
X K.airn$0P•HR (no <I>. Wenap.11y)
Ha6nt0.ne1111R 11a.n Te11em111&111 n K8Hb0He Jla-Xonbll 6blnH H8'18Tbl Pwc. 72. 0o)l90.IUIWe KltlbOllhl • pa~o•e Ila- o:ti.R,
CKp11nncoac1<11M 1111CT11tyTOM nnepeble a 1938 r. 61>1no 06118p}'lKCHO,
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302
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WHe CKOPOCTH y llHa llOCTHranH 34 CM/CeK. 0 HH 6binH llOCTaTO'IHblMH,
'IT06bd n epeHOCl!Tb 3Ha'IHTeJib11ble KOnH'leCTBa MenKoro 11ecKa. ,llnH-
>Kemu1 BHH3 no nalle11mo Tanbnera 3Ha'IHTeJibHO npeo6nallaJ111 Hall
llBll>KeHHllMH nnepx no Tanbnery. np11 SToM HeJib3ll 6wno llOllMeTHTb
HCHOfl CBll3H 3THX Te'leH11ii c 11pHntIBHO-OTJ!HBHblMH Te'leHHllMll. H 3Me-
HeHl!ll Te'leHHH OT BOCXOllllll.lero K HllCXOllRll.leMy 6wnH B006ll.le M~}l­
neHllblMH, HO nee >Ke 60Jiee 6blCTpb1Mll, "leM nepeXOllbl OT HllCXOJlllll.le-
ro Te'leHHll K BOCXOllRllleMy. «l> aKTl!'leCKH nee Te'leHllll 6onee Bb!COKHX
CKOpocrei'I B KaHbOllax CKpHllllC H Jia -XOJibR HMeJIH MeCTO BO npeMll
OTmmon. H a6n1011an11cb cny'la11, Kor.na Ha BblCOTax 19 H 34 M Hall
.D;HOM KaHbOHa Te'leHllll OilH08peMe11110 llMeJIH llPOTHBonono>KHble 11a-
npanneH11f1 {65).
4aCTaR CMeHa B 110,!lBO.D;HblX KaHbOHax aKeyMynlll.(HH H 3p03HH Ha-
HOCOD MO>KeT HHor.na np!IBO.l\'ffTb K o6pa30DaHHIO D HHX Teppac. TaK,
B HblOrIOpTCKOM KaHbOHe B 6 KM OT llCTOKa 6wnH 06Hapy>Kelllx 3 ypon-
Hll aKKyMynRTHBHblX TeppaC, a B 30 KM .na)l(e 6. n pH nepe11on11eHHH
110.nno.n11wx Ka11bo11on MYTbeBWMH 110ToKaM11 60JibWOfi 11noTHOCT11 11acTb
HeCOMOro noTOKOM MaTep11a.q a MO:>KeT OTnaraTbCR no KpaRM K3HbOHa,
o6p a3yR cnoero po.na np11pycnonb1e na,1w. TaK, K3HbOH KoHro, H3'1H·
H3R c rny6HHbl 3300 M, OKar1Mne11 ecreCTBeHHblMH .naM6aMl1, a Ha
rny6H11e 4 000 M ero llHO nelKHT Ha 130 M HH>Ke YPOBHR C80l!OB OKaii -
MnlllOll.lHX ll3M6.
KaK y:>Ke 6wno ynOMfrnyro, spo3HOHHble .nomrnbl, npo.a.on:>KaJOll.lHe
no,nDO.D;Hbte KallbOHbl Ha pblXnblx OTno>KeHHRX MarepHKOBOl'O no.nHO-
)KHll, 3aKamrnna10TCll rpaHll!t03HWMH 110.nBOllJiblMH llMbT aM11. Bepw11-
Hbl 3THX ,lleJibT KaHbOHon .Uenbra.na, MoHTepei1 n Aprysnno n ueHT·
panbHOH Kanm)>OpH1111 pacnonaraJOTCH 11a rny611He OKono 2 700 M, 11x
pa.n11yc COCTaBJJReT 11p11Mep110 370 KM, a yKnOH 11onepx110CTH 0,006
(Menard (61)). no)lno.n11ble .nenbTbl noo6ll.le t1ame nccro 1130MeTp11·'1-
11bl, T. e. 11x .nn11Ha no'ITH pan11a nx w11p1rne. YKno11 11x 11onepx11ocT11
ncer.na 11ono>Ke yKno11a 11p11nera10ll.lero KaHbOHa. nonepx110CTb no)l-
no,n11blx .nenbT 6wnaeT 11epecet1e11a spo3HOHHWMH Ka11ana~m. oco6e11110
xopowo Bblpa:>KellHblMll B6nH311 llX OCHOBaHHll, ceif'laC :>Ke HH:>Ke YCTb·
en no.nno.D;HblX KaHbOHOB. f nyforna npesa 3THX 3p03HOHHb!X no:>K61111
COCTaBnReT '13W,e ncero 100-200 M, HO MaKCHMaJJbllbIH npe3 MO)l(eT
npeBblWaTb 700 M (no>K61111a BayHTH). rny611Ha Bpe3a 3aKOHOMepHO
113MCHHeTCR: OT YCTbR KaHbOHa Olla llOCTeneHHO HapacT aeT, JlOCTHrall
MaKCHManbHOH BeJIH'lllHbl MC>KJ1Y cepemrnol! JleJlbTbl II YCTbCM K3Hb0-
H3; K a6HCCanbHOH paDHHHe JIO>Ka OKCaHa rny6HHa npesa KaHana
O'leHb llOCTe11e11110 yMeHbWaeTCR ({30}, CTp. 112) . .LlnHHa KaHanon
MO)l(eT 113MeHHTbCR B 3aBHCl!MOCTH OT paaMepon 110,llBO,llHOro KOHyca
BblHOca. TaK, KaHaJI Ha 110.nnonHol! .llenbre Ka11bo11a Mo11Tepei\ (Ka-
n11cjlop111rn) npOTHfHBaeTCll B n11.ne H3DHnHCTOH nHHHI! Jl.n HHOfl 280 KM.
n o KP3llM Ka11anon Ha6nlO,ll3lOTCll aKKyMynHTHDHble o6pa30B3Hllff -
CBoero po.a.a ecTecrne1111we ,llaM6bl nn11 np11pycnonwe nan bl, KOTOpble
304
MOryT 110.D;Hl!MaTbCll 11a.n KaHanoM Ha 11eCKOJlbKO COTeH MeTpon. 06pa-
~OB3Hlle 3THX B3J!OB o6'bRCHlleTCll, O'leBl!,llHO, TeMH )l(e npoueccam1,
ICaK H np11pycnOBb!X Banon Ha llOHMax cy6aspaJibHblX .D;OJ!llH. 3acny-
lK HDaeT, 11aKOHeL1, 6btTb on1et1eHHblM "laCTOe aCHMMeTPH"IHOe pa30UTHe
KOHYCOB BblHOCa 110.[\BOJlHb!X KaHbOHOB. y KaHbOHOB Cenep11oro no-
.~ywap11R Ka11anw, 11m1 pyKaBa, no.nno.n111>1x )leJibT t1all.le pac110J1ara -
10TC11 B.llOnb JieBoro 11x KpaH . On1et1e110 T3K)l(e, 'ITO 11pan1>1ii aKKYMY·
.~HTHDHblii naJI no MHornx MeCTax 311a'111Tenb110 BbIWe Jienoro. KpoMe
Toro, nest KOHcjl11rypaUHH 110.[\BOJlHOil )leJJbTb! aCllMMeTpH'IHa - orpoM-
Hbl i t wneiicjl n11pa110 OT Ka11ana H 311a4HTenbHO MCllbWHfl BJ!CllO OT Bbl-
xo.na 113 K3HbOHa. Ot1en11.nl!O, BO nceM 3TOM CKa3blBaeTCH an11HHllC CH-
Jl bl Kop11onnca ({30], cTp. 110).
B 11oc.ne,llt1ee opeMll 11ay'le1111e no.nso.nHwx K3HbOHOD 11 npoTeKaJO-
lllHX n Hl!X npoueccon H3'lanocb n CCCP, 11a 4ep110MopcKOM no6e-
p e:H<bC 3a11a)l11oro KanKa3a. BblanaHo 3TO 61>1no TeM o6cTOHTenbCTBOM,
'!To 11nH;)KI! noro eypopT11oro no6epe>Kb!I 11at1a11n 6blCTpo coKpall.laTb·
CR, B CBH3H c 'leM YMCHbWanaCb llX 3all.ll!TH3!1 p OJlb ,llnH 1106epe)l(11f1
OT pa3p·yWHTeJlbHOtl pa60Tbl MOpll. ::ho Hnne1111e OT'laCTH o6bRCHll-
J10Cb Tel\! , 'ITO o6nOMOqHbllf M3Tep11aJL nnH)l(Cfl (ranbKa) ycnneHHO
pa3611pllJICll ,llnR CTPOHTeJlbHblX L1eneH. HecMOTPH Ha 11eKOTOpble np11-
HRTble nponm 3Toro Mepw, pe11yKUHR nnH:H<elf npO.llOn)l(aJJacb. 9To
npOHCXO.D;l!T 3,llCCb 11eCMOTpll 113 orpOMHblH 06'beM TBep.noro CTOK3
peK '4ep HOMopcKoro no6epe)l(b !I KanKa3a. CyMMap11wii o6beM Bb111oca
55 peK B 4ep11oe Mope COCTaBJIRCT 13,I MJLH. M 3/f0Jl, a 06beM TBep-
,llOtO CTOKa nHTH Ha1160JibWHX peK - 6aw6n, Ko.llopH, I111ryp11, P110-
11u H '4opoxa paneH 93% oT o6mero o6oeMa TBep,nblX Bbrnocon ncex
peK pairnHa ({31], cTp. 57). HecMoTpll 11a no ,nenbTbl y nepet111CJ1e11 -
11wx pe1< npaKTH'leCKH OTCyTCTDyJOT. B.nonb6eperoo1>1M nepeMew.e1111eM
H3HOCOB BOJ!HOBblMH npoueccaMH 3Ta paCXO.[\HaH CTaTb!I 6ana11ca ypan-
HOneCHTb npHXO,ll 11a11ocon HBHO 11e MO)l(eT. Pacxo.n1>1 H3HOCOB BllOJJb
6epera COCTannlllOT ,llnH "ICpHOMOpCKHX ycnOBllH nHWb JJ;CCllTKH Tl>ICH'I
llJIH nepnwe COTHll Tb!Cll'I Ky6H"ICCKHX MeTpOB B ro,ll. ECTCCTDeHHO, 'ITO
np11 11an11'IHll orpoMHblX nb!HOCOB Kpyn nei\wHx peK 3a11aa11oro 3aKan-
Ka3bH HeB03MO>KHO nepeMell.leHHe BJlOnb 6eperon ncex nocTyna10ut11x
113 HHX H3l!OCOB. l1ccne.nona1111RMll 6WJIO yCTaHOBJleHO, 'ITO 66ni,wa11
qaCTb Tnep.lloro cToKa KpymtblX peK 3ana.n11oro 3aKaBKa3bR 11orno-
w.ael'CH llOllDOJlHb!MH K3llbOH3Mll II YHOCHTCll B03HHKalOll.lHMH B HHX
Te'leHHll Mil 11a 6oJib W!le rny611Hbl, 11ancer.na 113wMal!Cb 113 6ana11co-
noll CHCTeMbl 6eperoaoii 30llbl. 9THM 06'bRC11HeTCll orpOMHb!H o6'beM
llOJlBO.llHLIX .nenbT, 11aKann11na101U11x n ce6e 11a npoT~)l(e1111n J:tn11renb-
Hb!X nepHO,llOB Beeb o6JIOMO'lllbli'I MaTep11an, CHOCHMblH c cyw11. T aKHM
o6pa30M, po.% no.nno,nHblX K3HbOHOB KaK reOJIOl'H'leCKOro l(j>aKTOpa
HeJib3H He )"'IHTblnaTb.
KaKono )l(e n po11cx o>K.ne11He noJlDOJlHb!X KaHbOHon? O c11onb!oa11cb
11a TOM, 'ITO HeKoTOpble 113 lll!X 11p11DH3blBalOTCH CllOHMH nepxOBbHMH
K yCTbll M 11aseMHblX peK, 11ccne,lloDaTenH nepBoHa'lanbHO 6wn11 CKJ!OH-
Hbl 11pum1Cb1B3Tb oceM llO)lDO,llllbl M K3HbOHaM 3p03110HHOC 11po11CXO)i(·
.lle1111e: ct111Ta.~ocb, "ITO 01111 3ano>K11n11cb ew.e 11a cywe 11 CTanH no,ll-
305
 llOllH1>1M11 n11wb n pe:iyn1>TaTe sscTaT11~ eCKoro noe1>1w e111111 ypoeun fl\ 11 • 11oro flOTOKa, BLlpb!Tblii B TOJJUle pblX.llblX MOpCKHX OT.IJO)KCllllH MaTe-
ponoro 0Kea11a 11n11 Mecnroro onycKaH11fl cywH. O.n11 aKo no.nBO.!lHble p1rnonoro no.1111o)K11R 11.1111 no11.no1111olr .nenbTbl K3HbOHa.
~iOO'"~ MoryT 110CT11r3Tb CBOl!MH llH)KHHMI! OKOH'l8Hll!IMH rny61111 n. K yeHeu [60] 1, nhlT&nw111'tc!I coa.naTb xnaccH<j>11Kau11t0 no.n.uon.·
- 000 M, QTO 11e11s6e.>KHO .non)KHO np11no.n11Tb K .nonyme111110 llLI)( KallbOHOB, npe.nnaran p83JJll'laTb n.ea HX Tl!Oa: K3Hb0Hbl KOpCH ·
rpa11.n1100111>1x Kone6a1111ii yponu!I OKeaua sa caMoe 11e11aBHee r0011oru- K8HCK11e II 11oooa11rn11iicK11e, Hasna11111>1e T8K no paiiOH8M llX npe11My-
ciecKoe BpeM!I, QTO 11e 11axo.n11T ce6e non.TBep)K.nemu1 n.ei1CTBHTen1>11o- ll(CCTDett11oro pa3DllTllll. ncpnblil THO npeJJ.CT8M!ICT C06oii SaTOflJICHHblC
CTb10. 8 MCCTe c 3THM .nanb11el'twee H3Y'IClll!e nollBOllllblX K3HbOHOB no- 11 pesy.1bTaTe 1111Te11c11eHoro onycxa1111R cyw11 cy6aspanbHble pc•1·
Kasano, QTO 01111 no PflAY CBOllX llbre .Ao.111111>1. 8Topoft Tim K&Hbouon, 11a6n10nanw11xc!I y 6eperoo H o-
MOp<l>onont'leCKllX oco6c11110- noh Aurmm, C0Sll8H B pesynbTaTe aKTllllHOii 3p031111 nopoa MaTep11·
CTeH cyweCTBCHHO OTnHQ8IOTC!I i..oeoro CKnOHa 803HllK810W.llMll np11 no.nDOllllblX onOJJSl!!IX MyTbeBblMll,
OT spoo11011mJx :ton1111 cyw11, 111111 cycne11a11011111>1M11, noToKaMu. Hooooena1JJ1CK11f1 reoMopcjlonor KoT·
HO BMeCTe c STllM '18CTO 0611a- TOH npH.nep)KllBaJJCll MHeHll!I 0 wupOKOM p acnpocTpaHClllll! no.nBOA·
f)}')Kll83IOT 'ICPTb! TeKTOHll'ICCKO· llhlX KaHbOHOB TCKTOllH'iCCKOro npOHCXO)KllCHll!I, C'lllT8!1 T8KOBblMll, ll
ro CXO.!lCTna c T8KOllblMll >Ke •1aCTHOCT11, K811bOHhl, pasn11T1>1e y 6epcron Hoaoii 3ena11.nm1.
6n11)Kaiiw11x K 11x pycn y V'18CT· B o6WeM, no-n11.n11M0My, MO)KHO 11onaraT1>, 'ITO cymecTBytOT 110D.-
KOil cyw11. ::ho np1meno M11or11x no.ntt1>1e KaHbOH bl paauoro npo11cxo)K.lleHHfl, o 'ICM roBOp!IT Ha6.1110.na10-
K3K sapy6eiKHblX, TaK H COBCT· uu1ec11 y 1111x 11eKorop1i1e Mop<J>ononl'lecK11e pa3m1'IH!I.
PJ<c. 73. CxtNa, 1<n111ocTp11py101uaJ1 TCK- CK11x uccnen.oBaTeneii K Bblno.ny no.nBO.nttble K8Hb0Hbl llMCIOT OlleHb WllpOKoe pac11pOCTpa11e1111e.
TOKH•ecKylO nmore3y o6pa3oea11H~ I\ 11aCTORllleMy opeMe1111 ux 11seecT110 y)Ke 11ecKOJ1bKO TblC!l'I. B qacT-
nOABO,!tllblX l<aJlbOHoe ( Jt3 CT3TbJf
0 TCKTOHHQeCKOM npoHCXO)KJlC·
0. I<. Jleo11~"coa s "'Yll11Mc •np11po- m111 no.nnonuwx K811bOHoB. T aK, 11ocT11, 01111 04CHb M11oro•mc.11e1111b1 n.nonb oocTo'IHOl"O 6epera CWA
J18», 1965, JI& 8) 11anp11Mep, 0 . K JleoHTbCB pac- MC)K.UY rpam1uef1 c Ka11a.nof1 11 Hop<j>OJJbKOM, ua T11xooKeaHCKoM no·
MaTp1rnaeT HX B CBOllX pa 60Tax 6cpe)Kbe M eKCHKll, y 6epcron Kam1<j>op111111, y 11eKOTOphlx 6eperon
nepeceKa10uu1e MaTepllKOllblii CKnOH (~:.~. 7Je)~~o:i'ICCKllC paanoM bl, Cpen.nseM11oro MOp!I, y 6epcron Am1rnpa, Ceuerana, KoHro, T a113a-
'le1me .nn!I noHllMaHll!I npllflOllbl nollBO Cllb 6onbwoe sua- H1111, 4111111, Honoii f n1rne11, lllp11 JlauKa, <1>11mmn1111cK11x OCTponon,
IOT llOBble .n.a1111we 0 pem>e<l>oo6 .Ul~blX .nonHH II K3HbOHOB llMe- .nanee, y 6eperoe Sino11cK11x 11 AnC}'TCKllX OCTponon, n ApKT11Ke n MO·
11 ct~Cll31101111blX llOTOKOB» ([34f.a:;;~~). ponH ITOJlBOD.HblX onon311ei1 pc Bo<j>opTa (Guilcher [51], CTp. 212) 11 n CCCP, KaK <ihlno y)Ke cKa·
sa110, - y 'ICp110MopcKHX 6eperoo 3anaa11oro KaoKaaa.
OllOll,} :::::;~:a~~::cK M;~HllH 0 npoHCXO)KJlCHHll no11no.n11blx K8Hb· Cycnetts11011111>1e noTOKH (turbidity current s: SuSpcnsionsstrome;
nor1111 11 reoMoP4Jonorull ~ HblMll Y'ICHblMH n 06JiacT11 MopcKoii reo- courants de turbidite). np11 xapaKTepucrnKe no11001111blx KaHb01100
6111111pona1111yio TitnOTC3y. lll:~~IA~, (6:Jp3Mep, T3K Ha3blllaeM}'IO KON· y>t<e yxa3bl1l8.110Cb, 11To npOTeKaJOll(He n 1111x npoueccbl 11 lla)Ke ca~io
llOD.HblX K3Hb01101l TPll OC!!OOHbl .n . TOT aBTOp Dlll_neJJ!ICT y no;1- llX 06pasona1111c 11eKOTOpble 11ccne.noBaTeJ111 COR3blllaJOT c D.C!ITeJlbHO·
lf no npoueccy 11 x o6pasonauu!le ~CTll, pa3JJH'1810IJ.l11cc!I no npeMe1111 CTbl() TaK 11a31>maCMblX cyc11C11311011HblX, l!Jlll MYTbCBhlX 2• nOTOKOB.
na116onee rny6oKo npesa1111a!I c. ppe.111111!1, oc11on11a11 '13CTb Ka11b011 a, Bnepnble D.n!I 06'b!lc11e111111 nponcxo)K.nemm no11no.n11b1x K8HboHon aMC·
na no MHCHlllO lllena • K YTblMll CKanHCTblMll CKn0118Mll 6hl- p11KaHCK11ii reonor P . .Zbn11 (R. Daly) n 1936 r. 11pi10.11eK .ne!ITe111>·
1la~eKOM reonon p.na, cos.naua cy6aspanb11of1 pcquoii spos11eii o HOCTb Te'ICHllii, co.nep)K81JUIX BO 83BeWCHHOM COCTo!IHHll 60JJbWoe KO·
TepnKonoro CKno~~ec:~!~c".f'a~~:~:·c~~a o6JiaCTb coopcMeHHoro Ma· JJl!'lecTBO Toep.nblx '13CTHU ~11111ep anb11oro, a OT'lacT11 11 opraumecKoro
ypoBeHb OKC8118 no.nno H I ewe He norp y311DW}"IOCSI ITOA 11po11cxo)K.neH11!1. Bo.na, co.nep)Kama!I 6onbwoe KOJJll'iecTBO TaKoro
no.n MopcK11M11 oca Ka~~" YJO oKpa11uy MaTcpttKa. 0Ha He norpe6etra naoewe1111oro MaTepHana, 6onee nnoTua!I, 'ICM 11opManb11asi npospa'<·
naeTCSI» 6naro.nap .a • TaK xaK opeMf! OT BpeMe1111 «11pononacK11· 11311 MOpCKall oo.na. TaKor1 MYTbCBOii DOTOK MO)KeT CTeK8Tb no no.neo.n-
MYTbCDhlMll, 11m1 c~-c~~~~1'6i'1~:~:::1°~~~~:~~!11 BOy~a"nK::.'.?llMH nptt HllX llOMy CKJlotly, cpan1111TeJJbHO cna 6o II MCJl.llCllHO CMCW11 BaRCb c OKPY·
oua pbVLJJ1i1ii oca.nO'IHblit M • • .....11M11 113 KaHb·
~:a;:~~~l'!He:aenero 11aseM1~:i ~:~n1~T~~!lxH:pa~oC::n:~bH~H;:S}~n~~~:
1
I JT)· ¢aNH.iHIO B3 pyttKHA H3blK nepeuOART no-p83HOM) l<)1?H(:ff. l\IOHtll,

OKCa11a n 11e';,~~~ nq:e:anHee npe~rn. npu H113KOM CTOR 111111 ypon1111

J\blOllCll .
• B CBRJll c TeM qTo MOTllOC"n> MOpcKOft BOJ1J,1 MO>t<eT 6tnb o6yCJ108JleH3 He
'18CTb KaHbOllOll no MHTCl~~~H~'II1'1X one.nc11c1111lt H aKOHCU, Hll)Kll!ISI TOlllJKO uaJUNHCM D3DtCH, 110 Ta1<>Kc paan111.1HHM1t TCMncpaTypbl u conc110CTH, CttTCOH
TC.llbllOCTbJO no.i\oo e~ap.na, cos.na11a 11CKJJIO'l11TenbHO .ne!l- 11 CMurc npeJV!O>KHnH B 1938 r. Jlf.il 1'2KHX nOTOKoo 11a3eau11e C)'C-neuattOttttblx~ a
.ll>t<OHCOH a 1939 r. 11a3ea••e «M)'Tbtoble norOKH» (turbidity currents). n o Mt1e111110
npe.ncTaBJJsiCT 6 .UHblX OflOJl3He11 II cycneH3HOHl!blX ITOTOKOB: Olla aaropa naCT0•1uen pa6on1, npaeunbHO 6Wlo 6Y nepeooJlJ!Th nor repw11u K:lK <M)'T·
n11 o ononsHcnyio 6opos.ny, n116o Kattan cycnetts110H- ~Wt nOTOKH>.
306
307
 >Kaioiueii Hopr.tanbHOii Mopc1<0i1 BOJioit • .Usn11 8b1CK8san npeJinono>Ke·
Hiie, 'ITO T8KOil M)'Tbeooi1 flOTOK MO>KeT 3POJ111p008Tb rpyHT" '1Tono.a-
OOJ1Hble K8Hb01lbl, B03MO>KHO, RllJUllOTC!! pesynbT8TOM ero spos1111 •.
nonblTKll nponep11Tb sT11 npeAnono>Ke111111 .Us1111 nyTeM na6oparop-
11oro 3Kcnepm1e11Ta 61111111 npel(np1111nTbl KyeHeHOM {56, 57, 58). B pe·
3}'nbT8Te 6bll1H YCT3HODnCllbl HCKOTOpble 38KOHOMep uoCTll, fl03DOl1RIO-
IUllC ny•1we llOH!!Tb MeXallH3M D03)1CHCTBll!I Ha cyl5cTpaT cycneH311·
01111oro llOTOK8. 3n1 33KOHOMCp110CT11 MOryT 6b1Tb ccjlopMyn11pOD8Hl.ot
D CJICA}'lOIUHX no.1o>KCHllllX:
a) DOJ13, sarpy>KeHH3R B3DewenHblMll '13CTllU8Mll MO>KeT CTCK8Tb
110 11alCJlo11Hoit noeepx110CT11, 11e 11cmi1Tblnan O'ICub ~11nbHOro p33>KH·
>KCHllR D pesy.1bT3Te CMCWCllllR c OKpy>KBIOIUHNll OOJ13Mll MOp11·
15) M}'TbCBOll llOTOK llMeeT TCHJleHUHIO TC'lb, 11cnonb3yR Aenp~CHll
c~ 6cTp3Ta;
n) noroK 06na.11aCT cnoco6uocr1>10 spoJI11ponaTb;
r) CKOpOCTb Te'leHl!ll noTOK3 flOMHMO DllllllllHR H3KJ!OH8 noeepx-
HOCTll pacreT nponopuHOH3JlbHO KD3.llp8n!OM}' KOPlllO ero flJ!OTHOCTH
II YDCJ!H'IHDaeTCR BMCCTC c yneJTH'leHHeM KOJ!H'ICCTD3 11Cll0Jlb30B8HHO·
ro JlJ!R nOJ1yqe1111n CMec11 Teep.1toro nelJ.leCTBa (n 0111i1Tax Kye11e11a -
rn1111a, necoK).
npe>KAe 'leM nepeilTll K paCCMOTpennlO ,11anbHei1WllX CB-OHCTB cyc-
neH31fOHHblX llOTOKOD, flOCMOTpllM, K3KHMll RBJICHIUIMll MO>KeT 6b1Tb
n1i1sna110 11x o6pasona1111e. Ta1<11M11 11Bnem1RM11 MOryT 6b1Tb CJTCA}'IO·
nu1e:
I. noJIB0)1HblC Oll0.13Hll II Ol5B3nbl M3CC rOpllblX nopoJI, H8XOJ1!1·
IUHXCR B COCTORHHll 11eycroil•1tmoro pan11oneCllR 118 CK.~OH3X no.noo.n·
HOro penbecjl8. l brny111>COM .111111 llX o6py111HB8Hllll MOryT CJl}'>KHTb
3CMl1eTp!ICCHllR, H3eep>KCHllR 6JT113KHX flO.!lBOJlHblX nyJTK8110B, BOJ!Hbl
uy11aM11 11 Jlpyrne RBJJCHHR. TaK, Kycro (Cousteau) coo6iu.11JT B 1966 r.,
'ITO no npeMn norpy>Ke1111n n 15aTncKacj>e B noJIBO.lllfbl(t K3HbOH T yJTOH.
68TllCK8cjl, Yl13PllBWllCb 0 CTeHKY K3Hb0113 118 rny61111e OKOJ!O •1600 M,
Bb13BBn o6B3Jl 1([55), CTp. 104).
_2. Bll3.ll810illHC B Mope peKu B nepHOJl llOJ!OBOJlbll, KOr.aa HX TBCp·
,llblll CTOK yoeJil!'lllB8eTCR npoTHD Me>KCHHOro DO MllOro pa3, MOl)'T J18Tb
1!3'13JIO cycneH31!0HHOMY llOTOK)'.
3. B np116pe>K11blx MCCT11ocrnx, r.ae no ycnon11SJM pe.1becj>a 11 KJ!ll·
M3T8 MO>KCT l!MeTb MCCTO ol5pa3068Hlle rpll3CBbl X llOTOKOB (ceJTef1),
T8KOli llOTOK np11 Bll3J1CHllll B Mope MO>KCT 11ocny>K11Tb npll<!HHOH o6pa·
30D3HllR cycnell3HOH HOro nOTOK8.
4. CllJTblfblC UITOPMODble BOnHbl, p83MblB8IOIUl!e pblXJTblH M8TCPll ·
an nJTSJ>Keii 11 yBJ1eKaioiu11e ero B 6onee rJTy60K11e <1acT11 nO.llBO.llHOro
cKJToua. B nOJIOO.llHOM K811b0He Bap 11a rJTyl511ne 700 M 6wrn co6pa·
llbl ranbKll, noKpblTblC n11e11KaM11 ryJipo11a.
5. np llJIHBHO·OTJ!HBllble T·C<1e1rnn 11 HeKO'l'Opble rnyf5nHHblC OKC8·
Hll'ICCKHe TeQeHll!I '18CTO MOr}'T np11necTH BO 83BCWCHHOC COCTOS!HHe
1 ~nu 11a3Ba.1 raxon noroK 1nnor110CT111>1M re•1e1111eM• (density current) .
308
pblXJTblC OTJIO>KCHllR OKea1111'1eCJ<oro AH3 H Bbl3B8Tb 06pasona1111e C}C·
llCH31!0HHOro llOTOKa.
K0Hue11Tp8U11R 113eeweH11oro M8Tep11ana n 003HllKWCM TeM 11nn
1111wM nyTCM cycne11s11011110M noroKe 11e o.1111006p83Ha BO ncex ero <1a·
CTSIX, OTKY.ll8 Bb1TCK8CT OCHOBHOH xap8KTep STHX noroKon: flJ!OTHOCTb-
llX }'MClfbW3eTCR OT OCllOB8Hl!ll K HX uepx11cA nonepXllOCTll. H SMCHlleT·
CS! OHa II a rop1130llT8Jlbl!OM HanpaDJ1eHllll no .llnllllC llOTOK3. Ha1160·
J!Ce n nOTHO(I '18CTblO llBJ!ReTCR cj>poHT3JlbH8ll "13CTb llOTOKa, a Bnepx
no Te'IClllllO llJ!OTHOCTb }'MCHblll3eTCR, T8K QTO <XBOCT> llOTOK8 MO>KCT
15b1Tb npe.aCT38J1Clf oo.aoit JlllWb cnerK8 M}'THOit (KyeHeH [57]).
K8K 61>1110 }'>KC }'K833HO nblwe, cywecTeyeT onpe,11e.~c1111oe COOT·
11owe1111e Me>K.ll}' nJTOTl!OCTblO cycneH31101lllOr o llOTOK3 II CKOPOCTbK>
ero Te'leH.l!R : nocne.aHRR yMCl!bW8eTCll, K8K H llJ!OTHOCTb, cnepe.1111 H3•
33.ll H OT OCHOD81HIR K noeepxHOCTll noTOKa. f JTy6oK3R '13CTb TC'ICHllR
o6ro11ReT nepx111010 '13CTb, 611aro.11apR <1eMy B03HHKaeT cnoero poJia
Jl3Ml!H8PHOC Te'ICllHC. M111111M 3Jlbl! 8R CKOpOCTb, H8611IO.ll8CM8R 118 no-
oepx110CTH noTOK8, 06R381!3 38.llCp>KKC, KOTOP~IO C03J18eT KOHT8KT
Typ6yJTeHTHOi1 CMecH co CTOR'ICH ~IOpCKOi\ no.noH; MO>KeT ,ll8>KC ol5pa·
30D8TbCR TC'le1111e n llPOTllBOllOJIO>KHOM uanpaDJTeHHJI. C,neeyeT T3K>Ke
OTM eTllTb, QTO II Hll>KHHH CJ!Oii, 118XO,llllllltlliCll B 11enocpeJICTBeHHOM
KOHT8KTC c ,llllOM, no.nnep>KCH 38Me.11J!CHHIO 6JTaroJI8pR c11n8M Tpe-
HllR. B epxHAR '18CTb Te<1en1111, TeK)'IUSR MCJ1J1e11nee, r.to>KeT nocreneH·
110 OTJlCJIRTbCR OT llOHHOro TC'leHllR, .11.anan npoMClK}"rO'IHoe TC'leHHC,
Me11ee nJ10T11oe. Mo>KeT Jia>Ke o6pa3onaTbCR 11eKoropoe 'lllCJTO npoMe·
>KyTO'lllblX TC'ICHllH, D KOTOpbIX llJIOTHOCTb, CKOpOCTb II J18>KC 11anpae·
nem1e pa3n11<111w [55). Bo3Mo>KHO, KaK non8ram1 y>Ke n 1938 r. CTeT-
co11 II CMllTC, 'ITO ~rnorue MOpCKHe M}'TbCllble flOTOKH HC RBJllllOTCR .no·
CT8TO'IHO llJIOTllblMH, 'IT06bl J10CTllf8Tb f50JlbWllX OKC31lll'lCCKllX rJT)'6HH.
Bonpoc o6 spos1101111of1 cnoco6nocTn cycne11311011nblx nOTOKOD ne-
JI!leTCll .llHCK)·ccno11111i1M. XOTR B Kan11cj>op1111i1CKHX no.neo.ll.lfblX K8Htr
OH3X COTP}'AHllK8Mlf CKpnnncoucKoro OKeanonOnl'ICCKoro UHCTllT}'T3
H H8MI0.113n11Cb 15b1CTPble yDCJll!'ICUllR rJ!}'611H, RO 3,11ecb, O'leBll.llllO,
l!MCJI MecTO DblHOC B031ll!Kllll!M Te'ICHllCM m1Wb pblXJTOrO M8TCPH8Jl8,
OTJ!O>KCllHOro ua JlHC K8HbOH8 D npe.11.wecTBYJOllll!H nep110J1 8KKYMYJTR·
UHi!. MoryT Jiii M}'TbCBble nOTOKll yrJTy6nRTb J1Hl!lll8 K3HbOllOB, C;10·
>KeHHble llJ!OTHblMH KOpeHl!blMll nopOJ18~1H? Ha STOT nonpoc sKcnepH·
MCHT8Jlbllbte HCCJlCJ10D3 HHR OTBCT8 11e ,ll810T II 11e MOryT ,ll8Tb sa KpaT·
KOCTblO c pOKOD 11a6n10ACHHH 110 cpan11em110 c TCM, K3K STOT npouecc
npOTeKaeT a 11p11po.11.e B MacwTal5ax reonor11<1ecKoro epeMem1. Bo ncS! ·
KOM cnyqae MO>KHO nOJTaraTb, 'ITO Hll>KllllC, 11arpy>KCHllblC H8116onee-
rpy61>1Mll '18CTllU8Mll CJ!Oll M}'TbeOOrO llOTOK8 MOryT OK83b1B8Tb HeKO·
ropoe noo.11eilCTBlle 11 na nJTOTHblC rop11ble nopo.11.1>1. B BepXOBbRX 11e·
KOTOpblX noJIBOllHblX Kal!bOHOB Kan11cjlop111111 BOJ10Jl83bl 0T111e<1an11 ypo-
neHb JIO Koroporo npocr11paeTCn w1111cj>yioiuee B03.!lericT!lue 11a 6opTa
xa11~11a cycne11311on111>1x nOTOKOB. B o.11110M 113 oTeepwKOB K811b011a
CKpnnnca Bb1COT3 STOfO ypoBHR H8J1 T3nbeeroM K31lb01!8 J10Cntr8l18
9 M np11 o61ucl'I rny61111e Bpe38 15 M 11 npu romue no».bl nail Tanboe-
roM B 40 M.
309
 B KOHe<IHOM HTore MO>KllO np11i1T11 K 3aKJTIO'lelllUO, <!TO cycneH311·
OHHble nOTOKll xapaKTepH3YIOTC!I 6onhwe ceoeif cnoco6HOCTblO K Tpa11-
cnoprnpoeKe Marep11ana, 'leM cnoco6110CTblO .>po.11.11poearb.
Mo;irno TaK)Ke nonarar1>, 11ro ronbKO ronooHall (¢po11ranb11a11)
4aCTb llOTOKa cnoco611a .>po.a.11ponaTb, a B ero l«XBOCTe» npo11CXOJlHT
OTJIOiKCHHe TOHKllX 113CTHL( II 'ITO np11 O'lellb c..1a60M nane111rn llJlll 118
ropH3011T3JlbllOM JlHC 3p031UI conceM npeKpamae'!'Cll II OTJIO>Ke1111e npe-
o6nanaer 11a nceM npoT1l>Ke111111 noroKa. ECTb TaK>Ke oc11ona1111e npen
nonaraTb, "ITO o6paaona1111e Ka11anon Ha rny61111111>1x nenhrax no.llBOJl·
HblX K8Hb011on 06ycnoene110 11e .>poa11ei1, a n11wb 6onee 1111Te11c11n11or1
cen11 Me11Tau11eii n Kpaen1>1x 'laCTHx nOToKa, nblxon11iuero 113 Ka111>011a
11a nqnepxHOCTb rny6111111oi1 .11.enbTbl.
To, 4TO 61>1no cKa3a110 06 113Me11e11t111x c1<opocr11 11 11ecyweii cno-
co611ocT11 cycneHJllOllHblX llOTOKOB, npHDOJll1T TaK>KC K DblDOJlY 0 TOM,
'ITO llX OTJIO)Ket11111, TaK 11a3blD8eMble Ty p 611.a.11 T bl, .llOJl>KHbl xapaK-
Tep11301l8TbC!l rpa11yn0Merp11•1CCKOI! COpTll pOBKOii KaK D ropH3011T3Jlb·
HOM, T3K 11 n nepr111<2n1>110M 11anpanne111111. B c1poe111111 ryp611ro110-
n1>1x ronw .>To non>1<110 11axon11rb ce6e Dblpa>Ke1111c n p11TMH'lecKoil
noorop11eMOCT11 cep11i1 nnacron, 11a'l1111aiom11xc11 mmsy 6onee rpy61>1-
M1t 0C8}lK3MH B Blllle fJlllllllCTblX necKOB, nepCXOLl!llllllX Bbl We B 6onee
TOHKHe - rn111111CTble 11 11n11CTble. TaKoe crpoe1111e 011e11b 11anoM1111aer
C1'poe1111e ijl31!Hll MOpCKllX OTJIO>Ke1111i1, 113BeCTllblX 110,[J, Ra3B8HHeM
<Ii n 11 w (Flysch ). B. Jl, HecTepoa 11 5. X11se11 (63] nonpo6onan11
cpanHHTb Me>KAY co6oi1 conpeMe1111ble 11n11 11oeeiiw11e rny60Koeoa111J1e
ryp611Jl11Tbl II <!Jau1111 6onee LlPCDllllX MOpCKllX OTJIO>Ke11111l T11na ¢n11-
wa . 3ro cpaa11e1111c n0Kaaa110, 'ITO o6e ¢opMaQ1111 11Me10T MHOro 06-
IJ.lllx •1cpr. Cornac110 11aaaa1111blM anropaM, .>T11 'ICpTbl cxoncrna 33·
KJllO•l 8IOTCA ll cneayioweM:
I - pH1"IH•C?CKaH ceAHMCHT8llHH c ROJ'.O>KelltlCM OJlHOR Ha 11P)'J'Y10 0J11U1aKOBblX
ccpHH n.nactOB; 2 - 'l3CTOC H8/\H-.HC HCflOJlHblX cepKH no cpaaHemuo c THDH'IHbllilH;
3 - BCptl<KM bH8H rpaH)nOWe'TJ>INCCKaR copn1poeKa; 4 - O'l'IC'rnHBblt rp•lfRllbl Melt<·
11y Ccp>tHMH; S- O'l'lcrr.aaoe p83fll&HH•CKHe '"'"'Jl)' cno1111H 6onee rp)'C5oro 11artpHa-
.11a H CllORMH M8Tepltan3 TOHKoro. HO c nepexonaMH, '13CTO O'ICHb nOCTeneHttblNll. D
:mcx nocnl'JlKHX; 6- rpaeyn owet'pH•ea<aH Jl'11$1>cpeR1u1poaKa n ropn30HT31lb11011
uanp8MeH111<; 7- npon.opUHR nCC'ltttmNOB H C:.13HlleB HnM nccKoe tt Jlll08 ()qeflb H3·
MCH•HD&H; 8 - '8 o6U(eM o6'bCMC OCftJlKOB 6onbwee o6Hmte 11118, MCllbWllQ o6'beM
nee.Ka H erue MeHbWee KOlnf\leC:TflO ranb1<H; 9-cpe.n.uMR M OUJ.HOCTL CC1Wii OT 20 JlO
30 CM, 110 MO>KeT H3MCHMTbCJI OT uecKOJlblhiX Mll.11»1MCTp00 JlO ':\ttlOOHX MCT-poa;
IO -cnc11L1 ~poo1rn a Kpoene cep11n; M -11nircr"'c 1<ary11bl, eKn10•1et1Hble e ronll(y
6oncc rp)6oro Marepttana o ocnoea111m cep1m - ·e ncc•••11cToR <jlpnKU,llH qepe;ioea-
•rne ropH3011Ta..1bHblX CJt0e6 H cnoee c KOCOR IU'l.K JlHM'OH8JtbHOl'I cnOM'C:T()CTbtO;
12 - np4BllllbH8M H ropll30HT811bll8ll CTp8t1Hjll\KaU.llM H8 60/lbWHX npocTpaHCTBax;
13 - '60/lbW&R PQ.:!KOCT• aeTOXTOl!HblX opraHH•Moa; 14 - Kp)n1tble SO<.Jon<•CCJ<He 11c-
Konac11blc pCllKll, 6oJlee ••CTW 8 IUllCCTl<OBblX CllOHX c~pHH, r11c OHi! JIOKaJ"JU)'IOTCJI
8 6onec 1'1l)<lb1X oca11x ax; IS - JlOHHble <j>opaM1IHH<j>epb1 PUKH, pactttlHlol 8 D0C'l8HOR
4>paKU.llH: 16 - nenaM!qCCKHC <j>opa.'IHllH<j>epw rn8BHblM o6p8JOM B TOttKOM uarepH8·
nc ocpxHctt qacTH cepHH; 17 - e nc<::'laHoff $p2Ku.H1:1 1i1acrt.1 pac111re.'lbt1ble ocranm:
18 - npHC)'TCTBHe o6MMKOR ropllLIX nopoJl. K88pu,a, noneDblX wnaTOB, rllllRHCTblX
M•mcpano•; 19 - HCKOTOpblc ccpHll •O.~MIOTCR o6bl3BCCTKOMCllllblMll; 20 - 8 CCpHHX
TCpp11r~1111oro npOHCXO>l<,i'\CllllH COlle()ll<81tllC 119BCCTll, ll03p8CT8IOUlec OT OCllOR81111H K
J<P08n~: 21 - B 6iroxnacnt•1CCKHX CCPllHX COJlC'p>K811HC 113l10CTH )'MNlbW<:!CTCfl CH113Y
oeepx; 22- OTC)'rcre11e oco6c1111ocref1 6cperooon 11 1otenxooow1on cc.1t11Nena1au11H.
310
Bee 3rn o6iwte xap2KTep11L1e 11epn1 np11non11T 11aaa211111>1x anTo-
pos K 3aKJ1J0'1eHHIO, 'ITO .11.pen11ee ocaJU<OH8KOOJ1e1111e T11na ¢m11ua !ID·
11nercn a11anoroM HOaer1wero ocaaK011aKonnC111t!I 112 rny61111111>1x pa111111-
11ax no>K 3 oKeaHa. On1er11M nonyr110, 11ro <)>amrn <!Jn11wa wnpoKO p2c-
npocTpa11e11a 8 rcoc111JKn11112nb11blx rop11b1x crp a11ax: a. Anemrn11ax~
rlonbCKHX Kapnarax, Anbnax, 11a 3anallHOM KaaKaae, n 1opax 3anan
uoro Tanpa 11 n apyrnx paiio112x.
n epeXOJVl8A 30118 OT MaTepm<a K JIO>KY OKea11a
He aceraa 11onnoa11a11 01<pa1111a MaTep11Ka nepe~oJl.llT Henocpem:T-
ne11uo B JIO>Ke OKeaua. B ReKOTOpLIX '18CT!IX 3eMHOll nosepXHOCTll 31'R
LlBa 311eMe11Ta penbe<!Ja nepsoro nopAAKa OK33b!Da.IOTC!I pa3nene1111bl-
MH 6onee 11m1 Meuee w11p0Koi1 3011oi1, nony<J11nwe11 uasna1111e 11 e P e-
100 300
PJ<c. 74. Cxc>lftTll'ICCKl!it npo$1tllb •1epc3 IOitrnylO !M13J!HH)' o.xOTCKOro MOPR
II IOll<H)'IO •8CTb Kyp1MbCKOf1 OCTpODllOll l(ynt.
/ - wenbCI>' 2 - M3Tep11KOBlolil CJ<llOH; 3- MftTepMKOBOe nOJlllOll<HC; 4 - llllO
IOll<tto-OxcYrc.on an•JlHHbl; 5 - KypHnbCK8R oc1poa11a!' 11yra; 6 - 11enpcc·
Cllll' 7 - no118011Rb1A xpe6tt cBHTM8ll>; 8 - l(yp11110-Ka11•18TCKllit rnti.KO·
SOJlHblfl ll<e.106; 9 0Kp8HHRlolil o.eaHR•e<:J<Hfl aan. (H.3 CT3Tbll 0 . . Jle-
0HTbt88 8 >Kyp11311C cnpHPOJll», I~. M 8)
x 0 a 11 0 ll 3 0 u bl (transitional zone, Obergangszone, zoi:ie de tr an·
silion). r onopnT 11acro TaK>Ke 06 o c r po n H bl x Ayr ax (island arcs,
I nsclbogen, arcs insulair es), no .>TH .a.Ba nom1T11ll 11e 11nnll10TCll nnonne
CllllOllHM3Mll TaK K8K OCTpOBHble ayrH 11pe.11.crannAJOT JIHWb OJlHH sne-
MeHT penbc~a 113 cnoi1cTne1111wx nepexo.nHOii ao11e. B 112116onee TH·
Ol!'IHOM pa3BHTllll nepexo}lll3ll o6naCTb Me>KAY MarepHKOM II no>KeM
OKC3Ha npeacra1111e11a Ha BOCTO'IHblX II IOfO·DOCTO'IRblX 6eperax M3TC·
pHKa Espa 31111. Ha npo<!J11ne (puc. 74) \lepea IO>KHYIO '13CTb OxoTCKO·
ro MOPA 38HMCTil08aHROM 113 pa6oTbl 0. K. JleoRTbella [1 7), MO>KHO
BHJleTb ~e.11.yioiw1e 3JICMeHTbl peni.e<!Ja: 110.llllOLlllYIO 0Kpa1111y Marep11-
Ka (1 2 3) r11y60K)'IO (JlO 2 500 M) lO>KHo·OXOTCK}'IO nnaJlllllY (4),
KypH~b~K}'~ OCTJ>OBHYIO nyry (5), or.11.eneH11yio .11.enpecc11ef1 (6) OT
napannenbHOro cii OOLlDOJlllOfO xpe6T8 «BllT!l3A» (7). 38 KoTOpblM Jl3•
nee K ioro-nocroKy c.neaye'!' rny601<oao.n11wil KypHJ10-KaM<JaTCK11i1 >1<e-
no6 (8) It TOJlbKO sa OK8llM.Olll011.ll1M nOCllCJlHHil OKpaHllllblM nanoM
11aq1111aeTCll JIO>Ke OKeaHa.
311
 He KaCaRCb noKa pacnpocTpa11e111111 11a6nt0.o.aiow11xc11 OTKJTOHeHHii
OT npuec.o.CHHOH CXCMbl CTpOCJlltll ncpexo.o.HblX 30H II oonpocoe llX npo-
l!CXOiK.11.CHllR 11 pa3D1tT1111, OTMeTllM 11x xapaKTepm.ie oco6ettHOCTH. OcT-
poB11ble .u.yrn nony1111n11 cooe ttasoa1111e 6naro.u.apH roMy, 'lTO 06pa3y10-
LU11e 11x ~eno11i;11 oCTpoooo .u.eftCTBllTCnbHO pacnonara10Tc11 no .izyraM
OKPYiKHOCTei1, e1>1nyKn1>1x o cropoHy 0Kea11a 11 onncaHHblX pa3HblMll
pa.o.HyCaM11 Kp110113Hbl (p11c. 75). Cpe1111 yqacTKOB cyw11, o6pa3yiow11x
srn .o.yr11, 1111or.o.a OCTpe11at0TCR Kpynm.ie no nnowa.11.11 npocrpaHcwa,
epo.o.e KaM48TKH, 11eKorop1>1x 5lno11cK11x OCTpoooo, OCTPoBOB H11.o.0He-
s1111. KaK noKa3b1BatOT rcocj>11J11'lecKJ1e 11cCJJe.u.ooa11 1111, sT11M KpynHblM
yqaCTK8M cyw11 cnolicTee1111a 3CMH8R KOpa M8Tep11KOBOro Tuna, T. e.
c Han11q11eM rpaHllTHOro cno11. Ha11 poTt1B, 0 rny6oKHX MOpCKllX KOT-
.~OBllH8X 0Kp811Hllb1X Mopei1 p830llTa Kopa OKC8111!4CCKOro T11na. HO
0Tn11qat0LU8RCR OT TllOlt'lHOii OKC8 Hll'lCCKOil cooef1 Cionbwei't MOLUllO-
CTblO (.u.o 20 KM), rnaOHblM o6p830M 38 C'leT 6onbWOit TonLUllHbl oca-
.u.0•111oro cno11 (cy60KeaH11<1ecK11li Tim). BOT sTO 3011anb11oe pacnono-
>Ke1111e TllOOB se~mon KOpbl ti 38CT8MRCT 1183bl08Tb 3TH yqaCTKJ! nepe-
xo.11.11oii so11oii • .Upyroli xapaKTepuoi1 oco6eHHOCTbtO n epexo.U.HhlX 30H
RMRCTCR 11eo6blKllOOCHllO 6oni.waA KOHTp8CTH0CTb llX penbe<l>a -
CMe11a 118 cpaOllllTCnbHO 11e60.%WllX paCCTORHllRX OblCOT B HCCKOnbKO
TblCR'l MeTpoe 11an ypooneM OKC8H8 II eme OJlBOe 6onbWllX rny6HH B
T8K H83bl03CMblX rnyCiOKOD0.11.llblX >KCJI068X. nepCX0.11.HblC 30llbl OTnH·
'l3IOTCA Cion bWOll 110.D.OH>KHOCTbJO SCMHOll KOpbl, llHTCHCHBHOCTbtO TCK·
TOHll'lCCKHX npo~cccoo, cunt.HOfl cei1CMH•IHOCTbt0, MOlUHblMH 11po11ene-
HllAMH eynKa11111JeCKOil .o.cnTCJTbHOCTH (K8 M'l 8TKa, K yp11nbcKne ocTpo-
oa, 5lno11cKHe OCTpona, l11111011esn11). Bee n11 4epTb1 c6m1>Kat0T nepe-
xonn1>1e sonw c reocm1Km111anbHblMH so11aM11 3eMn11 11 sacTaon1110T
paccMaTp11B8Tb llX llMCllHO K81( T8K0Bble, H8XO.U.R1UHCCR 0 p8HHllX CT8·
111111x cooero pa3011T11R.
l\aK y>Ke OTMC'lanocb, 11a6nt0JJ,8IOTCR pa3nH'lHble OTKnOHCllHH OT
01111ca11Hofl 01>1we cxeMbl CTpoe1mn nepexo.u.11oit 30Hbl. TaK, CibloaeT pa3 -
enTa He JlBOflHaR, a on11HO'lH8R OCTPOBH8R .u.yra II, cne11onaTenbHO,
OTCyTCmyeT pas.o.e.~Rt01U8R .U.OOft11ble JJ.YrH .ll.COpeCCllR . np11 11an11q1111
.u.oyx .u.yr 6onee paso11Toi1 MO>KeT CiblTb 11n11 n 11yYpe11H1111. 11n11 011ewu1111
.11yra. KpoMe TOro, oynKa11113M np11cym nHWb n11yYp eH11eii .izyre 11 He
oblpa>KeH oo eHew11er1. Cer1cM1111110CTb OCTpooHblX n:yr xapaKrepu3yeT-
c11 TeM, 'lTO 3CMnCTp11CeH1fll 0 HllX np1111a.QJ1e>K8T K TllO)' n pOMe>KYTO'h
llblX If rny6oKOlj>oK)'CllblX. no YMrPQO) f37], fJl}"OOKOc)JOK}'CHble 3eM-
.1eTpRCe111111 c rny611Hofl c)JOK)'C8 OT 500 KM If rny6>Ke (.u.o 700-750 KM)
H3BecTHbl roni.Ko B pai10Hax, 0KaiiMn11t0w11x 6accerm T 11xoro oKeaHa.
Ba>KHOit oco6eHHOCTblO OCTpoBHblX n:yr RMRCTCR pacnono>KeHHe lj>o-
K}'COO 3e.ine-rp11ce1111i1 110 S-OH8M c llOCTORHHO ynenHQlfB8JOLUCHCR 8
cTopo11y MaTep11Ka rny61111oit. TaKoe pacnono>Ke1111e rooopuT o TOM.
'lTO paspewe1111e 11anp11>Kem1r1 np11 seMneTp11ceu1111x npo11cxoA11T e
flJIOCKOCTlll< rny61111111>1x p83JIOMOO, 11anat0LUHX 0 CTOpo11y M8Tep11K8,
1JaLUe ocero, 110-sHn11MoMy, no.11. yrna~rn. 6nHSKHMll K 45- 50°. no-
CK0.1hKY c)JOK}'Cbl 3CMnCTpllCCHHfl npocne>KHB8JOTCR JJ.0 r ny611H 700-
750 KN, paJnOMbl non>Kllbl pacceKaTb 11e TOnbKO ec10 Tonllly aeMnofr
312
 KOpbl, 110 JlOlllKllbl npo1111K8Tb JlO yKa3a1111oi1 rny61t11bl II B Tonmy M8H·
T1111. HeKOTOpblMH 8BTOpa~111 8blCKas1>1eano<:b &111e1111e, 'ITO no CTene-
1111 Kp11e11311bl OCTpoB11l>lx nyr MO>K110 onpenen11Tb yron nane111111 e cro-
pouy Marep11Ka nnocKocT11 pa3n0Ma. B caMoM .nene, 'leM Me11bwe 6y-
.ne-r yron na.nen1111 nnocKoCTn pa3n0Ma, TeM 6onbwe .non>K11a 6WTb Kp11-
811311a .nyrn KaK n11111111 m:pecc•1e111111 sTor1 nnocKoCTu co c¢ep11qecKof1
noeepxuocTblO 3eMnH.
On11ca1111wii e1>1we nm nepexo.n11oii 06nacn1 OT M8Tep11Ka K nO>KY
QKC8118 UC SllMReTCll C.llllHCTBCllllblM. Do MOflllJOllOrll'ICCKHM OC06eHHO·
CTRM 0. K. JleOHTbCB I 8bl.UenlleT 7 1'Hn08 CTpoeHllR nepexo.nHoit o6-
naCTll.
B II TR 3 e B c K II it T II n, K KOTOpoMy OTllOCllTCR o6naCTb rny6oKo-
BO.llHOro >Keno6a BHTll3R c np11neraiom11M y<1acTKOM Ceeepo-cJ>11n>1<111i-
cKoli KOTn0811Hbl. ,D.n11 9TOro Tuna xapaKTepna cpa81t11Tenb110 Mana11
rny61111a >Keno6a ·(6 150 M) II OTCYTCTBHe OC1'p08HOii .o_yrn. K iory OT
>1<eno6a 11MeeTCR HCCKonbKO no.n8o.nm,ix nynKanoe, npencTaenmomux
KaK 61>1 npoo6pa3 6ynymer1 ocTpo8noli .nyrn. 06naCTb Mano cei1-
CM11<111a.
M a p II a II c K II it T If n. K 3·TOMY Tm1y OTHOCRTCll 06nacn1, CBll38H-
HblC c O•ICHb rny60K11M11 >Ke.no6aM11 ( 10-11 KM) HD.ly-60111111, Bon-
Kano, Map11a11CKHM, Toure 11 KepMa.neK. B cTopo11y MaTep11Ka 31'11
>Keno6a OKaitMneRbl BblC-OKllMll DO.nBO.llRblMll xpe6T8Mll, OTJlenbllblC
BynKaHll'ICCXllC BepWHHbl KOTOpblX BblCyYDatoT 8 811,llC OCTpOBOB. Dno-
Ul8.llb 11ocne.n1111x, o.n11aKo, 011e.11b Mana no cpae11e1111to c nnoma.nblO
ca~1oro no.n1111T1111. KOTnoo11na, 0Tnen11eMa11 >KM06oM 11 ocTpOBHoit JJ.Y·
ro11 OT 0Kea11a, eme coxpa1111cT reoMop<j>onorn<1ecK11e u reo<j>11swiecKne
•1epTb1 JIOi1\a 0Kea 11a. 3CMll8ll xopa 8 11ei1 THnt!'lllO OKC8HH'ICCK3ll, c
ManoMOlllHblM OC3JJ.O'IHblM noKpo80M. B caMnx >Keno6ax ocaJlKoe TaK-
}!(e Mano, MecraMH 11a JlHe >Keno6o8 0611a>Ka10TCA Kope11111>1e nopo.nbl.
)l(eno6a Map11a11cxui1 11 ToHra xapaKTep11sytoTc11 Kpyn111>1M11 0Tp11ua-
TCJ!bHblM1t a110Man11RM11 c11n1>1 TA>KecTll, 'ITO o61>ACHAeTCA c11nb11blM
pacr11>Ke1111eM xopbl llOJJ. >KeJIOOOM II 06ycnoBJ1eHllblM 3TllM JlC(j>llWl-
TOM Mace.
Ky p 11nbcK11 Ii T 11 n nepexo.nHoii o6nacTH 110 MHoroM cxon.eH c
npe.nbl.UYlllHMH, 110 OTnH'18CTCR 66nbWllMH pa3MepaM1t OCTpOBOB II 803-
pacraHllCM MOUlHOCTH xopbl 8 KOTnOOllH8X H )l(CJI06ax, rnaBHblM o6-
pa30M 38 C'ICT yoenH'ICHHR OC8JJ.O'lllOrO CJIOR JJ.0 3 It JJ.3>Ke 5 KM. n o,n
ocTp08HblM11 JlyraMu no11nn11eTc11 rpa 1111TH1>1ii cnoii. OcTpoa111i1e JJ.yru·
'13CTO D.BOHHble, np111JeM MHOrO'IHCneHHble n.eitCTBylOUlHe synKaHbl np11 -
ypo'ICllbl K 8HyTpe11Hei1 n.yre. 3anon11e1111ble H8HOC8Mll KOTnOBllHbl HMe-
IOT pao11111111oe JJ.HO. TexTOH11<1ecKaA aKrne110CTb BblCOKaA, <1acT1i1 pas-
pyw11TenbH1>1e seMneTp11ceH11R. Ha6nto.natoTCA Mop(j>ononNecx11e
np11311aK11 s11a<111Tenb111>1x, .nocr11ra10!QHX 6onbw11x cKopocTeli eepT11Kanb-
HblX D.D1t>Ke1111ii 3CMHOii KOpbl (DblCOKO BO)l.HllTble. 11n11 rny6oKo 3aTon-
neHllble 6epcron1>1e nHmm 11 Teppachl).
1 JI e o" T •en 0. I(. reoMopc)lonorn,e<:K11e Tllnbl 3ou nepcxoJta 01"
K O~C811)'. «B<'CTH, MOCK. y»·T3», cep. reorp., 1968. ,.., 2.
314
}In OH CK 11 ii T 11 n. nepexO.llHblC o6naCTll llMCIOT AtllOrO OOUlCrO
c npCJJ.l>IA)'lllllM TllnOM, HO OTnH'l3IOTCR 11anll'lllCM KpynHblX M8CCllBOD
cyw11 (Kpy11111>1e OCTpooa 11 nonyocrpona), 11acTo o'leHb pa3m1<1111>1x e
OTJlenbHblX CBOllX Q8CTRX no reo.nOrH'ICCKOMY 803p8CTy (Hanp11Mep,
<l>Hn11nn11Hbl). fny6oKoB-OD.Hble >1<eno6a e o6meM HecKonbKO Men1>•1e
(11cKnio<ieH11e - 4>11m111n11HCK11i1 )l(eno6), 110-n11411M0My, 6naro.nap11
0611nbHOMY nocTynnen1110 Tepp11re1111oro M8Tep11ana c 6n11>1<af1w11x
Kpyn11wx ocrpooon. 3eMH8R xopa _noJJ. ocTpo11~M11 l!.MeeT J11a<111TeJ1bHYIO
MOWHOCTb 11 xopowo nwpa>KeHHblll rpaH11T11bl11 cnon. 311a'111Tcnb110 803:
pacraeT MOlltHOCTb KOpbl II noJl K.OTn08HH8Mll - cy6oKea1111•1;cKHll
Tlln. 3011a xapaKTep113yeTCR BblCOKOll ceflCMll'IHOCTblO II 6onbWOll TCK-
TOH ll'ICCKOil nOJJ.DlllKHOCTblO.
B 0 c T 0 'l II 0 - T II x 0 0 K e a II c K II it T II D. «K 3TOMY T11ny OTHO-
CRTCR f83TCM8nbCK8A H ATaK8MCK8R 06Jl8CTH BOCTO'IHOit OKP81111bl
T11xoro 01<eaHa. 11x OTJlll'll!TCllbHOff oco6eHHOCTblO RBnReTCR O'l'CYTCT-
BllC n11yTpe1111ero 6acceliHa ( r11y60K080llllOi1 xoTnOOllHbl) 11 oc1pom1oi1
.D_YfH. n ocneJlHIOIO 38 MelllllOT n epeJJ.OBblC anbn HHOT11n11we xpe6Tbl OK·
paHHbl KOHTllHCllT8. np11 3THX ycnOOllRX 0 >KeJI06a BOCyYn8eT OC06CH·
.110 M11oro Tepp11re11Horo MaTepuana, <1TO cnoco6cTByeT 3anom1e111110 "
OOMeJICHllJ-0 >Keno60D. no HHTCHCllDHOCTll TCKTOHH'ICClCllX npoueccon
II nynK8Hll3M3 T8Klle o6nacn1 He }CT)' B8IOT o6naCTIIM Kyp11nbCKOro
11 11no11cKoro T111100> (JleoHTbCB, 1968; crp. 31-32).
r
Kap" 6 c K 11 1 T 11 n. K 3TOM)' rnny OTHOCATCA Kap116cKa11, "111Jlo-
He3Hlicxa11 11 lO>KHO-A11TunbcHa11 (Mope CKornA) nepexOJlHble 06na-
cr11. Ka>KJJ.aA 113 9TllX 06nacTei1 pacnonaraeTCA MC>KAY c6.n11>1<e11Hbl·
Mii BblCTyna~rn JJ.BYX COCCJJ.HllX M8TCp11KOBblX nnanjlop M, 'ITO, no ~111c­
lllllO O . K. Jlco11T1>ena, o n pe.n:e.1rnno co6oit neKOTOpble oco6we •1cpTbJ
ocTpon111>1x .nyr 11 rny6oxono.nHblX >1<eno608: Jlyr11 11 >1<eno6a np1106pe-
Ta10T nei-neBH.UHYIO <)>op My. XapaKTCp110 Tax>Ke 11anH1J11e 11ecKMbK11x
JJ.Yr pa3110 ro 003pacTa, 'ITO nep eD.KO o6ycnoenneaeT o6pa308aH11e 11c-
CK011bK11x KOTn0811H. "111orJJ.a >Ke.~o6oe 6blnaeT HCCKOllbKO. B uenoM
lUIA o6naCTei1 SToro nma xapaKTepHa c6onbWaA necrpoTB 11 cno>K-
HOCTb reonorn'lecKoro CTpoeHHll, pe3KllC 113MCHCllllll MOlllHOCTll If co-
CTasa 3CMHOif KOpbl, 60JlbW8ll 11anpR>KC.llllOCTb TCKTOHll'lecKHX npouec-
COB conpeMCllHblli 8y.nKall113M».
Cpe11. 113 eMHOMopcx 11 i1 Tlln 0Tn11<1aeTCsi «npeiKne ocero,
pe3KHM upeo6naJJ.311 HCM M aTep111<01JblX SJICMeHTOD (xaK 0 r eo<l>113H'le-
CKOM Ta K II B reoMopcj>onor11<1eCKOM CMblCne). MonO}l8R CKJl3JJ.'13Tall
cyw; o6pasyeT OCTpo8a, n onyocTpona, 06w11p 11ble 11pocTpa11crna Ma-
i-epHKODLIX np116pe>KH1>1x rop 11 paeHHH. MopCKHe snaD.JtHbl c eme co-
xpa1111Bw11.i11c11 pen11KTaM11 01<eaH11<1ecKof1 KOpbl o6pa~ylOT 113on11po-
naHHNe nllTH8, OKp yll<ettRble co scex cropoH CTpyKTypaMll M8TCPllKO-
B0f0 nma. 3eMH8R KOpa, cnarato!Q811 D.llR!Qa 3TllX 8D3D.JIH, llMeeT
6onbW}'10 MOUlHOCTb, HO rpan llTHOil KOpbl 3.UCCb HeT». B o6meM, cpe-
Jl1!3CMllOMOpCKllli Tlln ncpexo.n11oii o6nacm npeD.CT88JlllCT, no MllCHll~
O. K. JieoHTbe8a, 1ia116onee noJD.HIOIO, 6mt3Kyto K 3aKn101J11TenbH011,
o.!aTcpuKa cTaJJ.HIO reoct111Kn11Hanb11oro p a3011T11A. no cren eH11 ceiic~11.~<111ocr11 11
pa3811THIO nynK8Hll3M8 cpeJJ.H3CMHOMOf>CKl!ii run nepeXOJJ.11011 06nacn1
3 15
.SH8'111TenbHO ycr_ynaer sceM npe.nwecTBylOUUIM T1maM. Boo6we nee
THObl nepexo.nHOll o6naCTJt 8 TOM nop11.nKe, n K8KOM OHH 3.itecb 6blJIH
nepequcneHbl 11 oxapaxrep113onaHbl, 11pe.ncTann1110T nocne.noeaTenbHble
CTa.n1111 pa3n11T1111 reoc1111KmrnanbHoi1 06nacT11.
B HCJt8BllO 118flC'18T811110ii pa6oTen. Bop.ne (46] o6pawaer BHllM8·
HllC 118 lleKOTOpoe CXOJtCTBO fmtanaen c OCTpOBHblMll .nyra ~rn B 418·
eTHOCTll c .nyraM11, 0Kaf1&1n1110w11M11 sanal111ble 6epera T 11xor~ oKea·
.Ha. 3T11 'ICPTbl cxo.ncrna H8XOART ce6e nblpa>Keuue n conna.neH1111 11x
rop11so11T8nb11blx pasMepon (2500 KM n An1111y), 11 pa.nuyce Kp11n11311bl
.nym, <J>opMe nonepet111oro TOnorpa<J>11•1ecKoro npocp11m1, e 6onbWOI'!
.a~mmlTyAe DWCOT xpe6TOB 11 cocemrnx nna.n1rn. l1Me10TC11 8 TO >Ke
epeMl! H cylllCCTDeH11L1e pasn11t11111. Hanp11Mcp, OTCyTCTBHe n fttMa·
.Jl8RX xapaKTCp11oro ,!\JIR OCTpODHblX Ayr 8KTHDllOl'O synK811113M8 II
rny6111111blx ceftcM11'lCCK11x O'laron. XapaKrep11wM pasnut1HCM RBJJl!er·
Cl! T8K>KC TO, 'ITO B OCTPODllblX .nyrax KOllTllllCllT8nbll8l! 3CMll8R Kopa
K8K 6bl 118.ltBHllYT8 118 Kopy OKe3HH'ICCKylO, B fl!M8Jl811X >KC aSH8T·
eKaR KOllTlllleHTanbHal! Kopa 118ABllllYT8 118 T8KODYIO >Ke l111A11JiCKOii
nn8'1'<J>opMLI. Bop.lie BblCKa3bl'B8CT npe.nnono>Ke1111e, t1ro f11Ma11a11 11a-
tian11 <J>opM11ponaTbC11 Kax T1m1N11al! OCTpon11a11 .nyra e OKea 11e, OTJle-
.JTRDWCM 83118TCK111i KOHTHHeHT OT llllAJliiCKOro. nocnen,Y1Qwee p83Bll·
rne npoTCKano B ycnoa1111x c6mi>Ke111111 .11eyx .npciu)>y10w11x K011n111e11·
T8Jlbl~blX ~nOKOB, llPll'ICM 33118TCK11r1 6noK OK833JICll 118.ltBllllYTblM Ha
¥111,!\llllCKllll.
llpyruM xapaKTepllblM 3JICMCHTOM penbe<J>a 11epeXO,!\llOil 30Hbl SID·
n1110TC~ r flY 6oKonoA11 bl e >Ke 11 o 6 a (trenches, Ticfseerinnen, ros·
ses occaniqucs ) . 3TO ysKHe, t1aCTO Bb1Tl!HyT1>1c 11a orpoM11we paccTost·
.HllH rny60K11e no1111>KeHHR OKCSHH'JeCKOl'O no>Ka c KPYTblMH CKno11aM11
11 nnoCKHM m~oM. lll11p11Ha STOro nnoCKoro J1H8 y xopowo uccnenonaH·
HOTO rny60KOllO,!\HOl'O >KCJI06a n yspTo·PHKO KOJIC6nCTCR B npe,!\enax
OT 10 .110 20 KM. 1'1Hor,!\a flOBblWeHHllMll AH8 >Keno6 pa3.QeJlllCTCR K8K
<5bl Ha ueno'lKY 38MKllYTb1X Bn3,!\11H. 4 acro T3K.lf(C H86JJIO,!\aeTCll lllH·
JlOKOe 00.QHllTllC no>Ka OKeaHa MC>KJlY rny6oKOll-OAllblM >KeJJ060M II JIO·
>KCM OTKpblTOro OKea11 a. TaKHe rny60KOBOAHhlC >Keno6a pacnonara·
~II HCllOCPCACTBeHHO 38 Dblll)'"KJJOfl B CTopo11y OKC8H8 OCTpOBHOli AY·
ron, 06bl'IHO nonrop1111 ee Ayroo6pas111>1i1 113ru6, KaK sro ua6n10AaCTC11
no BOCTOQllO~!Y Kp810 A3HH, Hnll >Ke npOTllrJI08IOTCll DAOJtb 00.QHO>Kllll
rop111>1x 11enc11 sana.1111bl.x no6epe>K11li I.(e11Tpan1>11oi1 11 IO>Kuoii AMepu·
Kii._ 3TO 6YAYT >KeJio?a UCHTpanbHO-AMep11Ka11CK11i1, n cpyaHCKO·l.!11 -
JlllllCKllfl, ATaKaMCK1t11. 06ma11 nnomaAb, 3811RT8R rny6oKoBOAHblM11
>KCJ106aM11, Ot1C11b 11cnen11Ka: no fH.nb111cpy. (Guilchcr (51]) oua cocTan-
JIReT OKono I% ncei\ nnou1aA11 oKcaua. K rny60KoDoA11.,;M >Keno6aM
n p11ypo'1eHbl 11 a116onbw 11e usnecTHble rny61111bl M11poooro oxeaua. HH·
>Ke np1moA11Tc11 11au6onbw11e rny611Hbl rnaoHeliwux >Keno6oa n M.
AJieyttKun "'cno6 - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - 7822
KJ'PH.•O-l(AM"ftttKHH I0542
Pio-Kio 7 &!7
.M•p1!8llCK1tn - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - -- II 034
316
Slncirnil 8 527
nanay 8 138
<l>KnHnruutc1odi 10 497
SID811CKllH 7 450
Oy>pTO-P1rxo - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 9218
lln11 06"b!IC11e1111S1 npo11cxo>K.ne111111 rny6oKoeo.nnwx iKCno6on A810T
MaTepuan 11a6n10AC111111 pacnpC.l\C.ijCtulll a110Mam1i1 c11nbl Tll>Kecn1 n ne·
pexOAllblX so11ax, a T8K>Kc pacnono>Kc1111e <J>oKycon rny6oKHX seMne·
TPRCC1111i1 n.nonb rny61111HblX pasnOMOD, 118K.ij0HllblX D CTOpOHY MBTC·
p 111<a no,!\ yrnaMll, 6n113KllMll K 45°. fHnOTe3bl, 11cnonb3yJOUlHC 3Tll
11a11111>1e, 61>11111 npe.nnO>KCllbl YMrponoM 11 Bci\11111ir McimecucM. Cnc·
.D.yCT npeAD8p11TCJlb110 OTMCTllTb, •1TO 11eo6xo.D.HMO pa3nH'l8Tb AD8 Tll ll8
CTpyKrypbl nepexoA11wx 3011: I) 6onee npoCTOii 11 w11pe pacnpocTpa·
llCllllblil c nocne}lOB8TeJJbllOCTblO oporpa<J>ll'ICCKHX sneMellTOn - rny·
60K8R ena.n1111a 0Kp811HHOro MOpll - ayJJK8HH'ICCK811 OCTpOBll8R ey·
ra - r11y6oKOBOAH1>1li >Keno<5 - nanoo6pa3Hoe B3AyT11e no>Ka oKeaua
Ila DHCWHCli CTOpo11e >Keno6a II 2) 6-0nee CJIO;f(Hblii llHAOHe311flCKllil Tun.
B nepooM cn:r-.iae 11a.n r ny6oKOBOAllblM >Keno6oM 1m11 ua.n ero n11yT-
pc111111M 6opToM 11a6n10.naeTC!I 0TpHuaTenb11a11 a110Man1111 c11n1>1 111>Ke·
CTll II nO.ijO>KUTenbR811 8110M8nllR 118Jl OCTPOBHOH Ayroi1. 3-rOT THll
ll MCCT t.tecTo e A11T11nnax, no DOCTO'IHof1 11 10ro·DOCTO'l1tof1 OKpa1111c
As1111. B 3TOM, 6onee npocToM Time 0Tp1111aTenbuaS1 aHOMam111 c11n1.o1
TR>KCCTU 118.l\ >Ke11060M 06yCJ1onne11a TeM, 'ITO 3JtCCb HMeeTCR cnepx·
HOpManbHaR MOll(HOCTb M8JIO nnoTuOii c11anH'ICCKOii 3eMllOii KOpbl.
YTonwe1111e c 1rnn11'lCCKoro MaTep11ana MblCnHTCSJ n cn11311 c norpy>Kc·
llllCM SeMHOfl KOpbl T8M, file ll8KnoH11a11 30118 H8.l\Blff3 nepcccKaCTC!I
c no>KcM 0Kea11a. 3oua pasnoMa MO>KeT 6b1Tb 06yCJ1oene11 a 11aAB11ra·
llHeM KOllTJ-1HeHT8 113 OKC81111'1CCKYIO 3CMllVIO Kopy llJIH KOHDeKTl\Bllbl·
Mil Te'ICllllll Mll 80 BH)1Tpe111111x '18CTllX TeJJ8 3eMJJll. Bnaro.nap11 3TOMY
MCCTHOMY norpY>Kelll!IO CHan11t1ecKoit (M8Tep11Konoit) 3eMHOli KOPbl BC·
weCTBO M8HTllH Bbl>KllM8eTCll 113 30llbl >KCJJ068, npe11MylllCCTee1rno D
CTopo11y KOHTl!HeHT8, Bbl3blB8R ns.nyn1e B BHAC OCTpOBHOil .nyr11 c npo·
pb1naM 11 MarMbl 11 noo1111K11one11neM nynKa11on. BewecTDo MaHTllll Dbl·
>KllM8eTCR T8l0Ke, HO B MeHbwer1 CTCneHll, If B CTOPOHY 0Kea11a, 06·
pa3y11 nanoo6pasuoe D3JtYTllC c a11ew11eii cTOpOHbl >Keno6a. 83.nyTHC
CllM8TH'ICCKOH MaCCbl, nw.naen11naeMoi1 B CTOpOHY M8TepHK8, Db13bl88·
eT nollHllT11e no>Ka 0Kea11a nwwe ypon1111 ero nonepx11ocT11 o BllAC
OCTpOnHoi1 .11yrn c np11cymei1 cii nono>K11TeJJbHOi1 a110Man11eii cunbl TR·
>KCCTll 11 paspwBaMll H 113nlll!llHRMll no HllM 8HAe311TODOli naBbl. np11
nOAllllTlll1 OCTpODHOH .11yrn H8'1HH8CTCll cy6a:>panbH8Sl ,!\CllYA81.lHll, !IMC·
IOT MeCTO DOABO.l\Hble OJIOJ13HH, 'ITO Bb13blBaeT YTOHbWellllC CH8JIH'IC·
CKOit o6onO'IKll 1!8 BllYTPCHHeli CTOpOHe >Keno6a, "· Kai< cne.ncTBllC
3TOro, nepeMewe1111e OTPllll8TCJlbHOii 8110M8JlllH CllJlbl Tll>KCCTH c UCHT·
pa rny6oKOBOAHOro >Keno6a 118 cro DHYTPCHHIOIO cropoHy. 3Ta TCO·
pHll, <>nte'l8CT fHnbwep ({51], CTp. 24), 06"bllCllReTTaKil<e,nO'ICMYK0·
pa.1nonble plllj>bl K 3ana.ny OT 8H.lte311TODOH nHRllll '18CTO 00.Qlll!Tbl,
ror,!\a K8K K BOCTOK)I OTCIOA8 01111 06bl'IHO OK83b188IOTCR onyCTllDWll·
317
 11111cS1. On11caH11oe Oblwe CTpoe1me 11 cnoiicTea nepcxoA11oi1 ao11bl 11a-
6mo,na10TCS1 n Slno11cK0111, 00111111CKOM, SlncKOM 11 Toura-KepMaJieK-
CKOM ll<eJI06ax It, 003MO>KllO, 0 <l>11n11nn1111CKOM >Keno6e. .llnH HCKOTO·
pblx .npynix '1<eno6oo OTCyTCTOYIOT na1111ble rpan11MeTp11'lecKoro xa-
paKrepa.
Cpe.n1111110-0Kea1111'lec K11e xpe6Tbl
non H33B3Hl!CM cpe,n11HHO·OKeaH11'ICCKllX xpe6TOD no.u.pa3yMeeaeT-
Cll Cl!,113H3H nna11e-rap11a11 CllCTCMa MOWllblX. n1111elitto DblT!IH)'TblX no.n-
IJllTHH no:JKa OKea11on, np11ypo'le1111blx 6onbwei1 'laCTblO K oceBblM nx
'laCTl!M 11 e p11.ne MeCT nepexo1111wi1x c xapaKTCpttor1 .nn11 ttnx CTpYK-
Typo11 It CBOllCTB8Mll II 11a M8Tep1tKODble II OCTPOBHble npOCTpallCTB3
cywu (puc. 76). B IO>KHOM nonywap1111 10:JK11ble 0Ko11qa111111 ecex Tpex
cpe.n111111blx xpe6Ton ATna11n1'1ecKoro, l111.n11i'icKoro 11 Tmcoro 0Kea11oe
coe.u.1111H10TCll e w11pcrrax 40-60° KonbQOM no.u.o611blx :JKe no.n11S1rni1.
318
C pe.u.111111o·ATnaHT11'lecK11i1 xpc6eT 11axo.n11T ce6e npo.non>1<e1111e, XOTll
II ue 6C3 HCKOTOpblX pa3pb1DOB, TaK>Ke II B nomipHOM ApKTll'ICCKOM
6 accei111e. Bc11 3Ta c11CTeMa xpe6TOn 6blna n 06W11x qepTax DblSlone·
11a n11wb 6naro11apS1 0Kea11onorn'lecKHM 11ccne.1wna1111siM nocne.11.1111x
.u.eyx .u.ec11T1tne-r11i1. Bnecn11 cnoii nKJJa.u. o H3Y'!em1e cpe111111110·0Keam1·
'ICCKllX Xpe6TOB 8 11 H.U.HilCKOM
0Kea11e 11 n non11p110M ApKTH'le· a O'r-------.-~--~~-.
CKOM 6accei111e II COBCTCKllC llC· X Jr
•I or
cne11ooaTenH: D. JI. 6espyKOB, ~~
B. <I>. Ka11aen, 11. M. 6enoycon, ~
:. 2
B. M. /h!TDllll, A . <I>. rpa'leB, ...
P. M . .llcMCHHl.l.K311, A. M. Kapa-
CHK 11 11p. .lln11 .11.anbuefiwero 113y.
'le111111 3'THX ceoeo6paa11blx CTPYK· PHC. 77. none~HblH npo<l>nl!b • C·
T}'PllblX !MCMCHTOB se~111oi1 KOpbl, pe.3 Cpe.Jl.HHH0-.0Kf'3HH"QetX"HM xpe6eT
Mii Bbl!ICllCllllll MHOrHX CDR33HHLIX (no 0 . I(. neoHTbeBf )
c 1111M11 npo6neM Tpe6yioTCH ewe
6onbw11e 11ccne11ooaTenbHble pa6oTbl.
npe>K.ae 'ICM npHCTylll!Tb K KOHKpeTHOil xapaKTCpHCTHKe noanoa·
llblX xpe6TOD 3TOl'I CllCTCMbl, paCCMOTPHM HCKOTOpble 06w11e llX 'ICp·
Tbl. B MOp<~onor11•1ecKOM OTHOWCllllH cpeJ111HHO·OKC3Hll'ICCKllC xpe6Tbl
npe,aCT3DnRIOT 60nbwefl '18CTblO w11poK11e (.no HCCKOnbKllX COTCH Kii·
.llOMCTpon) nanoo6pa311b1C 00.11.HSITllR, '13CTO co CnO:JKHO paC'IJJCllCllllbl·
Mil CKnOH3Mll, D03DblW3IOUlllMllCll CBOllMll rpe611CBblMH 43CTl1Mll Ha
3 500-4 000 M na.n 111111waMH npHMblKalOW.HX rny60KOBO.llHblX KOTno·
BHH. B nonepe•moM ~a3pC3e TaKoro nana MO>KHO Bbl.U.enHTb 60.nbWCfl
'laCTblO Tp11 so11w. XapaKTep11syR CpeJlllHHO·ATna11T11'1ecK11i"1 xpe6eT,
r. 6. Yanm~ee ([34}, CTp. 40 ) om1cweaeT 3Tll TpH 3011bl. H a116onee
oblco1ca11 ue11Tpa.nbHa11 so11a npe.ncrnnnena 11ecKonbK11M11 napan.nenb·
llblMH xpc6TaM11 (n npocTCiiweM cny'lae - .u.nyMH), npoTS1rneaiom11·
MllCSI n.nonb 061.Qero npocTHpan1111 Dana H 00.IJ.llHM3IOUlllMllCl1 CBOllMll
CKanHCTblMll II o6pblBllCTblMll oepw1111aM11 .11.0 rny61rn MeHee 1 500 M.
n p11Mep110 no OCH 9Toii 30Hbl npoTS1r11nae-rc11 rny60Ka11 enaamia c
KP}'TblMH CTe11aM11 11 '18CTO c nnocK11M llHOM (p11c. 77). Bna,!l1111a 3Ta-
TaK 11as1>1naeA1a11 cpi«J>Tona11 .11.onmrn:., npe.u.C'raanS1eT rpa6e11 -
cpaBHllTCnbllO ysKylO 11onocy 3CMHOfl KOpbl, onyCTHBWylOCSI Mell<».y
llBYMll pa3noMaM11. Orpa1111'111Ba10w11e pll$TOnyio aon1111y xpe6Tbl
OOblQHO HCCHMMeTpH'lllbl, c KPYTblM CKJJOHOM K pmpronoii .u.on1111e H
6onee nonoruM n11ew1111M.
8Topa11 30113 cpe.u.11HHO-OKeaHH'ICCKOro xpe6Ta MO:JKCT 6b1Tb Ha·
3na11a Teppaconoli 11n11n p oMe:JKyTO'IHOi1.011a p acnonarae-r-
cn no 06om1 CKno11aM xpe6Ta, 11MeeT pacqne11e1111blii xonM11CTbli1 pcnb·
elj> 11 y CpeAHHHO-ATnaHTH'lecKOro xpe6Ta qacro 11oc11T cryne11'1aTbli1
xapaKTep OT 11am1'11111 w11poK11X, unocKHx pan11111111blx nonoc, pacno·
no:JKe1111blx 11a pasublx ypoe1111x. 06pa3ooa1111e 3Tl!X nnoc1rnx pae111111
( «Teppac•) 06'b11c111110T 3anon11e1111e~1 no1111)Ke1111fl nepa11q11oro pen1>-
elj>a xpe6Ta MaCC8MH OC8.llO'lHOro MaTep11ana, CHOCHMOro co CKJIOHOB
UCHTpanbHOfl 3011bl cycneHJllOHHblMll llOTOK8MH (X113eH, l1s1111r) .
319
 TpeTbST, caMa11 BHewH1111 3011a cpe.n.1111110·01<eaHHqec1<oro xpe6ta
npen.CTaBJ!SleT ero npen.ropb!I II OTAeJJ!leT npoM~)'TO'lll}"IO 3011)' OT
.11.HHut np1111era10lllllX r.~y6oKOBO.D.HblX KOTJ!OBll H.
Ka1< Mbl ynu.11.11111 n03ll!fee, o OT.D.eJJbHblX 3oe11b11x c11cre&11>1 cpen.1rn·
HO·OKea1rn11ec1<11x xpe6TOB 111oryT H36J!IOA3TbCSI HeKOTOpble OTJCJIOlle·
111111 OT 9TOli cxeMbl CTpoe111111.
f eocj>1ts1t11ec1<11e MeTO.!lbl 11cc.1e.11.ooamm no1<asa1111, •1To 3e~111 a11 KO·
pa o 0611acT11 cpe.11.1111111>1 x xpe6100 11MeeT 01<ea1111<1ec1<oe crpoe11He, 110
111out11ocTb ee 3llecb B.nsoe 60JJbWe, <1eM no.111, 01<e31111<1ec1<1111111 l<OTJ!O·
BHHaMH, II .nocrnrae-r 10-20 Kiii. 3ro YTOJ1uteH11e 11.D.eT 3a C'leT 60J1b·
weil MOutllOCTlt T3K Ha3b!BaeMOro «BTOporo CJ!OH», npe.ncTas.~eHHOro
ynJJOT1teHHblM11 11 1111are11eTlf1lec1<11 113111eHe1111bl M11 p1>1xJJ1>1M11 nosepx110-
CTH1>111111 OCaJ].K3MH. C1<opOCTb cettCMH'lecKHX DOJJH B .9TOM CJJoe OKOJJO
5 1<M/ce1<, T. e. CiOJJbW e, <1eM s nepx11eM oca.a.0•1HOM. .ll.anee, Te >Ke reo·
<1>11s1111ec1<11e 11ccneaosa111111 no1<a3an11, 'ITO noaepx110CTb Moxopos111111-
'13 noll cpel111H110·01<e3HH'lec1<nM11 xpe6T3MU 61>1BaeT 11e11c110 s1i1pa>1<e-
113, 9TO 06'b!ICllSllOT TeM, 'ITO K MaTep11any 3eMHOH KOpbl, K ee 6a·
33JlbTOBOlll) CJJOIO, llO·BllllHMOllly, np11MeW1tB3eTCSI B 3H3'1HTeJlbHOit CTe·
ne1111 BeuteCTllO BepxHeil 1\13HTllll 3eMJJll. 0.AH3KO nOll OKpa111111blMll
'lacT1111111 xpe6Tos .9Ta rpaHHua y>Ke npocne>t<11sae-rc11. 06pasl.lbl rop·
111>1x nopon., ss11T1i1e co CKnoHos 11 sepw1111 ue11TpaJJbHoi1 JOHbl Cpe.n.1111·
HO-ATJJallTll'lecKoro xpe6Ta, 6blJJll npCllCTaoJJeubl om1BllHOBblMll 63·
33J1bTa 11111, naoaM11 11 syn1<aH11'1ec1<1111111 nenJT31>111. 06paau1>1 co Cpe.D.H11·
HO·MHlllll!CKOro xpe6T3, l106b!Tble coseTCKlll\IH llCCJJellOBaTeJJ!ll\111, OK3·
sa111LCb p asJTll'IHblMH YJJbTpaocHOBHw11111 11opollaM11. Pa.D.11oa1<T11011oe
onpe.D.ene1111e 003pacT3 6a3aJJbTOB C pen.1111110-ATJTa11Tu<1ec1<oro xpe6Ta
fl0K333JJO llX TpeTH•lllblH B03paCT (Ulrich {67], CTp. 114). Boo6we
see cpe111111 11 ble xpe6Tw npel1CT3BJISllOT, no·B11JJ.111110My, reonorn•1ec1<n
MOJJ011blC o6pa30B3HllSI.
Xapa1<rep11oii 11ep1oit p11<1>1osblx JOH cpen.1u1110 · 01<ea1111<1ec1<11x xpe6-
TOs RBJJSICTCR np11a11JaHllOCTb K llllM MHOl"O'IHCJJeHHblX 30111.leHTPOB
se11111e-rp11ce1111l1 co cpasm1Tenb110 Herny6o1<11111 MeCTOpacnono>Ke1111e111
HX <1>01<ycoo. B1>1co1<a11 ceitcM11•rnOCTb l13Ba.1a B03MO>KHOCTb Bbl!IBHTb
no 11ef1 Cute HeAOCTasaswue soe11b11 3Toii c11cre1111>1 xpe6Tos. BMecTe c
.9TllM OHa CBlllleTeJlbCTByeT TaK>Ke 0 BblCOKOil TeKTOHnqecKOH aKTllB·
HOCTll B 30113X cpeAHJillblX xpe6ToB. c .9TOfl ll<e aKTllBllOCTblO CBSl33Hbl
M11oro<111CJJeHH1>1e npo11s.~eH1111 cospeMeHnoro 11 HeJtaonero synK a1111sMa.
CneAyeT, HaKOHeu, OTMeTHTb Ha6J110Jla10ut11i1c11 B p11<1>TonblX 30Hax
cpen.1111110·01<eaH11<1ec1<11x xpe6Too ycuneHH1>1(1 npnToK Tenna 11s r.1y611H
Tena 3eMJJll. 06'b!ICllllCTCSI .9TO !IBJJe1111e, no·Blt.llJllllOMy, HaJl ffqUeM DOC·
XOARlllllX, BblCOKOTeM neparypH bl X noTOK08 aeuteCTBa MaHTllll, a 1110·
>KeT 6b1Tb OT•1acT11 T3K>Ke npouecco111 cepn CllTHHllSal.lllH ynbTpaocHOB·
HblX nopOA M311THH, 6oraTblX OJJllBllllOM, 'ITO conpoao>K.naeTCSI yaen11-
'leH11e111 06beM3 II Bbl.D.eJJeHHeM Tenna. 0 MarJ!llTllblX aHOMalJHSIX B 30·
uax CPCAllllHblX xpe6TOB 6yAeT CKasa110 003llJJee.
n epeii11e&1 Tenepb K 6onee 110.llp06HOMy MOp$0JIOrH'ieCKOMy 0630·
PY OT.D.eJJbHblX 3BeHbeB nJJaHeTapHoil c11cre1111>1 cpel111H110-01<ea1111'1ecK11x
xpe6roo. PaHbWe Apyrux 61>1.ij o6Hapy>1<e11 (cute JlO Ha'la.'!a Teeyutero
320
CT0.1CTHll). a no3TOMy II JI) <tWe Jtpyrux 113) '!CH B 60JJbWei1 cnoefl <ta·
1:rn Cpea11H11o·AMaHT1Nec1<111i xpe6eT.
Cpe.n.1tHHO-ATJTa11T1111ecK11A xpe6eT 11a'11111aetc11 o IO:n<110111 n0.'1) w a-
p 1111 np11&1epHO DOA 55° IO. w. OT A<1>p111<a110-AHT8pKTH'lecKoro K0.1bl.la
3TOi1 c11CTeMbl. OtclOna xpe6e-r npoTRr11aae-rc11 no ocesoit n11111111 OKea·
113, no0Top1111 nee 113rn61>1 ero 6eperos, np11MepHo Ha 17 000 KM n o
H CJT a11A1111. Koe·rlle OTl1eJJbHblC nepw11H1>1 xpe6Ta 11a 3TOM npoTR>Ke·
111111 BblCTynalOT Ha.n ypOBIJCM OKea11a B BHAe OCTpOBOB ( 0. Boo11ece·
HHS!, Can-nayny, A3opc1<11e OCTpona). Ha nceM csoe111 npoTSTn<em111
xpe6eT HMeeT 60.~bWCil 'l3CTblO OT'ICTJlllBO Bblpa>KeHHYIO. llHOr11a 11BOl't·
11y10 p11<1>Tooy10 110JJHHy, MeCTaMll pa3opna11Hy10 Ha OTJJ.eJlbHble 3!1CllbSI .
CaMbli'1 cesepHblf! yqac10K s10rt •1aCT11 xpe6Ta, npoTRrnoa10ut11iicST n
ceaepo· BOCTO'IHOM H3npaane111111 np11MepHO OT 55° c. w. 11a I 200 KM
AO oc1pooa HCJTaH.nmt, 113oecTe11 11011 H33Ba HneM xpe6Ta Pei1Kb1111ec.
ConocTaa.neH11e 35 npoc)l11neli, nony11cH11wx HeMeu1<11111 CYAHOM cfayc»
a 1957 r., no1<a3a.~o. 1110 n Ha1160J1ee ceaepH01'1 11acT11 .9Toro xpe6Ta,
HecMOTPSI Ha MHOroq11CJ1eHHble He60JJbW11e nOBblWeHHSI 11 no111t>KeH11S1,
rocnoACTBye-r npem1YutecTseH110 60.llee c1101<ofu!1>1it penbe<I>, 'ICM IO>K·
nee 60° c. w ., rAe 11a<t11Hae1c11 c11nb11oe pacq.'ICHe1111e c rny 6o1<11M11
Tpeut1111aMJ1, KOTOpble B KOHe'IHOM nrore OKa3blB8IOTCSI onallalOutllMll
B ue11tpaJ1bHYIO npol10.1bll)'IO Tpeiwmy - p11<1>TOBYIO AOJlllllY ( Ulrich
(67], crp. 145). Ha npocj>11n11x, nony<1et1H1>1x CYAHOM cAmo11 .Llop11:0 o
1958 r .• JlllWb CaMblH IOlKHblH np0$1!Jlb (57°20' c. w.) llOK33blB3eT ABe
oco6eHHO w11poK11e II rny<iOKlle nnaAHHbl, CBOllMH pa3Mepa~m II cjlop·
MaM11 11a1160JJee COOTBeTCTBYIOut11e icpwj>TOBblM 110JJ11Ha111». C.1eJJ.YIOlll11e
eme .nanee Ha 10r np0,¢nrn11 no1<asb1oa10T .9TY 0611acTb Tpeut11H KaK rny·
601<11e (01<0no 800 111), pacw11pmowuecS1 K 1ory nomi>KeHHll, np11•1eM
06uta11 w11p11Ha uet1Tpanb11oii snaAllHbl no3pacTaeT o cpe.nHeM OT 20 110
50 KM. 3aCJJy>KllB3eT 6b1Tb OTMe'lellllblM TOT .<jlaKT, 'ITO 0611aCTb K Ce·
aepy OT 55° c. w. AO Hcn a 11111rn nO'ITll CBOOOAH8 OT 311111.leHTPOB He·
r.ny6o1<1ix 3eMnetp11ceH11fl ({67], CTp. 146).
no11noll!f1>1i1 xpe6eT Pei1Kb1111ec HaXOAHT cooe npo.nOJJ>KeH11e Ha ce·
uep n U eHTpanbHOM rpa<ieHe l'lcna11111111. Y>Ke .D.3BHO 6bl.~O ycTaHonne·
110, QTO OO'ITll see 3CMJ1etp11ceHllSI II Beeb coopeMCHHblft synKalllt3M
11cnanlllm np11ypo<1e111>1 npe11111yutecTBellHO K 3TOM)' orpa111111eH HOMY
pa3no111a11111 npoAOJ1>Ke111110 cpe.11.1111110·0KeaH11<1ecKoro pHcl>Ta. 6epHaye-
poM B 1943 r. 61>1n11 on11caHbl SllSllOutl!e Tpeutl!Hbl, WllpOKO pacnpOCT·
pa11e11Hble u Ue11Tp anbHOM rpa6e11e 11 11snecrHble noA MeCTHblM Ha:iua·
HHeM fb!lpOB (gj ar); K3>KA8!1 113 TaKllX TPClWlll npocT11paeTCSI napan-
.'leJlbHO rn3BHblM p as110111a M r p a<ieHa. H 3y'leHHe .9THX Tpeut11H nosoo·
1111110 HassaHHOMY asropy oueH11Tb CKOPOCTb paCTR>KeHnR a M cna 11.n·
CKOM U eHTpa.'lbHOM rpa6eue sa n ocnenellHllKOBoe apeMR (X11seH 11
I 0 1111r [41], CTP. 383).
npollOJl>KeHHeM p11$TOBOH SOllbl K cenepy OT MCJJall)lHH RBJISleTCSI
.11cnaHACK0-51H-MaeHCKnil n oABOJJ.Hblii xpe6eT. OH npoTSJrnnae1c11 na-
pannenbHO MarepHKOBOMY c1<no11y Bocro•rnoil fpeHJJaHllHH AO 71° c. w.,
06pasy11 aana.11.11Y10 01<pa1rny H opoe>KcKoit KOTJJOBHHbl. lll11p11Ha so111>1
HcnaHACKo-51H-MaeHCKoro xpe6Ta cOCTaBJtRet 50--00 MltJlb (92-
321
 1. 11 KM)· Pac'lne11e1111c 6onee MenKoe, 'ICM Ha npo.11on>Katom11x ero
xpe6Tax Mona 11 1(111111on11'la, KOne6a1111R rnv61111 cocraBJUllOT nan-
llblM o6pa30M 200- 500 M II TOJJbKO Koe·r.l(e !l.0 600- 800 M. P11<1>~na11
.n.on1111a Bblpa>Kena cna6ee 11 npe.ncTaBJJena 11CCKOJ1bK11Mu Kyn 11coo6-
faa110 pacnoJIO>KCllll blMll JJO>K61111aM11 c rny61111aM11 OKOJIO I 400-
600. M (JlH~~llH (23], CTp. 87) . OcTpon 5111 -Maile11 npe.ncTaM 11eT
ny.n1<a1111•1ecKm1 m1K, pac11onon<e1111blf1 11a 6opTy p11<~Tonol1 .non 1111 bl 11
HO/lt111MaeTC11, no.1106110 OCTpony Bo311ece111111 n ton<noii ATna 11T11Ke, 113.n
orpa1111•111natom11M11 !ny JJ.Ommy p11<1>TOBWM11 ropa~m. By.nKaH 5cpe 11 - •
6epr 11311epranc11 n 1818 r .
Cornac110 JJ.3HHblM B. M. J111T01rna {23J, a pai1011e 5lu-Maile11a 113 •
6.ntoJJ.3CTCll pa3pbln ue.nocT11ocr11 cpeJ1,1111110·0Kca1111qecKoro xpc6Ta.
3-roT P,!!3Pbln n1i1pame11 TCM, 'ITO ceaepna11 OKOHe•rnocTb H cnaHJJ.CKO·
5111·M a11c11cKoro xpe6Ta 11e coeD.11HS1eTc11 11enocpe.n.CTBe11Ho c xpe6TOM
Mona, a OTCTOHT OT 11ero 11a 3Ha•rnTe.nbHOe paccron1111e K 3anaJ1,y. l(po-
Me Toro, o6a 3TH xpe6Ta pa3.11en11toTc11 6onbWllM nonepe•mwM >Ke;10.
60M c r.ny61111aM11 6once 2 000 M. 3TO nnne1111e CJJCJJ.YCT 06'b!1Ctl11Tb
t<a K CJlBHI', CMCCTJIBWllil xpcueT Moua K BOCTOKy Ila paCCTO!UIHC 150-
185 KM (123}, CTp. 87).
Ha•11111a11co OT TO.nbKO 'lTO yno~rnuyToro me.noua, npOTRr11aaeTC11
Ha BOCTOK-cenepo·BOCTOK np11Mepno JlO 10° B. ll. xpc6eT Mona. lli11-
ps111a 30llbl 3TOro HOJlBOJJ.HOro xpe6Ta !l.OCTllr aCT 150-222 KM. Ko.'le·
6aH11n r.ny6m1 MC)!(llY sepw11naM11 rpe6Heil xpe6Ta 11 41111maMH COCCll·
rn1x Me>Krop111>1x llOn1111 n xpe6Te Mona 11 ero npo.n.o.nmemm - xpe6·
Tc Kmmonu'<a - cocrannRIOT •1ame scero 500 1000 M a a OT.n.e.nb111>1x
cny•ianx lla>Ke 6onee I 500 M. P1tQ>Tosa11 JJ.OJ11111a ~opowo nb1pa-
}KCHa 11 npe4cTanne11a JJ.nyMn Ky.nucoo6pa3HO pacnono>Ke1111blMH y3K1t ·
Mii nom1>1<em111Mu ~:ny61111oi1 .o.o 2 800-3 400 M. XapaKTepHwe .11.1111 60-
JJee 10>1<11blx 'laCTe11 Cpc.o.H11110-1\T.'la11T111J ecKoro xpc6Ta 06w11p111i1e
CKJIOllOBble CTyne1m na CKJJ011ax xpe6Ta Mona 11e Dblpa>l<Ciibl. Xpe6eT
Moua pa3lleJJSICT r.ny6oKOBOllllblC KOTJIOBllllbl r pe11J13HACK)"IO II H op·
Be>KCK}'IO c rny61111aM11 OT 3 000 JlO 3 800 M. Ha lllle 3TllX KOTJIOBllll
no111111Ma10TC11 MHOro'l1tCJ1e11111i1e 1130JlllPOB3Hllble 110.D.BOll.llblC rop1i1 Bbl·
COTOii OT 500 110 I 500 M, a 1111or4a II 6onee 2 000 M.
13blCK33blBanw11ecR pa11ee aMepHK3HCKllMll 11ccne.o.onaTeJ1S1Mll (X11 -
3fW, I01111r) 11pe11J1onolKeH1111, •1To cpe4u1111bri'I xpe6eT CcnepHoii AT·
.na.!1T11K11 11axo.o.HT ce6e 11po.o.on>KeH11e u B nonnp110M ApKTll'leCKOM Gae·.
cc1111c, 11awn11 non11oe nOJJ.TBepn<JJ.enue 6naro11ap11 pa6oTaM 1955-
1965 rr. MopCKJJX reonOfll'ICCKHX 9KCne.11111~11i't n onn p11oro ua y4HO·llC·
cne11onaTeJ1bCKoro 1mcT11T)ITa pb16noro xo.111iiCTD3 11 3Kcne.n.mlllllM
ApKTH'ICCKoro 11 A11TapKTJ111ecKoro llHCTHTYTa n 1957 11 1958 rr. Coe-
4111111TCJJbHblM 3se110M p11Q>Ton1i1x c11cTeM Cenep11oii ATna11T11K11 11 ApK-
T11•1ecK?ro n onRp11oro 6acceii11a RBJIRCTCR xpc6cT KmmonH'la, 11a3-
Ball1Jblll TaK B qeCTb nbl4atoweroc11 pyccKoro rn.npo6110J1ora H. M. 1(1111-
non11•1a. 3ToT xpe6eT npOTSlrHBaeTCSI Ha CCBep BllOJlb 3a na.D.Horo Ma-
TePHKOnoro CKJ1011a Mc11ne>1<1111cKo-Wm1u6eprencKoro pai1011a u cescp-
11ec WHPOTbl 78°30' CMCllRCTCll CHJlbHO pac•1ne11e1111oii 11onepxHOCTblO
c 6cc11opl1!J.O'lllO pa36poca111lblMH HOll.llllTl!HMll II 11cnpeCCHllMH cocpe.o.-
322
1111&1 yposueM rny61111 2500-3000 M. LU11p1111a xpe6Ta K1111non11'la no-
cTCnc11110 cymaCTCR K ceuepy OT 100 .n.o 50 MllJlb (OT 185 llO 93 KM) .
P11Q>Tonaii 11on1111a xpe6Ta 1(1111non1f\1a nponir11naeTCR n n1111e e.o.1111oro
)t(('JJ063 6onec lleM na 300MllJlb 1(555 KM) c rny611HaM11 CBlilUIC 3 300-
3500 M. 3Ta p11Q>Tonan .o.omma 11poxOJJ.1tT 11e BJlOJJb ocu xpe6T3, a
Cll.Bllll)'TB K BOCTOK)' ({23), CTp. 87).
B 1948 r. CORCTCKIJMll 11ccnc11onaTen11M11 6blJJO ycTallOllJICllO 11an11-
'lllC B ApKTH4CCKOM 6acce11ne MOUlllOro nOJlno.o.11oro xpc6Ta, 1133Ban-
noro xpe6TOM JlOMOllOCOea II npOTllllYBWeroc11 OT pai1011a HOBOCll6Hp·
CK11x OCTponon K OCTpony 3nbCMHp Kana.n.cKoro non11p11oro apx11 nenara.
01111aKO MOp~>OJJOrJl'lCCKlle II reo<~ll311'1CCKllC oco6e11110CTll 3TO-
ro xpe6Ta 11e 4asan11 OCHOB3Hll!l OTllOCl!Tb ero K Tnny cpelllJllllO·OKea-
HH'leCKl IX xpe6TOB. 3aTO 31'11 oco6e1111ocn1 OKa3anl!Cb np1tC}'lllllMll OT-
KpblTOMY 003.D.HCC, npocn1pa10UlCM}'Cll no•1T11 napanJleJJbllO xpc6Ty
JlOMOllOCOna K toro·aana.ny OT 110CJIC/U1Cro, 110.D.BOAllOMy xpe6Ty f aK·
KCJISI , 11asna1111oro 8 •1eCTb COBCTCKOro OKea11orpaQ>a 51. 51. faKKCJISl.
3TOT xpe6CT 11MeeT n11.o. Mou111oro ropnoro coopy>1<emm, npornuynwc·
rOCR 6onee •1cM 11a I 000 KM npn cpe.o.11cii w11p1me 140 KM, 'JTO 311a-
411Ten1>110 MCllbWC w11p11Hbl .o_pyrnx cpc.o.1111110-0Kea11114ecKllX xpe6TOB.
Ha11n1i1cwan OTMeTKa 113yqe11110A '!aCT11 xpe6T3 I KM, a Mll1t1tManb11ble
OTMCTK11 pacnonaralOTCR 118 rny61111ax 5 KM. TaK11M o6pa30M, nepe-
ua.o. r ny611H npenocxo.o.11T 4,5 KM ({9], CTp. 42). P11Q>Tona11 30113 xpe6·
Ta f aKKCJISI 11pocne>K11BaeTCSI Ila BCCM ero npOTSl)!(Cllllll II npc.o.CTaB·
.1SleT CHCTeMy nnawm. p33.D.CJICHllblX nepCMbl'IKaMH, T. e. ona llMCeT
9w enom1posam1yto CTPYKTYPY· Penbe<~ 11 Q>opMa nna111111 113Me1t11JOTCR
no npocrnpa111110 xpe6Ta: n 3a na.o.noii ero lJacrn 01111 llM CIOT WHPIJHY
15--25 KM II rny6m1y OK0.'1 0 5 KM, B llC11Tp3JJbllOH II BOCTO•llloi'r '13CTI!
llX w11p1111a llOCTllraCT 30- 40 KM, a rny61111a JIHWb MCCT3MIJ npenbl-
waeT 4,2 KM (TaM >Ke, CTp. 43). CnCJJ.}'CT, H3KOneu, OTMCTHTb, '!TO B
xpe6Te faKKeJJR JUllPOKO npe.o.cTanJJellJ~ nonepe'lllb!C paJJJOMbl, Bblpa-
>Ke1m1i1e B pMoeq1c xpe6TaMn llJlll uenOlJK3Mll OTllCJlbllblX n0/1,BOJJ.llblX
rop, np116.1111311TCJlb110 nepnCllllJIK}'JIRPllblX K 06UlCMy npocn1pa111110
xpe6Ta.
13 OllllOM 113 TaKHX xpe6TOB, HOJl 87° c. w .• B 6.n1t>Kaiiwei1 K p11<jlTy
11 11au6oncc BblCOKOil •1acT11 n0Ju111Mae-rc11 ropa Jle111111cKoro K0Mc0Mo-
J1 a. Bo3M0>1<110, lfTO no11eo1111ble ropw 9Toro paflo11 a 11pe.o.cTaonmoT
B)'JIK3lllllJCCKllC KOllyCbl, HO onpe.o.eneHllblX yKa3a1111ii na 9TO HCT.
B toro-nocT0•1110M 1ianpanne111111, no Mepe np116.n11>Ke1111n K MOpto Jlan-
TenblX, xpe6cT r3KKen11 nocTcne11110 1101111>KaeTc11 11, 11e .o.oxo.o.n 11.0 Ma-
TepuKonoro CKJIOlla, CXOJJ,llT Ha llCT ({9], CTp. 44). 0411aKo ccf1C~Jll'IC·
CKll aKTlltlllblil nORC pmj>TOBOil 3011lil xpe6Ta faKKCJISI HC JaTyxacT
Bll}'TJlH ApKTJ1•1ccKoro 6accei111a, a, no-BllJlllMOMy, nepcxo.o.11T 311CCb
11a MaTepnK Enpas1111. 6 ,11113 yCTb!l p. Jle111i1 ceilcM11'lecK11ii 11011c npo-
!J.OJJ>KCHllll pllQJTOBOii 30llbl xpe6Ta faKKCJIR pa3BCTBJIReTCR 113 ABC SO·
Hbl: 3011)' npunepXOlllJCKOfO nporu6a 11 3011)' MOM0·31i1p1111CKOil nna·
llllHbl. n ocne.11.111111 npe4CTaBJ1flCT oco6blil flllTepec: Olia llBJISlCTCSI O•JCHb
MOJIOll.blM ('ICTllCPTll'lllblM) 06pasona1111eM, OTJIHlfaCTCR BblCOJ<Oil ceii-
CMJl'lll()CTblO (UOCbMH6a.n.%11ble 3CMJJCTpnce111111). 60JJbWllMll rpa.o.11c11-
11• 323
 T3Mll HOeeitwux TeKTOHll'lecKllX JlBIOKeH11it, H3'1114HeM 3KT11Dllbll( pa3-
JIOMOB, npOT!lMJBa10uu1xc11 OT ycTbR p. JleHbl 110 OxoTCKOro MOp11, c
KOTOpbIMH CB!l33Hhl npo11BJ1eHJrn noJ.nHe'leTBCpTH'IHOro sy.nK3HH3M3.
npu 3TOM COCT3B 6333.nbTOBblX Jl3B 3TOir 3011bl, HX llOBbllUellH3!1 Ille·
JIO~llOCTh, c6n!t>KaeT 11x c synKalllt'lecK11M11 nopoJJ.aM11 ceBepo·socro•1·
HOH Q3CTll 6a11K3JlbCKoro p 11c)>Ta H HeKOTOpblx OCTpOBOB Cpe111rn110-AT·
J1aHT11<1ecKoro xpe6Ta.
CpeJJ.HHHO-OKC3HH'lecKHe xpe61'bl T 11xoro OKCaHa. noJJ.BOJJ.Hbl!i
penhec)> T11xoro oKeaua 11ccnen0Ba11 3H3'111TeJlhHO MCHbWe, qeM AT·
Jl3HTll'lecKoro. HecKO.nbKO nyqwe CTa.1 H3BCCTe11 33 nOCJleJJ.HHe JlB3 n.e-
CRT11nenrR 6naro.napn pa60TaM COBeTCKOro 1h!CTlrnTa OKC3HOJIOrHH
AH CCCP peni,ec)> ceBepHblX •racrei1 3roro 0Kea11a ii ero 0Kpa1111HblX
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B. MeHap.a.a (24). Po.% cpe.a.1111110-0Kea1111'1CCKoro xpe6Ta s 3TOM 0Kea-
11e 11rpat'T Bo c To •111o·T11 x o o Ke a 11 c Koe non 11siT11 e 11a'l1111a10·
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ua IO>Kuo-T11xooKea11cKor o OOJ1J1AT11n. B cBoeM npoTR>KeH1111 K ceeepy
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CJJ.Bllll}'T K BOCTOKy OT oceeoii .1111111111 OKeaHa, T3K 'ITO He BOOJIHe 33·
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Jl ll'1aeTC11 OT crpyKTyp 3TOft CHCTCMbl TeM, QTO Ha 6onbweii 'laCTH CBO·
ero npOTll>KCHllR He llMCeT puc)>TOBOii AOJlllHbl, Ha HeM lleT BYJIK3HH·
'lecKux OCTpoooB, non.eo.nHblX rop, ruitOTOB 11 aronnoB. O JJ.HaKo Bo
MHOrHX .llpyrux OT11owe 1111nx OH llOCl1T TC >Ke •1epTbl, 'lTO II n.pyr11e cpe-
Jl.HHHble xpe6n1. TaK, Bb1COKlll1 TCOJIOBOH noToK Ha HCM ll36.nlOA3eTC!l
II npuypO'ICH K ABYM noncaM, npornrnealOWllMCSI no o6e CTOPOHbl OT
rpe611n xpe6Ta. feonorn•1ec1<oe cTpoe1me xpe6Ta xapaKTep11syeTCn
uopMaJtbllr..tM paspesoM 0Kea1111•1ec1<oi1 se~moii KOp1>1; B HeM npe.11.cTaB·
ne111i1 AOJ111ble pblXJlblC ocaAKll, «eTopoi"t cnoi1» ( BOSMO>KHO, 6asa.1bTO·
Bbl ii) II OCHOBllOir cnoii OKC3Hll'ICCKOii 3e ~111oi1 KOpbl, J;OTOpblil, no ~me·
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nepHAOTt1TaM11. CKopocT11 cei1CM11'l ecK11x nonH noit noBepxuOCTblO Mo·
xopoe11'111qa cocTaonnlOT np116n11s1tTCJ1bHO 7,5 KM/ceK. OTCyTCTBHe
p11<j>ToD0ti .11.onmthl u coxpa11110CTb 11a rpe6He no.nHsin1n nepBll'IHoro
OC3JJ.O'IHOfO CJIOSI np11eOJJ.SIT Xecca K MHCHlllO, •!TO BOCTO'IHO·TllXOOKe·
311CKoe OOAHSITlle npeJJ.CT38JlSleT CpCJJ.HHHO·OKC3HHQCCKH(I xpe6er B
«MJtaJJ.ell'iecKoM> eospacre ero pasnHTHn. HasoaHHblii aBrop C'IHTaeT,
'ITO cpen.m1111>1e xpe6Tbl B006Ule SIBJISllOTCSI cpaBHllTeJlbHO Kp3TKOBpe·
MellHblMJI o6paJoea111tS1MH, KOHC'IHO, B M3CIUTa6ax reO-nOrH'ICCKOro
epeMeH11. MeHapn. TaK>Ke pas.11.ensier ~111e1111e o IOHOM B03pacre
(B CMblC.'le MOpc)>o.'IOfll•tecKoro pa3BllTllSI) BOCTO'IHO·TllXOOKeaucKoro
noJJ.HRTHSI, C'IJtTan Cpe.n111111o·ATna11T11•1ecK11i1 xpe6eT Haxo.a.RlllHMCR e
Go.nee noon.Heit CTa.11.m1. no Xeccy (39), eospacT Bocro•mo-T11xooKeaH-
c Koro OOAllSITRSI He npeBbllUaeT 1 MJIH. JleT.
B ceeep110M nony1u ap1111 Bocro•1110-T11xooKea11cKoe no.nHRTl!e ne-
pexo.1t11T Ha MaTCpHK, 11axoitR ceoe npo.11.0J1>1<e1111e B Ka.1111c)>op11niiCKOM
sa1111ec, nepexo.nsi eme cenep11ee e cellcM1t'lecK}·t0 30Hy, nseecTH)-'IO
non. H33BaH1teM nosica Ca11-A11n.peac. K ceBepo·3anan.y OT CaH·<I>paH-
324
u 11cKo rpe611eoa11 3011a cpe.a.11HHoro xpe6Ta Tuxoro oKeaua yxO.ll.llT B
OKeaH II npOAOJl>K3CTCR B CJIJlbHO pas.npo6neHHOM c6pOC3Mll II pac-
ce•1e11110M <1>11op.1taM11 no6epe>Kbe Bp11TaHCKoit K onyM61m. _
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(p11c. 78). 3anaano·llHJ111ftCKoe OOAH!!Ttte OTXOAHT OT BOCTO'IHO·Tll·
:\OOKC3HCKoro K BOCTOKY II, UO·BHPJtMOMy, nepeceKaCT C}'JKeHHylO '13CTb
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n o.nHnTrte nepexOJlllT Ha KOllTllHeHT, Ha6.'llOJJ.3eTCSI CTOJlb >Ke llHTCH·
< llBHoe .11,po6nem1e KpaR llOCJICJlHero, K3K II H3 y'laCTKe T~tXOOKeaH·
.CKOro no6epe>Kb!I CeeepHOft AMepllKll, a Ha cywe, B IO>KHOll naTaro·
HllH, Ha npOTR>KeHllll 3TOro nonHRTJIR pacnOJ1ara10TCSI - BblXOAbl naneo·
1oiicKoro CKJl3Jl•taToro c)>}'H.!J.3MeHT3, npopeaHHOro Ka1111osoitCKHMll OC·
uoBHhlMll 3c)>c)>ys11oaM11 (JlcoHTbCB [191 crp. 130). B ATnaHTrtQCCKOM
OKea11c 113 npoJJ.oo>KeHIUI 3TOii >Ke 30Hbl A3Jlee 11a BOCTOK Jle>KHT WI!·
pOT11oe no.11.HnT11e <l>MKJ1eHACK11x ocrpoBOB, B03MO>KHo, nnnsit0m11xcR
0 .!lllllM 113 saeHbCB, COCAllHRJOIUllX pHc)>TOB}'IO CllCTCMY T11xoro OKea11 a
.c TaKOBoii >Ke ATna11T11K11.
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Jto·T11xooKea11cKoro noitH!ITH!l S1BJ1S1eTCS1 noAB0.11.Hblii xpe6er MaKyopu,
npoTRnmat011u1llcR K ceoepo:ceBepo·sanan.y OT Hoeoii 3enaHJllllt 11,
B03MO>KllO, npoAOJl>K3IOWHHC!I B no.nBOJJ.HblX xpe<JTax Jlop.11.-Xoy II
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TOBblX CTpyKTYP B y>Ke OOJIC3Hllble BbtlUe nepeXOAHble 30Hbl.
B TllXOM OKeaHe JIMCCTCR ern.e o.a.11a MOlllH3!1 CHCTeMa OOABOAHblX
}(pC6TOll, no CBOeMy noJ1o>Kem110 6onee oTBe'laJOUlan n911sirnt0 «Cpe·
.11.11H1tb1il», HO no PRAY coo11x coBpeMeH11b1x oco6e11HocTe11 y>Ke He Mo ·
ryma 11 6b1Tb OTHeceHHOit K CllCTeMe cpe.llllHHO·OKC3HH'lecKHX xpe6TOB,
110 TCM He MeHee, llO·BllJl.llMOMy, Cbl rp3BW3R 60JlbWYIO pO.llb B npo·
lllJIOM Mexa rrnsMe o6pa30B3Hllll HeKOTOpbIX TeKTOHH'leCKHX sneMCHTOB.
~ha CHCTeM3, H33Bam1an r. MeH3pJlOM (24] «cpeAHHHblM llOJJ.llSITrteM
.naponHa>, Ha'lnHaeTCIJ OT OCTPOBa nacxH II BKJllOQaeT B ce6n QCTPO·
na TyaMory, xpe6er Jlaiiu 11 raeaiicK11ii xpe6eT.
H ccneAOB3HllSIMH COBCTCKllX OKeaHOJIOrOB 6blJIO ycra!tOBJICHO, '1'1"9
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K ceBepy, 33K3H•mea11Cb J( IOry OT CTblKa AneyTCKOH ocrpoBHOH llYrtl
.c nOJ1yocrpoeOM Kat.111aTKoi1 nOJJ.BOAHOii aosoblwe11110CTb10 06py4esa
-co CJIO>KHO paC'IJICHet!llblM peni,ec)>oM. «B uenoM TIOJlBO.llHblH raeaii·
CKllit xpe6eT npenCTaB/ISleT co6oii w11pOKOe (llO 600 MJl.1b, T. e.
1 100 KM) MaCCllBHoe nOllHSITHe BblCOTOit OKOJIO I 000 M, KOTOpoe MO>K·
110 6b1JIO 6bl 11aseaTb eanoM It BJlMb CBO.llOBOit qacrn KOTOporo pac·
nonaraeTCR rpsi.lla rop. 3T11 ropbl OOnbWeii 'laCTblO pacnono>KeHbl TaK
TecHO, •tTO CMblK3IOTCSI OCHOB311HSIMll, o6pasysi Kpyn11ble MaCCllBbl, HO
MCCT3MH coxpa1UJIOT CBOIO o6oco6neHHOCTb» ((341 crp. 46). Bepw11-
Jl bl rop B ceeepuoit •1acT11 xpe6Ta xopowo Bblpae11e11hl n noKpbrrhl
-<:KonnemtSIMll 0KaTaH11oii ranbKH eynKam1qecKHX nopoJJ.. BosMO>KHO,
•JTO STll ranbKH 6blJlll 33HeCeHbl CIOAa 11Jl3By'!HMll JlbA3Mll BO BPCMSI
325
 'leTBepTH'IHblX .qe.11.1111KOBblX 3nox. XapaKTepHoii 'lep1oli Cll0.11.0Boro no.11.-
1u1rn11 fauaiiCKoro uaJia llBJ111e1c11 ero conpmt<e1111oc1h 11a 3Ha4111e.n1,-
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Ta K 11a3bJ1JaeMhlii l1~mepa1opcKHii ropnblli xpe6eT - paa.11.e.n11e-r ce-
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pmJ>1ona11 c1pyt<1ypa. BMeCTO prujna 3.11.ecb pa3Bl1Tbl uenot1K11 syJ1Ka1111'le-
cK11x rop, np11<1eM C3Mble Bh!COKHe aepWllllbl no;umM310TCH 1.ia.11. ypOB-
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noam1n1ii OKea11J14CCKoro JIO>Ka B MC3030itCKOe ope~rn 6b1Jla D.CflCTBH-
TCJJbHO cpe.11.HHHblM xpe6ToM Tuxoro oKeatta, HO noD.seprnacb pa3py-
w e111110. conponol!'D.aemeMycH MOlUHb!Mll npolleJlemrn Mil synKaHH3Ma,
1Jbl383BWllMH o6pa30B311HC ueno•IeK ByJIK3llll'ICCKllX rop.
Cpe.!J.HHHO- HH.11.11iicK11ii xpe6eT. CncreMa cpeD.HHHblX xpe61on l111-
J111iicKoro oKeaHa Ha<11mae1c11 n K>>KHOM noJ1ywap1111 D.BYMll xpe6ra-
Mll - 3anan110-H11n11i1cK11M 11 llenrpa11b110-H11n11r1cK11M, coenm111K>-
n u1M11c11 s pai1011e 10>K11oro rpon11Ka. U e11rpa.ni,110-H11.11.11iicK11ii xpe6eT
H3 <JJIH3CTCll K K>rO·BOCTOKY OT BYJlKaHl!'teCKHX OCTPOBOB AMCTep.11.aM
11 Ceu-noJih OT Jana.11.uoro KoHua AscTpa110-Au1apKrwiecKoro no.11.tt11-
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.IVlllHblX xpe6TOB. 0TCK>D.a xpe6eT npOTllrtJBaeTCll CH3 1laJia B Mep11n110-
H3Rbll0M 11anpasne111111 K cenepy, 110 OKOno 32° 10. w. nouopa•11rnaeT
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CTep.11.aM Ha6nK>D.3K>TCll nna.11.1111bl H xpe6Tbl, Bb1Tm1yTble B nanpaene-
HHll CCB, KOTOpble, B03MO>KHo, npe.11.cTasm1K>T sweno1111poeaHHble paa-
JlOMht... - H3MC'l3IOTCll TPH HRll, B03MO>KllO, 'leTblpe 6JlOKa. 06iua11
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327
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328
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naTu BoCTO'IHO·l1Hn.11licKnM. CenepHall •JaCTb sToro xpe6Ta, 0611apy-
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pcncon 11ccne».onaTenbCKOro clAHa «BttTR3b> s 1959-1962 rr. Xpc6er
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329
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330
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mtCb co CKOPOCTb!O 2,6 CM/ro.u. ,UpyrHMll c.noea~m. Ka>K.Ublll qMaHr
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332
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11ycaMH, KOTOpbte MOfJJll o6pa30BaTbCll ewe B 30HC cpeJJ.HllllO·OKeaHI!·
'ICCKoro xpe6Ta. CKopocn1 aocxo.11.11w11x noToKoe MoryT pas1111'laTbCH
no npocT11pa111110 rpe61111 xpe6Ta, a cne.11.oeaTe.nb110, 11 cKopocT11 ne11·
>KCHll!l cocen.1111x y'laCTKOB 3eMHOH KOPbl OT xpe6Ta MOfyT 6b1Tb ue·
o.nuttaKoBbl. Bo3 MOlKHO, 'lTO uMeHHO 3THM 06011cm1eTCll 06pasona1111e
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Mll CKopocrnMu. KaK 6y.neT no1<asa110 nos.nHee, ll03MOlKHa u .npy raR
npwrnna 06pa30BaHHSl 3THX WHpOTHblX pa3JJOMOll, 6b1Tb MOlKeT cyM-
~mpyJOu~allCSl e csoeM .ueiicTB1m c npe.11.hln.ymell.
B ornowett1m T11xoro oJ<eaHa Xecc C'IHTaeT, 'lTO nepeMCHle1111e ero
.u11a npo11cxon.11.no e nporneonono>KHhlX 11anpaane111rnx OT .npeeHero
cpe.n11HHOro xpe6Ta - no.nH11T1111 ,Uaps1111a.
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'leM ooyc.nonnettHble ee nepaw1H 1>1~1 acny'l11BaH11eM. P e3y.ijbTaToM sTo·
ro pac·rnJKeHHSl RBJllleTCSl o6pa30B311He BAOJlb CllOJJ.OBOr1 'laCTll xpe6 Ta
nOJJ,HSITJUI (no
pulf>TOBOil «.UOJJHl!bl» HJlll uenO'lKH T3KOBblX. no aCeM npH31!3KaM HMeH·
110 B 3TOH CTaJIHH pa3BHTHll KOHBCKTHllHOii ll'lellKH HaXOlll!TCSl pe.llbelf>
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CKJJOHa HHCXO.U!lweii seTIJH KOHBeKTHBHOH ll'lei'!Kll. 3.necb KOpa Halli!·
H3eT CHJlbHO .nelf>opMHpOBaTbCll H Ha Hee ua<rn11aeT HallOJJ3aTb Kpaii
KOllTll!te!ITa HJIH OCTPOBHall n.yra. «Ee.nu Ha.UBlff310wHitCSl KOllTHHeHT
HJIH OCTpOBH3ll .11.yra nepeMell.(alOTC!I e1 1epe.11. c Te~lll JKe CKOpOCTllMH,
c KOTOpbiMll onycKaeTCll noTOK, TO .llBllJKe1111e .llOJllKJIO npOHCXOJIHTb
no n.nOCKOCTH, HaKJ10llHOi1 non y rnoM 45°. B .neiicTs11re11b11 ocT11 11a·
eeutecrea M3HTUH KJJOH nJJOCKOCTH, norpyJKa!OIJ.(eHCSl 110.11. KOllTllHeHTbl H OCTpOBHble .!l}'-
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11eKOTOpbix c.qy'lastx HllCXO.URWHe 110TOKll .!lBHlK}'TCSl Me.n.ne1111ee, 'leM
npo.ns11raJOTCll nnepe.u KOHT!llleHTbl H OCTPOBHb!e .uyrn» ([39], CTp. 251).
XapaKTepHo, •1To pacnpocTpaHe1111e Ta1<11x 06pasoeaH11li, KaK mi10Tbl,
B HaCTOllwee epeMll pe:mo o6pbIB3eTCR B.UOJ!b rny60KOBOJJ.Hb1X lKeJJO·
6oa, oKallMJJll!Omux sana.u11y10 OJ<pa1111y Tuxoro oKeaHa (pHc. 82).
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llb!X A}'L
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333
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3 pas.neJJellbl AS)'WI no.n1111T11RMll, TO>Ke B o6LUeM Mep1tnuo11a.1bHOro npo-
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334
p11K11, •13cT11 Tuxoro 11 ATJt31tT114ecKoro 0Kea11os 11 11epc3 A11n1pKT11Ky
coemH111erc11 c nepsofl .nenpeccneii. Ue11Tpb1 06e11x .nenpecc11ii OTCTOllT
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s TttXOM OKeaHe, OXB3TblB3eT OKeamtJO, n04Tll SCIO ABCTpaJJHIO II 4e-
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TBep.nofl 3eMHOii KOpbl, conpOBOlK,!l310lllHCC!I ee pa3pb183M ll II s11e.npe·
111111M11 u pa3pb1Sbt sell.leCTB3 M31tT1111 3eMm1. Hao6opoT, e Y3JJOSblX
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llOJIHC m1eJOT 11a1160JlbW)'lO CKOpOCTb.
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335
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nonywap1111.
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Kope np111110 11 o6parno 11a111ar1111qe1111blx TeJJ. Ha.A p1Mj>TOBblM11 AOJJll·
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JJCHACTCR cywecTnoeam1e111 npn1110 11a111arn11•1e1111oro rena 3anera10we·
ro 11a 11e6onbwoi1 rny61111e no.!l AHOM 0Kea11a ua ocu 'xpe6ra ([13),
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MH llJlll D MCCTax 33TYX3HHR aKTllBHblX xpe6TOB, K 3K 3TO 11a6JJ10.llaCT-
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ce1i11e. Te111 11e Mcucc oceua11 M3rHllTHan a110Man 11 11 c ee nonblwe1111of1
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nOBblWellHOll CCHCMll'!HOCTll, llOBb!WCHllOMy TenJJOllOMY llOTOK)' 11 11.py·
rm1 oco6e1111ocrnM. «Bnaronap11 3TOMy a3p0Mamurna11 C'beMKa OKa·
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necrnblx etUe •1acTeil cpC.ll11t111blx xpe6Ton, 11pm1epoM 'lero Mo>Ker cny·
lKllTb ucropun OTKpb1T1111 11 H3y'le111m no.11110.nnoro Cpe.nu11110-.l\pKrn'le·
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336
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floor). CKopOCTb nepcMetUeHHR nonoc Mar1111111blx 3110Man1111 .ll0Jl>K113
COOT8CTCT80D3Tb CKOpOCTll 110.llKOpOBOrO KOHBeKTllBHOf O llOTOK8. no
pacnono>Ke111110 a110Man11i'1 K sanany OT I<.an11<jlop111111 3T3 cKopoCTb
IlOTOKa 011peJtCM!Jl3Cb KaK 1- 2 CM/fOJt ({39), CTp. 260).
JlolKe 0Kea11a
I<.aK 6b!J!O )'>KC YK333 110 n ca MOM Jla'lanc 3TOii r.'13Bbl, n pe.n.CTaB·
nc111111 o pcnbc<)Jc 6onec rny6oKHX '13CTCft M11poaoro 0Kca11a 6b1n11 .no
04ellb HC.ll3BHero npeMCHll .llOllOJJbHO OWH60'lHblMH. T onbKO WllPOKO
11poson1mw11ec11 p11.n.0M rocy.napcTB OKea11onorn'ICCKHe 3KCnc.n11u1111
noc.1C!ll1HX .n.nyx-rpex ,neC!ITKOe neT n0Kasan11, 'ITC STOT penbe$ 11e
Me11ee pa311oo6pa3c11, •1eM pcni.e<jl cyw11. B cooTBCTCTBHH c 11as11a•1e·
• JllleM II co.nep>K3HllCM .llPYnlX '13CTeil 3TOii KlllffH, Mb! 11e co611paeMCR
.naeaTb per110113J1bllblfl o63op penbe<jla OTllCJJbllhlX OKca11oe 11 orpa1111·
1J11oaeM 11awy sa,naqy JJllWb xapa8Tep11c111Koii OT.!leJlbHblX xapaKTep·
HblX 3;1et.teHTOB II TllllOB peJJbe<jla. CBOiiCTUCHHblX rny6oKOM)" ,ijO>KY
0Kea11a c yKa3a1111cM ux rop11so11TanbHblx 11 nepT11Kan!'11blx pa3Mepos,
rny61m11hlx ycnou11i1, Mop<jlonor11'1ecK1tX oco6e1111ocre11, reorpa<jl11'lec·
Kore pac npocrpa11e1111S1, aewccree1111oro COCTaea 11 11a oc11oea111111 see·
ro 3TOro paCCMaTp11B3eM eonpochl ltX nponCXOlK.!lCHllll.
f ny6oKOBO.llHhle KOTJJOBHH bl. Me>KAY 0Kpa1111a&111 MarepuKOB, cpe·
AHHl!O·OKCaHH'ICCKllM!I xpc6T3Mll, llX OTBeTB.~CHllllMll II no.neO.llllblMll
eanaM11 11 xpe6Ta~111. 11e 11Me10WnM11 pncj>roeoro x3paKrepa, pacno.na·
ralOTCll MHOfO'lllCJJCllHble r ny60KOB0llllble 8113,llllHbl Mupoeoro OKea11a.
Cpenn 1111x MOlKllO DblAeJJllTb, npe>KJle acero, .llDa Tltna: I ) nna.n1111bl
OKp311HHblX Mopei1, OT,lleJJellHble OT npocrpaHCTB OTKpblTOfO OKea11a
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337
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11 2) rny6oKo8on'.11.,.'e :~a~~~ ';1.,. <~~ JllOTCSJ 11 upe.neJJa x 2 500- 4000 M;
1

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no CBOeMy 6011ee AnlillllOM . TSlll)llaCb OJJee •1eM 113 3 100 KM ULI KOPPll11b1X ropllblX nopOD., 110.llllRTblC c oepw11 11 110AOOD.11b1 X rop,
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no 06UlCM)' MOpcj>o11or11qeCKOMy X3 KM. 3
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0 na10ut11x CKJ10111>1 11eKOTOpbtX oo.110011111>1x rop, <~opaM11111r<jlep Menoooro
D03Allllbl co C.ijOlKlllH1 XOllMHCTblM p·c; :~0Dl1HH c POllllblM .ll.HllLUCM II
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113
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.lleJJ b110 Bblpae 11 e 11 ublM PeJJbe<l>o H r.i}6oKouo.11111>1x paellHH c npe- 11p11 1138Cp;f(CHHllX 6 Me.ijOBOM 11ep110,11e. n.nOCKllC BCpWllllbl MllOrHX
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3
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p31m M3Tepm <o 8 11 33 no.nttllJOLU moro MaTep11a.na c 110111JOD.J11>1 x OK· 3aTCM 3T11 1100epx110CTll CpC38, OK83aOWllCCll 11 3 He60JlbUJHX rny61111ax
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63~111 oepexsa rJt} OOKOBOAl1b1M11 oKe31111•recK11M 11 ;f(eJJO· OTOB 113 conpeMCllll)'IO llX rny61rny p311bWe o61>11Cllff.ij()Cb .11160 OOCJIC·
• TblB3101u11M 11 BblllOCbl cyco euJ 11 0 D.}'IOUl11M 33 llX a()p3311ei1 per110H3JlbHblM TeKTOHlllJCCKllM nporu6oM
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nepx11ocT11 no>K 3 oi<ea H 3 « H) ne
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nuwCT r •
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noa uo>Kue '13CTllX OKeatt3, rite
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11oe AHO np 11ypoqe110 111W O.l Ml1CTb1M p eJJbCcj:rOM , TOrit3 K3K POB· KOJibUeBll.lll1blX KOp3JJJl08blX ocrpooon - 3TOJJJJOB - y>KC ronopllJIOCb
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11 3 11
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3 Bo31111K11onett11c 11 A3Jt b11eilwce pa3DHTHC ruiloTon n o coopeM e11 11 t.1 M
3TOii 3Kcne1111u1111 11110 OKea113 " llK .~llWb B npene.~ax 3 7 % n} T11 npe;icraBJ1ett1111M (Me11apD. 11 itp.) pncyCTCH CJ1eD.y10m11M o6p330M.
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3 npe.nnOJJaraCTCll, 'ITO OOD. cpC/lllllllO·OKe31111'1CCKllMll xpe6T8MH B eepX·
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3 3
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81111 HMCIOT CTO/lb CJIO>l< l1blil XO~MllC. •. · 11 11Ul3 HeKOTOpblX l<OTJJO· IOTCll orpOMHblX pa3Mepon 0•1ar 11 pacnnaDJICllHOro Mllf1Cp3Jlbl10ro BC·
TP)'A1J1>1~1 o6bRcn 11Tb l.IOJAeiicrn11cM T~:X PCJtbC~>, 'lTO 3TO crn11oe11TCJ1 lUCCTB3 - MarMbl. n o B03H11K3JOUlllM 8 PC3YJtbTaTe p3CTll>KCHllR 3eM·
np1111e&1 BCCbMa 113MC11•111BLIX no llX·TO 11PllAOHl1blX Te11e1111ii, 11oi1 KOp1~ n oceeoi\ ao11e cpeD.111111oro xpc6ra Tpem1111aM npoucxo.nnT
KOTOpble ae 6 • 113 np 3 BJJCHl1llM. B CBR311 c 3TllM 11C· n11e.npe1111c 113 3T11x o'laros M3 rMbl 11 11enpep1~B11oe o6p330B31111c ace
np~~~~ 3 ~~~:~r~~;1~~: ::n~P~~:~ Kc~1~~:~3
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111101"' (guyots, sea mounts· a- , t . • · t )
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c JIO>Ka OKCaua 113 .lllllllltax 1130JlllPOB3Hllb1C ropbl, ll0Al111M310LUllCCR MarMa o6p33)'CT 8 M0.10.llOM 6833JtbTOBOM c.~oe OKe8Jlll'lCCKOH 3CMllOJI
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>KeH11ll 113 KOTOphlX A310T M3Tep11a11 AJJR o6p330B3H 1111 MHOro•111c.ne11·
. - '. I ~·1~118111..i TCIK no 11\U'f!ll i\pl!O.'lb.18 fufio 'HblX llYJ1Ka1111<1ccK11x Ko11yco n . B 3as11c11Mocr11 o-r p33Mepon m1Ta1011te·
l'•T)pc ""<To l nuTpt6.•RlT<n TcpMHH cra ioorbl•. (Arnold Guyol) . II rein, rrKon .111 •C·
ro O'lara II noBTOpllCMOCT11 1131)Cp>1<e1111ii 11p01lOJJ>K 11TeJJbllOCTb 6)'JJK3 ·
338
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ttJJn B Pe3Y.%Ta1e ee ox.qalK.l(ellnR 11 i:.ca MarMbl B n111at0meM O'lare 6 1rny (pnc. 83). Ka1< .nane1<0 MO}KCT npo.nOJ!»<3TbC!I 3rn Mnrpam111 r11il·
aepAell11ll POCT ay.qxanoa npe- OTOB? Ha KapTe pacnpocTpanen11n noJIBOJ1111>1x rop a T11xoM 0Kea11e,.
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60J11>IJJ1mcTBO 11x cocpeAOTO'lello a 1oro-3ana)l11oii 'laCTll oxeana. Ha·
nOMllllM 3,!teCb MHCHHe Xecca B l)THOIIJCllHH THXOfO OKeana, 'lTO nepe·
MClllCHHC ero .l(H3 npOHCXOJIHJIO B npO'l'HBOOOJJO}f{HbfX 11anpaa.11e1rnnx
OT APCBllero cpCJll!llllOfO xpe6Ta - llOAHRTHR Jl.apBHHa, a He OT 3a ·
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OKea na. HanOMHllM TaKJKC, 'lTO pacnpOCTpaHCHHC rHHOTOB B THXOM
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r.ny60KOBO)lHl>lX )!{CJIOOOB, T. e. TaM, r.a.e. no Xeccy, H3'lHHaCTCR HU·
cxo.a.nmee JIBH:>KCHHe KOHBeKTHBHOro llOTOKa BelllCCTBa M3HTllH II r)le·
OKCaHH'leCKaR 3CMll3R Kopa norpy}f{aCTCR no)l Ha)lBHraJOUlHiiCR 113 11ee·
M3TCp11K 11.1111 OCTpOBHYIO JIYry.
B caMoe n e.a.aa11ee ape~rn B03HHKJIO COMHeHHC B a6p33HOllllOM npo·
11CXO>KJICHHH n.nocKOH BCplllllllllOii nonepXHOCTll r11i10TOB. noBOJlOM .0.JIR
3TllX COMHelrnil nocny:>KHJIO OTKpblTllC B BOCTO'lllOH 3cjrnonnn, B TeK·
TOHn'lecxol1 anaJinHe Acj>ap 6.nns 6eperoa AJieHCKOro 3a.1111aa c y xo·
1000
2000 nyTHOfO l'HllOTa cpaBHllTCJlbHO 11e60JJbllJHX pa3Mepoa, eme B O'lCHb.
HCJ13BHee reo.norn<1eCKOe apeMR 6bl8IJJero nO.l(BO)lHblM H c<jlopMllpO·
•o oo eo 70 eo naBIJJerocR, no-a11JI11M0My, a 11erny6ox11x (He 6onee 500 M) aonax.
90 100
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oxeana, MOryT Ha neKOTopoe apeMii' n 11 JIOpacTn JIO noaepx11ocTn
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341
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II 38- 39° 3. A., 3XOJJOTHp003111J3H KOpaGJJeM c fayc>. npu 3TOAI 6blJJO
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6bln11 0611apymeu1>1 noA 44-45° c. w. 11 40- 41° 3. 11. I Ix uau6onbwee
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no111111rne n TOM )Ke '1958 r. 6b1JJO 11JMCpc110 Hccne11ooarenbcK11M cyn· ctotx ca>Kc11ci1 e.n.o.1b .1um111 Tnxoot<C·
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0
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11
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11axoa11r ceGe Oblpall\CHHe n pCJJbe<jle a nuAC ycryna 60JJbmoi1 Kpyr11s- 411
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, B !ITOM MCCTC o6a 11asea11111~e
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nonepe'lHOM cc•1e111111 xpe6Ta. I l11or11a raKoii xpe6er conpooo>K:taeTCfl 3113'lllTe.%HOe paCCTOllHJle K OOCTOK~eno6oM c r11y61111aM11 6o.1ec
UC110'1K3Mll llOABOJlllblX rop II .'IO>K61111oi1 )' OAllOfO 113 OOJlHO>Kllit 11.IJ.l! xpe()Ta paJ.!lCJJfllOTCff nonepe4HblM
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342
 29. Pcn•ccl> 11 reonon111 1111a o•eauoo. CC5. Tp. McH<Ay11ap. konnoKell)Ma Hau.
n HTEPATYPA uc111·pa lll_)"IHWX ucc.•cAOBlllHA /I\., cnporpecc>, 1964.
30. ca$ b II II 0 8 r. A. noABOAHUe KallbOHt.l II M)'Tbe.B.. e noTOKll. B c6.: cKoM·
MtKc111>1c 11ccJtc:J.10Bat111• np11pOAL1 01<ca11u, ubln. I. H3A·Bo MrY. 1970.
L B e 3 p yK o s n. n , 3 e 11 • c 8 •• H JI K 31. ca 11> b II JI 0. r. A. 3cWIR, norJlOll(Cffll8H MOpelL cflpHpoAa•, 1971, Nt 1-
u c B r. B. noABOAll .. C ropi. 11 B 'JtK> llbl I( - .. • Ha c 8 B. Cl>. H y AH H·
paTOPllH B).1K8HOllOMHI AH ccci>i! 1958 }P~3hCKOn ocrposuoro rp>Ulbl. cTp. -~•00- 32. Cr j' n a K H. K. 0 nynbCauom 3eW111. B c6.: «Bonpocw MaHeTap11or1 reo-
2. Be 3 Pl "o e n. n. II ~·A II "~ eun . .1onuu.. /I\., rocreonTCXll3AIT, 1963.
Hero rnailcKoro xpc6T8 . •Jll\11 cccp,. I~ r . ~in Otieecpuo>1 CKOIN311Hll nOABoA· 33. y A II II LI c . r . 6. npo11CXOlKJICllHC pe.1be$a Alla O•OTC><OJ'O MOP•· cTp.
3. B o P Y Ko e n. JI 11 K a 11 a a e.' ~- oc'110111 ~e •< r
6 H11-111 01<ca11onont11 AH CCCP., 19&5, Nt 2.
c
BCJ>O-llOCTO'l11oli •8Cn1 I htAHfoc1<oro OKea11a. Jl,\H CCCP 1963. P LI Cllloem<• Alla ce-
34. ~·A JI Hue. r 6. HCC11~083Hllll pe.••ccl>• !{Ila 1otopei'J " Ol<C31108. dfrorH
111)1<11•. I. YcncXH a 113)'1Cllttll OKC811l!'ICCKH• r.1)61111. ,\\., fu.1t· BO AH CCCP, 1959.
4. B c II 0 )" c 0 B 11 Ill 0 pe.ibe$ ' T. 153, Nt 4.
c
OKea11a. .!lo1<.1a.1tu coecra.ux' N'Or.Croa II ~\'a ceB<:po-3anarurou ••CTH HHAH0c•oro 35. ~·AH HU C 8 r. 5. Pc.-.be$ A/18 OKC8H3 M 800pCICW T'CKTOllllKll. cTp. OKC•
npo6.1. 16. fl\., · H•)U•, 1963- 1964. a tH<A)"Hap. reon. KOi 'l'CCce. XXll CCCO!R. auorpa4JtM!CKOft KOMJICCHH•, T. 10. BblD. 3. cMopCKaA reoJ!OfllA H AH113MllK8 6e~8".
M., 11sA·a<> AH CCCP, 1962.
5. B e Pr n c nouoA11wc Ao.11111u. • Hu. sro,. 1946 T 78 36. y AII II u e 8 r B. Hoewc AaHHble 0 CTpocllHH 11ua HHA/lilCXOl'O OKe8H8.
6. 6} p Kap lll. Pc.1be$ 0KC81108 II MOptR "' tin 195.J · c0Kca11onOMIA•, 1965, T . 5, BblD. 6.
7.B an•ce BMOa ... • · 37. y Mr p 0 e J.l>K OCllloeHblC A}TH (1947). B c6.: .Ocrposet.tc A>MI•. ne-
Xt 7. - ).1•a11ax •)'TOll}Bm11x. • o•ca11e. <nJlflpo.1ta•, 1971,
8. r per••
• ce .18 ,, \ T.Cl>Cl> . .nnoA r .1)-(5 11118>111 OKC81108. ncpeBOA c a11r.1 "' Hn 1963
pcBO,ll C a11rJ1. M , I IJI, 1952.
9 .r 38. Cl> 11 w cJ> P. JI. CpeA111111"'ii xpe6e'r 111 10re uetrTpa.1•11ol1 •acTH 1-fHAJ<ftCKoro
ApKTH•;CCh"ltA x 1!(5~ ' 11 ' e Me 11 " u IC a" P. Ill., K • P 8 c 11 • A. M. ..Ci>CA~umwri 0Kea11a. B c6.. cC11<TCwa p111jJToe 3cMJ111». M., cMHp>, 1970.
10. )I( o .,P, no a IIi;:-01f"A"'>;;"oeoc npo.1tonH<c1111c.•r eo:wopt1>0.iorHR•. 1970 Nt I. 39. X cc c X. Cpc11111mo-0Kea1111•e<:KJ<e xpe6tb1 H TCKTOHHKB At•• 011ea11a. B c<i.:
ra.1•11Ne ROCT0•1111we CBH3a;,.,,,;c c"~~i::'cc Trpal~1nu1101111oc none 3cM1111 " tl>~"HAaMe11- crconontll II reoljJll3HKI MOpCKoro Al••·· M., •MttP». 1969.
l I. 3e11Kos11°q B n c . c p. II-Ta -rcop. acrpollOOIHH•. 1952. awn. 3. 40. X 11 3 e JI 6. P11$TOB2" 110.111111 11a Alie o•ea11a. c0Kea110.1on1R>, 1963. T. 3.
cnpo6.1 . cl>•3. rcorpaljJ1111•: 191-0, ~~llllC 1Ul.1b$a ATJl3HT1..ICCKoro no6epelKbff ClUA. BW!. J.
41. X 11sc11 B. 11 JO« Hr M. Cpeit1111110-o•ea111NCCKHA xpe6CT 11 ero npoAOllH<C-
1961. 12.
Nt 3.H.1 •1111 A- B. Pt""t08 "" •• AO.llllfO 8 Atn~llTll•ICCKOM OKeaHC. cnp11po,lla•, ffllC •cPC3 ApK11t• CCK11A 6acccA11. B c6.: creonor•R ApKTMKH•. /I\., •M"p•, 1964.
13• l( • P • c 11 K A. ,\\. Mar1111T11i.c a110M 42. lU en a p J1 Cl>. reonorn11 Mop•. /I\., Hn, 1951.
-OKeaHll'l('('K<>rO AH8 . «fCOTCf\"'TOllllK8• 1971 Ni 23.111H 0KC3Jl3 H nm01e3a p33p3C'T'3HHSl
43. lU en 8 p A Cl>. 00ABOJlllblC K2Hb011bl, HCC.1CAOB3HH"'e C 111"pRIOl.UCl'O 6nt0,lll18
K)'CTO. B c6.: cfeonotii• 11 rc04>11311Ka >1opcKoro ,ll11a». M., cM11p>, 1969.
14. l(Jte110Ba
15 r
l( 0 Map 0 8 /IIA B r0cono r1tn• Bopcuucea
• · MOpH. /II., H3A·BO AH CCCP 1962 44. a"' erp II K. r eonornR 0Kp81Ulbl M8TCpllK3 112 eOCTOKC Coc11111<Clll!Wll WTa-
1965• M 1. · · KCa11w1ccK11c xpl!(51bl 11 crpyKTypa puljJra . «DPMPOAa.: TOB AMcpuKll. B cC:S.: «feonorll• 11 rcoljJ11a11Ka MOpa<oro 1111a>. M., «Ml1p•, 1969.
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A6~110llHbiil )"CT)'ll I - 109; Ill
A6prnrn Ill - 100, 139, 190, 210, 211 ,
217, 218, 284, 299, 300, 339, 341
MconooTliblft eo3pacr 111 - 331. 3.17
Ana11,110011 a Ill - 242, 243
Nt1>1p11tJii Tlln pcnbctl>• I - 385; I! -
146
A.!lb1Pb1 I - 385; II - 145
A1111 Ill - 86
Mc6cpn< I - 96, 422, 439; II - 488
AKKywynAT11e11a11 no11eoA1taA TCppaca
Il l - 186
Al<KyM).111THBllaA pae11uua 111 - 11 1,
329
AKK)M)'JlllTl!Bll"'C o6p&30Ba11HA Ill -
198, l!OS, 206, 217, 228, 231, 263
AKKyMy1111111e111>1e cj>opw.. Ill - 174,
198, ~201, 206, 207, 208, 209,
213, 214, 215
A•K)'M)'JlffTllBH ..ii pe.nbc$ I - 9
AKKYM)'JlffUllff I - 40, 199; Ill - 18.
98, 107, 135, 136, 139, 181, 201, 203.
205, 246, 284, 304, 309
AKn9 Ill - 82
A1<T110113au1111 nnarcj>opM 11 - 239
AKT)'8J1113M I - 134-135
Anam II - 311, 540
Ann11rua11 Kopa e"'ue-rp11oa1111• I - 49,
Il l 136, 138, 148, 160
AMHTtoblil OpT03Jll0811il I - 49
AMOXTOllH8A N3CC3 II - 253
AMooona.11b11aM paBH1111a Il l - 237, 239
A.1nt0n11anbHble oTno>KettH11 111 - 53.
54, 110, 134, 163
An.1ooa11a11b11blii ccp11p 111 - 53, 54, 59
An.i ooe11i1 I - 223; Ill - 21, 38, 53,
60. 63. 102, 136, 145, 152, 163, 166
/\n.1t0en11 noi1-..1~HHblK I - 225
pyCJ1oeoA I - 225
crapn•Hblit I - 22S
/\Jtt.6':110 Ill - 13, 19, 75
AnbnHilCKaA 3oua II - 271
AnbnnitcKMH opon::Hw1cctmi1 11
232; I fl - 260, 261
UHK.1
Allbn11i1c•11i< no11c II - 281
A!lbTllOJl8113UH• II - 301, 492, 528
AMnJUITYAa TCMncpa1yphl Ill - 100,
129, 155, 156, 160
Auan1t3 t<:oppenSITHOHblX 0Tno>t<e1111i1
1 - 18
A11.ue3111oea• naea Ill - 317
JlllllllH Ill - 317, 334
A110~1an11• war111rT11a• Ill - 327, 328.
336, 3.17
A11owanH11 CWlLI Tff>KeCTll 111 - 3 14,
317
AllOM8JIJIA CHJI .. fll)!(('CTff orpuua11>Jlb·
Hall Ill - 314, 317
AHOW8n1Jfl CllJUA TH>Ke<:TH !lOJ'tO*HTMb·
118H Ill - 317
Anrapo<Tu•eo<oc ROJlbUO tpCAHHKO-
o•ca111.. ecKtlll xpe61oa 111 - 318
A111e1u1113a I - 147; II - 296.. 305
AlfTcueAeHTH"'c CKB03Hue )'UleJlbR II -
266
AllTHIUlHllOpllA 11 - 227, 239
A11THUllKJIOll8Jlbll8R oonacn. Ill - 63
A11Tponorc1111oc pasocua11Hc Ill - 63
Anot1>1131• I - 73; II - 349
ApC1t3M Ill - 8, 9
Ap1tAH8• aoua II - 312; Ill - 11 6.
169. 244
ApllAlllJC KllllMaTLI I - 94; Il l 126,
263, 267
ApHAHblC o6nacrn Ill - 6, 97, 98, 102,
111, 115, 161, 242
 Ap11.n11uc nycrbl1111 I 200
ApK0300tJC ncc1rn I I I - 60
Apoito I II - 45
ApTC3H3HCJ<3R 80A8 Ill - 104
ApTcJll3HCKllC KO/IO,'.Wbl Ill - 104
Apx11nc..ar11 Ill - 278, 282, 323
Ac11:101crp11A AOllHH I - 265· II - 191
Acn\INCTp1111 noncJX"'IHOro • 11p04>111111
NOpcKOfl 80Jlllbl I II - 181 183
A~1<ryp111>1e noecpx11ocy11' 1 _ 22,
ATNoccl>cpa Ill - 174
.ATNocc1>ep111>1e ll-0.1\bl II I - 61, 99
129, 162 OC8JtHll JI! - 60, 128,
An.1oc<j>ep111>1c c)>poum Ill _ 129 130
AT<M.10Hhl Ill - 276 • 808 Ill - 250
ATg-1.1"' I - 26, I 12; 111 - 176, 273
339 276- 277• 278 • 279• 324 • 334'•
-14,
A3&5Jlll"a"11•cc1me npoueecbl 1rr _ 7s,
.A~roNan111r11aA ci.e>1Ka 1rr _ 336 337
A3pocl>orOC11HNKt1 I - I I· 111 _'. 64
90. 151, 155, 184 • •
.kipocj>orOCbCNKa I - 11 ; 111 - 64, 87
6 ua.'lb111A noecpx11ocn. Ill - 143 144
6a~"."3°~"'A CJIOK 3CMllOK KOpli Iir -
6a311c nc11ynam111 Ill - 105
- 9poo1111 I - 21&-2 17· III
101, 134, 255 • -
.Ba311c 9poa1111 epeMe11111>1i1 I - 216
rnao11blli I - 216
_ n; ~1~1;~ I - 216-217;
11 11
6aup1>1 Ill - 78 l(Xl
. 6aii1VKepax11 JI :_ 3 11, 500 540· 547
c6a.1naH1>1• JI - 535 ' •
6a.1K1t II - 311; Ill - 146
6ap Ill - 139, 204. 205, 206, 263. 265
c(;apaHbn n61>1• I - 526· II - I 99
'.!71; Ill - 260 • •
6appaHKO II - 117, 391 410 417 418
453; 111 251 ' '
6ap_xa11, 6apxa111>1 111 - 68, 70 72, 73
• '
1.,, 79, 118, 242, 244 • •
6apxa!mblc ucn11 Ill - 75, 76, 90, 244
6accc1111bl ncp11011.11•ecK11x i-op1<1>1X PY.b-
ee I - 200
Saccci111"' pacroopc1111n 111 _ 150
llart1MC'Tpl!'1ccK11c Knprli I II - 329
6arnc•a<j>a II I - 297, 308
6arnc<j>cpa Ill - 297, 308
6aTonHTbl I - 67, 72; 11 _ 33l
6eJsany11»aA o6naC'fb I _ 511
6c3pyCCJ1bllBJ1 no>t<61111a I - 88 89
6eH'1 Ill - 184
6eprwp)HJI I - 421, 429, 447
' 2490
Sepcra a6paa11011•1>1e Ill 137 8 7
• 218, 222, 251, 253, 285 - • I •
f;cpcra llO<YM)JIRTMBlll>IC Ill 13 7
140, 187, 230, 247, 254 - •
Scpcra a.1J110eum.111Jx pae111111 Ill _
153
6c~a apanbCKOro r1ma II I - 253,
liepcra 6cspaJJ111•1111>1c (1111n114>c1>Cpci•r·
llblC) Ill - 218, 251
6cpera 6ccnp11n11e111•e 111 - 247
611orc11111>1c I II - 253
60AJlCll08 I II - 251
<iyXTOOhlC If I - 250, 253, 268,
287
6cpera <iy•TOOliC OCT•TO'IHblx Macc11•
6cpera 88TTOBblC Ill - 153
- 1ynK81tll'ICCKHX o<l.1acrcit Ill -
248, 251, 253
6cpera Bl>IPHllCHllblC Ill - 248 251
253. 285, 288 • •
6cpcra a1o1pao11e11111o1c n.1oornx <lcpero-
owx p88111tll 111 - 248
6cpera BMCO>CltC llCitTp8.1bHble CT0..10·
8blX CTpllt H M8TO Ill - 250
Sepcra ra~eblc r.11>16oe1>1x o6nacTd
I II - 218, 251
Gcpcra nanMaT1111cKoro THna Ill -
246, 249, 253, 256- 257 258
6cpera JleJlbT"OBue Ill - '2s1. 253
11e11y.nau11011111>1c Ill - 253
1111aro11anbllb1C Ill - 216 2 17
247, 248, 249, 250. 252, 258 • •
Scpcra 1to11111111uc OCT8TO\llfblX MaccJt·
808 Ill - 250
6cpcra 3aeya1mpoea1111ble KOPCHHble
Ill - 251
6cpcra 1rnrpccc•o1111blc II I - 249, 251
m 1tllA01<KTall0<oro T1tna Ill -
6cpera KOpllMOBIAC Ill - 249, 252,
253, 270
6cpcra KOpcHllblC Ill - 249, 267, 275
26a. ~~:;: oro rlUla m - 248. 251,
00
Sepcra 11en11111>1e I II - 249, 252, 253
i's.~M8HHOro Tuna Ill - 248,
6 e1>era 11clirpanb11blc Ill - 218 247
248, 252, 268 • •
Bcpcra 1111sMcm1uc Ill - 140 247 285
6cpcra oCSpasooauublc nc~ona~blM
JtbJlOM Ill - 282-284
Seper& ocraTo•u1Jx rop Ill - 250
251, 256 • 6cpcroeoi1 <lap Ill - 206, 263
6cpcra uaT&roHcKoro THna 111 - 248
~prpecc11e11oro runa Ill -
~a n.1octmc ua111>18Hble Ill -
l>cpcra 11oncpco11uc Ill - 190, 216,
217, 247, 248, 250. 252. 255
5epcra noraMOl'eHlltxe 111 - 253
11pllllHBHblC IJ f - 147, 153
npoAOT.b»ble Ill - 216, 247,
248, 249. 250, 258
llcpcra pKacoublc, puacoeoro THna
III 248, 250, 252, 253. 254, 255,
256. :!68
6c~~· poe111>1e ( oupae11ci1111>1e) Ill -
6cpcra cllpocoswe, c6poco8'"' o6.1ac·
ml 111 - 247, 248, 252, 253
6cpcra cKna11oaTblX o<lnacrell 111 -
216. 248
6cpcra CKJtaJ\•&rhlX o<lnacreli c 1111rpec-
c11e11 I cttne>m 111 - 249-250
6cpcra cKJtaA•aTux o6nacrcli c 1111rpcc-
c11cA 2 crerk!Hll 111 - 249
Seper• CKJlBA•aTMX o6nacreli c 11111 pcc-
c11cit 3 crcnc1111 Ill - 249, 250, 251
6cpcra c Kopannoe1>orn nocrpoiil<aMH
Ill - 248. 249
6epcra c Ma11rpoe1>1Nll Japocn11w11
Ill 251. 253
:SCpcra c OKBiiMllAIOlllll>I p114'0•t 11 l -
251
Gcpcra cro.1oe1>1x crpa11 Ill - 218,
251
L epera TCpNoaCipaJ1tott11L1e I II - 253
wna «Kana> Ill - 249
- .iap9 Ill - 248
- Mep11ncH.11a Ill - 248,
266, 269
l;epcra Tuna <1>111111creppc Ill - 248
- <l>CP.llOBl>IC Ill - 251
- <1>11opnoeble Ill - 175,
248, 251. 253, 258, 262, 300
6cpcra Toma «1>t>cp11oe1>1e Ill - 248,
251. 253. 259, 262
6cpcra T1ma wepMoe1>1e, wepMoeoro
nma Ill - 'JJ57
.B~a THna wxepuble Ill - 175, 248.
6cpcroea11 3011• Ill - in.
183,
198. 201, 205, 206
lkpcroeaH ...11111• lll - 118, 139.
175, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 194.
199, 208. 219, 22.0. 221, 2'22, 24 1,
260, 273, 285. 288
Gcperoea• nner4'0pMB Ill - 188,
198, 299
6cpcroaaH paenm1a Ill - 139,
247, 289
111 -
DOTO!< If 8HOCOB
227
l;epcrosoi< }'CT)'D 111 - 188, 190
248, 6cpcro81Je OpH3bl 111 - 8, 241, 243
- aa.1b1 I - Ill; II - 300;
Ill - 35, 136. 165, 194, 205, 268
6cpcroBl>lc JUOfflJ I - 189; II - 300;
Ill - 175, 240, 241, 244, 247
S.:peroeble .iH111111 (Teppacw) 111 - 35.
174, 175, 181, 190, 194. 195, 199,
203. 206, ~. 219, 220, 243, 260. 288
6cpcroe.,c n1t»UH noAJ1•T1Je 111 -
221-222
Gepcroewe .111u1111 noAHllTblC APCllne-
WKCHHC><He 111 - 225
6epcroe.,e m1111111 noAHHTblC Kapa11raT-
cK11e Ill - 225
5cpcroeuc mourn no11.11Hr1>1c 11ooo•cp-
110Mopc•11e 111 - 225
13cpcroeble .nmnrn no111111T1>1e y3y11nap-
CtC11e Ill - 225
GcperOBblC JlHllHH 110.1\Hl!Tl>le ••yn1111-
CKllC Ill - 224-225
Gcpcroeble >1ope111>1 I - 281
pae1111H1J I - 388
Beccro•HOClb Ill - I 03
6eccro•H1>1e enaAHHbl 111 - 39, 58, 96.
IOI, 103
611Kap()o11nu II - 5
6110C4>epa Ill - I 74
611c1>ypuuu11 I - 345
6no•-1111arpaMMbl I - 151
6.no.,lblit pcnbecl> II - 311, 49~, 497
6ny>t<na1111c pcKH I - 353
6-11011ua II - 122, 312
60K088ff 9p031rn I - 212; Ill - 49
60KCllTIA II I - 164
OO.%C0llbl Ill - 50, 97, 103, 105, 107,
110, 117
6oM61~ 8)",1K81flNCCKllC II - 41 3
6oM61>1 ey.1KBHH'ICCKllC c cx11c6110A
KOpKOO• II - 340
6opoa.11a cr.ia>t<neau1111 I - 517
6pax11aHTHK.nr11a.nH II - 230, 247, 269,
469; Ill - 287
6potrn a6co.11ornoro lfaKOMCHllA Ill -
164
6poHH, 8.1-10reHllblC Ill - 164, 165,
186,
166. 169
6pOHH 8YfHrellHblC Ill - 164
Gpo1111poeam1oe nnaro Ill - 166, 168
6p~~1pyio111HA n11acr Ill - ll 5, 163,
174,
195,
6poHll 11yCT1JHll8ff Ill - 26
245, 6yrpHCTblC necKn Ill - 42, 55, 93, 94,
95, 244
193, 6yrpHCTblC TOpcl>•HHKH II - 541, 544,
547. 548
187,
6yrpbl rp)'llTOBhlX 11aneneA II - 52.0
6 )TPbl·Mor11JU>»HKH II - 549
200, 6yrpb1 n)"ICHHH 11 - 273, 311, 315,
521, 544, 546
6ynrp111XH II - 521, 523

.348 349
 BTop11• 11ue N1111cpa.1 .. 1 12, 45, 47; 6).1K8Hbl C.10lKHLIC II - 300
6 )petmc 11a •opa.1.1 001.1~ p11cj>a>. Ill - B1t) TfH1rpy11roaan K011.1c11cau11n 111 cr.011CT1Je II 300
2811. 281 , 282 Ill 149 IUllToo6p3311LIC I I - 357, 359,
36, 41 Bro1ln'lt11oU' 1o1opc11111i1e pan1111111.i1 I -
h)'p088R CKB3>Kl1118 Ill 104, 266 B1t)Tp11Marcp11KOONC Gaccefo11bl III 455
bhlCTpllllli I - 320. 575: II - 302: 178 595 llliHCTl>n uanne I - 21 : Ill 106, 107,
Ill - 134 Brop11•11tblii pc:ibccjl I 67
Bo11a rnrpocK01111•1ccKnn I - 195 • Btopoii CJIOii» II I - 320, 324 11 3, 131, 135. 192
lh pooorne 6yrp1.1 111 95, 204 rpau11Tau1101111an Ill - 41, 42 l3y.1Kn11111M II - 223; Ill 185, 312, UL1°'vrp11oa1111e 61to.11orut1ccKoc 11 l
rpyuroean I - 19S; Ill 4Z 315 . 3 16. 320. 321, 324. 327. 331, 101
Ba.111 Ill - 45, 46, 47, 107, 'lJ!,7 IJ2
338
n..ocrpnOllllllC M3611p81M b110C Ill - 15
Ba.1111Ao.oc o.1c.::c11t1111r I - 492, 502, Bo.1a Ramcinnp11an I 195 cn311yrpn KHapy>KH»
Bp••H ll"''CK8R 8KK)'M)'.1MUllR - Ill
548 l\!lCllO'IHatl I 195 Ill 13
175 Ill -
Ba.iHKOOblC BOMl)"Tuc 110.'IMro HH c .ie IOOCHIL1bH3R 11 ·169 Byn•a1111•C<"•• • aKT11011ocn. Ill 175, 8blOCTf)HBaHllC HHCO.iflUllOttHOC
,!!RllLIMll KJIHl!bRNlt 11 496-497 Bor.onan .. I 341 . 111 46, 134. 26U 339. 340 12 , 161
Bany11bl n11paMllA8AbllblC I II 19 llOCCMllTCKoro T1111a I By.'11<a11nt1cc1u1n Jl.CHt e .11.11ocTb 111 Buee1p11oa1111e Mopocrnoc 1 9, 42,
Ba~ (TCKT01111•cc•11c 4>op•n•) II 323; Ill - 200 175, 312 596: II - 24 1: Ill 154
BoJIQna.~bl 111rnrapcKoro 111na I - 322 By.nt\Ollll'iCCK8H JlCATC.'lbllOCTb 3 KCO/!O•
Buncro11•a1111c cencKr11011oc Ill - 23
BaJ11< Ocpcrou,.c Ill 186, 194 Bo.1opaJAcnL1 I 341; Ill - 108 UlllllaR II 449. 452 B1.1oc•p11oa1111c co.ocsoe 111 - 12
11p1tp)'c.1001.1c II 305. n 6o•oH,.e I - 341 Bi-,.a1111•1tt1<a• A<llTC.11>110C1• !Mjlcj>p11e· - coroaoe Ill - 13, 14,
Ba111100 ..e .18HAW3cj>T.. I 593, n- BToporo 11opn.11<a I 34l 11an II - 452 17, 51
16. 84, 116, 132: Ill - 96 r nasHNC I - 341 By.1Ka1t1t• (·ru11 •011a II - 446, 451 s ...ecTpll03Hlte C'ttllHOC I II - 45
Ba11111.1 ( 1aMKH),.,.C »11 111•11,.) Ill - Ao.•111111,.c I - 341; 111 - oonacTb II - 329 cj>H3H•CCKOC I - 41,
96 lf-.6 54 55, 94: Ill - 12, 52, IOI, 106,
Bp•a1111•icc•11C annapar1< II - 324
Ba1111u cu.111cruc II - 309 no.1op83AC." bl N8TCPllK08LIC I - 341 6oM6bl II - 339 -340, 112, 131, 161, 162
BaTT,. Ill - 269 c6op111;e I 341 359. 397, 413, 415 B 1uJCrp11oaH 11C XllMll•CCKOC I - 43;
B11on•6cpcrosoe rc•1c1111c II I - 183, HOAOC6op11blc BOJ)OllKll I - 138, 201. ~)'.1K81111•CCKllC KOHYC"' I II - 156. 175. I ll - 12, 101, 102. 131. 132, 135,
2()(), 227, 285 207; 11 - 137, 276 296, 323, 333, 339. 340, 341 136. 138, 140, 145, 151. 100
B.10.·11>6cpcroeoii nOToK 11a11ocon Ill - llonoynop III - 39, 4(\ I 02 .Ry 0Ka1111•«'.KllC na11A1.Uacl>T,. II 143, l31.1ocrp11oa1111c 11•c11croc Ill - 14, 162,
197. ~. 305 1!0Jo611oe.1c1111e 9KC110311u1111 I - :.! I, 87; 330 167. 169. 188
Bccpa 6.1);i;Aa1111J1 II - 314 Ill - 137 8)'.lh3fttl'IC°'KC 11aH.Q.lUa¢rrw a~THBJlble Bb111aa.1c1111 .. e 03,. I - 585
Bellk088R T)'HAj>8 II - 554 Bon11a Tpoxo11AU•11an 111 - 118 II 330-331 BtJA811HyY8R !l,e.'lbTa 111 - 583
Bt PTHK8J:bH8R IUIPKYllRUHR II - 11 BOJlliOBOC TC•ICllHC Ill 177, 181, lM Bpn-:aml'ICCl\He naH.D.watTw )"racwei'1 BLIA) II 111 - 242, 243
BcpT1tKa.%HOC paC'lncuc1111e I - 25; Bom1osoll noroK 11a11ocoe Ill - 201 nc••cn•110C111 II - 33(} 331 8b1Kntll111Bat<HC rp)'11T08blX DOA Ill

e~:Ora oonu,.
II - 158 Bo.111011blc 11a11>t<CHHR II - 224; 111 - .By11•a1111•1cc•11e o6pa3ooa1111• Ill -
Bcpx1111n ypose11b Ac11y11au1111 II - 201. 144, 172, 178, 179, 183, 186, 193, l!lll, 111 - 178, 180, 195
104 • BNUOC"ll~ cMCK I ll - 18, 57, 266
3W 200, 201, 203. 204, 206, 207, 247, 271, By.1Ka1t11•1ccK11c w,1aK11 II - 339. 340
Bcpx1rn• Ma11T11n 3c,.nu III - 320, 299 RMCHllll I 20 8bl<Ucna•111sa1111e Ill 164, 169
331. 339 Bo.111onp116oR11an 11111ua III - 189, 19!" Byn~a1111t.1~Ku:i1 aKK)'N )'.'IRTHOt1b1H -run
llwuc.1a•111oal0Ulce AC~cin11~ 111 39
Bcpu11111a onoJU11n I 311 191 , 192, 282 ~· 1 -9
BC1(1081R OC)'WK3 Ill 265 130.lHbl 111 - 159, 190 B~ nK8t11t•CCKHR O'IBr II 428, 464
TcJjj, Ill - 67, 70, 89. 116 ll<"TPQBblC lfl - 179 DCllC.1 II - 339; 111 - r uoo6paJ11blC npo.1,l'KTIA 8)'JIKaHll•C·
lkrpoaoA nom• 1t•Cbl<UCH11bli1 I II - ~ b16H Ill 138, 139, 179 199, 3:11~ 34 1 CKllX ll38CPlKCllllit 11 - 343- 344
243 CCHtMHqCCIOIC 111 - 324 By.i.a111.-cc•11it nccoK II - 339, 341, fai\oTN (rni1orbl) I - 26; 11 - 423-
Bcrpoeon nomK 11e11ac,.mc1111.. A 111 - CTOR•lllC Ill - 182, 335 375 424 447· Ill - 324
241, 242 Bo.10K I - 342 By.1Ka1111•1cc•11r1 rye!> 11 342, 359, rancpcn11,,;c ncca II I - 45
Bcrpoaoli pc"'"'' III - 6.5 cB(lllOW n cno II 34 I. 453 389. 4(,(i fa.1a11a I ll - 25, 46, 51, 52, 00, 61,
Bc-rpo ncc•1a11 .. i1 nccoK Ill - I 9, 24 I, Bopo11•11 s0Aoc6op111•e I - 138, 201, By.1• a1111<1ecK11i1 xproer II 446, 458 63. 100. 114, 115, 117, 11 8
244 21JT; II - 137, 276 Bp•a1111•cc•oe uaropbe II - 303, 446 r accu Ill - 86
Bep•11an MCP3JIOTa I - I63 BopouKe Kapcroe1,1e II - 276 By.1Kl lllJ Ill - 279, 3 17, 339, 341 rcruep"' 11 - 412, 428. 431, 432-
BlMOPbC III - 186 noocpx11ocr11oro pacieope1111R - rasallc1<oro r1111a II - 370 437, 457. 458, 460
B11prau11n (ropH,.X ucncfi) II - 163 II - 51 ACllCT8YIO<UllC II 445; rcl'tacpKrn II - 442
250. 254 • 8opoHKH npoBSAbllble JI - 51, 52 111 314 r e.1car11r 111 - 132 •
R1ttn•11c /!OllHlll.I Ill 189, 2(i() npocac.. sa1111n II - 38, 51. lly 1•a11N 01011oreHHliC II - 3S4. 355 ft.•Uf.."THlt~Kne n mbl pao111tH ll - 29;,
B11cn•11A rop113011y BJ18lt<110CT11 Ill 1\4, 310 DOABOAlll•C II - 456, 457, - - pc.1bctjla I - 121
41, 61, 133 BocxonJ1w11H KOHBCKTUOllblH nOToK 4.58, 459; I II - 314, 327 4>0p>11, pc:1•c4>a I - 12I
Buxpceoc A81tlKC1t1te Ill - 179 Ill - 336 Bp1K8llbl no:mrenHblc 11 360, 366, r c11CTH•1CCKlli1 P•ll I - 11 7; Ill - 96
Bnn"'uocib OT11oet1rcn•11•• Ill - 6, RocxoAJ1m11A run pa3011THR I - 21 378 rcoanTllKAltllaJ!ll I 15.'l
29, I 16, 152 BnaAKllbl o•pa111111blx wopcr1 111 - 337 fcorpacj>ll'tCCKllC A8JljJ.UIOcl>r"' ll l - 48
Bp•an .. no.111ueHTp11•ec•11c II - 451. fcorpacj>ll'ICCKMC nap8AOKCU R)'Cl"llll
6.1CKON .. A OOnOMO•llblH M8Tepll8JI B BpcMc1111,.i< rop1130llT rpynroe,.x eo.:i.
pci<e Ill - 135, 227 459 Ill 4, 46
KlpCTa II - 19 B yn• aHH 11oryxume II - 445, 447, 450,
llnolKcH11,.e rporn I - 523 HTOPH•11oe p33seaa111~ nCCKOB Ill - 458 r co11.l 1 - s. 24 ; 111 - 334. 335
8Mb1Dal1HC II I - 27 18, 63. 94
351
350
fCOKPftTH\leCKOC CMClllClfHe 6cperOBOA
nm11111 I - 11 O; Ill - 175, 222, 252,
254
r COKPll030Ha II - 485, 491
fCOKp110.11or1rn I - 168
reonorH•eCKaff tl>auHH I - 19
rconorlt'1ecKHC crpyk"TYP"' I - 16, 25
feot.tarHUTHble Ha6n10nCHllfl
jl088HllR) llJ - 336, 343
(HCCJ1e·
rc0Mopt1>onorlt'1ecKHC ypoe1111 I -
159, 411
fCOMOpcpo.noMlt!CCKH(I KO?>tn~1eKC
199
feo•<0Pt1><>-1oru• I - IO
rcoc1111Knm1am1 1 - 37, 148; II -
Ill - 312, 331
feOCHHKJ11t11anbllbliit JI - 296
pc>KnM
reo1CKTOH11•1CCK11il umu1 II - 231
feoc;t>H3H(ICCKHC MeTOJl.lll llCCJlCAOBaHHff
II - 284; III - 320, 321
r cpU,HHC:Kllit oporcHH\ffCKHit UH.Kn
231, 236
fCTllT Ill - 131
f11Jlporconor11•ecKHe yc.ooe11n III - 61
f11Jtporpa11>11•ecKaH CCTb 11 - 306, 307;
Ill - 49, 64, JOO, 101, 109
fHJlPOAHH3MH'lectmA: pe>KllM
Ill - 264, 265
fHAPOKpaTH•eCKoe nepeMcwe1111e 6cpc·
roe1'1x JIHHHH III - 222
fHAponaKKonnw I - 96; II - 311,
521, 522, 523, 536; 111 - 222
f11ApocTaTH•CCKoe paonoeec11e 111 -
183
f11J1poct1>cpa I - 91; Ill - 174
rnilon.1 Ill - 324, 33.1, 334 , 338, 339,
341
f1m0Teaa rop1tJ0111anbHOro nepeMCLLtc·
llHff llJ8TCpHK08 I - 154
fHnOTe33 KOH8CKTH8Hb1X Te'ICtutil
M8HTllH 3CMJIH IJI - 333
r11n0Tesa no)lKOpoeblx TC•e1111il 0. A>in·
11>epepa I - 153
fHOOTe33 paJJ.H03KTHBHblX umuroo }l>K.
}llKon11 I - 154
funoTC3a pacwMpcmrn no>Ka ot<caHa
Ill - 337
r1mcorpa¢11•ecKan Kp1188R I - 28, 29
r "pno 111 - 269
r11pnHHAbl OCTpOBHLIX Ayr III - 337
r JICT•epHblil Jle)l I - 421
fn111111ble M1t11epanL1 111 - 131
fno6•n•n•• cncreMa Ill - 331
fny61111a MeCTHblX 6a3HCOB 9p031111
II - 308
fn)•6111111ble JlMbTbl Il l - 310
pasnOMLI II - 325, 326,
348; 111 - 312, 317
fny6oKOBOJlHble lKeno6a Ill - 296,
352
31 1, 312, 314-316, 329, 331, 333.
338, 341
r.oy6oKOBOJlllble JlCJ1bT1'1 Ill - 310
- KOTJIOBHHLI (on8]llt1-lbl)
lll - 296. 314, 315, 319, 320, 322.
337-338, 340, 342, 343
r.1y6o•o¢o•ycnble SeMJICTpRCCllllR
III - 312, 3 17
r.tbl60Dble ,,ll8Ha\CHHR .1e...'l.HllK08
104, 461
f.1RUH3.1bllO·lBCTaTH"lecKaSI TeOpllR pH·
J - tl>oe Jl•JUt Ill - 281, 282
fon•uo••• 3011a II - 520
ronhUOOblC TeppacLI I - 97; II -
222; ropa·3aCTe>KK8 II - 184-185
ropusOHT B.13>KllOCTll, aHCSNHA {e nec-
K8X nycrL11111) III - 41
fop113oHT eoJ1011oe11L1il III - 41, 102
- eo;ioynopnblA Ill - I 02
ll."l."IK>BH31JbHLlil 111 -
1I - H8Cb1WClll1" II - I 7
fop113011Tan11 I - 130
fop11so1-1ra.'ibnoe pac•uie11e1111e ropuon
CTP8llb1 II - I 60-161
fop11ao Bepw1111a II - 143. 144
- rpynna ti - 158
naryH - uen.b II - 160
fop1111To II - 341, 345, 360, 386, 399
rop11oc coopylKCflllC II I - 329
ropHblit o6ea." I - 79; II - 136. 137,
153
fopnblit npoxoJl II - 191, 192
- wnci<¢ II - 175
ropCTOBblH ropmwil M3CCllB II - 263;
Ill - r;n, 105, 329, 330
ropCTbl I - 11; 11 - 395
fop"' an&1111AcK11e II - 239
B)'JIK81111"0CKllC II - 244; Ill -
327
r op,. eblcoK11e II - 239, 240
B - r.1L16ooue JI - 245-246, 260,
266, 267; 111 - 49, 50
fopbl·Kono•Ma III - 146
- M11orornbl606ble JI 264. 266,
267
f ophl Mo11oaHT11Knm1an.11L1e II - 247
- OAHOrnbl60•ble II - 264
()C'TaT0•110-rn1'16oB1'le II - 255-
256
fopbl OCTPOBHble 111 - 17, 45
- 11o•poe11oro 111na II - 252
c6pocoeble II - 245, 260
- -CBllJlCTCJlll Ill - 46, 67, 115,
116
fopbl CK.11ai1.-aro-rnb160e1>1e II - 265-
266· Ill - 49
fOpbl' CKJ18)l48Tl,IC JI - 245; Ill -
49-50
ropbl CKn8}l'l3Tb1C C H11Tpy3HRMH M8r·
Mat11•cc•11x nopoJl II - 251
fop"' cpe;tHHe II - 239, 240,
Il l - IS4
ropbl CTOJIOBblC rnbl60eble II - 265
TCk"To1111•ccK11e II - 244, 245,
246
fop"' T·11na 10pb1 II - 251
spoo110H111'1e II - 244
( -
fpa6e11"' I - 71; Ill - 97. 103, 261,
319, 321, 327, 328, 329
fpa611eo6pll3Hb1C lllOHHblC rpRJlbl IJ( -
79, 80
fpae11Merp1Necxa• C'bl!MKa III - 334
fpae11rau11011Hoe 11anpH>Kc1111e II I -
528 150
rpae11Tau1101111oe Ol'CCA8Hlle Ill -
150
tpaenTauHOHHble JlBHlKCHllH II -
npouecc"' 11 -
III - 190
'l1 fpaHHTllbfit cJtoi< acMHOi1 KOptM
298, 299, 312, 314, 315
fpa1111ua 0J1MCHCH1to I - 414
I _ 91acnpocrpa11eHHA sanyuoe
4 .llcnyAau1101111an pae111111a Ill - 160-
fp~i':y~M:f.'J"""""a" copr11p00Ka
fpapei Ill - 53
rpe6e11• eo.111 .. 111 - 178, 179, 182
fpc611eoaH JIHHllH JI - 151
fp116oo6p83H1'1e CK8J1LI II - 313; Ill -
17, 5 1
rp11011crbli1 pen.eel> I - 386
fp11¢oHb1 II - 467, 469
fpOTbl Ill - 191
fpyHT001'1c BOJlbl nyCT1'1Hll I II - I04,
267
rpynTOBblC "'"""' II - 498
KJtHn•n II - 499, 500, 554
fpflJlOOble llCCKH J11 - 55, &I, 103,
11 8, 119
fp••ceoi1 ncee)loey.11Ka1111s11J II - 474;
Ill - 176
fp• 3eeblc ny:u<a111'1 II - 428, 473, 474;
Ill - 176
fpHSClll"C llOTOKH II - 31, 343, 367,
41 1, 451, 453, 454, 463; Ill - 308
fpR3eeble conKn II - 144, 228, 454,
400, 467, 474, 475; Ill - 228
fycrora pe•11oi1 CCTH I - 354
.llaR11 Ill - 103
.llaiiKll JI - 352; Ill - I 90
JlanMaTCKHll Tlm 6epera III - 258
.ll~bl ecrecrec11H1'le I - 255; II I
,UapeltH088 TCOpllH npoHCXOlK)leHUff
aTOnnoe Ill - 279
JlelQl(eH11H e11xpeeble II - 224; Ill -
144, 172, 178, 179, 183
Jle11lKenHH BOJ1HOB1>1e III - 186, 193,
12 06Ul&JI reo1i10Pcl>onontA. T. 3
277; ~· 200-204, 206, 207, 247, 271,
Jl~~t:'.'.llk; KOJ1e68TCnbllble I - 20;
,ilBHlKCllHff sner1poreH11•1ccK11e I - 20
,llcrp8)lauH• >1ep3JlOT1'1 II - 536
.lleJIJIH I - 88; II - 314, 3 15
.llen•ra OblJlBllHYTaH III - 231
3anon•c1111R II I - 230, 231 1,
nonacrHaH III - 232, 235
nan•uco6paa11aH II I - 235
no)lBOAHaR III - 304, 305
cy~a11 I - 223
.llZitoea11 pae1111Ha Ill - 187, 228,
I 12, 1
,Ucn.bTOB1'1e ooepa III -235
273 Ol'MlKCHllll Ill - 288
142; .llcn•tbl II - 297, 298; Ill - 109, 174,
~- 217, 226, 227. 232, 234, 235, 239.
Ill -
.llenioa11a.11•11L1i\ CMblO Ill - 192
wneAtl> II - 277
.llc."IOBllH I - 198; III - 219
163, 169
.!leny)lau•• I - 76; III - 105, 106,
113, 115, 131, 151, 160, 162, 163,
169, 287
.llenpecc1111 penbe¢a lII - 54, 322
TCXTOHH\leCt<oro npoHCXO>K-
)lellHff III - 103
}lcnpeccm1 c11croeoll J111111111 (rpa1111llbl)
I - 504; Ill - 157
,llecKB8M8UllR Ill - 10, 12, 148
.lle¢n11u1101111ble ena)lm•bl II - 314,
318: Ill - 53, 55
Jlctl>nRUllOHllble tl>OPMbl I - 188
Jlctl>nHl(llff I - 20; II - 239; Ill -
18, 58, 91, 98, 100, 101, 102, I 12,
192. 24 2, 244
,lle¢opMau11• "1J)1mco11J1a epaU(enn•
Ill - 335
.lle•re.1•11bli1 cnoi1 II - 487, 490, 534,
549
,ll11aro11a.i•11a• c.1011cr0cr• Ill - 310
.ll11aK.11as"' II - 9, 270, 271; Ill
106, 107, 133, 149, 151
.ll1t8KJ18S1>1 KpHeble III - 149, 151
,lluan11pH3M JI - 400
,ll11am1poeble CKJ18J1K11 I - 155
- CTpYKTYPl>I II - 462
Jl11crapM01111•11"'e tl>opMbl I - 15
,llH3'blOHKTH8HblC Jll\CJIOKBl(Hll Jll
200, 261
.llmme PY"•H II - 137
Jl1111>¢epeHu11au11• MarMbl II - 329, 330
Jl11t1>11>nioe11uHff II - I99
.ll11$tl>YSHblll (pacceHHHblR) CTOK Ill -
112
353
.llnHna sonnhl (.ropCKoil) Ill - 178- .Uom1111>1 TporOBblC I II - 176, 260
180 - V -06pas111>1e I - 231, 233 )Kc.1C311CTl,C 6po1111 Ill - 158, 163, 3cMna• Kopa CHannuqccKafl Ill - 312,
Jl11cnpooc1<0e oJ1e)le11eH11e I - 40'2 •uu1Koo6pa3Hblc I - 233; 164, 166, 171 317
Jlomma (Kapcroea• ¢opMa) II - 4, Ill - 49 i Ke.oca11crue Keapuur1>1 I II - 165 3cpxano rpy11Toehlx BO.ll 11 1 - 40, 42.
45, 9 1, 106; lll - 167 ,llo1111oe Te• e1111c Ill - 183 KOHKpeu1111 I II - 132, 165, 43, 57
,llo:mmran CCTb ;i.peSOBH)J.Hbli't THn I - .Uo1111blc 0Tno>Kc1111• l\M&Tbl I II - 228 171 3onn11 I - 592
339 .Uo1rn1>1r1 nc.ll II - 510 il(C.1C311CTble KOpbl Ill - 132, 158- 3011a aspau1111 II - 16
L(OJUIHH3fl CeTb IUICCKBeJITll blif THO [ - [lpce11cK11MMcp11nc•aH opore1111•ecKaR 160, 165, 170 6 cperoea• II I - 177
339 <)>aaa II - 249 /KCJIC311CTLIC tpy6Kll II I - 165 ecpruxaJ!bHOil u11p1<yn•uu11 (a
,llon111111a• cer b KMbUCBH.llllblil T•n I - Llpemme JlOnnnbf CTOKa ra.'lblX oon Ma· >Kcne311ble COJIH Ill - 164 xapcre) II - 16
340 tep11Koeoro .1c,ll1111• a I - 598 opralllf\.ICCKHX KHC.101 3ona .:lCiiCTeHn npu6olmoro noToKa
Jlonmmast ceTb napanne.nbHhlil Tun I - JlpcnoeHnm,.ii'1 THO pe•rnoA cerH 1 - Ill - 164 Ill - 186
339 339 )l(e.106 Bbl,!lyB311HR III - 62, 66, 99, 100 3011a aa6)'py111rna111111 Ill - 183, 184
.D.°J!391111ast. CCTb ncpHCTblH ·nm [ - Ilpceoe11,llllbli< run ne.llHHKOB I - 433 )Kcno6a r.1y60KOBO.llllLIC I - 160; - neAHH1<oool1 aKKyMyJinu1rn I -
.Upcllcjloeoe Te•c1111e III - 174, 177, Ill - 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317 566, 57&--592
.U01111HH3S1 ceT'h npRMO}TOJlbltblA 1'Hn 183, 247 )l(epno B}'JIK3113 II - 368 3011a JleJlllHKoeoi'I .llCHYll•UHll I - .566
I - 339 Jlpei1¢oeoc TC•1c1111e BltOJlbOepcroeoe c)KcprBCllllblC KOTJlbl• Ill - 150, 151 t.taKcH~rnnbHblX ocaJl.J{OB I - 94
.rtonHllliaJl Cet'b paJJ..H3Jlbffblit THTI Ill - 247 jK11ea• CHJTa 80.llOTOKa I - 199, 20.1; nepHOAU'ICCKoro 00.'I HOro H3Cbl-
340 .UpMcjJTooaH TCOpllfl npOllCXO)!(JlCHllfl Ill - 174, 193 we1111n (e Kapcre) II - 17
.llonHnHaR CeTb pcwe,-.rnTblH Tim 3ppaTwJecsrnx eanyHOB I - 14 1 )l\11.1bHblii .1C.ll II - 435, 497, 498, 500, 3011a np116o• lll - 183
339 IlpyMJll!Hll blH Jl3H.!lW3cjJT I - 577 538, 539 p33JIOM3 llJ - 134, 136, 317,
,llOJIHHHLIC 3311,llpbl I - 507 IlJ>YMJlllHbl I - 577; II - 144 )K1w1>1 I - 71 328
11a11;uuacjJTbl I - 365; lI cJlypHble SCMJlll» I - 144, 384; II n.1acron1>1c I - 72 3oHa 3KB3TOPll8Jlbll8fl Ill - 126, 127
15, 16, 84; 111 - 96 277, 3 13; Ill - 45. 50 CCK}'UU!e I - 72: II - 406, 428 3011an&11ble nyCTblHll Ill - 116
.IJ.on111111b1A BOJ10P33.llCJ1 I - 341; lI - }l10'.HKCJ»<CK1ti1 cyxori ncp110Jl 11 1 - 139 3y6•1ara• 6cpcroea• 1111111u1 Ill - 217,
196; Ill - 166 JllOHllblC 110/lfl 111 - 79, 82 3aa.%cKoe onc,!lc11c1111e I - 591 284, 285
.IJ.o,i1111Hbli1 pcnbccjl I - 200 Ilio1111bli1 UllKJI III - 64 3a6ypy1111 ea1111c III - 181, 183, 184, 3yHJlhl Ill - 222
Jlon1111bl a11aKn1111an&Hble II - 181 [loo11b1 II - 3 12- 313; Ill - 138, 174, 204, 205 3bl6b Ill - 138-1 40, 179-182, 184,
- a11rnKJ11111allb11ble I - 257, 259, 2 12, 242, 2fi6, 273 3a6ypy1111ea1111c Hblp•oowee Ill - 183 197, 264
260; II - 179 ,lllOllbl 6cperOBblC Ill - 244, 245, 247 CK0Jlb3RLUCC III - 183 3wp•HCKOC OJICACHCJHIC I - 507, see
.ll.on1111bl BTCKTOllll•CCKllC I - 257 eanoo6paa111>1c 111 - 24 1 3ae11xpc1111H B03Ayxa Ill - 62. 66, 67,
BllCHq11e I - 322; Ill - 189 o s11J1.e napa1111enb11blx nonn 74, 75, 91, 95, 99. 100 H J611parc.1b11a• Jle11yJlau11• I - 54;
·rpaCieHbl II - 179, 188, 267 111 - 81 3arap nyCTb11urbli1 III - 26, 28 Ill - 287
ti_ 1 ~garonanbttble I - 263, 264; Jl.0111>1 ll3lt}'Tb1C II I - 70
B ¢opMc 6yKBLI w 111 - 77
3a.llcp11e1111ble •o•K11 I -
500, 551
96; II - 273. 1'becp>1<c1m• 6oxoe1>1e II -
359, 449
331, 332,
.ll.0111111bl KaTaKn1111an&111>1e lI - 180 rpa6neo6pa3HL1e Ill - 65, 79, 3 a•o11 5epa .5a61ms I - 140, 266 Haseplt<e1111H eepw111111ue 11 - 331
KOHCCKBCllTllble II - 247 24 1, 242 32KOH reorpa<J>UllCCKOH 301-18nbHOCTU n!IHCAHblC II - 327
KOPhlT006pa•11uc I - 517; /.l1011bl h!aTCpu •ooblc I - 602 I - 150 OOllBOJlllblC }( - 308, 449,
Ill - 134 napa6on11•1ee1<11e I - 603; Ill - 33MKllYTb1C 0113/llll!bl IJI - 68, 99 456, 458
JlOJJllllbl MCWKOo6pa311blC II - 29 89, 90, 242, 243 KOTJIOSHHbl Ill - 46, 101 l1JBCp>Kc1111• Tpcw1111111>1e U - 394
- MOllOKJIHHBJlbllblC J - 257, 259; [l.0111>1 n11 pa>111)la.1&11&1e Ill - 82, 83, 33Mb1K310W.He 3KKYM)'.'ISITH811bl(! 6epero .. UC11Tp3JlbHblC II - 327-
II - 179 96 ""'c ¢op.,,. III - 2ce. 213 328
.UOJ111Hbl H3.llPC311blC 1 - 231 Jl!Ollbl OJIOCKllC 111 - 69, 79 3a1111POU1AC pao111111bl I - 596, 597 3KCflJIOSllBllblC II - 331.
11ano>Kc11111>1e cecpxy I - 306 noncpe•m1>1c Ill - 70, 75, 79 3a11.1p1• II - 295 455, 458, 462
11co¢op>1nc1111ble I - 234 npOl\0.1bllb1C 111 - 70. 79, 243 3an.1cq11f11 I - 281; Ill - 143 s• cue111p11•eCK11e II - 331.
o$<)p~wemn,,e I - 234 crpa11creyoo11v1e I II - 68 Jaron.1c1111ble 6 cperooble n11.111111 111 462
noliMcll HblC I - 233, 234 sM6p11011an&11blc I II - 65, 242 219. 314 J13ocCTKooue BOJlopoc.111 III - 176,
n0J1ycnen1>1e II - 29 3aTOOJICHHblC MOpCKllC TCppacbl Ill 277
noncpc•mhlc 1 - 262; II fau<OCTb eCTpoeoro nor oKa Ill - 24 1 219, 220 113BCCTKOBblC KOpbl II I - 47
179 llOTOK3 H3110COB Ill - 201 3e.iner pnce1111R II - 464; III - 153. HsoectKOBblit necox 111 - 272
.ll.on1111bl npCl\OnpeACJICllllblC pa3J10M8Mll 208. 213 184, 185, 308, 312, 314, 321, 327 H sny•11111>1 pcK11 (Mea11,llp1>1) I - 235
I - 262 EpllKH Ill - 230 3cMnerp•ccnH• rny6oxo¢o•yc11&1e II - Ha22(;'.:~~ OblCOTbl 6aa11ca apoa1111 I -
.ll.on1111u npo,llOJlbHblc 1 - 257; II - ECTCCTBCllHblC ,ll3M6bl I - 255; Ill 325; Ill - 312
178; Ill - 217 304 3e.inflHble n11paM11Ahl I - 551-553; l-13o6aa"' Ill - 222
.IJ.on1111bl c1111Km111aJ1bHhlc I - 257, 258; E<Tccree1111b1e MOCTbl II - 38; 111 II - 185, 190, 275 113o6atbl III - 181, 186, 200, 204, 226
II - 179 190 3c>111a• •opa Ill - 331, 333 l13or11nc,. I - 130
.ll.on1111"' CKe0311ue I - 300; II - 182 ECTecree1111ble waXTbl II - 25, 44, 45, - M3TCp11KoBafl Ill - 229, l130CT3311fl I - 154
CJICOblC II - 29 49, 50 298, 312, 316, 317 J1JOCT3TH•CCKllll 111 - 221
c TpeyrOJlbHblM noncpC\fHb1M 3cMna• xopa o•ea111111cc•a• II I -
299, H aocraTINCCKoe onycxa1111e III - 339
npo¢11.1c>1 I - 2:1 1 )l(rv•ee o6na•o (Ty.a) II - 451 312, 314, 31&--317, 320, 324, 331, l1aocraT1NecKoe pae11osec1re II - 234·
332, 337. 339, 341 Ill - 163, 221 •
354 12° 355
 J<aper lSawe1mwri II - 87, 95-97, 98, J(nHMllT ce301111081lalKllb1R Ill - 126,
llnnuuoit0<oe onCJtelltHHe I - 509 KanbJlepbl B3pblna II - 372-373 143 158
Hnn1tT Ill - 131, 149 OOp)'lllH8811HA II - 373 Kaper nmoouLIA II - 142 Kn11MaT ceM11apn.llH&1ft I - 101; Ill -
H11oepcHOHHblll pcnbe$ II - 244 - 9po31101111ble II - 374 rJ1y6oK11ii II - 20, 80 50, 105, 112, 161
1'111ocpc11A reoMar1111THOro nOJIA 3CMJIH K8Jl&u11$11J1&Hble pacrm111H II - 4 - ronbl(• I - 156; II - 4, 36- Kn11MaT CCMHIJ'MHJlllblA yMepe1111L1x
Ill - 337 K&Me1111 ble eanw 11 - 528 37, 80, 84, 103, 105 WllpOT I - 98
1'111ecpcuK pen&e$a I - 74, 130; Ill - 8CHUbl II - 502; Ill - 156 KapCT 1<.1accw1eCKHH II - 10; Ill - i(JtllM8T 9K83TOpHBJlbHblA Ill - 155,
165, 169, 427 rup.~AHJlbl II - 528 156
rp116t.1 Ill - 17, 21 142
Ji~HOHH3R 6yXT8 Ill - 269, 276, Kaper KOllH•e0<11i1 II - 98, 102; Ill - K/lHM8Tft'ICCl\.3JJ CKet'088A J'IHllHJI I -
- KOJlbU8 II - 490, 501--503, 411; Ill - 156, 157
505, 508 143
HHrpec<:KA wopA Ill - 249, 252, 255, Kaper KOTnoauHHblil II - 99; Ill - l\nllHOBHAllO·rnbl6o•U ropnaA ueru.
256, 268, 284 Kawei•Hble KOH}'Cbl II - 341 143 II - 262
JiMMMBTOpbl Ill - 29, 40 ne;tHlll<H II - 135 K.i1111ou1t.llHO·>KHJ1bl't&1e JtbJIU II - 495,
!(aper MC.1KllH II - 20, 21
H t1CC1<BCHTH8A pe«11u CHCTeMa I - 310 - wuoroyronbHHKH II - 142, HanpaBJ1ellHb1A II - 11 540
ce1'b 801\0TOKoa II I 279, 315, 490, 501. 502, 503, 505, 508, 1(.111110BllJlllblC TPCUlllHbl I - 596
op11e11r11poea1111hli1 II - II
89 509, 530; Ill - 156 norpe6e1111blit II - 84, 109, 113 l\m1$ I - 109; Ill - 67, 137, 188,
Mnc~Kec11t11blit nm pe~uon ceTH l - KaMe1111ble MOP• 1 - 596; II - 134, noKpblTblfl I - 156; II - 36, 189, 19'2. 193, 194, 219, 222. 240, 256
339 155, 406, 414; Ill - 107 cK..•IO'leeble ropw1<11> 11 - 25, 26, 50,
Ka .. e1111&1c no.10Cbl II - 142, 274, 490, 38, 42, 80, 84, 276, 310
HucomauuouHaA TeOpHR aCHMNeTpnu 51
491, 502, 500, 531 Kaper COJIMHou II - 142
AOJUUI I - 268-269 cpeJuJeeeponellc•Hll II - 38 KnlO'lcable ua.1e.iw II - 509
l11:~1RUJ10HHoe at.1BeTp•eauHe II - l(a>1e1<Hble peweTKM 111 - 14, 15, 18 KoarynAUHH Ko.tnOHJIO• 111 - 226
Kawe1111ble $eC'IOllbl II - 490 - rponHKoa rponH•CCKHll II
10, 9 1; Ill - 142-144 Kone6a1111• 3ndporenH•e0<He Ill -
M11rep$<'peH1UlR npAMblx u orpa>Ken- KaM11enaJ1bl II - 270 134
KapCTollO·CY4>4>03Ho1111blA Ill - 87.
""'x BOJlll Ill - 182 K&MllH K8•8IOUUICCll Ill - 22, 23
100, 102 Ko.1e6aTeJ11>11ble .11e11>Ke1111A I -
16, 20,
1-!11rpy311e11ble rena II - 216, 429 KaM1>1 II - 584, 585 27, 147; II - 222-224; Ill - 134,
H11rpya1111 rny6111111blx l'Op11t.1x nopoJI J(auan npoJ1Yea111111 111 - 189, 192 Kapcroeble 6nio.llUa II - 44, 45, 46,
- CTOK8 I - 138, 20'2, 203, 207, 106 163. 335
111 - 218 KapcTOBblC eopoHKH 11 - 44-46; t(OJ!JlOHAbl I - 47
Jiu$H.1bT'pAUHA Ill - 40, 146, 153, '.l08 l\0.1bM8T8>K Ill - 139
IG6-167 Kau3aCO<oe one;tellCHHe I - 509 Ill - 102
l(apcroable 11erO'IH11x11 II - 22 KOJ1&ueaHJl11&1it Tn n ~1on cer11 I -
HoJ11>J1Heaoe wope Ill - 222 K&RbOH I - 230: Ill - 45. 49 l(OllO,llllbl II - 44, 45, 48, 340
1-knapAewocn. Ill - 9 Kaon1111 Ill - 131 KoN6111111poea11uu1 runoreaa WeuapJ18
Hcno.1•uoet.1 KOTJlbl I - 214, 452; 11 - l\80JIHHMT Ill - 131, 149, 160 52
l(apCToOble o6naCTu II - 3; Ill - 143 olSr83088HHA TI0.1180JIHblX KBHbOHOB
16$-166; Ill - 135, 198 Kanen•u1>1c •011ycu II - 341 cnepeyJ1K1t• II - 12, 95 II - 306
J1CT0•1H11K11 eoKJU03CKlle II - 24, 56, J(anttnn11p11aA KanMa Ill - 41 , 42 l(oMnncKcnOCT'b n!l'laeH118A II - 314
KamtnnHpnoe no.111111rne Ill - 26, 27, nnaro II - 15
142, 175 npoueccbl II - 3, 9; Ill - paer11Tenb11&• II -
JICTo•H1tK11 ronoJ1t1ble II - 22 38, 39, GI, 98, 99 314
11cno.111111c•11e II - 24 l\an11J1nHp11oerb 111 - 61 100, 101
Kapcroewe u.1enHR II - 276; Ill l\oMMCKCbl 1>top4>0llor1t•1ecH11e II - 309
- NHt1epa.1&11ble II - 428, l(apa11raTCl(aA ttppaca 111 - 225 KOllllCKTHBHblC OOTOl<H eeuteCTB8 M8H•
l\apacy Ill - 44 275
431. 432 Kapcroat.111 itallJllJJ•~ II - 3 Tl<H 3ewnH Ill - 317, 331, 332
l!CTO'IHHKH noJtnOPHblC II - 23 l\apit1111rH I - 542; II - 141, 144, J(OllaeKTH81lble R'>CHICll 111 - 331, 333,
-:::_ npccuOBOAHblC 118 Jllle wop• 152, 3fj7 - pen&ecl> ll - 132, 143
Kapoeble neAHHKH I - 428 l(araKnll3wbl I - 132 336
11 33 Karacrpo4>113M I - 132 Ko11ee•uH• II - 7, S. 129
Mero-1111K11 c11$Qnt1ble nepuoim•CCK11e JICCTllHUU I - 532 Ko11ocprcuT11ble <)>oopM"' I - •118
ooepa I - 544- 546; II KayJlcJip11sa1J.11• Ill - 89
II - 23 Kay.11cAp"' Ill - 89, 242 Ko11eeprcnu11• eonn Ill - 181
Hero•1111Ku cyClaKO&nbnble II - 515 27 1 KouJ1encau11• eHyrp111-pyuroeaR Ill
Kappoe1>1e noucpxuoci11 II - 272 Kee•p Ill - 57, 99, 117
cy6>1ap1t11Hble II - 34, 35 KH~H1tcK11i'l u•HTP one)le11eu11• I - 41
- TepN8JlbHblC II - 428, non• II - 39-41 l(OltC'IHO•MOpeHHblA rpA.ll08blll na11.11-
431-432. 465 Kappbl II - 38-40, 42, 46, 142; Ill - W8$T (pen&e$) I - 580
188, 198 <KH10Dble CJIHHbl> Ill - 50, 107, 169
HCTO•HHKH yrnCKMC.1ble II - 428, 431, Knacc11$11K8UHA 6eperoa Ill - 246 Ko•KpeunH >t<ene311ble 111 - 132
Kappbl e BUAC C.1CJIOB .1owa.111r II J(o11wpeuHll Ill - 21, 53
432 l(naeroi<apcr II - 109, 112, 119
H~C38IOUlHe pet<H 11 - 114, 115 42 Ko11CCKBeHT11ble pei<H I - 390
KnnMaT ap11ru1wn I - 94; Ill - 105,
Kappbl >Ke.1o6•oe1>1e II - 42 112, 126. 161. 177 KOHCOl111.ll8UHR It - 246, 200
'1(&8THllr8 Ill - 158 Ha11aeKoo6pasut.1e II - 42 KnHMOT enonue apHJlHblll I - 100 Ko11raKT0•1>1e so11bl HllTPY9"" II
J(an•.Ao110<aH opore1111•1ecKaH 9noxa Mea11)lp11pyiow11e II - 43 ryMllJlHbll\ I - 94, 97; Ill ·283
II - 235, 236 newcpH blC II - 44 96, 126 Ko11rH11C11T 111 - 333
Kane.11oncKJ1ii opore•11•ce1rni1 UMK.1 II - nooipblrble II - 44 K0t1ru11cHTMbll&R J1e11yAau11R Ill
231 nonblC II - 44 50, 107
np116oll11&1e II - 44; Ill - 198 KnMMIT 1mean1>11blll I - 46, 48
J(aMA-apronoeblA WCTO.ll 111 - 337 OOJ!ApHblA I - 95 KoHTp&KUHo•naA teopHR I - 36, 147,
l(anb.llCPbl II - 368, 371-372, 375, creu11we II - 43 159
rpewMHHble 11 - 43 - C8B8HHbl I - 100· Ill - 126,
378, 385, 389, 452, 453-455, 457, 158, 159, 162, 164, 169 • Konycbl eynuau11•ec1me K3 pblXAOl'O
559, 461, 462 Kaper II - 3, 4; Ill - 96, 98, 258
357
356
 :11attp11ana 11 - 358---.JOO l(pnep II - 328, 361, 362, 36i, 371. Jlaooe"'e nOTo•• II - 343, 380-381; RO)U!Olt<HA I - 436
l(oH)C"' o•rnoca I - 138, 199, 203, 397, 398, 429, 449, 473; Ill - 176, 391; Il l - 175 JlcAHHKll Dpe,lll'Op111>1e I - 436
204, 206, 207; II - 135. 137, 138, 279 Jlaaoa1>1e ¢io11Ta11bl II - 357, 386 peresepupoaaH111>1e I - 432
154, 166. 196. 'l:l'T; Ill - 44, 11 0, l(paTcp11uc 6yxT"' II - 374, 376, 400 Jlaaoouit rpor II - 383 c.1olK111>1e I - 433
137, 145, 166, 30'l. 305 03Cpa II - 374, 412, 449, - K)'Jl()ll II - 386 CT}'neHeo6p83KblX noeepxno-
l<<>H)W ocuncl\ I - 79; II - 135, 137 451, 452, 458 T}'HHenb 11 - 383-384 creil I - 427
napas1mNcorne II - 359, 378, l(p&Tcp"' 60Koa1>1e 11 - 445 Jlary11a 111 - 138, 139, 206, 213, 216. Jle,1111HK11 TeCHHHHYe I - 435
379 ll3P1>1•• II - 347, 353, 396 226, 227, 229, 235. 256, 258, 264, 265. Tp8HC<ll.nl03HTHUC I - 431
1(011uca"'e 6acccit111>1 I - 558 n11.11bnHJ1Ap111>1c II - 473 269, 270, 273, 275, 276, Z77, 2SO, TypKecTanCKoro runa I -
l(opa B1>11JCTp11ea111t• I - 46, 47, 79- no,1111nT11• I - 133 281, 285 434
82, 209; If - 134, 135, 245, 277, 293, l(pHBl~C ,llH8KJl83bl 111 - 149 JI 8r)'ll8·38JIHB Ill - 266 JleAHl<KO••• wn111lloe•a 111 - 222
400, 404; 111 - 48, 126, 131, 132, l(p1tK1t (cyx1tc 1101111111>1 AeCTpan1111) - ·ooepo Ill - 266 JleJll!llXOBO·aKKy>iynRTllBlll~A pc.nbC<ll
133, 134, 13(), 145, 146, 148, 153, 154, Ill 45 ·COJ!OHqaK 111 - 266 1 -96
158, lf.:J, 165, 168, 199 l(p11orc1111blc npoucccbl II - 490, 525 Jlary11 11blc Ocpcr a Ill - 139 ncJUUIKObOC Bbln 8 XH88UHC. - 77;
l(opannoe1>1c 6cpcrn Ill - 270 - cj>OfM"' II - 491 llaKKOJIJITbl I - 72, 134, 144; II - Ill - 96
OCTPOB8 Ill - 276 Kp11oryp6au11• I - 499, 500 326, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 446, Jlc,111111Koeoe >iono•o I - 447
- p1ttl>bl 11 1 - 140, 142, 185, cl(pblJJaTblfi> MblC III - 212 450, 452; Ill - 149 Jlr111111•ooblc aopora I - 422
216, 247, 267, 270. 271- 277, 279, l(ynHcoo6pa311oe pacnMo>Kc1111e 11 - Jla111111ap11oe reqcu11e Ill - 309 Menbu1tu,. I - 452
280. 317 164 lln11,11walj>T cCiapaHbllx .n6oe> Ill - o6eanbl I - 462-463
l<oP•MOBblli H38CCTllMK Ill - 275, l\y.nyapb1 II - 135, 271 300 CTBKBH•HKH I - 455
280-282, 339 1()110J1 II - 152 Jla11.11wa¢>T ea11Hoa1>1r. II - 16 CT0.11,. I - 455
l(opaMOBblA nec:oK Ill - 199, 273, '"CTPY311Bllb1H I - 73; II - ,llOllHHHblQ II - 15 uapanH111>1 Ill - 157
274. 276, 277 353-354 ,11()11HHHblH II - I S UHpl<H I - 419, 420, 530
l(op&Mbl Ill - 142, 270-272. 274, l(ycTODLle 6)'f1lbl II I - 67 ,11p)'NJ1H110e I - 577 wpaNbl Ill - 222
275, 279, 281, 339 l<>.,.C•ble necKH II - 314; Ill - 67- KYDOJIOBl'JlllbtX 8038bllJJeH · Jle.nonllJlbl I - 451
l(opK>I 6pollllp) IOlllHC Ill - 163-168 68, 95, 244 KOC'reA K8J>CTII TpollltKOB II - 94 JlcA•Hoii lllHT I - 439; II - 488,
l(opKOBUC PH<llbl Ill - 273, 274, 275 l(y3cToea A rp•.na I - 219 Jl8HJ1W8$T OCH08HOH MOpcllbl I - 576 Ill - 2'21
l(op11u rop II - 234; Ill - 331 l(y3CTOBl>lii NOCT I - 391 - OCTP0•111>1x rop Ill - 104, JleAAHble lKAAhl II - 496, 497, 498
l(oppo3HM I - 76, 211; Ill - 15, 246 THI! penbelj>a I - 68, 388 106, M2, 113 - norpe6e11111>1c II - 498
- RCC'l81!0·8CTpo8811 II - l<)-:tCTbl I - 121, 388; II - 145; 111- Jla1111wa$T OCTpoBHhlX OKpyTJIOBCP· - c1t11reHCTH•1CCKHe II -
312; Ill - 20 100, 167. m w1t11Hb1x eoseti1wem1oc:TeJt I - 388 498
l(oppos11r.11oc ohlp•o1111ea1111e II - 63 l(blpOBLIC CK8 MCAKll Ill - 46, 89, 92 Jla11.1111181llT OCTpo011 "'x CTOJIOOO·CX.'T&ll· ne:1vnr1i1c >KHJJl.J smtreHeTll\leCKtle H
l(oppo31101111 1>1ii npouccc 111 - 143 l(Rp113bl 111 - 37 UCOblX 8030blWCtlllOCTCil I - 387 498
l(op1>1 r1mcoo1>1c 111 - 26, 47 Jla11,11wacj>T nyc1b1Hb Ill - 126 Jlc11A11blc urnhl II - 507
113BCCTKOBblC Ill - 26, 4 7 CKynbnTy pHblA OCTpOBHblX KnlllibR II - 493, 540
- nyCTblllllblC 111 - 26 Jl a6opaTopnb!A 9KCnepHMCHT Ill - rop Ill - 50, 104, 105, 114 cre<Je,1bK1t II - 507 ; 111
l(opb1Too6p8311"'C ,110111111"' I - 516; 64, 308 JI an11nn11 II - 341, 345, 379, 396, 156
Ill - 134 llaCipa,11opCl(11r1 l(Cl!Tp OJ!CJlCllCllHll. 413, 414, 41 6 lleJlMHbH! warurn I - 439
l(oca Ill - 137, 138, 139, 209, 210, I -509 JlanHA'IH KpHCTBJ\J111qecK1ie II - 341 Jle11TOQ11ble rJIHHl>I I - 447, 491
212, 217, 226, 227, 229, 235. 258, llaea II - 320, 338 Jlapaw11r1cKHrl oporeHH'leCIO!rc UHXJt nee 8C•HOsene111>1ii 111 - 126-128.
263. 265, 269, 284, 285 BOJlllllCTH II - 384, 385 II -232 130, 132, 152, 158, 159, 166
l(oca KplO'l•0811,llHM Ill - 210, 284 rnbl6oou II - 384, 401 JI arepMT Ill - 132 Jlec nonynHCTOn8AIWH Ill - 126, 128,
l(oca-xon1111K Ill - IST, 79, 24 1, 242 - KHCllH I - 56 JlattpHTll8A Kopa e1>1eeTp11Ba11mc 111 - 158
l(ocaA CllOHCTOCTb Ill - 244 KllUJ><oo6pas11a11 II - 384, 385. 144 nee Tf'OllH•CCKMi< Ill - 128, 159,160
l(OCNHQCCKHe <l31K1'0pb1 Ill - 174, 176, - OCllOBH8A I - 56 llCJlmom a.1bn110C><oro THna I - 433 - TJ>Ooo4>HJlbHl>IA Ill - 126, 158,
247 llaeaKH 111 - 145, 146 8.'lllCf(HltQ{Of'O THJ18 I - 436 159
l(oc11oroimqc0<a11 TCOPH• 0 . IO. Ww11,11- lla&Hllbl II - 138, 139, 284 6y.1aeoa11.1U11>1e I - 435 lleTTU Ill - 243
Ta I - 36, 153 rpyHToe1>1e II - 139, 140 e11c•q11e I - 427 n llM8HH..ii THD 6epera 111 - 268-263
l(oTnOBHHa Bbl,llyBallllA Ill - 13, 19, .11e,111111ble II - 141 eo3po)l<Jle111we I - 432 JlllM8Hbl Ill - 227, 263, 265, 269
51 MOKpblC II - 139, 140 rop111>1x crpa11 I - 426 Jl1t11eAu1>1ii CTOK I - 199
l(ornos1111a rny6oKoeo1111aR 111 - 321 , ""'nbHblC II - 139 ,1111$ nioonmhle I - 431 JI 1111shl npec11"'x ao,11 Ill - 39
322, 337 cyx11e II - 139 AOllHHlll>IC I - 433; II I JI HllllH eo.nona.noe I - 323; II - 302
l(OT.llbj ltCROJUlll OObl Ill - 135 JlaeooaR 11rna ( nancu) II . - 334- 262 c11eroeaH I - 423
1(03$cj>11u1te11T CTOK8 II - 170; Ill - 335, 368 lleAHllKH llJ)Cooe11,1111"'e I - 433 CHC>Knoro sa6o11 II - 532
50, 133 JlaeoeaA npo6Ka (e >Kepne synKaua) K8Jlb.llCPlll>IC I - 429 .'111Top1111osoe apcMR Ill - 244
l(paeoa• (a6nnu1101111aA) Gopoo.na (11a II - 420, 421, 422, 449 K8p0Bl>IC I - 428 Jl11TOc<llepa 111 - 174
nc,111111Ke) I - 224 lla•oaoe 03epo II - 358, 370, 462 MOpcKHC I - 440 llo>KCiHll8 BOnllbl Ill - 178, 179, 182
l(pacaon (nenc11oaon) npont6 rop110A nnno II - 396--402 uopaeJKcKoro Ttma I - 432 Jlo>KC OKCaHa Ill - 296, 298-300,
crpa1tbl II - 225, 294, 299, 'JAl1 Jlaaoeble nOKpoBbl II - 380, 403~ nepe1o1C'THblC I - 430 311, 3 14, 3 16, 318, 337, 338
Kpaii TJ)Ora I - 517 Ill - 218 MOCKHX eepw11H I - 429 JI \'llKOB""' necm 111 - 95

358 359
n)"I DOllHl>I Ill - 200, 206, 2 13, 214
ft\~~~1>1 11 - 339, 345-347, 348, 349,
Mar•ta II - 261 , 323, 324, 326, W .
338, 344: Ill - 339
MarM8nt3M II - 222
MarM&T1i.ecK1tc ropHble nopOAhl Ill -
28, 107, 146, 148, 150, 298
MarMaT11•eCK11e oqam I - 153; II -
324, 325, 326, 339, 446,
Man.taTH•ect<HA 6accei'IH II - 324, 330
MarH1rrnoc cto.ne Ill - 336, 337
MarHll'flll>le 8HOM8JIHH 111 - 320, m.
328, 330, 331 , 336, 337, 343
MaKany61>1 II - 467, 474
MaKpolleCKnawauHll Ill - 148, 149
MaKpOKnHMaT I - 9
MaKpopeni.e<I> I - 9
MaKpocj>opMhl I - 9
Ma11rpooblc 3apocn11 Ill - 140, 176,
177, ZlO, 247
M&HTHA 3e.1n11 I - 34; Ill - 314.
3 17, 326, 327, 331, 332, 333
MapweehlA THn 6eperoe Ill - 269
MapwH Ill - 256. 269, 288
M~t1 II - 159; Ill - 46, 48, 157,
Mnepl!lt Ill - 341
M8TCPKX088R OTMe.Jlb lII - 298. 299
MntpKXoeoc one.11.ettCHHC II - 499
- flOAHOlt<He Ill - 298,
299, 300, 302. 304, 307, 338
MaTtpHl<oooc nonywap11e I - 25
M ~PllKO•ble A'°".. 1 - 596. 603.
00
MaTepl!KODblC JICW!Hblll IU.Hnl 111 -
220
MaTepl!J(08Ye MaTtj>opMl>I - 37:
lII - 315
MaTCpHl<OBble p11<1>n1 Boerool110A A<I>·
PHKK Ill - 328
Marep11Koe1>1e w1rr1>1 II - 294
M1Tep•11oehlA c11noH Ill - 296-300
302, 321, 333, 338
Mca1111p" I - 156; llI - 136
6ny>t<.11aiouutc I - 248
opesa1rnhle I - 236; Ill
136
MC811APhl BTopH'!HblC I - 235, 254
nep&l<'IHlie I - 235
MeraHTlllCJQIH8J!b II - 247, 250
Me.lllnbOltHhlA pen-I> II - 315, 553
Me>t<ropltble Ofl8,llHHl>I Ill - 50
AenpeecHH II - 261; Ill-
44, 107
Mc>KneAHt11<oebA I - 491 ; Ill - 255
Me>KMCJlMOTHble BO.llbl II - 5 14
Me>KCTaA11anhl I - 492
Mcaope.ni.etl> II - 295; Ill - 145, 146
Mc3Clpcnbe<l>Hhle cjlop>11>1, >1e3Cl<!>OpM1>1
360
II - 491, 493; Ill - 107
Mes1>1 II - 321, 425-427
Me.111o6yrpHCTb1R TYllApoBhlA MllKpo-
llCJ!bC<I> 11 - 548
MenKOCOnO•K&R o6naCTb II - 235-
238: Ill - 53
Mep3Jlota M11oronCTH•• 11 - 142 273,
31 1, 550, 553
Mep3Jlota CC3()11118R II - 311
Mep:i.iOTHblC npouecc1>1 II - 492·
Ill - 152
Mep311cmu>1e cjlop.11>1 II - 491, 492
Mep3110Tlll>ln KOMMCKC II - 492
Me1>3-11>1C rpyllTbl II - 538
MePT111>1ii nCA I - 597
MeCTHu c•cronaR rpamma 1- 412
Mecropo>KACJ<H• rH,llJ)OTCpM8JlbHoro re-
HC3HC8 II - 283
Me-ra>10P<1>11sa1111• I - 44
MeTaMop<1>11•ecK11c rop11ble nopO.llbL
Ill - 107
Mero.ll 5enb•paHa onpeAenc111u1 ryCTO-
TY pe'l1tOA ceTll I - 360
MeTo.ll rpa<1>11.ee1111A XCHKenA II 6C...-
repa I - 360
Jl\ero.ll 3t0pKcHa I - 359
HeAK8H8 I - 359
n eHKa A. I - 358
- •CTPYKTYf8· npouecc. CTaD,llR>
B. M• .lleaHCa - 150-151
Mero.ll cl>e.nbAHCPB I - 359
- llle<l>epa I - 360
MeroAuxa 11ccncAooa111111 Teppac 1 -
298--300
Mexam1sM .11aoA1toA perpeCCHe1toil .11c-
11yAau1111 (no JO. BioAenio) Ill -
162
c.MeUllUI c WC(>CTblO> I - 62· 111
23 • II - ,;~ecpxHOCTHble
MMrpalll<A no.moooe Ill - 220, 246
J\\Jll(poaTOMbl 111 - 277
MKXpoK/IHM8T I - 10, 93; Ill - 159'
J\l1111popeni.e<1> I - 9; II - 295 314
• 495; Ill - 39, 107, 142 150' 110'
177, 194 • •
M11Kpopen1>e<1>111>1e o6pasoaa1111R II -
113
MHKpope.nbC<!>llble <l>OPMbl II - 49 1
MHKpocon11<1>nlOIUl110111tble JlBH>KCHmr
II - 501
Mmq:>O<l>OP•tl>I I - 9; II - 501 541·
Ill - 107
MHHepllJI H3&UllR ao,ll Ill - 37, 140
- opraHH'ICCKllX BClllCCTO'
Ill - 132, 153, 171
Mm1epan1>1 erop1i.1t1>1e Ill - 131
11epo11•111>1e Ill - 131
M11poooi< OKC811 Ill - 167, 199, 206.
220, 221, 222, 267, 281, 296-298.
306, 3 16, 342
M11oro.oeTHeMep3111>1C rpyllT" II - 485,
488, 497, 498, 539
.M11oroneTHe.tep3J11>1C cno11 II - 487,
493
MHOroneTH•• MCPSllOTa 11 - 486, 487,
496, 499, 500, 5 15, 5 19, 536, 537,
539, 5-17, 549, 553
• Mo61tJlbHhlC y•acTKH sewuori Kop1>1
lII - 109
MoroTbl II - 96
• Mooop1>1 II - 82, 83
M011ace1>1 II - 145
M~OT006pa3Kble 6yXTY Ill - 249,
M~:9MOPHJIJIOHllT I - 47; Ill - 131,
Mope111taR rn1111a I - 496
Mope11Hhle naHnwa<l>Thl I - 15. 594
osepa I - 550, 594
- ttppaCbl I - 281, 521, 548,
549, 596
xonMbl II - 144, 260
.Mope1t1WA ru.tcl>11TCITp I - 558, 559
Mope1t1>1 I - 441; llf - 157
6epcroel>IC I - 448; II - 271,
275
Mope""' 6oKoe1>1e I - 442
BH)'TpCHHlte I - 442, 445
271 KOHC•HblC 1 - 443; II - 245,
11anop11L1c I - 582
H8CblOllblC I - 591
HlllKHHC (1101111..e) I -
442,
446
Mope•.. OCH08Hble I - 442, 446
otno>KeHHhlC I - 442
OepeMCLU8C•tYC I - 442
I - 442:
J\\opeabl no~HHble I - 446
cpe.111om1>1e I - 444
CT&,lll!llJ!bHl>IC I - 556
<!>npHOBLIC 1- 531
<l>POHT8AbH .. C I - 443
• Hann113M II - 252
J\fop03H3H COpTllpo8K8 II - 530; 534;
Ill - 156
Mopo306of111L1e Tpe111111tbl II - 490,
492-495. 498. 500, 547
J\\opa<a• reonor11• Ill - 297, 306
reowo(l$0norn• Ill - 297.
• •
J\\opamc wenbHHlll>I II - 21, 34
MoP<1>orc1tC3 Ill - 174
J\\oP<1>orpa<1>11..eCKaA KJl8CCH<l>HK8UllR
Ill - 247
.MoP<1>MorH•CC1C8R llORCMOCTb ropHbllt
CTpau II - 268
Mop<l>onorcNecKllO 8113J1113 B n eHK8
1-158
Mop4'0llorff'ICCl<Hll 803pacr ropnoA
CTp8Hhl I - 238
Mopc)lonorll"ecKllH KOMMeKC 1 - 103,
l!)(}-193; Ill - 112. 143, 170, 244
Mopcjlo>1erp11•CCKB• K&pTa I - 121
Mop<!>OCTpyKTypa I - 37, II - 149;
llf - 331
MopUbl Ill - 245, 263
Mop• 6ecnp11n1te11blc ti I - 200
DHytpeHmte I - 27; Ill - 185
Me>KOCTpOBHl>IC I - 27
H8.llld8Tep11XOBl>IC 11 - 305
OKpauDH1>1e I - 27; Ill - 324
Cpe,llll30MHl>IC 1 - 27
M00<oec11oc one.lleHeHHe I - 492, 502
Mocroeaw rnrauroa II - 404, 405, 406
OyCTblHH8M Ill - 21
MoLUHOCTb nOTOKa Ha•ocoe 111 - 201
MyTbCDblC noTOKll 111 - 304, 306-309
ll a~•111t1>1e c11e>1<HHK1t I - 426
Haro11 nOllbl K 6cpery (>top•. ooepa)
BeTpOM 111 - 183
Harop11oc M8TO II - 260 Ill - 118
liarop!WC ttppaCH I - 97; II - 150,
210, 219, 241, 502, 528, 529-535
Haneitn I - 96; II - 311, 509, 511,
514-518
li8.1e.lH BllCA'IHe II - 514
rp)'HTOBble II - 509, 5 13,
6 14- 5 15
lla.1cJ111 KlllO'leoble II - 509, 5 12,
514- 515
l!aJtC.llll 11arop•1>1e II - 514
HaseMHhle II - 509
Hanc.1111 OT Ta• 1111• CJ1era II - 509,
5 16
Ha.ie.llll 00.lll<CPSllOTHWC 80Jl II - 515
- pc<!HYC (pe<!H1>1X 80.ll) II -
509, 5 10, 518. 520
HawblBHOtt 6eper Ill - 285
HaHOconepc11oc•1Ua• cnoco6HOCTb
Ill - 213
Ha11ocbl B3aewe11Hble 111 - 227
aneKOMl>IC Ill - 227
Hapywe1mc 11111<na I - 151 ; II - 233,
419
Hae""""'" 001>1 I - 585
Hae1>11UCHHOCTb nOTOKa Ha11ocoe Ill -
!201, 213
HaTC'IHYe o6paaoea11H>1 II - 66, ~
lie6K8 Ill - 38. ~. 68
HcAtpanhlla• JtHHH• 111 - 202
I leua~blJllCHHOCTb nOTOK8 H8HOC08
Ill - 201
HenpOMblBHOit pe>Kll>t rpyHTa Ill - 40
HepoouoCTH npoAonb11oro npocj>1L•• peK
I - 214; Ill - 134, 135
HccKMMetp1NH0-3yCS~aToe pac•u1e1reHue
6cperoeoA n11HHH Ill - 218
361
 He4iyA 111 - 58, 84 o,cpa pOJlHllKOBhlC I II - 32 ()ca11K11 naryHHblC I II - 228, 265 n a JtOOH1'0110rHlfCCKllil MCTOR onpcnc.'IC·
Hucxon.snuaA BCT8b KOHBCKTHeuoH C3MOC3Jl0'lllblC I( I - 3.1, 4& osep11ble II I - 228 " "" 11oapacra Ill - 2'21. 224
3:~i1K11 • MaHum 3cM1111 111 - 333, cone1n;e Ill - I 04, 118, 285 - Tepp11rett11ble II - 303 n apaMeTpbl nonnhl Ill - 164. 178, 180,
CT3Pllll.bl I - 247, 254 -OcaJ10•1Hbli'i 'lexon II I - 298 200
H11w11 e•1AyeamtH 111 - 13, 23 C'l'p3HCT8yl0ll!HC JI( - 35 OccnaR MarHHntaff a110ManHH cpe.n.HH· Ilacca1ua11 ILllpKyn•u.11• 11 I - 6
Ho;~"ep110>1opCKa• Tpaucrpecc11H Ill - naccaTh1 Ill - 6, 7, 85, 95, 11 5, 116,
5 cyxuc Ill - 34, I02 110·0Kca1111•1ecKoro xpe6Ta I II - 336
YCTbCBblC III - 32, 34 OcepCAKll I - 243 130
H b!pAIOll!ee 3a6ypy1meaH11e III - 183 - 9<j>cMepHbie Ill - 34 O et101111b1c nmbl npupoJJ.uoi:. cpeAbJ I - n c1111MeHTbl I - 11 4; II - 214. 215,
6nlOAUC Ill - 302 OsepHblC unaJl.HHbl TeKTOHll'leCKoro 189, 191- 193 234, 319; Jll - so.
104, 105- 11 3,
Oa311c llI - I04 npo11cxo>t<neH1rn II - 171 Ocra11uoublc 003nhlwc11110C'l'11 II - 162, 166, 169
06eanoea1111b!c noliMbl I - 254-255 03t'pHblc TCpp8Cbl 111 - 219 321; Ill - 46, 105, Jl5, 161, 169 nen1mneu II - 214, 215; III - 161-
06oanbl Ill - 177, 190, 208, 308 03epoettnttbte pacwnpeHIUI .nomrn I - ·OcTaro1.1uan Kopa ablncTpueaHHH I - 163
308. 594; JI - 310; Ill - 96 48 n cn1m113H3UHH, ncn.nn;1c1Ut331UIA 11 -
06nacr11 ape113Ma II I - 8
0Jonble rpllJlbl II - 310 OCTaT0•111ble >iaccunbl III - 256, 268 2 12, 214, 234; Ill - 106, 109, 11 2,
II I , apHJVthle Ill - 3, 36, 104, 163
11 2 03b1 I - 574, 584-587 nooepxHOC'l'H III - 162
06nacn, 0Tno>t<e1111• on011311• 111 - 153 0 Kai1M11•iom11c peKH I - 337 0CTOBHble noncpxHOC'l'lt Ill - 162 n eucn.•CHll33l\ll• II - 212, 234; Ill -
OTpb!ea onM3HR Ill - 153 - pml>hl Ill - 273 OCTpoea synKaHH"eCK1te I - 26; II I - 106, 161
1111raH11H nen.HHKa I - 413, 0KeaH11"ecK»e nnH'l'hl I - 35 248, 324. 327 Oe11ennc11b1 I - 22, 150. 151; II
4 19 OKea»»'lecKoe nonywapHe I - 25 Ocrpoea Kopannon1>1c I - 26; III - 207; Ill - 50
CKOllb>t<CHHR onon311H 111 - 0KHCJ1hl nonyrop11•1e Ill - 132, 164. 248, 270 Jlcpn11"HO·'l'CKTOHll"eCKHH penbC<jl
153 16.5 Ocrpona Ma'l'CpHKOBble I - 26 9
06nacn, CCMHapn,nHaR Ill - 104, 108. 0•11a reonorn••ecK»c 111 - 253 OKC3Hll'ICCKHC I - 26 I Jc pattlflfble MOpCHHblC paeHHHbl
111, 112 «0KHa• nonecbl! 11 - 25 0Nnc.tteH111.i1e l - 26 583
06naCTb 3K30pCH3Ma 111 - 8 OKpaH»Ha• paBHltHa rpoml'leCKoro Kap- OcrpoeHblC rnpnRHJlbl II - 448· II I - JlcpC83nbllblC CC]l.OODllHbl 11 - 141,
cra II - 9 1, 92; III - 143, 144 337 • 144, 151
- s11.nopc11a>1a 111 - 8
06ceKoe11'1'HhlC peKH I - 391 0Kp311Hli1'iC MOP• I - 27; III - 324 Oci-pos111>1e rop1>1 II - 302; III - Ilcpeeanb! II - 192, 195
06cKoe o.ie.nc11e1111e I - 507 pCKll I - 337 45, 49, 50, 104-107, 111 - 11 3, 148, AH<jl<j>JllOCllTHblC II - 199
One1leHcH»e I - 489, 491, 493, 494; 160-162, 169 n e.nttHKOu.Oft ItectpyKllHH
Oopar11 I - 368-376; II - 277 3 11
312; Ill - 146 • • II I - 47, 134, 220, 22 1, 246, 255, OCTpODHble Ayr» III - 311-317, 325, II - 198
262 281 333, 341 Oepcna.l'lbl nCpBH~IH O·TeKTOHm1comc
Ooparn 6cperoeble I - 376
BCPXOBble I - 376 On11111;11oehle 6a3anbTbl I II - 320, 339 Ocrpon11•1e n•llhl I - 439 II - 195
ono>t<e1111ble I - 376 0 MOJJO>t<euuc pe.1be<l>a JI - 233 Ocbln11oii CKnOH 6apxaua Ill - 71 Ocpenani, nepeTeKa1111• (11cJVt11•ouoro)
j8 _ ~eA, HMH np1mt11neMblii I OonHTOBble 3epH8 Iii - 132, 199, m Ocbinb ll 1 - 48, 49 ti - 199
1 2 Oon llTOBbli\ "30CCTHRK II 5; Orne;1b HOCTb I - 59, 62; II[ - I 07 n cpeuanbl pC'l.HOit ACCTPYKUIJll II -
196
Onparn .noH1tble I - 374 lll - 59 •y611"eCKaH I - 60
377
_aMa rcpp11Top1111 CCCP I - Onn1>1e111tb1 I - 312; II - 277, 393
0non3HH I - 57, 310, 320; II - 277, 60
napaiinencmmcattaH I - Oepeoanbl CTyne11eo6paa11blc II - 194
Tpauc<jJnl03HTHblC JI - 199
Ooparn nepo1N11ble I - 376 279, 284; Ill - 151, 153, 177, 190. Orne.•• uOC'l'b MaTpacon».nHa!l I - 60 OepCJlOllOii (Kpacuoii) npOrH6 CIUl3Jl'l3•
- np1tBOJ10pas11enbHblC I - 376 300 llJUtf'\1aT8H 1 - 6() TblX rop II - 225
Oepa>t<H0·6ano•nu,iit THn penbe<jla I - Onon31111 ace•AC11T11blc I - 314 pOM6011nanb11a• I - 60 ncpCiiMa 111 - 21 5
368-377 J1c.1ancmmblc I - 314 croi16•1ara• I - 60 JlepcKaTbl I - 236; II - 314, 519, 520
Orne•• I - 454 ACTpya1muble I - 314 c<j>cponAaJ1bHaR I - 60 ncpc.•c">'1m 1 - 426; 11 - 274
Oaepa ap11)1.Hb1x o611acw1 Ill - 32- 1111cCKuc11T11b!e I - 314 wapoaa>< I - 60 n cpenirna1111e pCKll I - 348
35 KOHce.Kee.nT11bfe I - 314 01-JIO>KCHllH ann10uuanhHb1e I - 251; flcpcMClllC1U1c pux.noro MaTcpHana na
03cpa AO>t<lleDb!C II I - 32 noneo.nuuc I II - 307, 308 III - 59 nnff>KC III - 199
sananbHblC II - 171 - 172, 173 Op611Ta Ill - 178, 180 0Tno>t<c1111>< c•noua AenbTbl III - 227 OcpeMCll!CllHC 6eperOBblX n111111i1, OTpH·
Opra11oce11u1~e 0Tno>t<e11u• I - 491 On1cmi np11pyCJ1on"'e I - 226, 238, uaTci11>tt1>1e II I - 221, 233
I 71 Ka poeble I - 544-546; II - n cpCMClUCHHC 6eperoBblX JlHHHif, OOnO·
Op11ca11rn 111 - 150 240; Ill - 136
KapcToob1e II - 112, 174 OporeHC3 II l - 331 Ornpenap11poea1111ble <jlopMbl I - 73; >K11TenbH1>1c I II - 221, 233
IlcpecbmH Jll - 33, 138, 139, 209, 213,
I- 5g;c"HO·MopeH11oro 11a1111wa<jJTa OporcH1t•1eCK11e .ne11>t<eH1tR III - 335
- npot1eccu I - 20
Ill - 104, 169
'Orpa)ICCllllC BOJJll llJ - 181, 182 214, 216, 217, 226. 227, 229, 230, 231,
Q3cpa KpaTCp1tb1e JI - 112, 416 OporetnfllCCKHH sTan paam1Tml reocHH· 0TpHU3TCJ<bHOC nepeMCll!CHllC 6epcro· 235, 256, 258, 263, 264, 269, 285
nepexaaT pCKll I - 209, 343; Ill
I- s9~HJWJ3<j>Ta OCJIOBHOii MOPCHbl K1111t1a.111 II - 225
Oporpa¢m 11ecKaH c.tterouaH r pauuua
uoii : nm 1111 111 - 233
0TpHll3TCJtbH3H M3rHMTH3SI aHoManHR 136
03cpa Mopc1111ue II - 171 I - 4 14 Ill - 336 nepcxeaT peKH 60KODOH I - 344
o6oanhl1b!e II - 171 - 172 Opo>ierpu• I - 145 0Tcryna11ue cKno1100 I II - I 06. I 07, - nepw1111111>1i1 I - 344,
nepe>1c1ua1om11ec• I 11 - 35 OpToApoMa 111 - 329 161, 162 346
Qpr09nionul1 I - 45, 48 0TCblllb Ill - 196 I lcpcxeaT peKH noncpx11ocT11blii I -
34 sOep1101111•1cCKlle II - I 09; I II -
0C3AKH 311JJIOUlt3JlbHble 111 - 228 ()•1aru p33eenaHHR, n'!'op11•111blc Ill - 344
Oscpa -n11om1111"'e 11 - 412 60JJOTH1>1e II I - 228 221 I lcpexaaT peK11 no113CMHblit I - 344

362 363
 lloJl80JlHblt nnaro 111 - 329 llOllbA ~KTORll'ltcXOC'O npoHC•OlKJltHHll
1lepexaaT pe1rn nyre•1 conpMKOCHODe· llnaTo II - 292-294 296, 318 319· noporH Ill - 260 II - 60
HllA I - 345 Ill - 192. 296 • • • xpe6Tbl Ill - 314, 319, nonioCbl Ill - 116
Ol'jlex0Jl118R o611acn. (so11a) OT a1are· lln8T4>0pa1a I - 67; II - 222, 231, 321 , 322, 3~3. 325, 329, 337, 339 Oo.nRpll ..H KJIHM8T I - 95; 111 - 249
p11Ka K no>Ky oKcaHa Ill - 298, 311 295, 296; 305; III - 107 noxponn,.il KoNn11eKc II -
noJl801lllblH 6cpcronoll CKllOll Ill -
312, 314-318, 325, 333, 338 • llnBTCl>opMeHHble o611acr11 II - 293· 184, 186. 193, 200, 2QI, 308 489
ncpCXOJIHblii KOHyC I - 550 Ill - 152 • llOJIBOJlHblH xpaA wattpHKB Ill - 298, nouopa II - 4, 16, 26, 48, 56
llcp1<r11•u11am,1<aA e1>au11A KJ111Ma-ta I - OnaT(j>opMCHHblC )"18cn<H 3eMH00c KOpbl 299, 31 1, 337, 338 nonepeq••• u1tpKyn•u1t• I - 156.
595, 596 Ill - 163 llOJl3CNHIR KOHJ!eHC3UHll 111 - 41 z:rr. 238; Ill - 92
n ep1mUIU11aJll>Hble o6pl30881111A II - fl.nt'Cbl I - 236 IIOJ13CMHblt ao.11,. ropHWt crpaH II - Oonept'IHOC nepeNelllCIUtC HIHOCOll
491 llne-io Tpo1'8 I - 317 174 111 - 201, 204, 246, 263
llc p11r11AuH811bHblC RBllCHllA II - 498- llllOCKOl"Opllblil THO pe.nb<$a nonepe•HOC pacqncHCHHe II - 161
lloJ13eNHble ranepee II - 122
500, 552; Ill - 157 366-367 llbJlbl l - 536, 539; Ill - no~•HblC eanoo6p83HblC JllOH.. I -
lle&;O""""am,""'" x1111MaT II - 142, llnocKOCTHoll CMblu I - 197· Ill 177
162, 163 • n onepc•HblC p33.•0Nbl CPCIJ.llllHO·OKe8·
llOJ13CMllblC llO>K8pbl II - 467, 477,
llllQCCKllX xpe&ro• Ill - 328, 329
n epHJlOTllTbl Ill - 324, 333, 334 0110THOCTHOC Te•e1me Ill - 308 478
neplUCllKllMbHoe na.1tCH1fe fl.ll3CTOB ] - ll11yro11Hcrbl I - 132; Ill - 220 O ooepe•HblA npoel>Hllb nepeeana 11 -
lloJ13CNHblC peKH II - 20, 64, 112
69; Ill - 40 ll1tb1B}'H II - 553 llo,n:ieMH..it ryn npilH 38Cp>KCHllH eyn· 193
JlepllOJl eo.•HY Ill - 178-180 l1Jrioe11am,R1>1e ncpHOJlbl 111 - 47. 267 K8H8 II - 464
llopor CKMKCTblA I - 526--527; Ill -
OepHOPJ!'leCKHC H3NCHe>IHR 11anpaa.1e- llllAlK Ill - bf, 138, 141 177 186 llOJIK<lpOBblil KOHl!eKTllBllWil OOT<ll< 134
llllA wan11m1oro non• 111 - 337 192, 196, 199, 200, 202.' ~: 219: Ill - 337
Oopor11 I - 320; II - 165, 166;
llepHOIJ... 6plOKHCpa 111 - 34 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 285, 308 lloJlKoponblc Tc•e1111• I - 155; 111 Ill - 134, 135
OTHOCHTe.n.bl lOl"O TeKTOHH'le· llnR>K np ucnoueHHhtA 111 - 194 llO~/loo6p83)'lO:JlllC MHHtp811bl 111 -
cKoro noKo• II I - 222 nnR>Keoble $CCTOlllJ JI) - 186, 194, 333
lloAHMTblC Kopannoe1>1e pHCl>bl 111
llep11CToc paC<111e11e1111c II - 161 195, 196-198 4()-43 llopcyren11 II - 51
llcpHCTblH Ti m pe•mon CCTH I - 339 nmi:>KCBblff 1130CCTKOBHC1'bln nE!ctl3HllK OOCTeyn1<aH11•1ecx11e a8.1em1• Tl - 331
llOJIT8K..pHblC llHH3bl npecllblX DOA
l lcpnioeHii I - 224-225 Ill - 141 , 142, 198 llocroa1111a• wep3JIOT8 rpyma II -
Ill - 43, 57
l l com 6yrp11crble 111 - 55 Oo<lepc>t<bR Ill - 127, 179, 186, 188, llollwa peKll I - 233; II - 298
513, 543
fpAJlOBble Ill - 55 231. 232, 261, 263, 276. 325 llocro•1111ble peKH xapcra II - 27
cI101COpe!iHblt> ropbll> II - 243
- K)"lCBblC ill - 61-f/J nonepXHOCTHliH CNbl8 Ill - 106, 167 TlOCTO•HH ..il rop1130HT rp~HTOBblX BOil
lloKpoB eynK8HH•CCXKit I - 73
neoiaHU aKKYMyllAUllA Ill - 65 72 CTOK Ill - 106, 107, lloi<poBHblC oneJlelleKHll I - 436
K8pCT8 II - 20
242, 2« . • 112, 143, 153, 160, 165, 169, 171 ll0Kpoe11b1A cyrnnHOK I - 496
TloT8MOreH1tble o6pa3088HllA Ill -
llec<18H8A K0ppo311M IJ1 - 91-93 noeepxHOCTb 8nbTllnll8H8UHH I - 97· llonurouanbHble rpyHTbl II - 142, 315, 226
- pACib III - 71, 74 11 -528 • llOTOK ocTponcc•a1tblil 111 - 19
llcc<ia11oe Mope 111 - 78 noaepxHocTb ehlpae1111eaHHR I - 22 530 llOTOK BCUlecT&a M811TIUI 3C>lllH Jll -
llon11ro11a1tbllb1C TPCW!Ulbl 11 - 538
ncutep11ble pCKH II - 21. 25, 28 11 2; II - 15 1, 207, 210, 220, 279: llo.1HrOHbl MOpo3HOf0 pacrpeCKHB8HllR 333
l lc1"epbl II - 63-65, 11 2. 114-1 16. Ill - I06, 2112 ' I IOTOK rpyHTOBblX OOJl Ill - 37-39
II - 500, 501 rpA3eK3>1CHH,.H l - 138
142; 111 - 188, 191. 192, 275 lloaepxHOCTb 68311c11u II - 210 nonoeo,11.be Ill - 135, 139, 308
nc111epY llCpYHJ<8JlbllblC II - so. 54 H8Jl68311Cll8A II - 210 llOllO>KllTC.llbHOC nepeNCIUCHHt (5epero-
11a11oeoe Il l - 139. 200
H8CbllJlCllHblll 11 J - 201
JleJlRKYC II - 68 .a.aumi ~o~t~l{W.rTanbHoi neuy· 80li 1111111111 Ill - 175, 256 Heuawute1111b1A 111 -
MewKoo6p83KYC II - 65 111 I lo.no>K1tre.llbH8A •tarHUTH&A a11owanHll
npox oJlHUC II - 65, 68 lloaepXHOCTb Moxopoe11•11•a I - 34; 201
Ill - 320, 324, 331, 332, 336
Ill - 336 TlOTOK nnaCTOnbli\ II I - 26
CK803RUC Il l - 143 no.10C.8TOCTb rneyqepHoro llbA8 1 -
cnenble II - 65, 68 00BCpXHOCTb CKOnb>t<eHHR ononJHR - 9'jlCNCpHb1H 111 - 31
452 1l0Tyxw11e eynKallbl II - 445
cyxue II - 64, 82 I - 34 cllo.1yanC.1bCltllb11' Ill - 144, 145
ttMble II - 63 noA•OllHlie 6a11K11 111 - 278 llO'ITH·8TO.•llbl IJ ( - 278, 280
llonyropcr I - 121; II - 262-263
XOllOllH blC II - 68 z66: 337 oa.1,,. Ill - 183. 204-206, nonyOCTpoea I - 27; lll - 216, 217,
llo•c JlHCl>ci>ePei<u11au1111 II - 324,
n puropHlie noecpXHOC111 Ill -
32S
I OS.
Tle111cp1>1·J1C11HHXK II - 114 315
1IHHro II - 521, 524 llollBOJlllliC B)11.Ka11u II - 456--459· llo.iyocrpo..a oT"meKenHble I - 27
110, 111
111 - 31 4, 327 • llpeJU'Opllble nCCTRHJlbl II - 211, 279
011paw11.11am,H,.e eepw11H,. II - 141 npll'IJICHeKH,.e I - 27
llpeJll"Opbll cpeAHHllO·OKC811HqCCXHlt
n1gs9aCT11•ecKHe npoJl)'KThl II - 353, llOJlBOJIHblO ropli 11 J - 322-324 330 llo.1bR II - 4, 45, 55, 106. 11 2, 116
339, 341, 342 • • 38TOnlUI CM.ble ncpHOAlNeCKH xpe6roe III - 320
l lnao1111 II - 297; Ill - 230 llOJlBOAlll.C JIOJlbTbl 111 - 302 304 llpeJt11o6oe,.e 3ae11xpe1nrn 111 - 95
II - 57, 143 n pc11e1>na11JlpCK8H pcrpCCCJIH MOPH
llnaii11 Ill - 50, 55 305, 307 • • 0 0JlbR, o6pa3oea aw11cc• OYTCN xoppo·
ll11a11cTap11aA CIJCTCM8 111 - 318 320 00Jl80JlHliC K8HbOllhl I - 161, 162· 3110HHOI 0 OOJ1pe3..B8HHA 6opros nep· Ill - 138
llnaHKTOH Ill - 271, 274 • ~ - 300, 302, 3().1, 300, 307, 308: on•n,.x unaJlHH penbCCI>& 11 - 62
llpecH1>1C n1111s1>1 non:ieNllblX OOJl nyc:Tbl·
HH IJI - 38, 40-42
1 lnaCTQua• HHTPY311A I - 74; II - llOllbt, 00p13088Bmeecl! UyTCM CllHRHHI!
320, 4-07, 428 0pH6oA 111 - 141, 18-1, 188, 193, 199.
lloJtBOAHtie xorno&HHli 111 - 337 BOpOHOK 11 - 60
I J.1acrooall CT)11e111> 111 - 51 JOO - K)110ll8 IJ I - 342
209, 237. 270, 272, 274, 277, 280
llonbR nOCTOAnno cyxnc II - 57
llll8CTORblii DOTO!< Ill - 26 • i08• II" noJlBOJlHb!e or.on31111 I - 161; Ill - llp116oAHblK necOK Ill - 183. 186,
161 ... npoeMbllble II - 61
306. 307, 308, 317
365
364
• 19'2
26s' 193. :.!00 • 205 • 206 • 240• 241 •
np116pC>t<Hble CICSnllCTble OCT3Hl.lbl
Ill - 191
np116pe>t<be Ill - 186
OpllAOHHb!C Te•eHHR II I - 338
llp1L111011a• ACJlbTa Ill - 264
npHKllOO·OTn11eHb!e TCllCHIUI III -
177, !84, 200, 2!3, 233, 269, 304
npllnl!Bbl lII - !42 !74 [76 ' [84
~~: r.130.
226, 221.' 240: 241: 247:
Op11MK11ynw11c 3KKYMYn•T11BHblC 6epe•
roeb1e cj>op""' ll I - 208
np11pyCJI08ble oanbl I - 227· Ill -
235, 237, 304 • 49
Op11TOK renna 111 - 334
Opll~OJlO• pacxoAlltjR 6aJ!3HC Ill -
nporn6"' ll - 305; Ill - 101
npon onbHO<' nepeMeutelmC H2i!OC08
Ill - 181 , 200, 201, 208, 263
OpoAOJlbllblC AOnllH"' I - 257· 111 -
217, 258 • n.Tlll!C'T3H TyHJ1pa II - 552- 553, 555
Opononbl!hle AtOllHbtC rp• A"' III - 90
M3
l1ponoJ1bHL11l npocj>>tnb non11111>1 I -
219, 220; Ill - 134, 135, 151, 302
npoAYKTbt ...neTp1iB3HJ!R Ill - 49 60
104, 105, 106, 108, 161 • •
Opomom1anb11wc orno>t<CHH• 11 I - 44
1~ 1m
Op0Mb!H11oi'1 pc>t<m• Ill - 27, 61
0pOcj>llnb AMl!Kbl, nonepcq11.. i1 Ill
134
l1pocj>H.% pae11ooec1rn a6pa31101111oil
nnaT<]JOpMbl Ill - 184, 193
Opocj>11:1b paa11011ec11• peK11 II I - 285
- pao1-torJCCHR 00JlH0Jl.HOro CK.no·
Ha Ill - (84, 201, 203
I1po11ccCbl llOAH03p03llOllHb!C Ill - 100
Bb!OeTp1!831111R Ill - 131
KapcTODble Ill - 102
KOppOJllOllHblC II( - 143
pen1>c<jloo6pa3ooatt11• II I -
159
nccun.OUYJIK3HH•lecKHC <J6p23003HH•
II - 466
n ceanoMaapb! II - 348
11ccnAoTeppac"' I - 280
l lycrLJHfl 330H311bllb1C Ill - 47, 116
3p11J1Hb!C llJ - 10, 47, 95
6cpcroeble Ill - 6, 7, 8, 11 9
e11yTpu.1a-repllKOBble 111 - 6.
12
nyCTblllll fJJHtulCTO·COnOHl.13KOOble
Ill -48, 54, 61, 118
Oy~blllH f ,11!1111CTble Ill -
5 48, 54, 55,
11)'CTLIHll "••16on1>1e ropHwe Ill -
366
Oyct1>11111 rop11ble Ill - 45, 47. 48, 50. Pac .. nc11cH11c nepT111<Mbttoe I - 146; PH<j>oeoe n.iam IJl - 273, 277
51, 105, 117, 118 PmjJonblit 1t3oeCTHRK Ill - 189, 278,
II - 158; l1l - 107, 322
0);76'"t'h3011a.1b1tl>C III - 47, 69, 96, Pacl1J1CHCHHC r opn3011TaJ'ibHOe I - 146; 280, 339
Pn<poeblii KaHan 111 - 273- 274, 275
11ycT~IHll K3MCHllCTblC !II - 28 48
II - 160
Pac•11c11c1me ny..eo6p3311oc II - 161 P11cj>oo6pa3yioml!e Kopann .. lll - 176,
117, I 18 ' '
ncp11cToe II - 161 270, 271, 280, 339
IlycTJ.llHH K(l.MeJIHctble paBHHHHblC Pttcj>Toea• nOJJ11Ha Ill - 319, 321-
139 noncpe.ttoe II - 161
Ill - 51
308 11)"CTb!Hll nec•aHblC Ill - 39 48 51
pa1111a.,.11oe II - 161
pcwcr•aToe II - 162.
324, 327, 329- 331, 333. 336
PmpToeaR 30Ha Ill - 320, 321, 323
58, 61, 62, 117, 118, 119 • • • CTpYKTypa Ill - 331
nyC'TblHH p38HllHll .. C 11 1 - 45-47, 67
191
Pac'1JJ<rne11HOCT'b ()epcroeoi't nn11nu PH<jlTOBb!C xpe&m Ill - 336
pe.1KoapHA1tble 111 - 7 Ill - 175, 284 PYKODOARWllC nanyH1>1 I - 497
• ce•map11nH><e III - 7, to, 47,
Per Ill - 21, 51, 53, 54. 9'2 P•6• ueTpoea• II - 314
95 116 noJJHoea• II - 314
Per pccc11n11a• 3p03HR I - 213
OyCTb!Hll CCM11ap1tAKbte rop11L1c lll - Pcrpecc111111oe pa3»11T11e Ill - 49, 167 - nec•aHa• JI - 314; Ill - 71, 74
Per pcccnsi MOpH Ill - 220 CanaHHbl - Ill - 11 7, 127, 128, 158,
nycr1>11111 yMCpCllliblX WH""" l1 I - 47 Pe>t<HM aTMoc<1>cp111>1x oca11Kon Ill - 159, 160, 162, 165, 169
186 116 ·-· •
130, 158 CanaHHbl nHpo<jl1tnb11ble Ill - 159
11yCTblHJI XO!lOAHl~O Ill - 4
Pc>t<HM nonepxHOCTHblX DOA TpomtKOS Canb3"' II - 457
O yCTblHHbli1 3ar ap Ill - 28, 51, 52 Can•naycenbK• I - 572
l1yxnbli1 conoH'•aK 111 - 58 Ill - 133
PC>t<llM rtO;r.3eMH.. X OOA TJ>Onl!KOD 111- CaMOC3AO.ilble osepa III - 33, 46
ny,HOCTii CTOffqei1 eonHbl J11 - 335 CaNOCTonTMhHb1e Maccoob!e. n.BH>KCHHR
133
Pc>t<11>1 pe• Tpon11Ko11 I II - 133 KOPbl BblBCTpHB3HHSI H(I C.KJl0H 2X I -
' PcKa ere p>+rncea• I - 337 78
Pao111111a aKKVMynnT11011aR lll - 117 PcKH rop11L1e II - 165 CapaMbl JI - 218
3m · · neUlCPHble 11 - 33. 57 «Caxap11•1e ronoe•1• Ill 146, 147-
Pae1111tta ;r,ettyAa11110HHa• 11 - 300 noA3CMHb1e II - 30, 57 151, 169
KocaR II - 299 O()JlbOB II - 30 Ca YHA lll - 263
Ill _ CAH11Konoi'1 aK>.')'Myn•llHH npHcnoco611swnecR K reonorn'le· C6pocoea• cryncu• 11 - 262, 393;
• 300 cxo~ CTPYKTypc I - 338 111 - 218
Paettntta H3KilOHHa• II - 299 PeK11 peceKoe11THblC I - 380 C6pocb1 nouepe"""'c 111 - 217
ooepHa• II - 300 cy6ceKaeKTHble II - 240 ci·yne11•nLJc I - 71
npeneJlbttaH II - 301 Tp3H311THblO II - 320; Ill cCnHACTenH• Ill - 115
<jlJllOBllOrJIRl\113J1bll3H II - 29, 36. 44 Coo60l\HblC •••yMynRTHBHl>!C 6epero-
299 PcKu 3K30T11•eci<11c I II - 29, 34 nblc <!>OpMbl Ill - 208, 209, 213
PaJlliaJ1b1tb!ii mn pe•ttoi1 ceTH J - 340 a<1>eMepHb!e Ill - 31, 45 Cnononoc no;r,HHTne 11! - 260
Pall.noaKTUOHOC onpc,n.eJteHHe noopaCTa PMHKTOllb!C o6pa3onaH11H 111 - 163 Cro1mo-11arott11L1e Hene1111• Ill - 264
[([ - 320 - cj>OpMbl I - 15 ; II - 81; Cnu11r 111 - 322
Pam 1yc Kplt0113Hbl I - 235, 238 239· 111 - 163, 206 Ce6xa Ill - 39, 44, 55, 72, 98, 99,
Ill - 312 • •
Penhe¢> aKKyMynRTneuwi't: nec'l3Hb1i1 100
Pas61ma1111c oon11LJ Ill - 182, 204 II - 312 CcrMCHTll"'C noflMbl I - 251, 254
P aJeena11He Ill - 18 Pc.i•e<Ji llYPHbtx 3eMeJ1b I - 384, 385 Cerpera111101111wc nbALI II - 510
Pa3ro11 Ill - 178, 264 Cenm1eHTal\1tR 111 - 226, 310
- <1>n10BH3JlbHblii Ill - 133
Pa3110Mhl nonrpc"'' "'c Ill - 323 327- sonoehli1 Ill - 104 Ce3011HaH MCp3noTa II - 311 , 514
329, 331 • Pe<J>paKU.HR oon11 Ill - 181, 209, 213, Cci1CM11•ecK11e •BJtCHHH I - 20; 11
P33pacram1c non< a o•ca11a Ill - 337 464
214
P a3pywcH11c e°"'""' 111 - 205 Pc•rna• ·ceTb I - 338, Ill - 136 Cci'1c•111•HOCTb Ill - 312, 315, 320,
P~BHb!C TC•CHllR Ill - 183, 184, 323, 331, 336
3P03HR Ill - 306
Pe• Hhle ncpexeaTbl I - 343; 111 - Cei1CMll•CcK11e so.111., Ill - 320
P aKywe•11•1ii ACTp1tTyc 111 - 199, 209 CHcTeMbl I - 335 CeilcMH'1ccimi1 110Rc II I - 323
PacKanc11Hoe 06.oaKo 11 - 342 PcweTKll KaMentt••• III - 14, 15, 18 - Ca11 -AH11peac Ill-
PacnaA pa1111oaKTHBH(jX ncmccro (sne- Pnacoebli't THn 6cpcra I II - 254 324
MCHTO•) I - 154; Ill - 331 P11aCb1 I II - 226, 254-256 CeitcMopaseeJtKa I - l l
PacceRHHblH cToK Ill - 100, 161 PHrcn11 I - 187, 260, 262, 271 CeA1u11 111 - 186
PacToop11MoCTb ropttb1x nopo;r, I - 58 P11nc.i11 I - 386; 111 - 54 Ce.iceble nOTOKH II - 138; 111 - 45,
PacTCHliR ncaMMo<jlnTbt Ill - 61 PH<!> 6apbcp11blli Jl1 - 176, 273, 274, 102, 137
Pacro>t<ettHe SeMHOii Kopw Ill - 331 275, 278, 279 Ceneeblil pe)lrnM I I - 170
333,335,337
PacT•>Kc1me 0Kca1111-.•cKoro llHa 111-
•
Pu<!> Kopan.nooblli I - 143, 270 CcJlb II - 170; 111 - 308
CeMHapHAl!ble rop11ble nycrblllll Ill -
49 337 - OK aiorn•iom11i1 I - 112; Ill
273, 274, 275, 278, 279 49
367
CcM11ap11J!Hble 0(5nacr11 III - 7, 104 CKMJ1•2Tb!c ropHblC nycr"'"" II I - 49 CpeJJ.1tu11oe noJlHRT•ie ,llapmma I II - Cryneuu cn11•1111• neAt111Koo I - 527
CeM11ap11JtHb1it KllHM3T I - IOI· III - CK.10H 0Cb!08UllR Ill - 108, 111, 112 325, 327 , 333 ycn.eeb<C I - 525
50, 55 • paCTel<8HllR Ill - 108 CpeJtHHHO· OKeamt'leCKHe I -
xpe6Tl.d CTynell'laTble c6pocbl II - I46, 395
CeM11ap11JI1t•<i1 pe>K11M III - 45 CK.10H0Bbli< CTOK Ill - I05, 106, 135 I61; Ill - 298, 3 I8, 320, 3'12.-324. Cy6a•pan•11a• AeHyJlanH• 111 - 317
Cep1tp Ill - 2I , 5I, 53, 54, 117 CKOJ1b3•1J1ee sa6ypy1111eaH11e Ill - I83 328, 331, 333, 336, 337, 339. 341 AOJIH113 III - 305
CepncHTllHll.921(11R I II - 320, 334 CKopOGTb non11bl Ill - 178, 179, 320 CpeJ11tlllfblii rpa6c11 Ill - 328, 329 Cy6Map1111111•c 11cro•HHKH I - 112;
nep1111ornToe III - CKyn•nrypHblif naHJJ.Wacj>T OCH08Hb1X CpeJJ.tte••<COTHb<e ropbl I - 540; II - II - 33; Ill - 258
324. 333, 334 rop III - I04, I05, 114 152, 235 Cy60KC3Hll•CCKllH TllO 3eNHOA KOpbl
CeTepbl III - 222 C.1alll(eeaTOCTb I - 59 CTaJIH8.'lbHble Mopettbl I - 648 Ill - 312, 3I5
C >t<.aTuM. sef\moH KOpbl B ylnoBblX nHHH - Cnenblc AOl<UHbl II - I I5 Cr3)11111 OJ1C11e1tem1• I - 492 Cy6ceKne11T11blc peKH I - 307
"' CTOR•llX 80/!H II I - 335 Cno>K11a11 Kp10<tKOB1tJJ.11a• Koca llI reocHnK.nUHanbHOro p33J)llTHR Cycne11a11011111,c noToK11 I - 16I, I62;
Cuna TR>KeeTH III - I92, 193, I99, 210 III - 11 5, 316 Ill - 300, 3~ 1 0, 319, 338
201, 203 C.oOHCTOCTb ropHblX nopon I - 58 CTa.auR rn)r6HttHoro KHneHHJl ref1Jepa Cyroqtt•1n K1111NaT 111 - I55-I56
C111ire11eT11•ecKoe np0Nep3a1111e II p11nmqecKaA I - 58 JI - 442 Cy<)>cj>oa1101111o·KapcTonble npo11ccCbl
491 C!llemc1111e 6epero8on .m111t11 I II CTaJIUA nan11•111t• (reiiaepa) II - 441 II - II9· III - 39
C1mre11eT11•ecKoe <)>op>t11pona1111c II 203, 255 11arpesa reitaepa II - 44 I Cy<J><J>os11011~0-spo31101111ble pblTBHHbl
490 C11era «Ka10ll.l1txc•» I - 449; Ill 11anon11e1111• rei13cpa II - 440 III - 145
C1111Kmmanb11ble nporn6bl III - 97, 158 cTapocn1 peJ!bCcj>a II - 'J2.0 Cy<)><J>031101111ble no>K6HHbl II - 3 I5
100, IOI, 103 C11eroea• nmnrn (rpa11111ta) I - 94; <1>owra1111pooan11• reiiacpa II - Cy<J>l)>o31101111blit npOl(ecc 111 - IOO
C1rnK.11111op1111 II - 227, 239 II - 269; Ill - I55, I57 44I Cy<J>d>031tA I - 316; II - 119, 539;
CH:l(Y,"-111Sb1 I - 147; II - 296, 305, CneronaH nHHHSI KnHM8TH11CCt<aH I - CTanarnnTbl II - 66 Iii - I46, I 48, I68
411; II - 269, 281 CTanaKrnTbl II - 4, 65 Cyx11e JJ.OJlllHbl III - 45, 46
C11cre""' c6pocon I - 70 Cneroea• """"" NCCTHa• I - 412 CTa1t11011ap11b!e 11a6nio.1te1111• II I - 45, 03epa II I - I02
C11y<J>, c11<1> Ill - 82, 86 C11ero•a• ·""""" oporpacj>11•1ecKa• I - 61 Cb1f)Tb1 II - 207
C11<)>0111.o1 II - 32, 33 4 14 CTen11ble 6nioJI11a II - 3 I5-317
CKa.'lnCTaH JJ.eHynauHOHHaH paeHHHa C11erooa• n111111• ceao1111a• I - 4 13- CTOK CKJIOllOBbl(I III - 105, 106, 135 Ta11blpHble nonepXHOCTll III - 93
III - 50, 105, 162 4 I4 Cronoaoe nnaro III - 46, 51, 54 T aKblp11bli1 ropH30HT II - 87
CKaHAH11aocKui1 ue.11Tp o.nen.eucnHfl I - C11eroaa• """"" TeopeTH•CCKa• I - CTononb!C ropbl II - 408; Ill - 160 T aKblpb< III - 43, 44, 55-57, 72, 103,
593 4II - CTp2Hbl II - 293, 294; 111- 244
C11e0311oe np0Ma•n8a1111e III - 40 C11eroaa11ep>Ka1111e Ill - 40 267, 268 T amtKH II - 13, 487, 513, 538
CKl303Hble 11on1111bl I - 300 CHC>KltHKll I - 426; IJ - I 35, 525- CTOA'lllC llOllHbl III - 182, 186, 335
yulellbH 6e3 llOJ!OTOKOB I - CrpaToay.1Ka11•1 II - 361, 364, 419, T a.1beer III - I07, 262, 302, 304, 309
526
307 C11e>KHblC MOCTbl II - 139, 140 454 Tapb1Hb1 I - 96: II - 509
C11naAKH A11an11p08ble I - 69· II - Conenble 03epa I II - 58 CTpe.oKa (6cpero8aA cj>opMa) III Talflo1111 lII - Ii
227, 228 ' COJ!11<J>nio11111101111ble 11annb1B1>1 I - 596 138 Tacjiporc11 lll - 33I
Ct<..13.!lKll 1130KJ111HaJlb11ble 11 - 227, 0(5paaooa1111• II - CTpeMHllllbl I - 320, 322, 323; II Ta<J>porc11ea III - 335
250 524 I 65 T oepllhlit CTOK Ill - 30S. 308
CKnaJIKll KOpo6•3TblC II - 230 Co.111<J>n10KHllOH Hble OOTOKll u - 274 CTPY•Typa I - 66, 67 TeKTOHH•1ecKa11 8KTHBHOC11> III - 3I4,
KOCble II - 227 npouccCbl II - 135, - ncpr11KanbHaA I - 68, 69 3 15, 320, 331
ne>Ka•11e II - 227 497, 509 rnb16oB3H I - 7I, 257; T exT01111qec.KHC .n.eH>KCHHSJ SC.MHOH KCJ
onpoK1111yT•te II - 227, 250 Con11<1>nioKu1101111ble Teppacbl II - 528 III - 97 pbi III - 341
0CH0B8HllH (cj>yHJl3MCHT8) Co.•11cj>J1!0Kl(llH I - 80. 594: IJ - 524, CrpyKTypa roMOKJIHH2JlbH3A I - 68 TeKT01111•eCK11e .1Ht1HH III - 216
11 - 218 525, 529, 539; III - 135, I53, I 56, ropH30HTllJlbHa• I - fil - npoueCCbl III - 107,
CKnaJIK11 11011poe11ble II - 252 157, 192 H90KllHH3Jlb118H I - 67 175. '12.4, 253, 262, 284. 312, 315
npoTbIK8HHA I - 69 Co.0011•aK I - I96; III - 18, 38, 43, MOHOKJlllH8JlbH3R I - fil TeKT0111NecK11e <)>aKTOpbl Ill - 26I
npRMble II - 227, 250 57, 58, 99, JOO, 244, 266 nep11Kn1111aJlb11a• I - 69 T eKTOHHlletKoe npoucxo>K..nemtc non·
CHMMeTPH•Hble JI - 227 Co.oou•aK nyxJlblit I - I 96; Ill - 38, CKJ13)1Q8T3H I - 69 UOl\HblX K3HbOHOB II I - 306, 307
c npOTl•K3IOUtllM RJ!POM II - 58, 98, IOI •cwyil•aTa• II - 252 T e.10 onOJ13H• I - 3I I
227 CTpyKTYPHOCTb pcJ!be<)>a I - 22 Tcopm1 a11Te1len.c11T·Horo sano>ti.eHHH
CKllOJlKll CYllJ!Y"Hb!C II - '12.7, 250 COJ!bcj>arap11a• 11e• Ten•110CTb II - 430,
449 - cj>OpM II - 133 CK80311"'X JlOJlllH I - 302
CKJ1aAKoo6paaoeaH11e II - 222 C-rpyKTyp11ble 6e11•11 I - 281 Teop11H acm• MeTp1111 JIOJIHH A. A. Bop·
CKnan•aTOCTb II I - 216 Conb<jlaTapbl II - 370, 37"1, 428-430 - rpyHTbl (no•abl) II - soea I - 272-273
rny6HHH8R II - 228, COJIHHble KOpK1t II I - 33, 99 501; Ill - 156
- KynOJla II - 4, I 15 TeopHA A. rpytfJJ.3 npOllCXO>K)leHJiff
C•pYKTYP""'e nnaT<)>opMbl I - 28 1 rpyHTOBblX 80J1 KapcTa II - 20
C1<.1a.~•aTOCTb rn••6ooa11 II - 227 C0>1Ma II - 45I-456 - nooepx11ocT11 I - 366
ron0Nopcj>11a• II - 250 ConO'IHble O()Jlff 11 - 467, 469 Teop1111 3CHMMeTpHlt peq. T cop1rn oOoco6ne1111blx no113e>t11blx eo·
JI11crapM01111•11a• II - 229 Cop Ill - 38, 57 HblX JJ.0.01111 I - 270-272 JJ.OCTOKOB Kapcra II - 20
11JJ.110010pcj>11a• II - 250 Cn.1Jt0LUet1110CTb reoHJla y nomocos CrpyKTypHble cj>opMbl II - 156, 207 Teop1rn 0(5paaoaa1111• CKB03Hb1X 11on1111
118rHeT8HllA II - 228 III - 220 - 9JleMeHTbl 111 - 154, 247 nyTcM perpecc11a11oll spoo11H peK I -
o6mero CM•T11• II - 228 Cnopono·m>11lb11enoll a11ann:3 I - 20 CTyne1rn KOHcj>nl()3HTKble I - 527 305

368 369
 Tcop1tS1 noA9eM11oro 3anmt<CHHH CKB03· T pCUlllHbl ne1t11HKODblc I - 450 139, 187, 199, 203, 2o.5, 225. 226,
Te<•CHHe BAOJ1•6eperonoe III - 183,
Hhlx n onm1 I - 302 184, 200, 209, 227 - 11acnoeH1111 (HannacrouaHllff) 255, 256
Tcnnoooii noroK III - 320 324 336 Te•e1me non11oooe Ill - 177, 184 II - 9 <l>nCKCYPhl II - 305
TepManbHble ucrotlHHKH 11 '_ 4'1 2 Mop<:Koe Ill - 8, 116, 142. Tpe1u11Hbl nTACJ1bHOcT11 Ill - 189 <l>n11w Ill - 310, 31 1
TepMllTHlfKll II - 3 15; Ill _ 170 296 - oTcenatrn• 111 - 150 <l>JJIOIJH2J1bH0·9p03110HHhltt pC.ltbC<j> IJ -
TepMOKapcr I - 97; II _ 123 311 Te•e11 11c orn11nHoe Ill - 226, 229 Tporn I - 516, 517, 519, 520-524; 312; 111 - 133
:ll 5, 492, 496, 536, 538 • • Ill - 261 <l>nK>o1tornS1u11anbmiae or.no>KemtH I -
npH.D.OHHoe JIJ - 183
TepMoi<apcr Ha neAHHKax I - 462 Tpo1 111K ll OOCTOl!llllO aJJ3)f(HblC 111- 126, 223, 491
TcpM0t<apcTOt1b1e 03epa II - 539
TepMOTcppaca Ill - 282
2
209, :z6,P~33rn11oe Ill - 139, 141,.
154, 155 <t>111on11or11RLtHanbHble ncc.K11 I - 598
pasmmbl II - 299
Tc•em1e pMphlBHoe 1II - 183, 184, 200 T1>om1i;:11 ce30H1100J1aa<11blc Ill - 126
TepMhl II - 465 - Tcnnoe III - 271 c npoAon>t<HTCllbHblM cyXHM TCppaCbl I - 598
Tcppacoea• (npoMe>KyTO•Ha•) ao>1a xonoA11oc III - 271 nepuo.no>< II I - 126 <l>OKYChl 3CMJICTpHCCHllil Ill 317,
cpeJJ.H11ttO··OKeaH11"lca<oro xpc6Ta Tttn eynKaHttQCCKOH Jl.CSITC.'lbllOCTlr Tpo1111~cCKHi< Kapcr JI - 91, 100, 101, 312, 331
Ill - 319, 320 II - 332 103; Ill - 142, 143 <l>OJ>JU!ll,ll CKl la.Jl'l 3TOii JQHbl 148;
Teppaw I - 227; 11 _ 185-ISG· Tun eynKaH11~ecKoii JJ.eHTe.llbHOCTJr Tpoxo11Aan•11a11 nomia Ill - 178 II - 256
III - 35, 219, 220, 255, 278, 304 ' BOJ1K3Hll8HCKll(! II - 333 Tpy6KH 03pb183 II - 348, ~9 <l>opMyna W ca11 I - 211
Teppacbl ann10e11an•H•1c I - 283 Tun nyn KaHH'lecxoii Aefl.ttJJhHOCtH Tyrai1 111 - 45 <l>opMbl ny•eH11H II - 492, 509
anbTHnna11au1rn JI - 278, 528 rauaiicKoil II - 332 TyMllbl ll - 535 pCJlbccj>a I - 9: Jll - 4, 17
epes•1aa•m• I _ 288 Typ611:'.\l!Tbl Ill - 310 r.nscuHan1>uoro npoHc-
Tun synKattttqecKoA aeHrenbHOC'TH
BhlueTp11oa1111• J - 280 nenciiCKoii II - 334, 342 Ty pTKyn11 Ill - 115 XO>KJte11111t 11 1 - 154
.ncn•TOuble I - 290 <l>opcj>nlOTep II - 94, 97; Ill - 143
Tm1 ey1tK<tHH4CCKOii AeRte:.1Jb HOCT1r
AeHyAauMOHHblC I - 280 Ynana II - 4, 46, 55, 84 <l>peaTlNCCKHH rop1130HT rpyHTOBblX. BOJl
nnmmaHcKoi1 II - 336
ApeeHe3oKCKHcKue II I - 225 THn B}'1tKa1tui~ccKolt AeHTcnbHOCTH YroJI p anH01iec11H Cblny•11x Ten 111 Ill - 133, 166, 167, 168
aaronneHHhle I - 110; III - COJ1bcj>arap11b1il II - 337 70, 209 <l>pOHT MOPCKOH BQnllbl Ill - 178, 209,
175 TJ.tn oyJ1K3HHGecKolt neRTC.nbHOCTIP :V36oii Ill - 45 213, 214, 284
Teppac•1 Kapa11rar orne 111 - 225 crpoMGonHa11cKHrt II 332, 333 ~1 JC,1 CTOff'fCll OOJlHbl JlJ - 335 <l>pOHT npo>iep38HllH 11 - 544
KOpcHHhlr I - 283 Ysnoebfe nmnm CTOH'1eH e0Jtnb1 111 <l>ynb)\lKH Ill - 83
Tl!~n np11po]lHO~ CpcAbl Ill - 174, <l>)'M3pQ<lbH811 ACATCJlbllOCTb II -
·•OK8Jlbmxe I - 289: III 3.15
136 T,,n nycTblHb I II - 47 ~·J.%1 c•y•11naM11A r opHbJX uencr1 II 454, 455, 456
Teppac"' >111nauK11e II I - 224, 255 164, 250, 251 <l>y>1ap0J1bl II - 344, 370, 387, 428,
- penbecj>a AH8 oKeaHa I II - 337 453, 454. 457, 459, 460, 464, 472
- MOHacr·wpc1<11e JI I - 224, ToM6ono III - 215, 216 ~-JlbTp<lOCHOBllblC nopOAhl Ill - 320.
225, 255 333-334 <l>yM8POJH>l Kllcnblc [I - 387
Tonorpacj>H'1ee><al! noacpxH<x:Th III -
Teppacbl MopeHHb1e I - 281 21, 57, 105 YH11<j>op>t113M I - 135 <l>yMapon"' cyxHc II - 387
- MOpCKHC I - II 0 279· 111- ~1pollClHb ncpwnH rop II - 97, 201 XOJIOAHblC 11 - 387
219, 221- 224, 255 • ' T0Ki(;"Hb1e 6yrp1>1 II - 315, 348, 541 - menOOJnhlc II - 387
.ne11yA8UHH II - 210
Tcppacbl Harop11ble II - 278 To'rnbl'e HHU<'nnpoHKH JI - 306 Ycra11osttewuecR Ko.ne6aTeJlbttb1e .n.BH· <J>y11J18MCHT ll - 231, 304, 305, 307,
H8Anyrouhle J - 250 Tpane1mrn II - 442, 445 >Kr 1111• Ill - 335 40 1, 402
118KOOJ1CHllH I - 283 TpanepT1111oublc TeppaCbl II - 444 YCTbcaa• cryneHb I - 525; II - 187, <l>•en•Ahl I - 544
445 .• 272
ltt _ ~3gP11•1e I - 279; JI - 300: XeMore1111b1if Matep11an Ill - 199, 263
Tp~3~~Hb1C peKH II - 276: Ill - 29, X11Mn1.1cc.Koe BblBCTpHeauHe 11 - 134;
O<:x:AaHH• ( •iopeH11•1e) 1- 281 <l>aKTOp KJ1HM8Tll'fecK1tif ill - 4, 106
norpe6eHHhlC I - 295 Tpa~crpecc11• MOP• II - 261· Ill - <l>aKTOpbl pcn.ecj>oo6pa30B8HllH 111 Ill - 12, 17
00.llHHTblC JI J - 175 138,220. ~%. 299 • X11011occj>cpa I - 23, 94, 96, 200, 410
98 XOJJMllC'fO·';,PRA000·3803AHHllblil pcJtbCcj>
n0Anpym11ea1111• I - 289 TpaHcrpeccm1 MOPH oepxHcxnanblttcKaR <llaKTOPbl c-rpyKTypllhlC Jll - 136
noHMeHHblC I- 296 Ill - 287 <l>auuanbHblil aMaJJH3 I - 19; Ill (I - 235, 310
non11re11CTH•CCK11e I - 235, TpaHcr111pau1111 I - 195; Ill - 40, 153 XonMbl ·ocramtbl 111 - 49
228 Xol!OAllblC crenH II - 488
289 TpaH<:nopr11ponKa Ill - 18, 164 <l>au11anbllb1i1 xapaKTep I - 16
Xyaih1aHCKltC JlOH>Ke HnR 3C~rnoft KOpbl
Tcppac1>1 pa3Mwea I - 280, 283 TpaHcnopT11py10ma• cnoco6HOCTb BO.!lo- <l>euA""" Ill - 86
<l>ccr o11•arble nec•a111>1c nonHbl II I - II - 232
pe"Hblc 111 - 222 TOKa I - 21 4; Ill - 137 XyMbl II - I I, 82, 89, 216
c11u11n11r1cK11e II I - 2'24, 225, 78
255 Tpa11ccj>n10•111111• II - 199 <l>"'1bTP3UllH I II - 265, 266
Tpexrpam111K11 Ill - 19 <l>uopJlOBhle 6cpcra Ill - 175, 217, UcHTpan•11a1t o6nacn. OJICACHem•• 1-
Tcppacbl CTPYKTypllblC l 233, 280; 565, 566, 59.1; Ill - 221
II - 320: Ill - 23 Tpfr:t,""""'c 113acp>Ke11H• II - 425. 258. 300
<1>11opJlhl Ill - 177, 222. 258- 263 Ucno•Kn OCTpo11os 111 - 178, 250
Tcppacb1 r11ppeHcK11c I II 224, 225, T~111111>1e nom1r0Hbl ll - 273, 490, <1>11pt< I - 421 Un•n apHAHb1i1 I - 151
255 <1>11pH003ff JJllHllH I - 413 rn•1111anbHblH I - 151
Teppac1>1 ysyunapcK11c 111 - 225 TpemuHoaarOCTb I - 59; Ill - 15. MOpCHa I - 531 MOpCKOll I - 151
11111<11onhle I - 282, 283, 291 154, lflO, 218 <1>11p11oll-OC 11011e II - 547 HOpM8Jlbllblil I - I 51
UOK0.1bllble J - 283 <1>11y>1ap•1 II - 168 U11KJ1bl 3P031111 I - 137. 150: II -
Tpcm1111•1 ublc•1xaHn11 II - 492, 554 ~ 302; Ill - 136, 143, 161
TecuttHa I - 230 Ill - 55 <llnaH.ll!XKa• rpa11crpeccHff Ill - 138,

370 371
 U11pK11 .ie.AJU<xonhle II - Z71
U11pK)n•wu1 naccaT11ao Ill 6 161, 192, 338
Uy118Mll II - 389, 462; Ill - 184,
185, 308
'lcTBcpT11•11oe oneAe11e1111e II I - 47,
157, 175-177, 221, 262, 281, 299,
306, 3Z7
lfew) A•&Thlil nm pe111>e$a I - 391
lfHHrtlJIM II - 155
lf11HK11 (ycryn"' pen•ecl>a n Cpe.1111en
A31111) 11 - 319; 111 - 115
'h1pne (11aana1111e KonoAuee B J(apaKy·
MOX) )II - 43
Waponu OTAM•llOC'fb 111 - 154
Ulappa II - 417
Ulapp11alK11 II - 252
U18TpoBhlii THn pem,ecl>a I - 391
Wenbcl> 111 - 29S-300
Wen•cl><>oa. 3011a Ill - 300
44 1
,,.Jlbl
Wenbcl><>llble (A111apKT11Aa) I -
UJcpMOBL!r. THn 6epera Ill - 218, 267,
284
WHpoTH8R K.'lHM&TH-icacaM 30HanbHOCTb
II - 278
Wllf>OTH""' p83.10)1U 111 - 333, 336,
342-343
WJllKll BYJll(8HHQecKlle 11 - 359, 379,
382, 397, 414
W1t8KOB8R KopKa 11 - 382, 383, 386
UJnaKOUbte KOHycu JI - 360, 390, 39'2,
395, 397, 398, 453, 454
UlopM (copu, CO.~OH•8KH) Ill - 57
Wn1111b II - 152
lllnopu Ill - 49
WpaTTbl II - 38. 314, 315; Ill - IH
WTOK I - 72
Wyra II - 510
UJxcpuoe no6epe>t<bC Ill - 175
wxep"' III - 268
ll.lCJtb (yaKoe ropuoe y111enbe) I - 230
UJ.ur 6paa1111bCKo-ro11a110<11n 111 -
134
11.litTbl KPllC'f&:IJlll'leCKllC II - 305;
Ill - 133, 134
UJ.11ru Marep11KOehle II - 294; 111 -
133, 134
.9ocT8THtleame HJMe HCHltA ypoDHH MO•
P• I - 110, 215; Ill - 22), 221,
246, 255
3ecrar11'le0Cne noehlwe1111• ypoe11• M•!·
poeoro oxeaea 111 - 206. 256
3'(31pau11a I - 77
3K3apa111101111ble ana;urn1>1 111 - 262
372
3K30feHffhlc nponeccw II - 497; 111-
3KJore111tble c11nbl I - 20; II I - 175
tjMKTOpl>I I - 8; II -
309; Ill - 100, 102, 162, 175, 247,
252
3K30pe113M Jll - 8
3KJOTll•CCKHe rnhl6bl II - 253
- pcKll I - 101; Ill
29
3i<cnnoo11e11a. .aeRTeJlbHOCTb II - 461
cjla3a 1\3eep>t<e11u• II - YKAJATEJl b HHOCTPAHHblX T EPMHHOB
I( TOl\\All\ I, 11 , Ill
328, 346, 356
3KCnll03H811bl(I llHACKC JI - 381
3Kcrparn•1111an•11au aoua l - 567
3xcrpyattBH•1r1 Kynon I - 56; II - Ab<'r Ill - 256 Barchans 111 - 70
336, 350, 353, 354, 355. 451, 453, 455 Barranoo II -417
,\bimes II~
3.~e1.-rpop23BCAK& I - 11; II - 284 Ablationssclllucht I -224 Barrier beach 111 -213
3newcHT naKJUDalj>Ta Ill - 3 Barriers Ill - 205 .
Abrasional surlace Ill - 188
3nummi penbecl>a II - 304: 111-337 Abrasion platlorm 111 - 188 Bassin d'alimentalton I - 340
orop11•111>1e II - 304 Bassin de receflion I 138
Abrasionsflachen II - 30'2
ncpe1t•Hblc 11--304 Bassin termina I - 558
3.u11nco11A epaU1cHltH I - 8; 111 -
Abrasionskiisten 111 - 251
Abrasionslerminante Ill - 192 Bayhcad 111 - 285
334, 335 Affluents I - 335 Beach cusps 111 - 194
31lbcrepcKoe onene11e1111c I - 501 Beach ridges 111- 194
3nt0a11ft I - 46; 111 - 54, l(}l, 133 Agator Ill - 25 . . • Beach rocks 111-141
Ag1tlomeration reticule Ill - 78
3w6pH0118JlbHble AIOlll>I 111 - 65 Agrcssionskilsten 111 - 251 8c11leitvulkane II - 380
311AOreHHblC npOl\eccM Ill - 106 Btheading 1-343
..\iguillc 11 - 152; Ill - 191
CRllY I - 20 ;\in 111- 80 Belchen II - 155
3HAopeH3N Ill - 8 Bench 111 - 188
Allu,ial plain 1- 248
311epnt• 011eJte11c1111• I - 410 Altiplanalion terraces 11 - 528 Berg 11 - 143
30A088R 8KJ<Y'1YARUllH II - 312; Bergfull II - 143
All land I - 388. 389
Ill - 118 Altwasscr I 347 Bergschrund I - 450
9onoaaR .ae•TeJJ•llOCTb Ill - 62. 103. Ocr11sohle JI - 143
204 Angrillkilstcn 111 - 251
Anselmoir II 55 Berms I II - 194
3Mo•a• nepepa6oTK8 111 - 60, 93 Besdno 11 - 55
.\nticlinal valley 1- 259
3po3HH Ill - 91, 93 Apalhraun II - 384 Bcstrichene Windbahn 1ll - 178
3onoao-8Kl<ywyntmt011bli1 nm pe.1becjla Black llills t~-pe of mountains 11 -247
1-9 Arched mountains type II - 247
Arcs msulaorcs 11 - 3 11 Blasloch Ill - 19'2
30Jtonble nCCKH II I - '.fl, 60. 241 Arg1le a blocaux I - 496 Blattenmg I - 453
npoueccb! Ill - 101, 244 Blockbewegung I -.WI
Argiles A ,arves I - 497
lj>OpMM pcn..elj>a Ill - 7, 91 Asar I - 574; As I - 584 Blbcke (vulk) 11 - 339
3neflpore>rn••cCKllC .llBH>t<CHllR l - 20. Blocklava II - 364
147; Ill - 134 Aspite II - 356
.!\stuar 111-226 Bloc· lava II - 384
3n11rc11crn•ecKtte .aon11111>1 I - 307 Aue 1-248 Block·likc movement I - 461
3n11rc11e1'1Nec•oe SMo>t<eHne I - IS. Auencbencn I - 248; 11 - 296 Blocs II - 339
75; II - 185, 422 Aulpressungsasar I - 585 Blow hole 111 - 19'2
3nH30AH'lecKlle peKH n)'crwlb II - ,\ulscllOllungslsar I - 585 Bocca 11 - 429
26; Ill - 45, 50 Aulschullungscbenen 11 296 Boddenkiisten Ill -251
3n11K0>mrneHT8Jlbt11>1c wop• I - 32; AuslOllungsdella Ill -z.JO Bombes volcaniques I - 339
II - 231, 305; 111 - Z74 Ausgleichkilslen Ill -- 248, 285 Bornhardts Ill - 104, 105
3mt11eHTpbl 3eMAeTPHCeH11(1 Ill - 320. Avans 11 - 55 Boin 1- 530
321, 'irl.7, 328, 3.10 l3ollomscl beds 111 - 228
3pr Ill - 44, 58, 60, 62, 63, 84, 86, Back wearing 111 - 49. 106 Boulder clay I - 196
88, 117 Boulder pavement 111 -21
3poo1101111a• cnoco6ttOC'fb peKD Ill - Bad lands 1- 92, 354, 384, 385; 111- 45•
50 Bourrelet mar11inal Ill - 98
108. 135, 309 Bowel Ill - 163, 167
3p031toi111a• cnoco6110CTb cycne11a1100- Baldachinlelsen I II - 17
Ballon II - 155 Bramidos subterranes II - 464
11oro OOTOK2 Ill - 309 Brandun1t Ill - 182
Biindertone 1-407
3po1111011ea• TepM1111aHTa I - 220 Barcha ne 111- 70 Brandungskarren II - 44; 111 - 198
373
Brandungs kchle 111 - 189
.Brandungsrfickstromung I ll - 184
Brandungsterrassen Ill - 188
Jl3rcak<' r Ill - 182
-Orot krustenbombcn II - 340
Bruchstule II - 262
'llruehtalcr I - 262
Buso 11 - 6.5
Buttes gaionees II - 273
Cailloux a lace!les Ill - 19
Ca ldare I - 5.10
Caldera II - 371
Caldera Glclschcr 1- 429
Caliehc 111 - 27
Ca lottcs g laciaires I - 439
Campos cerrados Ill - 158
Canal d'ecou lement I - 138
Canali Ill - 258
·Canoe - shaped valley I l - 251
Canon l- 230
Capture I - 343
Caudci ra Ill - 89
Caudcyra Ill - 89
Cauldron glacier I - 429
Caus scs I - 57; II - 15
Ccndrc volcanique ll - 341
Chainc pennl'C 111 - 86
Champs des dunes 1ll - 79
·Cheminct'S I - 553; Ji - 368
•Chevrons I - 455
Chouchcts Ill - 82, 83
Cliff Ill - 188
Clou ps II - 55
Coast Ill - 186
Coast dunes Ill - 240
Coast line Ill - 185
-Coastal deserts 111 - 6
Coastal plain II - 294 ; Ill - 187
Cockpit Country II - 42'
·Cockpit karst II - 99; 111 - 113
Coins de glacc II - 493
Cold fumaroles II - 387
Colonncs coillecs I - 559
Combs I - 259. 530
Composite cones ll - 360
Compound recurved spit 111 - 210
Cone de debris JI - 359
COne de dejection I - 138; II - 135
C-One de lave ll - il56
Conc-i11-co11c s tructure II - 377
Cone karst 11- 58
·Olnes advent ifs 11 - 379
\~niea l duucs I ll -- 82
Continen tal glaciers I - 438
Continental intcrcalairc 111 - 54
Continenta l rise 11 1 - 298
Continental slope Ill - 298
Coom I - 259, 530
Cordon de sable Ill - 89
374
Cordon littoral 111 - 213
Orillless area I - 5 t I Fetch Ill - 178
Cornish Ill - 189 Fiedcrformigc GliedenmR II - 161
Coul~ de lave 11 - 380
Drumlin I - 577
Dry fumaroles II - 381 Filament de g lace JI - 507
Courant d'arrochemcnt I ll - 184 Ory lake basins Ill - 102 Firnfeld I - 420
Couranl de turbiditc 111 - 307
Ory lakes 111- 102 Firnllecken I - 426
Crag II - 155 Firnmoriine I - 531
Dunc fields 111- 79
Crater II - 36& Dunrnfel der Ill - 79 Firs! II - 193
Crater harbour II - 374
Dunes bombCes 111 - 70, 78 fissu res I - 450
Crater lake II - 374 en croissant 111- 70 Fjaerde I - 591
Craterc 11- ;J(,8 F jorddurchgrcifkiisten Ill - 251
Cratere lac II - 374
en rateau Ill - 81
en \V III - 77 Fj·ordc I - 591
Crateres d'clfondrcment II - 373 Hoilees Ill - 82 F achboden II - 292
Crateres d'erosion II - 374
litlorales III - 240 Fliichenspiilung Jll - 26, 3 1
Crateres d'explosion II -373 plattes Ill - 69 Fla ch dell en I - 88
Crenulate shoreline 111 - 217, 284
pyramidalcs 111 - 82 Fladcnl ava II - 384
Cresccnlic dunes Ill - 70 Dzcllah llll - 78 FMche Ill - 209
Crevasses I - 450
Flisch III - 310
Croissants de plage 111 - 194 Ebenc IE- 29'2 Flood-plain I - 248
Cuesta I - 393 Ebenen mariner Akkumulation II - 2t5
FluBanzapfung I - 343
Cuirasses lerrugincuses Ill - 132, 164 Ecailles 1 - 393 Fluviatile Destruklionspassc II - 196
Cum-ice I - 428 Ecoulement dillus Ill - 16 1
Fluviatile Ebenen JI - 296
Einbruchsca ldcren II - 373 Flutboddcnkusten Ill -251
Dayas ll 1- 103 Einebnuingslliichen JI - 207, 300
Fohrden I - 591
Debris cone II - 359 Einschollcngebirge II - 264 Fohrdenkiisten Ill - 251
Dcckgletscher I - 438 Einzugsgcbicl I - 340
Foreshore Ill - 186
Dcckka rren II - 44 Eislilamente II - 507 Forsct beds Ill - 227, 228
Deckschollen II - 253 Eiskappen I - 439
Fosses occaniques 111 - 316
Dcckschollengcbi rge II - 265 Eiskcile II - 493 Fremdli ngslliiBe lll - 29
DHcrlement Ill - 182 Eisnadenn II - 507
Fringing reef 111 - 273
Dejection cone II - 135 Eisschilde I - 439 Fulgcs Ill - 83
Delaisse I - 247 Embaymcnts Ill - 19, 110
Fumarollcs acides II - 387
Dellen 1- 88 Encatch ment area I - 340 Fumarollcs anhydres 11 - 387
Delta-form peak 1- 542. Endmorline I - 143
Fumarolles lroidcs II - 387
Deltas 111-22~ Endscen Ill - 32 Fumarolles seches 11--387
Dcmcmbrcrncnt radial II - 161 Entonnoirs II - 85
Fullgletschcr I - 427
Demoisclles I - 558 Epaulements 1- 547 Fullhohlen 11 - 96
Density current 111 - 308 Epigenetische Erosionsliilcr I - 307
Dent 11 - 155 Erdpyramiden I - 553
Gassis Ill - 86
Dcnudationsfli!chen ll- 300 Erg 111 - 58 Gcbirgsdurchang II - 192
Desert armour Ill - 2t Erosionscaldercn II - 374
Gebirgspass II - 192
Deserts li1toralcs Ill - 6 Eskers m- 584 Gebirgsrost II - 162
Dcsqua mation Ill - 10 Escarpement de faille II - 262 '
Gcbirgsstock II - 159
Dcvcrscrncnt I - 348 Estran Ill - 186 Gemischtc Vulkanc II - 360
Diaclases courbes Ill - 149, 15 1 Esluaire Ill - 226
Gerichlr ter Karst II - 11
Diagonaltalcr I - 263 Estuary Ill - 226 Geschiebclehm I - 496
Diatreme II - 421 Etangs Ill - 245, 263
Geysers I I - 432
Diguc de galets 111 - 209 Exotic rivers III - 29 Gcysire JI - 432
Diguc de sable Ill - 209 Explosionscalderen II - 372
Giant's causeway JI - 404
Digue en erochel Ill - 210 Facctted pebbles Ill - 19 Gibber plains 111 - 2 1
Di rectcd karst II - 11
Falaisc 111 - 188 Giplcl II - 191
Disjunction ll - 245 fall line 1- 323 Giplclfl ur II - 97, 201
Divide l - 34 1
Fallenschollengebirge JI - 265 Glacicrcts I - 426
Dome II - 152, 155, 353 Fastcbenen II - 300 Gl~ciers de cirque I - 428
Doppclvulkanc JI - 377
Fault dill JI -262 - de pied mont I - 43G
Dos des balcines III - 50, 107 Fault scarp II - 262 de type grocnlan dais I - 438
Dosso II - 155
Feid/. s Ill - 86 - suspendus I - 427
Drainage area I - 340 Glacier tables I - 455
Fels uBebenc Ill - 50, 162
Drcieckhorn I - 542 Fcnctre II - 253 Glacis Ill - 167
Drcikantcr 1ll - 19
Fenster II - 253 de denudation Jll - 50
Driblet cone 11 - 386 Fernling I - 387 - d'ennoyage Ill - 50
375
•Glads d'epcndagc 111- - 50
Glazialbuchtkiisten III -251
Glaziale Destruktionspiisse II - 198
Gteichgcwichtsprolil I -218
·G letschermilch I - 44i
•Gletschermiihlcn 1- 452
Gletschcrspalten I - 450
Gletscherlische I - 455
Glodrnbcrge llI - t48
Gorge de racordemen I I - 526
·Goules II - 55
•Gradin II - 148
de confluence 1-527
- de faille llI - 262
•Grarets Ill - 53
Grat 11 - 151, 193
Graux 111 - 263
•Gres de plage lfl-141-t42
Ground moraine I - 446
Grundmorane I - 446
Grundmorlinenseen I - 59t
•Grundschollcngebirge II - 265
Guyots Ill - 3.18
•Guyotes lit - 2 t0
Hacken Ill - 210
Half 111 - 263
Halbfreic Karren II - 41
llalbhorst fl - 262
Haldcnhang II - 113, 150; Ill - 108
I lals If -421
llangdcllen I - 88
Hangcgbetschcr I - 427
Hiingctiikr Ill - 189
Hanggletscher I - 427
Hanging glacier I - 427
Hanging valleys Ill - 1&9
I lauptflu6 I - 335
J ler\'Orgeschobcnes Della Ill - 231
Hochgebirge fl - 239
Hochmoorc I - 571
.Hohlebcnen II - 294
Hohlkarren fl - 44
Homate fl - 360
Honeycomb weathering Ill - 13
.Horn II - 155
Horseshoe fall I - 324
liorscshoe glaciers I - 428
Horstgcbirge fl - 2&1
.Hooked spit Ill - 210
Houle IJI - 179
Huhle 11-55
Hungerbrunncn II - 22
Ice caps f - 432, 439
Ice columns II - 507
Ice filament II -507
Ice needles II - 507
lgapo Ill - 154
376
llli1101an glaciation I -50'2
lndifferente l(iisten 111 - 218
lnlandeis I - 438
Inlets Ill - 263
lnnenmoriine I - 445
lnselberge 111 - 104, 105
lnsclbcrgs 111 - 104, 105, 160
lnselberglandschaft fl - 143
I nselbogen Ill - 31 1
lnseleis 1- 439
lntcrlobate moraine I - 509
Intern moraine I - 445
lnvierno Ill - 157
Island ares Ill - ~II
J ama 11 - 55
Jochglctscher I - 430
Jokull II - 433
l(aar llI -70
Kalle Fumarolen II - 387
Kiiltewiislen III - 4
l(ames I -- 586
Kammeis II - 507
l(ansan glaciation I - 509
Karslrandcbene Ill - 143
Kegelkarst II - 98
l(cilschollengebirge II - 262
Kerbtiilcr I - 231
l(ernkusten 111 - 2.49
Kcrnsprengung III - 12
Kessel I - 592
Kcllengebirge II - 255
l(evi r Ill - 99
Klamm 1-230
Klasmatika II - 338
Kleinriakiisten Ill - 250
l(liff Ill - 188
Klillplciler Ill - 19 1
l(lippen Ill - 253
Klultkarrcn II - 43
l(onfluenzstufen I - 527
l(onide II - 360
l(onlincntalabhang III -298
Kontinenta lbOschung Ill - 298
l(ontinentallull III - 298
l(orrasion I - 76
l(orrosionskehlcn II - 44
l(ras 11 - 4
l(ra fer II - 368
l(raterhafen fl - 374
l(ralcrsee II - 374
l(rustenriffen III - 274
l(uppe II - 152
Kuppelgebirge II - 247
Kuppige Grundmorancnlandschaft
1- 576
l\iiste III - 186
l(iistendiinen Ill - 240
l(iislenebcne II - 294; III - 187
l(ustenlinie III - 185 Mundungssturc I - 525
l(iistenwusten II I - 6 Miindungstrichter III - 226
Lagoon III - 276 Niihrgebiet 1- 340
Lagune III - 276
Nappes de charriage II - 252
lamination I - 453 Narbe II - 422
Lapilli II -341
Nebdhohle II - 78
later I -49 Nebelwald III - 155
Lateral moraine II - 442
Nebenllii6e I - 335
lava cones II - 356 Nebrascan glaciation I - 509
Lava flow 11 -380
Nehrung JJI - 213
Lavaka en leuille de ch~ne Il l - 146 Neutralkiisten III - 218
Lavaka piriforme III - 146
Neve 1 - 420, 426
Lavakas Ill - 145 Nivalis 1 -94
Lavastrom II - 380
Nivation type of glaciers I - 426
lavavulkane II - SW Nonnes I - 533
Lave cordec II - 384
Notch III - 189
l ave de sciarre 11-384 Nuees ardentes II - 342
Lclles Ill - 243
Levee de galets Ill - 194 Oberes Ocnudationsniveau I - 159·
Light holes II - 55
Oculinidae III - 270
Ligne de partage I - 341 Off-shore bar Ill - 213
Ligne de rivage Ill - 185
Ogiven I - 454
Linearerupfionen II - 327
Ogives I - 454
Longshore drilling Ill - 200 Old land I - 388
~uknja II - 55
Opfcrkessel Ill - 150
Miianderkarren II - 43 Orbicellidae I I I - 270
Maare II - 345 Ori~ngas lil - 150
Oule 1 -530
Maars II - 345
Magma II - 337 Outwash plains I - 596
Marais III - 269 Ox-bow- lake I - 247
Marmites des geants I - 166, 215, 452
Massengebirge II - 159 Pahoe-hoe II - 385
Massive II - 159 Pains de sucre Ill - l 48
Materiaux pyroclast.i ques II - 338 Palsen II -541
Mauvaises terres I - 354, 384 Pao de assucar II - 155; lil - 148-
Meandres divagants I - 243 Paramos 111 - 156
Mechanismus der doppelten Ruckwarts- Parasitic cones II - 379
denudalion Ill - 162 Partage des eaux I - 341
Meeresgletscher I - 44 Pass fl - 192
Meeresgrundkiisten III - 248 Pavage deserfique III - 21
Mesa II - 425 - 426 Pediment Ill - 50
Jllillelgebirgc I I - 239 Pencplain II - 300
Jllonoclinal valleys I - 259 Peneplaine JI - 300
Monoklinaltiiler I - 259 Pente confinentale 111 - 298
Mont 11 - 143 Perched blocks I - 553
Moraine du fond 1- 446 Periklina les Gebirge II - 247
frontale I - 443 Pliihle 1-592
interne I - 445 Pie II - 155
laterale I - 442 Picacho II - 155
terraces I - 605 Pico II - 155
Moraines I - 441 Piedmont 11 - 145
Moriinen I -441 Piedmontfliichen 1- 114; 11-211;
Moulins I - 452 lil - 108, 11 l
Mount 11 - 143 Piedmont glaciers I - 430
Mountains II - 144 Piedmonllreppe 1- 114; II - 211
Mouvements en bloc I - 461 Pinnacles II - 100; Ill - 191
Mud lumps II - 463; Jil - 228 Pipcrakes Ill - 156
Mud volcanoes II - 467 Pique II - 155
Muldentiiler I - 258 Piq11dt~ II - 155
377
Pitted plains I - 592
P lain II - 292
P laine fl - 292
Plaine alluviale I - 248; II - 296
Plaine litlorale II - 294; Ill - 187
P lalc-lormc litt-0rale lll - 188
Plalcau- Glelscher I - 429
Pia ya Ill - 50
Plis M fond II - 218
P lunging breaker 111- 183
Pocilloporidae 111 - 270
Pocket valleys II - 29
Polje 11-55
Pondo II - 155
Ponikva 11 - 55
Porites Ill - 270
Portee Ill - 178
Potholes I - 215, 452; II - 166
Primar-tcktonische Passe If - 195
Prolil d'cquilibre I - 218
Puy 11 - 155
Puechc II - 155
Pulpit-rocks Ill - 23
Pyramides de terre II - 553
Pyroclastics fl - 338
Pyrok lastischc Materiale II - 338
Ouellkuppcn II - 253
Quell seen 111 - 32
Quelllople II - 25, 50
Quergliederung II - 16 1
•Quert iiler I - 262
Radial dissection 11 - 164
.Radiale Gliederung II - 161
Radiallurchen II - 4 17
Rain lakes Ill - 32
l~akc -l ikc dunes 111 - 8 1
Randpoljcn II - 93
Randschluchl I - 224
Rcbdou 111-67, 68
Rccemenled g laders I - 432
.Rcchenlormige Diinen Ill - 8 1
Recif-barriere 111 - 273
Recif frangcant I fl - 273
Reconstructed glaciers I - 432
Recurved spit IH-210
Regenrinnenka rrcn II - 43
l~egenseen Ill - 32
Regime torrcntiel fl - 170
Relief ~ gradins I - 394
Relief prolond Ill - 89
Rhizoporen 111 - 177!
Rhoralla Ill - 83
Rias 111- 254
Ribboned structure I - 453
Ridemenls llf - 71
Riedel I - 386; Ill - 54
Ricdellandschalt I - 386
Riegcl I - 596
.378
Riesenkessel I - 462; II - 166
Riescnquellcn II - 24
Riesentople I -215
Rillenkarrcn II - 42
Ringwallbcrg II - 360
Rinnengletsd1er I - 435
Rinnenkarrcn II - 43
Rinnenseen I - 589
Rip currents Ill - 184
Rippelmarkcn lJI - 71
River piracy I - 343
Riviere-maitrcssc I - 335
Rivage JIJ - 186
Roches moutonnees I - 526
Rock bars I - 526
Rocking s tones Ill - 23
Rolling plains II - 295
Ropy lava II - 324 - 325
Rostgebirge II - 162
Rouvines I - 553
Riickcn II - 193
Ruckland II - 256
Ruisselement Ill - I05
Ruissclement dillus Ill - 108
Rumplbruchkiisten III -250
Rumpflliichcn 11 - 300; Ill - 162
Rumpfgebirgskiisten Ill - 250
Rumpfkiisten 111 - 250
Rumpfschollcngebirge II - 265
Rundhocker I - 526
~undkarren II - 44
S acktiiler II - 29
Salses II - 467
Sammelbecken I - 340
Sand ripples 111- 71
Sandur I - 596
Sattel II - 195
Sattelgebi rge 11 - 247
Satleltiiler I - 259
S iiuerlinge II - 432
Saumkiisten Ill - 251
Saumrifl lll - 273
Saure Fumarolcn II - 327
Scarp II - 143
Scharte 11 - 195
ScharuJJg II - 164, 250
Seherlliichen I - 455
Schichtflut III - 26, 3 1
Schichtstufenrelief II - 320
Schichtvulkane II - 360
Schiele Ebene II - 294
Schildvulkanc 11 - 356
Schlacken II - 340
Schlammsprudcl II - 467
Sch lammvulkanc II - 467
Schlillkehe 1 - 517
Sch lot II - 368, 42 I
Schluchtglelscher I - 435
Schmelzl0chor I - 457
j
Schmeizwasserebencn I - 596
Schneide II - 151
Schollendom fl - 386
Schollenlava II - 384
Schu ller JI - 99
Schutthalde II - t35
Schwemmlanddolinen II - 153
Sea mounts Ill - 338
Sebkhas W - 98
Seegang fll- 179
Seenplatte I - 589
Seil 111 - 84
SeilenllulBe I - 335
Seitenkegel II - 379
Seilenmorane I - 442
Seracs I - 450
Seters I II - 222
Sheet flood III -26, 31, 108
Shell Ill - 298
S hore 11 ( - 186
Shoreline Ill - 185
Sierra II - 144
Sink holes II - 5S
S lags 11-340
Skulpturinselbcrglandschaflen
111 - 104
Snow fields I - 420
Sollalaren II - 429
Sollatares II - 429
Solle 1-592
Solution basins Ill - 150
Sommabcrge II - 377
Somme! II - 191
Sorted s teps II- 527
Soufllard Ill - 192
Sound m - 263
S pangen berg II - 185
Sparren E - 455
Spilling breaker Ill - 183
Spit lll -209
Spilze II - I52
Spontane Massenbewegungen II - 525
Spreading of sea floor III - 337
Spring lakes Ill -32
Springquellcn II -432
Spiiloberfliiche Ill - 162
Spurs Ill - 49
Stacks II[ - 191
S tammflu6 I - 335
Stauchmoriine 1-682
Stauqucllen II - 23
Staukuppen II - 353
Steingittcr III - M
Skinguirlanden II - 528
Steinpllaster der Wiiste Ill - 2 1
Slilacheridac 111 - 270
Stirnmoriine l-443
S tonebanl<ed terraces 11 - 528
Slone garlands II - 528
- lace Ill - 14
Slone lattice 111- 14
- semicircles II - 528
S trahlenfiinnige Gliederunl( I I - 161
S trand Ill - 186
Strandhiimer Ill - 191
Strandlin ie 111 - 185
Strandversetzung Ill - 200
Strandwall Ill - 194
Stratovulkane II - 360
S trichdl1ncn I - 604
S tufe II - 148
Slufenkarc J - 532
Stulen land I - :194
Stulenpiisse II - 194
Stufenvercisung I - 427
Subdued mountains II - 243
Subsilvine Bewegnung I II - 153
Sullioni II - 429
S ugar loafs Ill - 148
Summit II - 191
Superimposed valleys I - 306
Surface canncll'C II I - 71
Surfaces d'abrasion II - 302
Surfaces d'aplanissement II - 207
Suspcnsionstrome 111- 307
Swal low-holes II - 53
Swel l Ill - 179
Synclinaux perches 1 - 262
S ynklinaltiiler I - 258
Tables de glacier 1 - 455
Tafelbuchtkiisten III - 250
Tafelschollcngebirgc 11 - 265
Tafeltalkiisten Ill - 250
Tafoni Ill - 17
Tarns 1 - 592
Tayart II I - 86
Temoins Ill - I 15
Tcpctate Ill - 27
Terminal moraine I - 443
Terra lirma Ill - 154
- rossa II - 36, 46
Tcrrasses polygcnctiques I - 235
Tholoide II - 353
Through glaciers 1- 431
Thufur l - 273; 11 - 551
Ticfsccrinnen Ill - 316
Till 1 - 496
Topset beds Ill - 228
Torfhiigel II - 541
Tower karst II - 95
Transection glaciers I - 431
Transitional zone III - 3 1I
Transvcrsale Gliederung 11 - 161
Transverse va lleys I - 262
T renchcs Ill - 316
Tribuleries I - 335
Trittkarren II - 42
Trockene Fumarolen II -- 387
Trog I • · 54r;
379'
Trogkanlc I - 517 Volcanic neck 11-421
Trogschuller I - 517 - plug II - 421
Trogliilcr I - 518 Volcanilos II - 467
Tropfcnkegel If - 386 Volcans ~omposh II - 360
Trourch va lleys I - 518 d'air 11 - 467
Trune river I - 335 de bouc II - 467
Tulfvulkane II - 359 Vorfluler II - 94; Ill 14:S
Turbidit>· currMts 111 :>IJ7 Vorgebirge II - 145
Turmkarst 11- 95 Vulkanische Asche II - 341
Twinned glaciers I - 4JO Bomben 11 -339
Type des marais Ill 269
Wallbergc 1-360. 584
Oberflicssen I - 348 Walldunen I - 604 O f JIABJlEHHP.
Oberrcanrcszone Ill - 3 11 \\'allrill Ill - 273
Ufcrrnoriine 1- 442 Wandkarren II - 43
Uinta type mountains 11 - 247 \\'a ndverwilterunrc 111 - 45, 161 I'Aa8a XIII
Umlauflx'rg I - 247 \\'asserscheidc I 341
u. s. Geological Sur~er 1 - 136 \\'assersluben I - 464 11\~orH• apMAJ!YX " CCMMaPHAHWX o6natteA
3
unttrjochte Gebfrge I - 243 Water line 111 - 185 3
Ursprungskar I - 532 Water-parting 1- 34 1 'ho nasblaaTb nycn.men? . . . • • • • • • • • 10
Urslromtiiler I - 497, 598 Watershed 1- 341 Opoucccbl, nporeK810lUllC 8 MYC?'HRX, H llX OTp8>KCKRC 8 pe.11>e4>e
OycrblHHblC KOpbl " nyCTblllHblR sarap • • • . • • • 26
Wallen lf l - 269 zq
Wattenkuslen Ill 269 000cpX110CTHblC II noJU1eM1tble 80Jlbl 8pHllllblX 06Jl&CTefl «
Vatorocas 111- 140 Wellungsebcnc II - 295 3pOOHOHll.. e $QpMb1 B nyCTblltAX 47
Vallees 1- 258 Wclterl0cher II - 55 T1mbl nyCTblHI> . 48
diagonales I - 263 Windows II - 253 f op111>1e nyCTblllK 51
- en aurce I - 508 Winged headland 111 - 212 Pa&HHHllblC K8MeHHCnle nycn.um
fJlllHHCTblC K rl1KHliC10<0/!011'13K08blC nyCTLllIK S4
- suspendues 111- 189 Wisconsin glaciation I - 509 58
lransversalcs I - 262 Wollsackgran1lc I - 62; Ill - 23 Oecqauble nyCTWJK • • . 63
Valleuses Ill - 189 Wulslcnlava II 384 C!>opMbl nec~aH .. X 118KOMeHKil B M)'CTblHRX
3w6p11011a11bHble {saqaTOQHble) JllOHbl 65
Valloni Ill - 258 67
Van.ea Ill - 154 Zackenlava II - 384 I<)"le&Ne neci<u 70
Vegetationshugel Ill - 67 Zanoga I - 480 6apxa111>1 • . 75
Verrous 1 - 526 Zcmlah Ill - 86 6apxa11111>1e uenn 79
Verschleierle KemrandkOslcn Ill -251 Z-emloul Ill - 86 ('pa6neo6pa311ble JllOllllble rpRAbl •
,UIOHbl 8 BHAC napallllCJlbllblX BOllH 81
Verwillcrunrc-Basisflliche 111- 162 Zenlraleruplionen II - 327 82
Virgation II - 163 Zcugenberge Ill - 115 01tpaMHA8J!l>llble AIOttW 84
l,;okanic ash II - 346 Zone de transition Ill - 311 fpAA08ble necKH 93
bombes II - 339 Zuckerhule Ill - 148 5yrpHC'rue necKH •
94
debris 11- 338 Zungenbeckcn II - 558 ~'lytt:KOBble necxK •
fupoecKHe 6yrp1>1 . 94
l leKOTOpble o6o6ut•IOUlllC 8bl80)lbl 95
5eCCTO'lllble en&Mllbl 96
-OcTpOBHblC ropbl II llCAHMCllTbl 104
feorpacj>HQecKOC p8CJtpoctpaHellHC nyCTblHb 116
JI 11Teparypa 119

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381
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cTionyantn.bCHK"'» 144
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