Mission Thrishul 3.0 Free Test Kan Syn Paper Code 'D'

MISSION wæ±ÀÆ¯ï 3.
0
QæAiÉFREE TEST SERIES
ÄÃnªï L.J.J¸ï CPÁqÉ«Ä -2023
¨ÉAUÀ¼Æ
À gÀÄ
Student Name («zÁåyðAiÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ) ¥Àæ±Éß ¥ÀwæPÉ ±ÉæÃtÂ
Mobile No (ªÉÆ¨ÉÊ¯ï £ÀA§gï)
E-mail (E-ªÉÄÃ¯ï)
Test batch No (¨ÁåZï ¸ÀASÉå)
UÀjµÀ× ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄ: 1 UÀAmÉ 30 ¤«ÄµÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀiÁzÀj ¥Àæ±Éß ¥ÀwæPÉ
D
UÀjµÀ× CAPÀUÀ¼ÄÀ : 100
MISSION wæ±ÀÆ¯ï 3.0

FREE TEST SERIES FOR CTI/KEA/GROUP C
FREE TEST - KANNADA SYNOPSIS
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1
MISSION wæ±ÀÆ¯ï 3.0 FREE TEST SERIES -2023
1. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ, ªÀÄzsÀåªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ JA§ªÀÅ PÀ£ßÀ qÀzÀ°èªÉ ``D£ï, £Á£ÀÄ’’ JA§ÄzÀÄ
GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄ.
GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• ºÀ¼ÉUÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è JgÀqÀÄ §UÉAiÀÄ GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ, D£ï, DªÀiï, ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £Á£ï,
£ÁªÀiï JA§ÄªÀÅUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. £ÀqÀÄUÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è £Á£ï, £ÁªÀiï, ºÉZÀÄÑ §¼ÀPÉUÉ §AzÀªÀÅ. CªÀÅUÀ½UÉ `G’ PÁgÀ ¸ÉÃj
ºÉÆ¸ÀUÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è KPÀªÀZÀ£À `£Á£ÀÄ’ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À `£ÁªÀÅ’ JA§ÄzÀÄ §¼ÀPÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. DqÀÄ £ÀÄrAiÀÄ°è `£Á’
JAzÀÆ gÀÆrüAiÀÄ°èzÉ.
KPÀ ªÀZÀ£À :
¨sÁµÉ GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ªÀÄzsÀåªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ
PÀ£ÀßqÀ D£ï, £Á£ÀÄ ¤Ã£ï, ¤Ã£ÀÄ CªÀ£ÀÄ, CªÀ¼ÀÄ, CzÀÄ
vÀ«Ä¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁ£ï, £Á£ï ¤Ã CªÀ£ï, CªÀ¼À CzÀÄ
ªÀÄ¯ÉAiÀiÁ¼ÀA £Á£ï ¤Ã CªÀ£ï CªÀ¼ï, CzÀÄ
vÉ®ÄUÀÄ K£ÀÄ, £ÉÃ£ÀÄ FªÀÅ, ¤ÃªÀÅ, £ÀÄªÀÅé ªÁr, D¢
vÀÄ¼ÀÄ K£ï, AiÀiÁ£ï F DAiÉÄ, D¼ï, CªÀÅ
PÀÄ¬Ä C£À, £Á£ÀÄ F£ÀÄ, ¤Ã£ÀÄ CAdÄ, Dj
PÉÆqÀUÀ £Á ¤Ã CªÉ£ï, DªÀ, D¢
PÀÄgÀÄSï K£ï, ¤Ã£ï ¤Ã£ï D¸ï, Czï
ªÀiÁ¯ÉÆÛ K£ï ¤Ã£ï Dºï, Dxï
¨ÁæºÀÄ F F ¤Ã Nxï
2. GvÀÛgÀ. ¹
• CvÀÛtÂA, CvÀÛtÂAzÀA JA§ªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀ¼ÉUÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ «¨sÀQÛ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
«¨sÀQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ PÁgÀPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ (4) ºÀ¼ÉUÀ£ÀßqÀ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉÆ¸ÀUÀ£ÀßqÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
¥ÀæxÀªÀiÁ PÀvÀÈð – ªÀiÁqÀÄªÀzÀÄ ªÀiï G
¢éwÃAiÀÄ PÀªÀÄð – PÉ®¸À CªÀiï C£ÀÄß
vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ PÀgÀt - ¸ÁzÀ£À E£ï, EªÀiï, EAzÀA, EAzÀ

EAzÉ
ZÀvÀÄyð ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁ£À – PÉÆqÀÄ«PÉ UÉ, PÉÌ (EzÉ) UÉ, EUÉ, PÉÌ, CPÉÌ
¥ÀAZÀ«ÄÃ C¥ÀzÁ£À – CUÀ®Ä«PÉ CvÀÛtÂA, CvÀÛtÂ£À CvÀÛ, zÉ¸É¬ÄAzÀ

tÂAzÉ,CvÀÛtÂAzÀA
µÀ¶× ¸ÀA§AzsÀ C C
¸À¥ÀÛ«Ä C¢üPÀgÀt G¼ï, M¼ï C°è
2
¸ÀA¨sÉÆÃzsÀ£Á PÀgÉAiÉÆÃt D, K, F, EgÁ K, EgÁ
3. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
gÀÆ¥ÀPÁ®APÁgÀ :
• G¥ÀªÀiÁ£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ G¥ÀªÉÄÃAiÀÄUÀ¼À°è MAzÀÄ E£ÉÆßAzÀ gÀAvÉ EzÉ JAzÀÄ ºÉÃ¼ÀzÉ, CªÉgÀqÀÄ MAzÉÃ JAzÀÄ
C¨ÉÃzsÀªÁV PÀ°à¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ gÀÆ¥ÁPÁ®APÁgÀ ªÉ¤¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ CAzÀgÉ G¥ÀªiÀ ÁªÁZÀPÀ ©lÄÖ §¼À¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ ``
ZÀAzÀæ£ÀAvÉ ªÀÄÄR’’ G¥ÀªÀiÁ C®APÁgÀªÁzÀgÉ ªÀÄÄRZÀAzÀæ’’ gÀÆ¥ÀPÀ C®APÁgÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ E°è CªÀ£À ªÀÄÄRªÀÅ
ZÀAzÀæ£ÀAvÉ, ZÀAzÀæ£À ªÀÄÄR JAzÀÄ C¨ÉÃzsÀªÁV ºÉÃ½gÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ :
1. D ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå ¤dªÁzÀ zÉÃªÀgÀÄ
2. PÀªÀÄ® ªÀÄÄT G¥ÀªÉÄÃAiÀÄ – ªÀÄÄR G¥ÀªÀiÁ£À – PÀªÀÄ® ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÀéAiÀÄ – G¥ÀªÉÄÃAiÀÄªÁzÀ ªÀÄÄRªÀ£ÀÄß

G¥ÀªÀiÁ£À ªÁzÀ PÀªÀÄ®PÉÌ C¨ÉÃzsÀªÁV ºÉÆÃ°¸À¯ÁVzÉ.
gÀÆ¥ÀPÁ®APÁgÀ :
• ±Á¯ÉUÉ «zÁåyð gÀvÀß
• J£ÀßzÉÃºÀªÉÃ zÉÃUÀÄ®, PÁ¯É PÀA§, ²gÀªÉÃ ºÉÆ£Àß PÀ¼À¸À »ÃUÉ G¥ÀªÄÉ ÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ G¥ÀªÀiÁ£À JgÀqÀÄ MAzÉ
JAzÀÄ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ gÀÆ¥ÀPÁ®APÁgÀ.
¢Ã¥ÀPÁ®APÁgÀ :
• ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ ªÁPÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ vÀªÀÄä CxÀð ¥ÀÆtðvÉUÁV MAzÀÄ ¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß CªÀ®A©¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀ£ÄÀ ß ¢Ã¥ÀPÁ®APÁgÀ JAzÀÄ
PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ :
UÀÄgÀÄ¥ÉÆÃµÀuÉ¬ÄAzÀ «zÉå (ºÉZÀÄÑvÀÛzÉ)
ZÀAzÉÆæÃzÀAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÀæ (ºÉZÀÄÑvÀÛzÉ)
E°è ºÉZÀÄÑvÀÛzÉ JA§ÄzÀÄ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ªÁPÀåUÀ½UÉ C£Àé¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
GvÉàçÃPÁë®APÁgÀ :
• MAzÀÄ ¥ÀzÁxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß CxÀªÁ ¸À¤ßªÉÃ±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀºÀdvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß «ÄÃj ªÀtÂð¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ GvÉàçÃPÉë J¤¹PÉÆ¼ÀÄîvÀÛzÉ E°è
`J£É, JA§AvÉ’ JA§ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀ®à£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• »ªÀiÁ®AiÀÄ ¥ÀªÀðvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ DPÁ±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ZÀÄA©¸ÀÄwÛgÀÄªÀªÉÇÃ K£ÉÆÃ JA§AvÉ vÉÆÃgÀÄwÛªÉ.
• G¥ÀªÉÄÃAiÀÄ : »ªÀiÁ®AiÀÄ ¥ÀªÀðvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
• G¥ÀªÀiÁ£À : DPÁ±ÀªÀ£ÀÄ ZÀÄA©¸ÀÄwÛgÀÄªÀªÉÇÃ
• G¥ÀªÀiÁªÁZÀPÀ : K£ÉÆÃ JA§AvÉ
• ¸ÀªÀiÁ£À zsÀªÀÄð : G¥ÀªÉÄÃAiÀÄªÁzÀ »ªÀiÁ®AiÀÄ ¥ÀªÀðvÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß G¥ÀªÀiÁ£ÀªÁzÀ DPÁ±ÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß ZÀÄA©¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀPÉÌ

ºÉÆÃ°¸À¯ÁVzÉ.
3
GvÉàçÃPÁë®APÁgÀ :
• EzÀÄ ¥ÁvÁ¼À UÀÄºÉUÉ ¨ÁV®Ä JA§AvÉ vÉÆÃgÀÄwÛzÉ.
• ¹ÃvÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄR PÀªÀÄ®ªÉÇÃ JA§AvÉ CgÀ½vÀÄ.
• ©üÃªÀÄ£À PÁ®ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ D£ÉAiÀÄ PÁ®ÄUÀ¼ÉÆÃ JA§AvÉ vÉÆÃgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

zÀÈµÁÖAvÀ C®APÁgÀ :
• JgÀqÀÄ ¨ÉÃgÉ ¨ÉÃgÉ ªÁPÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ CxÀð ¸ÁzÀÈ±Àå¢AzÀ MAzÀgÀ ¥Àæw©A§ ªÀÄvÉÆÛAzÀÄ JAzÀÄ
vÉÆÃgÀÄªÀAwzÀÝgÉ CzÀ£ÀÄß zÀÈµÁÖAvÀ C®APÁgÀ JAzÀÄ PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÀgÄÀ .
GzÁ :
1. gÀ« DPÁ±ÀPÉÌ ¨sÀÆµÀt
2. gÀd¤UÉ ZÀAzÀæ ªÀÄºÁ¨sÀÆµÀt
3. PÀÄªÀgÀA ªÀA±ÀPÉÌ ¨sÀÆµÀt
F ªÉÄÃ°£À ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ CxÀð ¸ÁzÀÈ±Àå¢AzÀ MAzÀPÉÆÌAzÀÄ ©A§ ¥Àæw©A§zÀAvÉ EªÉ.

3. CgÀ¸À£À QÃwð AiÀÄÄvÀA ¤Ã¸ÀjAiÀÄ¯ï ZÀAzÀæªÀÄ£À PÁAwAiÀÄÄPÀÛ dUÀzÆ
É ¼ï
4. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• UÀªÀð + C®APÁgÀ UÀªÁð®APÀÈvÀ (C + C = D)
• E°è C PÁgÀ D PÁgÀªÉAzÀÄ ¢üÃWÀðªÁVgÀÄªÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀÄ ¸ÀªÀtð¢ÃWÀð¸ÀA¢üUÉ GzÁºÀgÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ.
• gÀZÀ£À + DvÀäPÀ = gÀZÀ£ÁvÀäPÀ (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• PÀlÄ + GQÛ = PÀlÆQÛ (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• ªÀÄºÀ + C¤® = ªÀÄºÁ¤® (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• ªÀÄ°èPÀ + CdÄð£À = ªÀÄ°èPÁdÄð£À (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• AiÀÄxÁ + CxÀð = AiÀÄxÁxÀð (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• ¢ÃWÀð + CªÀ¢ü = ¢ÃWÁðªÀ¢ü (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• PÁAiÀÄð + DZÀgÀuÉ = PÁAiÀiÁðZÀgÀuÉ (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• EAzÀæ + D¢ = EAzÁæ¢ (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• »ªÀÄ + CZÀ® = »ªÀiÁZÀ® (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð¸ÀA¢ü)
• ¸ÀégÀ + CZÀ® = ¸ÀégÁZÀ® (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• PÉÆÃ¥À + CgÀÄt = PÉÆÃ¥ÁgÀÄt (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• UÀªÀð + C®APÀÈvÀ = UÀªÁð®APÀÈvÀ (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
4
• zÉÃªÀgÀ + DuÉ = zÉÃªÀgÁuÉ (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• ¥ÀÄtå + DvÀä = ¥ÀÄuÁåvÀä (¸ÀªÀtð¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)
• ¥ÀgÀªÀÄ + C£Àß = ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁ£Àß (¸ÀªÀtð ¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü)

5. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
• gÁªÀÄ£ÀÄ ºÉÆÃzÀ£ÀÄ (ºÉÆÃUÀÄ) F ªÁPÀåzÀ°è PÀvÀÈð¥ÀzÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ EzÉ DzÀgÉ PÀªÄÀ ðvÀ£À E®è ºÁUÁVÃ EzÀÄ
CPÀªÀÄðPÀ ¥ÀzÀ
zsÁvÀÄ (QæAiÀiÁ ¥ÀæPÀÈw )
• £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®gÀÆ¥À £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀæPÀÈw EzÀÝAvÉ, QæAiÀiÁ ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®gÀÆ¥À QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀæPÈÀ w CxÀªÁ zsÁvÀÄ.
zsÁvÀÄ JAzÀgÉÃ£ÀÄ ?
• `zsÁ’ JAzÀgÉ DzsÁgÀªÁUÀÄ JAzÀxÀð. QæAiÀiÁxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄªÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ jÃwAiÀÄ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß
ºÉÆAzÀ¢gÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞPÌÉ QæAiÀiÁ ¥ÀæPÀÈw CxÀªÁ zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ: ªÀiÁqÀÄ w£ÀÄß, ºÉÆÃUÀÄ, PÉÃ¼ÀÄ, NqÀÄ... EvÁå¢.
zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À°è£À ¥ÀæPÁgÀ :
1. ¸ÀºÀd zsÁvÀÄ CxÀªÁ ªÀÄÆ®zsÁvÀÄ.
2. ¸Á¢üvÀ zsÁvÀÄ CxÀªÁ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀiÁAPÀ zsÁvÀÄ
1. ¸ÀºÀd zsÁvÀÄ / ªÀÄÆ®zsÁvÀÄ :
• ªÀÄÆ¼À¢AzÀ®Æ ¸ÀºÀdªÁV §¼ÀPÉAiÀiÁUÀÄªÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ CxÀªÁ AiÀiÁªÀ ¥ÀævåÀ AiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ºÀaÑPÉÆArgÀzÀ

C«¨sÁdPÀªÁzÀ QæAiÀiÁxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄªÀ ªÀÄÆ® ±À§ÞªÉÃ ¸ÀºÀd CxÀªÁ ªÀÄÆ®zsÁvÀÄ.
GzÁ: §gÉ, £ÉÆÃqÀÄ, ªÀÄ®UÀÄ, PÀÄtÂ, PÁqÀÄ, ºÁqÀÄ, £ÀA§Ä, M¥ÀÄà, GvÀÄÛ, ©vÀÄÛ, ¸ÉÆÃ®Ä, UÉ®Äè
ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ.
2. ¸Á¢üvÀ zsÁvÀÄ CxÀªÁ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀiÁAPÀ zsÁvÀÄ :
• MAzÀÄ £ÁªÀÄ ¥ÀæPÀÈw È¸À’ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ zsÁvÀÄªÁV ¹zÀÞUÆ

É ¼ÀÄîªÅÀ zÀÄ CxÀªÁ
• MAzÀÄ zsÁvÀÄ ¥ÉæÃgÀuÁxÀðzÀ°è È¸ÀÄ’ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ zsÁvÀÄªÁV ¹zÀÞUÉÆ¼ÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ E®èªÉÃ
• PÉÃ®ªÀÅ C£ÀÄPÀgÀÄuÁªÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ E¸ÀÄ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ zsÁvÀÄªÁV ¹zÀÞUÆ

É ¼ÀÄîªÅÀ zÀ£ßÉ Ã ¸Á¢üvÀ zsÁvÀÄ CxÀªÁ
¥ÀævÀåAiÀiÁAvÀ (E¸ÀÄ) zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ: PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ PÉ®ªÀÅ £ÁªÀÄ ¥ÀæPÀÈwUÀ½UÉ
• PÀ£ÀßqÀ + E¸ÀÄ = PÀ£Àßr¸ÀÄ
• C§âgÀ + E¸ÀÄ = C§âj¸ÀÄ
• ¹AUÀgÀ + E¸ÀÄ = ¹AUÀj¸ÀÄ

GzÁ: ªÀÄ®UÀÄ, NqÀÄ, ºÉÆ¼É, §zÀÄPÀÄ, ºÀÄlÄÖ, ºÉÆÃUÀÄ, £ÁZÀÄ, ºÉzÀgÄÀ , ©Ã¼ÀÄ, EgÀÄ, §gÀÄ, K¼ÀÄ
• ``gÁªÀÄ£ÀÄ ªÀÄ®VzÀ£ÀÄ’’ F ªÁPÀåzÀ°è PÀvÀÈð¥ÀzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ EzÉ DzÀgÉ PÀªÄÀ ð ¥ÀzÀ E®è. ºÁUÀÆ E°è
5
GvÀÛgÀ §gÀ¢zÀÝgÉ CzÀ£ÀÄß CPÀªÀÄðPÀ zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÄÀ .
• F ªÉÄÃ°£À ªÁPÀåzÀ°è QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀPÉÌ K£À£ÀÄß? AiÀiÁgÀ£ÀÄß ? AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀ£ÄÀ ß ? JAzÀÄ ¥Àæ²ß¹zÁUÀ C¨sÁ¸À J¤¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
ªÀÄvÀÄÛ GvÀÛgÀ ¹UÀÄªÀÅ¢®è.
QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ
• E°èAiÀÄªÀgÉUÉ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ® gÀÆ¥À zsÁvÀÄ. D zsÁvÀÄ JAzÀgÉÃ£ÀÄ ? CzÀgÀ°èAiÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀÅªÀÅ
JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÉªÀÅ. E£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄAzÉ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ºÉÃUÉ ¹zÀÞUÆ
É ¼ÀÄîvÛÀzÉ. CzÀgÀ°èAiÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀÅªÀÅ?
JAzÀÄ £ÉÆÃqÉÆÃt.
QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• MAzÀÄ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÀÅ AiÀiÁªÀ gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°èzÉ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß DzsÁgÀªÁV ElÄÖPÉÆAqÀÄ CzÀ£ÀÄß JgÀqÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼À°è
«AUÀr¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ.
1. PÁ® gÀÆ¥ÀPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ
2. CxÀðgÀÆ¥ÀPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ
1. PÁ® gÀÆ¥ÀPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ :
• F PÁ®gÀÆ¥ÀPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÀÅ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀàµÀÖ¥Àr¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ (¥ÀæPÀn¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ).
• QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ §UÉÎ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• QæAiÉÄ £ÀqÉzÀ PÁ®zÀ §UÉÎ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• QæAiÉÄUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀ PÀvÀÈð«£À °AUÀ, ªÀZÀ£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼À §UÉÎ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• F ªÀÄÆgÀÄ CA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÁåPÀgÀt ¤AiÀÄªÀÄzÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀªÉÃ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
• FUÁUÀ¯ÉÃ £ÁªÀÅ zsÁvÀÄ §UÉÎ w½zÀÄPÉÆArzÉÝÃªÉ, F zsÁvÀÄ«UÉ ªÀÄÄAzÉ PÁ® ¸ÀÆZÀPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DSÁåvÀ
¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÉÃjPÉÆAqÀÄ MAzÀÄ ¥ÀÆtð QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÁßV ¹zÀÞ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
zsÁvÀÄ + PÁ®¸ÀÆZÀPÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ + CSÁåvÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ
ºÉÆÃUÀÄ + GvÀÛ + D£É = ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÁÛ£É
ªÀiÁqÀÄ + ªÀ + C¼ÀÄ = ªÀiÁqÀÄªÀ¼ÀÄ
£ÀÄr + zÀ + CªÀÅ = £ÀÄrzÀªÀÅ
PÁ® ¸ÀÆZÀPÀ (ªÁZÀPÀ) ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
• CA – Cgï ºÀ¼ÉUÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è
• EA – Egï PÉÃ²gÁd ºÉÃ½zÀ
• J£ï – JªÀÅ CSÁåvÀ ¥ÀævÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ

6. GvÀÛgÀ. ¹
• ¥Áæ¸ÁPÀëgÀ ºÉÆAzÀzÀ «gÀÄzÁÞxÀðPÀ £ÀÄrUÀ¼ÀÄ : F ¥ÀæPÁgÀzÀ ¥Áæ¸ÁPÀëgÀ ºÉÆAzÀzÀ «gÀÄzÁÞxÀðPÀ £ÀÄrUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄ
JgÀqÀÆ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ ¥Áæ¸ÁPÀëgÀ ºÉÆA¢gÀÄªÀÅ¢®è; DzÀgÉ D JgÀqÆ À ±À§ÞUÀ¼À°è ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ «gÉÆÃzsÀ
CxÀð ªÀiÁvÀæ PÀAqÀÄ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EªÀÇ ¸À»vÀ ¥ÀoÀåzÀ°è, §¼ÀPÉAiÀÄ°è, ¥ÀæZÀ°vÀªÁV §A¢ªÉ. PÉ®ªÀÅ
6
«gÉÆÃzsÁxÀðPÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DAiÉÄÌªÀiÁr E°è PÉÆqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.
¥Á¥À × ¥ÀÄtå ¨sÀÈvÀå × ¥Àæ¨sÀÄ EºÀ × ¥ÀgÀ
¥ÁægÀA¨sÀ × ªÀÄÄPÁÛAiÀÄ «Ä®£À × «ZÉÒÃzÀ£À GµÀÚ × ²ÃvÀ
CtÄ × ªÀÄºÀvï ªÀÈ¢Þ × PÀëAiÀÄ PÀÈwªÀÄ × ¸Áé¨sÁ«PÀ
UÀÄgÀÄ × ²µÀå ÇÀÛªÀiÁ£À × GzÀAiÀÄ UÀÄgÀÄ× ®WÀÄ
ªÉÄÃ®Ä × QÃ¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁZÀPÀ × zÁ¤ ¸ÁéUÀvÀ × ©Ã¼ÉÆÌqÀÄUÉ
C¼ÀÄ × £ÀUÀÄ ¸ÁwéPÀ × vÁªÀÄ¸À ¸ÀéUÀð × £ÀgÀPÀ
UÀÄt × zÉÆÃµÀ ¢Ã£À × zÁ¤ ¸ÁÜªÀgÀ × dAUÀªÀÄ
¯Á¨sÀ × £ÀµÀÖ «¸ÁÛgÀ × ¸ÀAQë¥ÀÛ ¦æÃw × zÉéÃµÀ
C®à × ¨sÀÆªÀÄ zÉÆgÀUÀÄ × PÉÆÃªÀÄ® ¤zÉÝ × eÁUÀgÀ
C®à × ¢ÃWÀð PÉÆgÀvÉ × ºÉZÀÑ¼À §qÀªÀ × ²æÃªÀÄAvÀ
ªÀÄÆ¯ÉÆÃvÁàl£É × ¥ÀæwµÁ×¥À£É ¨Á® × ªÀÈzÀÞ ¸ÁÜ¥ÀPÀ × ¨sÀAdPÀ
PÀëÄzsÉ × ¸ÀA¥ÀvÀÄÛ ±ÉéÃvÀ × PÀÈµÀÚ ºÀÄlÄÖ × ¸ÁªÀÅ
zÁ¸Àå × «ªÉÆÃZÀ£É ±ÁªÀÄPÀ × G®ât ¸ÀÄÛw × ¤AzÉ
UÀgÀw × UÀAiÀiÁå½ zÀÄqÀÄPÀÄ × ¤zsÁ¤¸ÀÄ ±Á¥À × C£ÀÄUÀæºÀ
DPÀ¹äPÀ × ¤jÃQëvÀ aPÀÌ × zÉÆqÀØ ¸Àj × vÀ¥ÀÄà
£ÉÃgÀ × ªÀPÀæ d£À£À × ªÀÄgÀt vÀÄªÀÄÄ® × ¤gÁ¼À
§AzsÀ × ªÉÆÃPÀë ¸ÀgÀ¼À × ªÀPÀæ wlÄÖ × vÀUÀÄÎ
7. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• G¥À¸ÀUÀð ¸ÉÃjzÀ «gÀÄzÁÞxÀðPÀ £ÀÄrUÀ¼ÀÄ : F ¥ÀæPÁgÀzÀ JgÀqÀÆ ±À§ÞUÀ¼À°è MAzÀPÉÌ E®èªÉ JgÀqÀÆ ±À§ÞUÀ½UÉ
G¥À¸ÀUÀð ¸ÉÃj, «gÀÄzÁÞxÀð PÉÆqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. D G¥À¸ÀUÀðUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ ``C, C£ï, C¥À, CªÀ, ¤gï, zÀÄgï, ¤¸ï,
¸Àzï, G, PÀÄ, «, ¸ÀÄ, ¸À, zÀÄ¸ï, ¥Àgï’’ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ, F G¥À¸ÀUÀðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV ±À§ÞUÀ¼À D¢AiÀÄ°è
§AzÀÄ, CxÀð «gÉÆÃzsÀ vÉÆÃgÀÄªÀªÅÀ . GzÁ: ¸ÀvÀå × ÇÀvÀå ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ.
¸ÀÄgÀ × ÇÀÄgÀ ²¸ÀÄÛ × C²¸ÀÄÛ Cªï
CAPÀÄ±À × ¤gÀAPÀÄ±À ±ÁAw × C±ÁAw UÀÄt × CªÀUÀÄt
CAUÁ®Ä × ªÀÄÄAUÁ®Ä C£ï DgÉÆÃºÀt × CªÀgÉÆÃºÀt
CAVÃPÁgÀ × wgÀ¸ÁÌgÀ DZÁgÀ × C£ÁZÁgÀ GvÀì¦ðtÂ × CªÀ¸À¦ðtÂ
CAUÉÊ × ªÀÄÄAUÉÊ CUÀvÀå × C£ÀUÀvÀå ªÀÄAiÀiÁðzÉ × CªÀªÀÄAiÀiÁðzÉ
CAvÀ × C£ÀAvÀ C£ÀPÀÆ® × C£À£ÀÆPÀÆ® G£Àßw × CªÀ£Àw
7
¸ÀÄgÀ × ÇÀÄgÀ DAiÀÄð × C£ÁAiÀÄð ¸À£Áä£À × CªÀªÀiÁ£À
®PÀëöå × C®PÀëöå ªÀZÀ¤ÃAiÀÄ × ¤ªÀðZÀ¤ÃAiÀÄ ¤gï
GvÀÌµÀð × C¥ÀPÀµÀð HfðvÀ × C£ÀÆfðvÀ DAiÀiÁ¸À × ¤gÁAiÀiÁ¸À
±ÁAw × C±ÁAw CAvÀ × C£ÀAvÀ ¸ÁPÀëgÀvÉ × ¤gÀPÀëvÉ
eÁÕ£À × CeÁÕ£À CxÀð × C£ÀxÀð DAiÀÄÄzsÀ × ¤gÁAiÀÄÄzsÀ
UÀÄt × CªÀUÀÄt C£ÀÄ¨sÀªÀ × C£Á£ÀÄ¨sÀªÀ C©üªÀiÁ£À × ¤gÀ©üªÀiÁ£À
C CªÀ¸ÉÜ × C£ÀªÀ¸ÉÜ C¥ÀgÁ¢ü × ¤gÀ¥ÀgÁ¢ü
eÁvÀ × CeÁvÀ D¸ÀQÛ × C£Á¸ÀQÛ ¸ÁxÀðPÀ × ¤gÀxÀðPÀ
¯ËQPÀ × C¯ËQPÀ CºÀð × C£ÀºÀð AiÉÆÃZÀ£É × ¤AiÉÆÃðZÀ£É
ªÀåPÀÛ × CªÀåPÀÛ CªÀ±Àå × C£ÀªÀ±Àå gÀªÀ × ¤ÃgÀªÀ
¸ÀA¸ÀÌøvÀ × ÇÀA¸ÀÌøvÀ CzÀgÀ × C£ÁzÀgÀ DvÀAPÀ × ¤gÁvÀAPÀ
¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀvÉ × ÇÀªÀiÁ£ÀvÉ CwªÀÈ¶Ö × C£ÁªÀÈ¶Ö DUÀªÀÄ£À × ¤UÀðªÀÄ£À
eÁÕ¤ × CeÁÕ¤ C¥ï ªÀÄvÀìgÀ × ¤ªÀÄðvÀìgÀ
¸ÀºÀPÁgÀ × ÇÀºÀPÁgÀ GvÀÌµÀðt × C¥ÀPÀµÀðt D²ævÀ × ¤gÁ²ævÀ
GvÀÌµÀð × C¥ÀPÀµÀð zsÀ£À × ¤zsÀð£À

«ÄvÀ × C«ÄvÀ
ªÀiÁ£À × C¥ÀªÀiÁ£À ©üÃw × ¤©üÃðw

ªÁºÀPÀ × CªÁºÀPÀ
£ÀA©PÉ × C¥À£ÀA©PÉ ¨sÀAiÀÄ × ¤¨sÀðAiÀÄ

«ªÉÃQ × C«ªÉÃQ
QÃwð × C¥ÀQÃwð ¨sÁUÀå × ¤¨sÁðUÀå

ZÉÃvÀ£À × CZÉÃvÀ£À
SÁåw × C¥ÀSÁåw C£ÀéAiÀÄ × ¤gÀ£ÀéAiÀÄ

PÀtð × CPÀtð
¤Ãw × C¤Ãw dAiÀÄ × C¥ÀdAiÀÄ zÀÄgï
¤PÉÃvÀ£À × C¤PÉÃvÀ£À ªÀiË®å × C¥ÀªÀiË®å ¸ÀzÁZÁgÀ × zÀÄgÁZÁgÀ
£ÁåAiÀÄ × C£ÁåAiÀÄ AiÀÄ±À¸ÀÄì × C¥ÀAiÀÄ±À¸ÀÄì ¸À§® × zÀÄ§ð®
¥ÀjavÀ × C¥ÀjavÀ ¸ÀégÀ × C¥À¸ÀégÀ ¥Àæ§® × zÀÄ§ð®
ªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀ × CªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀ ºÁ¸Àå × C¥ÀºÁ¸Àå ¸ÀzÀÎw × zÀÄUÀðw
«±ÁæAw × C«±ÁæAw AiÀÄ±À × C¥ÀAiÀÄ±À ¸ÀzÀ©üªÀiÁ£À × zÀÄgÀ©üªÀiÁ£À
8
±ÀÄ¨sÀ × C±ÀÄ¨sÀ ¸ÀdÓ£À × zÀÄdð£À
8. GvÀÛgÀ. r
• ªÀZÀ£À¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¦vÁªÀÄºÀ - ¥sÀ.UÀÄ. ºÀ¼ÀPÀnÖAiÀÄªÀgÀÄ EªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀvÀæPÀvÀðgÀÄ, ¸ÀªÀiÁd¸ÉÃªÀPÀgÀÄ ¸ÀAWÀ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
ºÀÄlÄÖºÁQzÀÝgÀÄ.
• EªÀgÀÄ ªÀZÀ£À ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¦vÁªÀÄºÀ JA§ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ ¥ÀqÉ¢gÀÄªÀ 1880 dÄ¯ÉÊ 2 gÀAzÀÄ zsÁgÁªÁqÀzÀ°è d¤¹zÀgÀÄ.
¥ÀÆtð ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ ¥sÀQÃgÀ¥Àà UÀÄgÀÄ§¸À¥Àà ºÀ¼ÀPÀnÖ. «zÁå¨sÁå¸À ªÀÄÄV¹ ªÀQÃ® ªÀÈwÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÀgÀÄ.
«dAiÀÄ¥ÀÄgÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÁAiÀÄðPÉëÃvÀæªÀ£ÁßV ªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÀÄ C°è ²PÀët UÀAUÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÀj¹zÀªÀgÀÄ, ¥ÀvÀæPÀvÀðgÀÄ, ¸ÀªÀiÁd
¸ÉÃªÀPÀgÀÄ, ¸ÀAWÀ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÀÄlÄÖºÁQzÀgÀÄ. ²ªÁ£ÀÄ¨sÀªÀ ¥ÀwæPÉ ªÀÄÄSÁAvÀgÀ PÀ£ßÀ qÁ©üªÀiÁ£À ªÀÄÆr¹zÀgÀÄ.
`PÉÆqÀUÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ gÁeÉÃAzÀæ £ÁªÉÄ’, `PÉ¼À¢AiÀÄ£Áß½zÀ gÁAiÀÄgÀ ªÀA±ÁªÀ½’ EªÀgÀ ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£À PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ.
EªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä fÃªÀ£ÀzÀÄzÀÝPÀÆÌ ¸ÁªÀðd¤PÀ ¸ÉÃªÉAiÀÄ°è vÉÆqÀVzÀÝgÄÀ . CgÀªÀvÛÀ £Á®Ì£ÉAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÁvÀ£ÀgÀÄ
J¤¹PÉÆAqÀÄ UËgÀªÀ qÁPÀÖgÉÃmï ¥ÀzÀ« ¥ÀqÉzÀgÀÄ. EªÀgÀÄ §gÉzÀ `ªÀZÀ£À±Á¸ÀÛç¸ÁgÀ’ «²µÀÖ PÀÈw PÀ£ÀßrUÀgÀ
PÀtä£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀÈ¦ÛUÉÆ½¹zÉ. ¸ÀA¥Á¢vÀ PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ - ±ÀÆ£Àå¸ÀA¥ÁzÀ£É, ºÀjºÀgÀ£À gÀUÀ¼É, DzÀAiÀÄå£À ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ,
¥Àæ¨sÀÄzÉÃªÀgÀ ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, D¢±ÉnÖ ¥ÀÄgÁt, zÉÃªÀgÀ zÁ¹ªÀÄAiÀÄå£À ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÄÀ , ¸ÀPÀ¯ÉÃ±À ªÀiÁzÀgÀ¸À£À ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ,
¸ÀAUÀ£À §¸ÀªÉÃ±ÀégÀ ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ºÀqÀ¥ÀzÀ¥ÀtÚ£À ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¸ÉÆqÀØ¼À ¨ÁZÀgÀ¸À£À ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÄÀ EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.
ªÀÄÄ½AiÀÄ wªÀÄä¥ÀàAiÀÄå (1888 – 1950)
• ¸ÀÜ¼À – zÀQët PÀ£ÀßqÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ PÀqÉAUÉÆÃqÀÄè
• PÀªÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ - ¸ÉÆ§V£À §½î, §qÀºÀÄqÀÄV, ¥ÉæÃªÀÄ¸ÁgÀ, £ÀªÀ¤ÃvÀ gÁªÀiÁAiÀÄt
• £ÁlPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ - ºÀUÀ°gÀÄ¼ÀÄ, £ÀqÀvÉAiÀÄ ºÁqÀÄ
• PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼ÀÄ – «ÃgÀ§APÉ, ¥À±ÁÑvÁÛ¥À, «ÃgÀ§AqÁAiÀÄ
• PÀÈw - £ÁqÉÆÃd ¥ÀA¥À, ¥Áwð¸ÀÄ§â, «ªÉÃPÀ, PÀ«gÁdªÀiÁUÀð
• 1931gÀ°è PÁgÁªÁgÀzÀ°è £ÀqÉzÀ 17£ÉÃAiÀÄ CT®¨sÁgÀvÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀªÄÉ äÃ¼À£ÀzÀ CzsåÀ PÀëgÁVzÀÝgÀÄ.
D®ÆgÀÄ ªÉAPÀlgÁªï (1880- 1964)
• PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀÄ®¥ÀÄgÉÆÃ»vÀgÉAzÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ ¥ÀqÉ¢gÀÄªÀgÀÄ. 12-07-1880gÀAzÀÄ «eÁ¥ÀÄgÀzÀ°è d¤¹zÀgÀÄ. EªÀgÀÄ ©.J.

¥ÀzÀ«ÃzsÀgÀgÁzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ªÀQÃ®ªÀÈwÛ ¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÀgÀÄ. 1906gÀ°è zsÁgÀªÁqÀ¢AzÀ `ªÁUÀÆãµÀt’ JA§ ªÀiÁ¸À¥ÀwæPÉ
ºÉÆgÀr¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀgÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀ d£ÀeÁUÀÈwAiÀÄ£ÀÄßAlÄ ªÀiÁrzÀgÀÄ. `£Á£ÀÄ PÀ£ßÀ rUÀ£ÀÄ’, PÀ£ÁðlPÀªÀÅ £À£ÀßzÀÄ,
EzÀÄ EªÀgÀÄ H¢zÀ PÀºÀ¼É.
• PÀ£ÁðlPÀ EwºÁ¸À, PÀ¯É, ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw, ¸Á»vÀåzÀ §UÉÎ ¸ÁPÀµÄÀ Ö ¨sÁµÀtUÀ¼À£ÄÀ ß ªÀiÁr d£À eÁUÀÈvÀUÉÆ½¹zÀgÀÄ.
PÀ£ÁðlPÀ «±Àé«zÁå®AiÀÄ, PÀ£ßÀ qÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÀjµÀwÛ£À ¸ÁÜ¥À£ÉUÁV ºÁUÀÆ zsÁgÀªÁqÀzÀ `«zÁåªÀzsÀðPÀ ¸ÀAWÀ’
±ÉæÃAiÉÆÃ©üªÀÈ¢ÞUÀÆ EªÀgÀÄ PÁgÀtPÀvÀðgÁzÀgÀÄ.
• PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ : ²æÃ «zÁågÀtå ZÀjvÉæ, PÀ£ÁðlPÀ UÀvÀªÉÊ¨sÀªÀ, ¸ÁévÀAvÀæöå ¸ÀAUÁæªÄÀ gÁ¶ÖçÃAiÀÄvÀézÀ «ÄÃªÀiÁA¸É,
PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ «ÃgÀgÀvÀßUÀ¼ÀÄ, VÃvÁ¥ÀjªÀÄ¼À, VÃvÁ¥ÀæZÁgÀ, PÀ£ÁðlPÀvÀé ¸ÀÆvÀæUÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÀÄzsÀé¹zÁÞAvÀ ¥ÀæªÉÃ²PÉ,
PÀ£ÁðlPÀ KQÃPÀgÀt PÀ£À¸À£ÀÄß §ºÀÄ »AzÉAiÉÄÃ PÀArzÀÝgÄÀ . D®ÆgÀ ªÉAPÀlgÁAiÀÄgÀÄ PÀ£ÁðlPÀPÁÌV ºÉÃUÉ
ºÉÆÃgÁrzÀgÉÆÃ CzÉÃ jÃwAiÀiÁV gÁ¶ÖçÃAiÀÄvÀéPÁÌVAiÀÄÆ ºÉÆÃgÁrzÁÝgÉ.
JA. UÉÆÃ«AzÀ ¥ÉÊ (1883 – 1963)
9
• vÁ¬Ä ¨ÁgÉ ªÉÆUÀªÀ vÉÆÃgÀ PÀ£ÀßrUÀgÀ ªÀiÁvÉAiÉÄÃ ºÀgÀ¸ÀÄ vÁAiÉÄ ¸ÀÄvÀgÀ PÁAiÉÄÃ JªÀÄä d£ÀäzÁvÉAiÉÄÃ
ªÀÄAUÀ¼ÀÆj£À ªÀÄÄzÀÄÝ PÀ«, »j-QjAiÀÄgÉ®èjUÀÆ C£Àé¬Ä¸ÀÄªÀAvÉ PÀ«vÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉzÀªÀgÀÄ. D£À£À 1883 ªÀiÁZï
23 gÀAzÀÄ EªÀgÀÄ PÀ«vÉUÀ¼À®èzÉ ¥Àæ§AzsÀ, £ÁlPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉ¢zÁÝgÉ. EªÀgÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀzÀ ¯ÉÃR£ÀªÀÅ ªÀÄAUÀ¼ÀÆj£À
``¸ÀÄºÁ¹¤’’ JA§ ¥ÀwæPÉAiÀÄ°è 1900 gÀ°è ¥ÀæPÀlªÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. 1962gÀ°è ªÀÄAeÉÃ±ÀégÀ zÉÃUÀÄ®zÀ §UÉÎ EªÀgÀÄ §gÉzÀ
¯ÉÃR£ÀªÉÃ EªÀgÀ ¯ÉÃR¤¬ÄAzÀ ºÀjzÀ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ §gÀªÀtÂUÉ, gÀa¹zÀ PÀÈwUÀ¼ÄÀ MAzÉgÀqÀÄ DzÀgÀÆ ``ºÀvÀÄÛ PÀlÄÖªÀ
PÀqÉ MAzÀÄ ªÀÄÄvÀÄÛ PÀlÄÖ’’ JA§AwªÉ.
• EªÀgÀzÀÄ ¥ËæqsÀ ºÁUÀÆ «zÀévÀÆétð ±ÉÊ° ²æÃ CªÀjVAvÀ®Æ »A¢£À£ÀªÀgÉ¤¹zÀÝgÄÀ . §ºÀÄ¨sÁµÁ ¥ÀjavÀgÀÄ.
¸ÀÄªÀiÁgÀÄ E¥ÀàvÀÄÛ ¨sÁµÉUÀ¼À ¥ÀjZÀAiÀÄ EªÀjV¢ÝvÀÄ. PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀ«vÉUÉ ¥Áæ¸ÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß vÀåf¸ÀÄªÀAvÉ PÀgÉ ¤ÃrzÀªÀgÀÄ.
ºÉÆ¸ÀUÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀ«vÉUÀ½UÉ ªÀiÁzÀj ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ J¤¹zÀªÀgÀÄ. ``ºÉ¨ÉâgÀ¼ÀÄ’’ KPÀ®ªÀå£À PÀÄjvÁzÀ KPÁAPÀ £ÁlPÀ.
`àvÀæ¨sÁ£ÀÄ’’ 1942gÀ ZÀ¼ÀÄªÀ½AiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÁzÀ UÀzÀå£ÁlPÀ, ``V½«AqÀÄ’’, ``£ÀAzÁ¢Ã¥À’’, ``ºÀÈzÀAiÀÄgÀAUÀ’’ EªÀgÀ
PÀªÀ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ. `ÙÉÆÃ¯ÉÆÎxÁ’’ ºÁUÀÆ ``ªÉÊ±Á°’’ JgÀqÀÆ ¤Ã¼ÀÎªÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ. ``vÁ¬Ä’’ JA§ÄzÀÄ EªÀgÀ
¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ £ÁlPÀ. CZÀÑUÀ£ÀßqÀ ¥ÀzÀ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ EªÀgÀ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ªÉÊ²µÀåvÉ PÀ£ßÀ qÀzÀ°è ºÉÆ¸À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀÈ¶ÖPÀvÀðgÀÆ
ºËzÀÄ. ¤dªÁzÀ PÀ£ÀßqÁ©üªÀiÁ¤ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄ£ÀPÀ£ÀßqÀªÉ £ÀqÉPÀ£ßÀ qÀ JA§ «ZÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß ``vÁ¬Ä ¨ÁgÀ ¨ÉÆUÀªÀ
vÉÆÃgÀ’’ PÀ«vÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄÆr¹zÁÝgÉ. 1950gÀ°è ªÀÄÄA§¬ÄAiÀÄ°è £ÀqÉzÀ 24£ÉÃAiÀÄ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀªÉÄäÃ¼À£ÀzÀ CzsÀåPÀëvÉ
ªÀ»¹zÀÝgÀÄ. EªÀgÀ ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ §ÈºÀvï ¸ÀA¥ÀÄlUÀ¼À£ÄÀ ß ºÉÆgÀvÀA¢gÀÄªÀ PÀÄ.². ºÀjzÁ¸À ¨sÀlÖjUÉ
PÀ£ÀßrUÀgÁzÀ £ÁªÉ®ègÀÆ agÀIÄtÂUÀ¼ÀÄG EªÀjUÉ 1949gÀ°è ªÀÄzÁæ¸ï ¸ÀPÁðgÀ¢AzÀ ``gÁµÀÖçPÀ« ¥Àæ±À¹Û’’ ®©¹vÀÄ.
»ÃUÉ EªÀgÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ``gÁµÀÖçPÀ«’’ JA§ ºÉUÀÎ½PÉUÉ ¥ÁvÀægÁVzÁÝgÉ. EªÀgÀÄ 1962gÀ°è
9. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
• ¥ÉÆæ. ©. ZÀAzÀæ±ÉÃRgÀ CªÀgÀÄ §gÉzÀ ¨ÉÆPÀÌvÀ¯ÉAiÀÄ £ÀvÀðQ PÀ£ßÀ qÀzÀ ¥Àæ¥æÀxÀªÄÀ ÇÀAUÀvÀ £ÁlPÀªÁVzÉ.
• PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ¥ÁæaÃ£ÀvÉ : 1£ÉÃ ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£À (VæÃPï ¥ÀæºÀ¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è `¢Ã£À’ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ `zÀªiÀ ÁägÀ’ JA§ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À §¼ÀPÉ
- ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£É JA. UÉÆÃ«AzÀ ¥ÉÊ).
• G¥À®§Þ«gÀÄªÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ±Á¸À£À – ºÀ°är ±Á¸À£À (Qæ.±À. 450)
• wæ¥À¢ bÀAzÀ¹ì£À°ègÀÄªÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ±Á¸À£À – PÀ¥Éà CgÀ¨sÀlÖ£À ±Á¸À£À (Qæ.±À. 700)
• PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ±Á¸ÀÛçUÀæAxÀ – PÀ«gÁdªÀiÁUÀð (Qæ.±À. 850)
• ªÉÆzÀ® PÁªÀå – D¢¥ÀÄgÁt (¥ÀA¥À Qæ.±À. 950)
• ªÉÆzÀ® PÀªÀ¬Äwæ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀZÀ£ÀPÁwð CPÀÌªÀÄºÁzÉÃ« Qæ.±À. 1150
• ªÉÆzÀ® CZÀÑ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ PÀÈw – J UÁæªÀÄgï D¥sï ¢ PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¯ÁåAUÉéÃeï («°AiÀÄA PÉÃj Qæ.±À. 1890)
• PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ªÀÄÄ¹èA PÀ« ²±ÀÄ£Á¼À µÀjÃµï ¸ÁºÉÃ§gÀÄ (Qæ.±À. 1819)
• `¨ÉÊ§¯ï’ C£ÀÄß PÀ£ÀßqÀPÉÌ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä C£ÀÄªÁ¢¹zÀªÀgÀÄ – eÁ£ï ºÁåAqïì.
• PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ PÁzÀA§j – EAzÁj¨Á¬Ä (UÀÄ¯Áér ªÉAPÀlgÁªï)
• PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ±ÀÈAUÁgÀ PÁzÀA§j - ±ÀÈUÁAgÀ ZÀvÀÄgÉÆ¯Áè¹¤ (UÀÄ©â ªÀÄÄjUÁgÁzsÀå)
• ªÉÆzÀ® «µÀAiÀÄ «±ÀéPÉÆÃ±À – «ªÉÃPÀ aAvÁªÀÄtÂ (¤dUÀÄt ²ªÀAiÉÆÃV)
• ªÉÆzÀ® UÀzÀå ¤WÀAlÄ – PÀ£ÁðoÀPÀ ±À§Þ¸ÁgÀ
• ªÉÆzÀ® DAiÀÄÄªÉÃðzsÀ UÀæAxÀ – PÀ£ÁðlPÀ PÀ¯Áåt PÁgÀPÀ.
10
• ªÉÆzÀ® eÉÆåÃwµÀå UÀæAxÀ – eÁvÀPÀ w®PÀ
• ªÉÆzÀ® fÃªÀ£À ZÀjvÉæ – PÀÄtÂUÀ¯ï gÁªÀiÁ±Á¹ÛçUÀ¼À ZÀjvÉæ (JA. J¸ï. ¥ÀÄlÖtÚ)
• ªÉÆzÀ® ¥ÀæªÁ¸À PÀxÀ£À - ¥ÀA¥ÁAiÀiÁvÉæ (¸ÀézÉÃ±À-«. ¹ÃvÁgÁªÀÄAiÀÄå) C©üªÀÈ¢Þ ¸ÀAzÉÃ±À («zÉÃ±À-©.¥ÀÄlÖAiÀÄå)
• ªÉÆzÀ® PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀ – n. J¸ï. ªÉAPÀtÚAiÀÄå.
• ªÉÆzÀ® £ÁlPÀ – «ÄvÁæ«AzÀ UÉÆÃ«AzÀ

10. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• ¨sÀgÀvÀªÀÄÄ¤ vÀ£Àß ¸ÀÆvÀæzÀ°è ¸ÁÜ¬Ä ¨sÁªÀUÀ½AzÀ JAlÄ gÀ¸ÀUÀ¼ÄÀ ¤¥Àà£ßÀ ªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉAzÀÄ ºÉÃ½zÁÝgÉ CzÀgÀ GvÁìºÀ
gÀ¸ÀzÀ ¸ÁÜ¬Ä¨sÁªÀ «ÃgÀ DVzÉ.
gÀ¸À ¸ÁÜ¬Ä¨sÁªÀ
±ÀÈAUÁgÀ gÀw
ºÁ¸Àå ºÁ¸À
PÀgÀÄt ±ÉÆÃPÀ
gËzÀæ PÉÆæÃzsÀ
«ÃgÀ GvÁìºÀ
¨sÀAiÀiÁ£ÀPÀ ¨sÀAiÀÄ
©Ã¨sÀvÀì fUÀÄ¥Éì
CzÀÄãvÀ «¸ÀäAiÀÄ
11. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
r. «. f : (1889 – 1975) :
``§zÀÄPÀÄ dlPÁ §Ar «¢üAiÀÄzÀgÀ ¸ÁºÉÃ§’’
ºÀÄ¯ÁèUÀÄ ¨ÉlÖzÀr ªÀÄ£ÉUÉ ªÀÄ°èUÉAiÀiÁUÀÄ
`ÀiÀiÁwæPÀgÀÄ £ÁªÀÅ ¢ªÀå PÉëÃvÀæ«Ã¯ÉÆÃPÀ’’
• CªÀgÀ ¸Á»vÀå PÀÈwAiÀÄ ¥ÀzÀåzÀ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ UÁzÉªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀAvÉ w½ªÀ½PÉ, ¤Ãw¨ÉÆÃzsÀPÀªÁVªÉ.
• EªÀgÀ ¥ÀÆwð ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ r. «. UÀÄAqÀ¥Àà. EªÀgÀÄ ºÀÄnÖzÄÀ Ý PÉÆÃ¯ÁgÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄ¼À¨ÁV®Ä ¸Á»w, ¥ÀwæPÉÆÃzÀå«Ä
ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÁªÀðd¤PÀ ¸ÉÃªÀPÀgÁVzÀÝ EªÀgÀÄ r.«. f JA§ ¸ÀAQë¥ÛÀ £ÁªÀÄ¢AzÀ¯ÉÃ ¥Àæ¹zÀÞgÁVgÀÄªÀgÀÄ. ¥ÀwæPÁ
PÉëÃvÀæ¢AzÀ vÀªÀÄä fÃªÀ£ÀªÀ£ÁßgÀA©ü¹zÀ EªÀgÀÄ 1907gÀ°è ¸ÀévÀB `¨sÁgÀw’ JA§ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¢£À¥ÀwæPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß
¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÀgÀÄ. EªÀgÀ ««zsÀ ¥ÀwæPÉUÀ½UÉ ¯ÉÃR£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÝÀ gÄÀ . £ÀAvÀgÀ `PÀ£ÁðlPÀ’ JA§ EAVè¶£À
ªÁgÀzsÀð ¥ÀwæPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÁÜ¦¹zÀgÀÄ. èÁÕ¥ÀPÀavÀæ±Á¯É’ JA§ ²Ã¶ðPÉAiÀÄ JAlÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀÄlUÀ¼À ªÀiÁ¯É ¸ÁégÀ¸ÀåªÁzÀ
PÀÈwAiÀiÁVzÉ.
• 1928 gÀ°è ¨ÁUÀ®PÉÆÃmÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀªÀiÁªÉÃ±ÀUÉÆAqÀ PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ªÀÈvÀÛ ¥ÀwæPÁPÀvÀðgÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¸ÀªÉÄäÃ¼À£ÀzÀ

CzsÀåPÀëgÁVzÀÝgÀÄ. ¸Á»vÀå, gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ »ÃUÉ «©ü£ßÀ PÉëÃvÀæUÀ¼À°è ¸ÀÄªÀiÁgÀÄ K¼ÀÄ zÀ±ÀPÀUÀ¼À
CªÀ¢üAiÀÄµÀÄÖ ¢ÃWÀðPÁ® r.«.f. AiÀÄªÀgÀÄ ªÀiÁrzÀ ¸ÉÃªÉAiÀÄÄ UÀªÄÀ £ÁºÀð. `ªÀ¸ÀAvÀ PÀÄ¸ÀÄªÀiÁAd°’ (*1922).
`¤ªÉÃzÀ£À’ (1924) EªÀÅ PÁªÀå ªÀiÁ¯ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ. ¥Àæ§AzsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : `fÃªÀ£À ¸ËAzÀgåÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÁªÀå¸ÁégÀ¸Àå’ (1932) `¸Á»vÀå
11
±ÀQÛ’ (1950) `¨Á½UÉÆAzÀÄ £ÀA©PÉ’ `¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw’ C£ÀÄªÁzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ; GªÀÄgÀ£À M¸ÀUÉ; PÀ£ßÀ qÀ ªÀiÁåPï¨Évï, w¯ÉÆÃvÀÛªÉÄ,
¥ÀgÀ±ÀÄgÁªÀÄ, ªÀÄºÁZÀÄ£ÁªÀuÉ, £ÁlPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¥ÀzÀåPÁªÀåUÀ¼ÄÀ - ²æÃgÁªÀÄ ¥ÀjÃPÀëtA, CAvÀB¥ÀÄgÀVÃvÉ,
VÃvÀ±ÀAPÀÄvÀ®, `ªÀÄAPÀÄwªÀÄä£À PÀUÀÎ’, fÃªÀ£ÀZÀjvÉæUÀ¼ÀÄ : gÀAUÁZÁ®Äð, UÉÆÃ¥Á® PÀÈµÀÚUÉÆÃR¯É, «zÁågÀtågÀÄ
ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀgÀ ¸ÀªÀÄPÁ°Ã£ÀgÀÄ ²æÃ ªÀÄzÀãUÀªÀ¢ÎÃvÁ vÁvÀàAiÀÄð CxÀªÁ fÃªÀ£À zsÀªÄÀ ðAiÉÆÃUÀ JA§ G¥À£Áå¸À
UÀæAxÀPÉÌ 1967gÀ°è PÉÃAzÀæ ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÉ«Ä ¥Àæ±À¹Û ®©ü¹vÀÄ. `zÉÃªÀgÄÀ ’ PÁªÀå¸ÁégÀ¸åÀ ’ EªÀÅ EªÀgÀ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ PÁ®zÀ
PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ. 1932gÀ°è ªÀÄrPÉÃjAiÀÄ°è £ÀqÉzÀ 18£ÉÃ ¸Á»vÀå-¸ÀªÉÄäÃ¼À£ÀPÉÌ CzsÀåPÀëgÁVzÀÝgÀÄ. 17-10-1975 gÀ°è
¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆj£À°è ¤zsÀ£ÀgÁzÀgÀÄ.
• r. «. f. AiÀÄªÀgÀ `ªÀÄAPÀÄwªÀÄä£À PÀUÀÎ’ CªÀgÀ ¥Àj¥ÀPÀéªÁzÀ zÉÃªÀ£ÀzÀ±Àð£ÀªÅÀ §ºÀÄ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è ¸Á»vÀågÀ¸ÀªÁV

CzÀgÀ°è ¥Àj¢zÉ. CzÀÄ CªÀgÀ gÀ¸ÀWÀnÖ PÀ£ÀßqÀPÉÌ, ¨sÁgÀvÀPÉÌ ¨É¯ÉAiÀÄÄ¼Àî PÁtÂPÉ. ¥ËªÁðvÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥Á²ÑªÀiÁvÀå
«ZÁgÀUÀ¼À ¸ÁgÀ¨sÀÆvÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÀéAiÀÄUÉÆ½¹ CªÀgÄÀ ¥ÀqÉzÀ w½ªÀ½PÉ PÁªÀågÀÆ¥À vÁ½zÉ. ªÀÄAPÀÄwªÀÄä
JAzÀÄ vÀ£Àßö£ÀÄß PÀgÉzÀÄPÉÆ¼ÀÄîªÀ M§â ºÀ½îAiÀÄ UÀÄgÀÄ §gÉ¢lÖ PÀqÀvÀªÉ `ªÀÄAPÀÄwªÀÄä£À PÀUÀÎ’ CzÀgÀ°è PÀ¯É¬Ä®è.
¥ÁvÀæUÀ½®è, DzÀgÉ fÃªÀ£ÀzÀ°è JA¢UÀÆ J®ègÀÆ JzÀÄj¸À¨ÉÃPÁzÀ ¥Àæ±ßÉ UÀ¼ÁªÀÅªÀÅ? CzÀPÉÌ GvÀÛgÀªÉÃ£ÀÄ
JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß CzÀgÀ°è gÀ¸ÀªÀvÁÛV ¤gÀÆ¦¸À¯ÁVzÉ. CzÀgÀ°è ©vÀÛgÀ«zÀÝAvÉ ©VPÀlÄÖ EzÉ. vÀvÀé EgÀÄªÀAvÉ PÀDªÀåzÀ
¯ÉÃ¥ÀªÀÇ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÉÆ¸À PÁ®zÀ ¸ÀªÀðdÕ£À ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼À ºÁUÉ CzÀgÀ°èAiÀÄ ¥ÀzåÀ UÀ¼ÄÀ PÉ®ªÀÅ ¸À® vÉÆÃgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
J.Dgï. PÀÈµÀÚ±Á¹ÛçÃ (1891 – 1968) :
• 1891 gÀ°è d£À£À, ªÀÄAUÀ¼ÀÆj£À ¸ÉAlæ¯ï PÁ¯ÉÃf£À°è PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¨ÉÆÃzsÀPÀgÁV ²PÀët ªÀÈwÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÀgÀÄ.
DUÀ¯ÉÃ `PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ’ ¥ÀÄ£ÀgÀÄzÁÞgÀPÉÌ ¥ÀtvÉÆlÄÖ ¤AvÀgÀÄ. PÀæªÉÄÃt ªÉÄÊ¸ÀÆgÀÄ «±Àé«zÁå®AiÀÄzÀ°è ¤gÀAvÀgÀªÁV
ªÀÄÆgÀÄ zÀ±ÀPÀUÀ¼À PÁ® PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¨ÉÆÃzsÀPÀgÁV ¸ÉÃªÉ ¸À°è¹zÀgÄÀ . EªÀgÀzÄÀ UÀzåÀ PÀÈwUÀ¼ÉÃ ºÉZÀÄÑ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå
¥ÀjµÀvÀÄÛ ¥ÀæPÀn¹zÀ `PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¤WÀAlÄ«£À’ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÁzÀPÀgÁVzÀÄÝ CzÀPÉÌ MAzÀÄ RavÀ gÀÆ¥ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆlÖgÀÄ.
±Á¹ÛçÃUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀévÀAvÀæªÁV PÀ«fºÁé §AzsÀ£À, ¸ÀªÀðdÕ PÀ«, ªÀZÀ£À ¨sÁgÀvÀ, `¤ªÀÄð® ¨sÁgÀw’
JA. UÉÆÃ¥Á®PÀÈµÀÚ CrUÀ (1918 – 92)
• ¸ÀÜ¼À – GqÀÄ¦(f) PÀÄAzÁ¥ÀÄgÀ (vÁ) ªÉÆUÉÃj. EªÀgÀÄ £ÀªÀå ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¥ÀæªÄÀ ÄR PÀ« ºÁUÀÆ «ªÀÄ±ÀðPÀgÀÄ.
DzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÁV, G¥À£Áå¸ÀPÀgÁV, ¦æ¤ì¥Á®gÁV C£ÉÃPÀ ºÀÄzÉÞUÀ¼À°è ¸ÉÃªÉ ¸À°è¹zÁÝgÉ.
• £ÁåµÀ£À¯ï §ÄPï læ¹Ö£À ¤zÉÃð±ÀPÀgÁVAiÀÄÆ zÀÄrzÀgÀÄ. 1971gÀ°è d£À¸ÀAWÀzÀ C¨såÀ yðAiÀiÁV ¯ÉÆÃPÀ¸À¨sÉUÉ ¸Àà¢üð¹
¸ÉÆÃvÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¹ªÀiÁèzÀ°è EArAiÀÄ£ï¹ÖlÆåmï D¥sï CqÁé£ïì÷Ø ¸ÀØrÃ¸ï£À°è jÃ¸ÀZïð ¥sÉ¯ÉÆÃ DVAiÀÄÆ PÉ®¸À
ªÀiÁrzÀgÀÄ (1975).
• PÀªÀ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ - ¨sÁªÀvÀgÀAUÀ (1946) EªÀgÀ ªÉÆzÀ® PÀªÀ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£À, PÀlÄÖªÉªÅÀ £ÁªÀÅ (1948, 2£ÉÃ
¸ÀAPÀ®£À), £ÀqÉzÀÄ §AzÀ zÁj (1952), ZÀAqÉªÀÄzÀÝ¼É (1954), ¨sÆ À «ÄVÃvÀ (1959), EzÀ£ÀÄß §AiÀÄ¹gÀ°®è
(1975).
• ¨sÀÆ«ÄVÃvÀzÀ°è ¨sÀÆ«ÄVÃvÉ, ¨sÀÆvÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÁæxÀð£É J£ÀÄßªÀ ±ÉæÃµÀÖ PÀªÀ£ÀUÀ½ªÉ. EªÀgÄÀ gÀªÀÄå ªÀiÁUÀðªÀ£ÀÄß ©lÄÖ
£ÀªÀåvÉAiÀÄ ºÉÆ¸À ºÁ¢AiÀÄ£ÀÄß »rzÀgÀÄ. F ¸ÀAUÀæºÀzÀ ªÀÄÄ£ÀÄßrAiÀÄ°è §ºÀÄ ¥Àæ¹zÀÞªÁzÀ ªÀÄtÂÚ£À ªÁ¸À£É JA§
¥Áj¨sÁ¶PÀ ±À§ÞªÀ£ÀÄß CrUÀgÀÄ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä §¼À¹zÀgÀÄ.
• ªÉÊZÁjPÀ ¯ÉÃR£À PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ – ªÀÄtÂÚ£À ªÁ¸À£É (1967), PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ C©üªÀiÁ£À «ZÁgÀ ¥ÀxÀ, £ÀªÄÀ ä ²PÀëtzÀ PÉëÃvÀæ
(1972)
• PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼ÀÄ – DPÁ±À ¢Ã¥À, C£ÁxÀ.
• C£ÀÄªÁzÀ PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ - ºÀÄ°è£À zÀ¼ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¸ÀÄªÀtð ¥ÀÄvÀÜ½, ¨sÀÆUÀ¨sÀðAiÀiÁvÉ, gÉÊ£À ºÀÄqÀÄV, ªÀÄÄPÁÛ®, EwºÁ¸À
ZÀPÀæ, d£ÀvÉAiÀÄ ±ÀvÀÄæ, zÉªÀézÀ PÀxÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÉÊzÉå, PÉA¥ÀÄ CPÀëgÀ.
• DvÀäPÀxÉ - £É£À¦£À UÀtÂ¬ÄAzÀ.
12
• ¥Àæ§AzsÀ – PÉ¸Àj¤AzÀ ²©gÀPÉÌ
• EvÀgÉ – DAiÀÄÄÝ ¥Àæ§AzsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, PÁªÀå dUÀvÀÄÛ.
• ¥Àæ±À¹ÛUÀ¼ÀÄ – ªÀzsÀðªÀiÁ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀPÉÌ gÁdå ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÉ«Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÉÃAzÀæ ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÉ«Ä ¥Àæ±À¹Û (1973-
1974) PÀÄªÀiÁgÀ£ï DPÁ£ï ¥Àæ±À¹Û (1979), PÀ©Ãgï ¸ÀªÀiÁä£ï ¥Àæ±À¹Û (1985), EªÀgÀ ¸ÀÄªÀtð ¥ÀÄvÀÜ½ PÀÈwUÉ
ªÀÄgÀuÉÆÃvÀÛgÀªÁV ¥Àæw¶×vÀ ¥ÀA¥À ¥Àæ±À¹Û ¤ÃqÀ¯ÁVzÉ (1993), zsÀªÄÀ ð¸ÀÜ¼ÀzÀ°è dgÀÄVzÀ 1979gÀ°è 51£ÉÃAiÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ
¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀªÉÄäÃ¼À£ÀzÀ CzsÀåPÀëvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀ»¹zÀgÀÄ.
f. J¸ï. ²ªÀgÀÄzÀæ¥Àà : (1926 – 2014)
• PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀ£ÉÃ gÁµÀÖçPÀ«
• ¸ÀÜ¼À - ²ªÀªÉÆUÀÎ (f) ²PÁj¥ÀÄzÀ F¸ÀÆgÀÄ.
• vÀAzÉ - ±ÁAvÀ«ÃgÀ¥Àà vÁ¬Ä – «ÃgÀªÀÄä.
• PÀ£ÀßqÀ CzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÁV ªÉÃzÀ£À¥ÀxÀªÀ£ÁßgÀA©ü¹zÀ ²æÃAiÀÄÄvÀgÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå PÉëÃvÀæzÀ ««zsÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼À°è vÀªÀÄä
§gÀªÀtÂUÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁrzÁÝgÉ.
• PÀÄªÉA¥ÀÄ CªÀgÀ ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ±Àð£ÀzÀ°è ¸ËAzÀAiÀÄð ¸À«ÄÃPÉë JA§ ²Ã¶ðPÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£É PÉÊUÉÆAqÀÄ ªÉÄÊ¸ÀÆgÀÄ
«±Àé«zÁå¤®AiÀÄ¢AzÀ qÁPÀÖgÉÃmï ¥ÀzÀ« ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ (1960), ºÀ®ªÀÅ «±Àé«zÁå¤®AiÀÄUÀ¼À°è CzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÁV ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ «±Àé«zÁå¤®AiÀÄzÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÁV, ¤zÉÃð±ÀPÀgÁV ¸ÉÃªÉ ¸À°è¹zÁÝgÉ.
• PÀªÀ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ - ¸ÁªÀÄUÁ£À, (ªÉÆzÀ® PÀªÀ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£À 1951), zÉÃªÀ²®à (1956), ¢Ã¥ÀzÀ ºÉeÉÓ, vÉgÉzÀ
zÁj (1966), PÁwÃðPÀ (1956), ¢Ã¥ÀzÀºÉeÉÓ, vÉgÉzÀ zÁj (1966), PÁwÃðPÀ (1961), UÉÆÃqÉ (1972), ¦æÃw
E®èzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É, wÃxÀðªÁtÂ (1960), £À£Àß ¤£Àß £ÀqÀÄªÉ (1973), PÁr£À PÀvÛÀ®°è (1981), ZÀPÀæV (1992), ªÀåPÀÛªÀÄzsÀå
(1999), EvÁå¢.
• «ªÀÄ±ÉðUÀ¼ÀÄ - ¥Àj²Ã®£À (1967), UÀw©A§ (1969), £ÀªÉÇÃzÀAiÀÄ (1976), C£ÀÄgÀt£À (1978), ¥ÀæwQæAiÉÄ
(1982), ¨ÉÃqÀÄ, «¸ÀÛgÀt »£Àß¯É, ¸ËAzÀgÀå ¸À«ÄÃPÉë (1965), «ªÀÄ±ÉðAiÀÄ ¥ÀÆªÀð - ¥À²ÑªÀÄ (1961), PÁªÁåxÀð
aAvÀ£À (1983), ªÀÄºÁPÁªÀå ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À (1976), PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀ«UÀ¼À PÁªÀå PÀ®à£É (1989), PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸À«ÄÃPÉë
(1975).
• PÁzÀA§j – PÀªÀÄðAiÉÆÃV (1956), EzÀÄ ¹zÀÞgÁªÀÄ£À£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÀzÀÄÝ)
• ¥ÀæªÁ¸À PÀxÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ – ªÀiÁ¸ÉÆÌÃzÀ°è 22 ¢£ÀUÀ (1973), UÀAUÉAiÀÄ ²RgÀzÀ°è (1985), CªÉÄÃjPÁzÀ°è PÀ£ÀßrUÀ,
EAUÉèAr£À ZÁvÀÄªÀiÁð¸À.
• C£ÀÄªÁzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ – ZÀzÀÄgÀAUÀ, ¥sÀQÃgÀ ªÉÆÃºÀ£À ¸ÉÃ£Á¥Àw.
• ¥Àæ±À¹ÛUÀ¼ÀÄ – ªÀiÁ¸ÉÆÌÃzÀ°è 22 ¢£À JA§ ¥ÀæªÁ¸À ¸Á»vÀå PÀÈwUÉ ¸ÉÆÃ«AiÀÄvï ¯ÁåAqï £ÉºÀgÄÀ ¥Àæ±À¹Û (1974).
• PÀ£ÁðlPÀ gÁdå ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÉ«ÄAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀ¸ÁÌgÀ.
• PÁªÁåxÀð aAvÀ£ÀPÉÌ ªÀµÀðzÀ CvÀÄåvÀÛªÀÄ PÀÈw §ºÀÄªÀiÁ£À (1983), PÉÃAzÀæ ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÉ«ÄAiÀÄ ¥Àæ±À¹Û (1984).
• gÁeÉÆåÃvÀìªÀ ¥Àæ±À¹Û, ¥ÀA¥À ¥Àæ±À¹Û (1998)
• ªÀÄzÀgÁ¸ÀÄ PÀ£ÀßrUÀgÀ ¸ÀªÉÄäÃ¼À£ÀzÀ CzsÀåPÀëvÉ (1986).
13
• zÁªÀtUÉgÉAiÀÄ°è 1991gÀ°è £ÀqÉzÀ 61£ÉÃAiÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀªÄÉ äÃ¼À£ÀzÀ CzsåÀ PÀëvÉ ªÀ»¹zÀÝgÀÄ.
• ªÉÄÊ¸ÀÆgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÀÄªÉA¥ÀÄ, «±Àé«zÁå®AiÀÄUÀ½AzÀ UËgÀªÀ qÁPÀÖgÉÃmï.
• EªÀjUÉ ¸ÉßÃºÀ PÁwÃðPÀ, UËgÀªÀ ºÀtvÉ (2001) JA§ C©ü£ÀAzÀ£Á UÀæAxÀªÀ£ÀÄß C¦ð¸À¯ÁVzÉ.
• 2006gÀ°è gÁdå ¸ÀPÁðgÀ gÁµÀÖçPÀ« ¥Àæ±À¹Û ¤Ãr UËgÀ«¹zÉ, EªÀgÄÀ PÀ£ßÀ qÀzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀ£ÉAiÀÄ gÁµÀÖçPÀ«AiÀiÁVzÁÝgÉ.
• f. J¸ï. ²ªÀgÀÄzÀæ¥Àà£ÀªÀjUÉ 2010-11£ÉÃ ¸Á°£À CA©PÁvÀ£ÀAiÀÄzÀvÀÛ ¥Àæ±À¹ÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.

zÀ.gÁ. ¨ÉÃAzÉæ (1896-1981) PÀÈw - £ÁPÀÄvÀAw (1973)
• ¸ÀÜ¼À – zsÁgÁªÁqÀzÀ ¸ÁzsÀ£ÀPÉÃj.
• vÀAzÉ- gÁªÀÄZÀAzÀæ, vÁ¬Ä- CA©PÁ,
• ¥ÀÆtð ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ – zÀvÁÛvÉæÃAiÀÄ gÁªÀÄZÀAzÀæ ¨ÉÃAzÉæ,
• PÁªÀå£ÁªÀÄ – CA©PÁvÀ£ÀAiÀÄzÀvÀÛ.
PÀªÀ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ –
• PÀÈµÀÚPÀÄªÀiÁj (1922) EªÀgÀ ªÉÆzÀ® PÀªÀ£À. (ªÁzsÀðPÀ µÀlà¢AiÀÄ°èzÉ). EªÀgÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÄÀ PÀªÀ£À ¸ÀAPÀ®£À UÀj
(1932). ªÉÄÃWÀzÀÆvÀ (PÁ½zÁ¸À£À PÁªÀåzÀ C£ÀÄªÁzÀ), £ÁzÀ°Ã¯É (1938), ºÁqÀÄ-¥ÁqÀÄ, (±ÉÆÃPÀVÃvÉ),
UÀAUÁªÀvÀgÀt, CgÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄgÀ¼ÀÄ (1955), £ÁPÀÄvÀAw (1964), «£ÀAiÀÄ, GAiÀiÁå¯É (1938), M®«£À £À£Àß §zÀÄPÀÄ,
ZÉÊvÀ£ÀåzÀ ¥ÀÆeÉ, ªÀÄÄV® ªÀÄ°èUÉ, vÁ¯ÉPÀÌtÂ, PÉÃvÀÄzsËw, ¥Àæw©A§, ¸ÀAVÃvÀ, EzÀÄ £À¨sÆ
É ÃªÁtÂ, ºÀÈzÀAiÀÄ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÀæ,
PÁªÀÄPÀ¸ÀÆÛj, ¸ÀÆAiÀÄð¥Á£À, ªÀÄÄPÀÛPÀAoÀ, fÃªÀ®ºÀj, AiÀÄPÀë-AiÀÄQë.
• UÉ¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ UÀÄA¥ÀÄ, ¸ÀAWÀ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜ ºÁUÀÆ dAiÀÄ PÀ£ÁðlPÀ JA§ ªÀiÁ¸À¥ÀwæPÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÀqÉ¸ÀÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ.
£ÁlPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ –
• wgÀÄPÀ£À ¦qÀÄUÀÄ, GzÁÞgÀ, £ÀUÉ-ºÉÆUÉ, ºÀÄZÁÑlUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ EvÀgÀ £ÁlPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.
ÇÀAUÀvÀ £ÁlPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ-
• ¸ÁAiÉÆÃ Dl, zÉªÀézÀ ªÀÄ£É, ºÉÆ¸À ¸ÀA¸ÁgÀ.
ªÀÄgÁp PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ –
• ¸ÀAªÁzÀ, «oÀ® ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄ, ±ÁAvÀ¯Á, ¥ÀxÀ ¸ÀAZÀ®£À.
PÀxÁ¸ÀAPÀ®£À –
• ¤gÁ¨sÀgÀt ¸ÀÄAzÀj, ªÀiÁvÉ¯Áè eÉÆåÃw.
«ªÀÄ±Éð PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ –
• ¸Á»vÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ «ªÀÄ±Éð, ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£É, «ZÁgÀ ªÀÄAdj, PÀ£ßÀ qÀ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ £Á®ÄÌ gÀvÀßUÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÀÄvÀzsÀªÀÄð,
DzsÀÄ¤PÀ ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ.
¸ÀA¥ÁzÀ£É –
• £À£ÀßzÀÄ F PÀ£ÀßqÀ £ÁqÀÄ, ºÀQÌ ºÁgÀÄwzÉ, ZÀAzÀæºÁ¸À, ºÉÆ¸ÀUÀ£ÀßqÀ PÁªÀå²æÃ, EvÁå¢.
C£ÀÄªÁzÀ –
• G¥À¤µÀvÀÄÛ gÀºÀ¸Àå, ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ £ÀªÀd£Àä, £ÀÆgÉÆAzÀÄ PÀªÀ£À, UÀÄgÀÄ UÉÆÃ«AzÀ ¹AUï, PÀ©ÃgÀ ªÀZÀ£ÁªÀ½.
14
EvÀgÉ –
• EAVèµï ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ°è (¥ÉÆAiÉÄmï CAqï ¹Ãgï) The theory of immortality spring fire.
©gÀÄzÀÄ –
• PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÀgÀPÀ«.
¥Àæ±À¹ÛUÀ¼ÀÄ –
• £ÁPÀÄvÀAw – eÁÕ£À¦ÃoÀ ¥Àæ±À¹Û (1973)gÀ°è
• PÉÃAzÀæ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÉ«Ä ¥Àæ±À¹Û 1959 – PÀÈw : CgÀÄ¼ÀÄ-ªÀÄgÀÄ¼ÀÄ
• 1972gÀ°è PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¸ÀPÁðgÀ ¨ÉÃAzÉæ PÀÄjvÀÄ ¸ÁPÀëöåavÀæ vÀAiÀiÁj¹zÉ.
• ªÉÄÊ¸ÀÆgÀÄ (1966), PÀ£ÁðlPÀ «±Àé«zÁå¤®AiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ (1968), PÁ² ºÁUÀÆ ªÁgÁt¹ «zÁå¦ÃoÀ (1979) UËgÀªÀ
qÁPÀÖgÉÃmï ¥ÀzÀ«AiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤ÃrzÀªÀÅ.
• ¥ÀzÀä²æÃ (1968) ¥Àæ±À¹Û ®©ü¹vÀÄ.
• 1995gÀ°è ¨ÉÃAzÉæ ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÉÆÃvÀìªÀ ªÀµÀð DZÀj¸À¯Á¬ÄvÀÄ.
• 1935gÀ°è ªÀÄÄA§¬ÄAiÀÄ°è £ÀqÉzÀ PÀ£ßÀ qÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀªÉÄäÃ¼À£ÀzÀ°è PÀ«UÉÆÃ¶×AiÀÄ CzsÀåPÀëgÁVzÀÝgÀÄ. ºÁUÀÆ 1943gÀ°è
²ªÀªÉÆUÀÎzÀ°è £ÀqÉzÀ 27£ÉÃ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀªÉÄäÃ¼À£ÀPÉÌ CzsÀåPÀëgÁVzÀÝgÄÀ .
• CªÀgÀ ªÀåQÛvÀé ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸Á»vÀå PÀÄjvÀAvÉ ¨ÉÃAzÉæ ªÁYäAiÀÄ zÀ±Àð£À, £ÀªÄÀ ä ¨ÉÃAzÉæAiÀÄªÀgÄÀ , zÀvÀÛ ªÁtÂ, ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ
«ªÀÄ±Áð UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ §A¢üªÉ.
• ªÁªÀÄ£À¨ÉÃAzÉæAiÀÄªÀgÀÄ EªÀgÀ 125 ¯ÉÃR£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀAUÀæ»¹ ``¸Á»vÀå «gÁmï ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À’’ JA§ ºÉ¸Àj¤AzÀ
¥ÀæPÀn¹zÁÝgÉ.
• ``¸ÀgÀ¸ÀªÉÃ d£À£À, «gÀ¸ÀªÉÃ ªÀÄgÀt, ¸ÀªÀÄgÀ¸ÀªÉÃ fÃªÀ£À’’ JAzÀÄ ¨Á¼ÉéAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §ºÀÄ¸ÉÆUÀ¸ÁUÀV ¸ÉgÀ»rzÀ
±À§ÝUÁgÀÄrUÀjªÀgÀÄ.
12. GvÀÛgÀ. ¹
GvÀÛgÀ : ¹.
13. GvÀÛgÀ. ©, 14-©, 15-r
• wAUÀ¼ÀÄ – ZÀAzÀæ
• PË¸ÀÄÛ¨sÀzsÀgÀ - «µÀÄÚ
• ªÀdæzsÀgÀ – EAzÀæ
¥ÀÆgÀPÀ ªÀiÁ»w
¸ÀzÀÈ±À - ºÉÆÃ®ÄªÀ zsÀ£ÀåvÉ - ¸ÀAvÀÈ¦Û
eÉÆÃ¥Á£À - dvÀ£À MqÀ®Ä - ±ÀjÃgÀ, ºÉÆmÉÖ
MqÉÆØÃ®UÀ – gÁd¸À¨sÉ, zÀ¨ÁðgÀÄ ªÀÄr®Ä – Gr
wÃjPÉÆ¼ÀÄî – UÀw¸ÀÄ PÀªÀÄgÀÄ – PÀAzÀÄ
«zsÉÃAiÀÄvÉ - £ÀªÀÄævÉ PÁzÀ® - E¤AiÀÄ, ¦æÃw¸ÀÄªÁvÀ
ªÀµÀðzsÁgÉ - £ÀªÀÄævÉ zÀÄ¸ÀÛgÀ – PÀpt, PÀµÀÖ¸ÁzsÀå
¸É¼ÉvÀ - DPÀµÀðuÉ £À¨sÀ – DPÁ±À, UÀUÀ£À, CA§gÀ
ºÀ¸À£ÀÄ - ¸ÀªÀÄÈzÀÞ vÀqÀªÉ - ¨Áj, ¸À®
DqÀÄA¨sÀÆ® - DlzÀ §AiÀÄ®Ä dgÉ - ¤A¢¸ÀÄ - §AiÀÄÄå
ºÉUÀ¯ÉuÉ - £ÉgÀªÀÅ ZÁ½ - £ÀqÀªÀ½PÉ
15
ªÀÄd®Ä - ºÀAvÀ ºÀÄ¯Éè – fAPÉ
CUÀtÂvÀ - ¯ÉPÀÌ«®èzÀµÀÄÖ zÀÄªÀÄðw – PÉlÖ§Ä¢Ý
PÀgÀÄ£Á¼ÀÄ – PÀ¤PÀgÀªÀÅ¼ÀîªÀ£ÀÄ CRAqÀ – C«aÒ£Àß, ¥ÀÆtð
¦ÃvÁA§gÀ – gÉÃµÉä §mÉÖ ¸ÀeÁ - ²PÉë,
¨sÀAV - ºÁªÀ¨sÁªÀ, «£Áå¸À gÀ« - ¨sÁ£ÀÄ, ¸ÀÆAiÀÄð, £ÉÃ¸ÀgÀÄ
C¹vÀé – EgÀÄ«PÉ ºÀ½ - zÉÆÃ¶¸ÀÄ, ¤A¢¸ÀÄ
DAzÉÆÃ®£À – ZÀ¼ÀÄªÀ½, PÁæAw E¼É - ¨sÀÆ«Ä, zsÀgÉ
®¥ÀàmÉÖ – vÀ¯ÉUÉ ¸ÀÄwÛzÀ§mÉÖ ¥ÀPÁÌUÀÄ – M¼ÀUÁUÀÄ
¥ÀqÀ¥ÉÆ¹ - PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ ¨ÁgÀzÀªÀ zÁQëtå - ¸ÀAPÉÆÃZÀ, »AdjPÉ
ªÀÄfð – EµÀÖ, zÉÆÃgÀuÉ DZÁÑzÀ£À - §mÉÖ, ªÀ¸À£À
¥Àtð – J¯É UÀÆtÄ – PÀÄwÛUÉ
ZÀªÀðt – DVzÀÄ w£ÀÄßªÀÅzÀÄ PÀtÄÚ PÀ¥Ààr - ¨ÁªÀ°
«zsÁAiÀÄPÀ – gÀZÀ£ÁvÀäPÀ gÁf – UÀÄA¥ÀÄ
GaÒµÀ× - JAd®Ä ¸Àæ«¸ÀÄ - §¸ÀgÀÄ
¯ÉÆÃPÁ©ügÁªÀÄ - ¸ÀºÀdªÁV ¥ÀgÁA¨sÀj¸ÀÄ – UÀªÀÄ¤¸ÀÄ
vÁgÀvÀªÀÄå – CAUÉÊ Dr¸ÀÄ ªÁvÁAiÀÄ£À – QlQ
ªÀÄ¢¸ÀÄ – PÀqÉ ¥ÀUÀr – PÁtÂPÉ, UËgÀªÀ
¸ÀAPÁæAw – zÁlÄ«PÉ «ÃAiÀÄÄ - ¸Áß£ÀªÀiÁqÀÄ
ªÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ – vÀ¯É ºÀgÀªÀÅ – «¸ÁÛgÀ
D¯É – UÁt «Ä¸ÀÄ¤ - a£ÀßºÉÆ£ÀÄß
PÀvÀPÀð - £ÁåAiÀÄ«®èzÀ ¥ÀæªÀÄxÀgÀÄ - ²ªÀ£À ¨sÀPÀëgÀÄ
C½ªÀÄ£ÀÄ – zÀÈqsÀ«®èzÀ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì PÀgÀt – MqÀ®Ä
CZÀÑ½ - CAzÀ PÉÃqÀÄ ¨Á£Ár - ¥ÀQë
PÀ£À®Ä – PÉÆÃ¥ÀUÉÆ¼ÀÄî ¸ÀgÀ±ÉÃgÀÄ – CAUÀ¼À¸ÉÃgÀÄ
zÀÄA© - ªÀÄzsÀÄPÀgÀ ZÉÃvÀ£À – fÃªÀ
wgÀ - ©üPÀëÄPÀ ¨sÀlÖ¤ - ºÉAqÀwAiÀÄgÀÄ
¯ÉÆ® - GvÀÄìPÀ fÃAiÀÄ - ¸Áé«Ä
Ctä – MqÉAiÀÄ CA¦æ - ¥ÁzÀ
C£ÀÄªÀgÀ – AiÀÄÄzÀÞ PÀÈvÁAvÀ – AiÀÄªÀÄ
CzÀlÄ - ¥ÀgÀPÀæªÀÄ j¥ÀÄ§® - ªÉÊj§®
ªÀfßeÁé¯É - ¨ÉAQAiÀÄ eÁé¯É ªÉÆºÀgÀ - ¸ÉÊ£Àå
£ÉÃªÀÄ – C¥ÀàuÉ EAzÀÄzÀgÀ - ²ªÀ
UÀÄgÀÄ£ÀAzÀ£À – C±ÀévÁÛªÀÄ gÁzsÉÃAiÀÄ – PÀtð
PÀÆqÀ£ÀªÀÄUÀ - zÀÆæt D£É - PÀÄAdgÀ
16. GvÀÛgÀ. ¹
• ¨ÁªÀÅUÀ MAzÀÄ ``£À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ’’ ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀågÀ£ÀÄß½zÀ G½zÀ ¥ÁætÂªÀUÀð, ¤fðªÀ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ
£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ £À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀUÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀªÀÅ.
°AUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ :
°AUÀ : eÁÕ£À CxÀªÁ CeÁÕ£ÀzÀ PÀÄgÀÄ»UÉ `°AUÀ’ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ. eÁÕ£ÀzÀ CjªÀÅ (PÀÄgÀÄºÀÄ) ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀåjUÉ ªÀiÁvÀæ GAlÄ.
PÁgÀt °AUÀ ±À§ÞªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå ªÀUÀðPÉÌ ªÀiÁvÀæ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è C£Àé¬Ä¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀågÀ°è UÀAqÀ¸ÀÄ, ºÉAUÀ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß
¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀæªÀÄªÁV ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ, ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÄÀ , G½zÀ ¥ÁætÂªÀUÀð (¥À±ÀÄ-¥ÀQë – Qæ«Ä – QÃl
ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ) ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤fðªÀ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼ÀÄ CeÁÕ£ÀzÀ PÀÄgÀÄºÀÄ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÁzÀÄzÀjAzÀ CªÀ£ÀÄß `£À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ’
JAzÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ªÁåPÀgÀtPÁgÀgÀÄ ºÉÃ½gÀÄªÀgÀÄ.
16
1. ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ : ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀågÀ°è UÀAqÀ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀiÁvÀæ `¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ’ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÄÀ . GzÁ : gÁªÀÄ,
©üÃªÀÄ, ºÀ£ÀÄªÀÄ, §¸ÀªÀ, PÀ£ÀPÀ, F±ÀégÀ, gÁfÃªÀ, ¸ÀÄ¨sÁ¸À, gÀ«ÃAzÀæ, «ªÉÃPÁ£ÀAzÀ, ªÉÆÃºÀ£À, gÁd±ÉÃRgÀ, §ÄzÀÞ,
ªÀzsÀðªÀiÁ£À, ¨sÀgÀvÀ, ¥ÉÊUÀA§gÀ, ºÀ¸À£À, ºÀÄ¸ÉÃ£À, CPÀ§PÀ, ºÀÄªÀiÁAiÀÄÆ£À, K¸ÀÄQæ¸ÛÀç, eÁ£ï, ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ.
2. ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ : ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀågÀ°è ºÉAUÀ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀiÁvÀæ `¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ’ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÄÀ . GzÁ : ¹ÃvÉ,
zËæ¥À¢, CºÀ¯Áå, ¥ÁªÀðw, ®QëöäÃ, ¸ÀgÀ¸Àéw, ±ÁgÀzÉ. C£À¸Æ À AiÀiÁ, ªÀÄºÁzÉÃ«, gÀÄQätÂ, ¨sÀªÁ¤, AiÀÄ®èªÀÄä,
gÉÃtÄPÁ, ¤Ã®ªÀÄä, ªÀÄ®èªÀÄä, UÀAUÁ, PÁªÉÃj, ±ÀgÁªÀj, £ÀªÄÀ ðzÉ, UÉÆÃzÁªÀj, zÁæPÁëAiÀÄtÂ, EA¢gÁ, ªÉÄÃj,
¹¹°AiÀiÁ, næÃeÁ, ªÀÄ¹ðAiÀiÁ.
3. £À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ : ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀågÀ£ÀÄß½zÀÄ G½zÀ ¥ÁætÂªÀUÀð ºÁUÀÆ ¤fÃðªÀ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À£ÄÀ ß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

`£À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ’ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¥ÁætÂ ªÀUÀðzÀ°è UÀAqÀÄ ºÉtÄÚUÀ½zÀÝgÆ
À CªÀÅ ¨Ë¢ÞPÀ ¸ÀÛgÀzÀ°è ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå£ÀAvÉ eÁÕ£ÀzÀ
CjªÀÅ ªÀiÁrPÉÆ¼Àî¯ÁgÀªÀÅ. PÁgÀt PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è CªÀ£ÀÄß `£À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ °AUÀ’UÀ¼ÉAzÉÃ w½AiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ. GzÁ : DPÀ¼ÀÄ,
JªÉÄä, JvÀÄÛ, ºÉÆÃj, PÉÆÃt, DqÀÄ, ºÉÆÃvÀÄ, PÀÄj, lUÀgÀÄ, ¨ÉPÄÀ Ì, ºÉÆ®, ªÀÄ£É, UÀÄr, CAUÀr, ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ, ¥É£ÀÄß,
±Á¯É, zsÀéd, D£É, PÀÄzÀÄgÉ, aUÀgÉ, fAPÉ, eÉÃ£ÀÄ, ¥ÁvÀgÀVwÛ, ºÁªÀÅ, E°, ªÀÄÄAUÀÄ¹, ºÀ°è, £ÉÆÃt, EgÀÄªÉ,
ªÉÆÃmÁgÀÄ, «ªÀiÁ£À, ZÀPÀÌr, gÉrAiÉÆ, ¢Ã¥À, ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÄÀ .
17. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
• ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ JgÀqÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼É ¥ÀÄ£Àß¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ - °AUÀ JAzÀÄ PÀgÉ¹PÉÆ¼ÀÄîvÀÛªÉ.
• ¥ÀÄ-¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ : EªÀÅ ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ, ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ JgÀqÀÆ °AUÀUÀ¼À CxÀð PÉÆqÀÄªÀAvÀºÀªÀÅ GzÁ : CªÀgÀÄ,
EªÀgÀÄ, AiÀiÁgÀÄ, J®ègÀÆ, ºÉÆÃzÀªÀgÀÄ, £ÉÆÃrzÀªÀgÀÄ EvÁå¢.
• ¥ÀÄ£Àß¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ : EªÀÅ ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ, £À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ JgÀqÀÆ °AUÀUÀ¼À CxÀð PÉÆqÀÄªÀAvÀºÀªÀÅ. GzÁ :
D¼ÀÄ, ªÀiÁgÀÄvÀ, ªÀgÀ, d£À, ¸ÀÆgÀå, ZÀAzÀæ, ªÀÄAUÀ¼À ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ UÀæºÀªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ. ªÀ¸ÀAvÀ-VæÃµÀä ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ
IÄvÀÄªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ EvÁå¢.
• UÀªÀÄ¤¹ : `d£À’ ±À§ÞªÀÅ ªÀiÁvÀæ KPÀªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ°èzÁÝUÀ `£À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ’zÀ°è §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ°èzÁÝUÀ `¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ’zÀ°è

EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. C®èzÉÃ PÀÄ, ¸ÀÄ, ¸Àvï, zÀÄgï ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ G¥À¸ÀUÀð («±ÉÃµÀt)UÀ½AzÀ PÀÆrzÁUÀ `d£À’ ±À§ÝªÀÅ
JgÀqÀÆ ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀzÀ°è EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. GzÁ : PÀÄd£À, ¸ÀÄd£À, ¸ÀdÓ£À, zÀÄdð£À ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ.
• ¹ÛçÃ - £À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ : EªÀÅ ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ, £À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ JgÀqÀÆ °AUÀUÀ¼À CxÀðPÉÆqÀÄªÀAvÀºÀªÀÅ. GzÁ
: vÉÆvÀÄÛ, PÀ£Áå, ªÀzsÀÄ, ºÀÄqÀÄV, ¨sÀÆ«Ä, ¹j, ¸ÀgÀ¸Àéw, PÀÈµÉÚ, UÀAUÉ ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ zÉÃªÀvÁ ªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ EvÁå¢.
• ¤vÀå£À¥ÀÄA¸ÀPÀ°AUÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼ÀÄ : EªÀÅ AiÀiÁªÁUÀ®Æ £À¥ÀÄA¸ÀAPÀ°AUÀ CxÀðªÀ£ÉßÃ PÉÆqÀÄªÀAvÀºÀªÀÅ, GzÁ : PÀÆ¸ÀÄ,

ªÀÄUÀÄ, ²±ÀÄ, zÀAqÀÄ, ¸ÉÊ£Àå (¸ÉÃ£É) ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ.
18. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• £ÉÃ¸ÀgÀÄ zÉÃ²ÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀzÀªÁVzÀÄÝ, G½zÀ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ C£ÀåzÉÃ²AiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøvÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ ºÁUÁVÃ GvÀÛgÀ J
¸ÀjAiÀiÁVzÉ.
• ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøvÀ ¨sÁµÉ¬ÄAzÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀPÉÌ §AzÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ : zsÀªÀÄð, ¢Ã¥À, ¤zÉÝ, ¨ÉÃ¢ü, £À¢, AiÀÄÄzÀÞ, ¥ÀÈyé, ¨sÀÆ«Ä, gÁwæ,
¸ÀAzsÁå, gÁd, PÀÄªÀiÁgÀ, ¨sÀgÀvÀ, ®PÀëöät, ºÀ§â, ¸ÀA¸ÁÜ, DgÀå, ¢ªÀ¸À, §rØ, ¦vÀÈ, ªÀiÁvÀÈ, ¸ÀºÉÆÃzÀgÀ, wy, ¥sÀ®,
¥ÀÄvÀæ, ¥ÀvÀæ, ±ÀvÀÄæ, ¥ÀÆªÀð, ¥ÀPÀë, ¸À¥ÀÛ, ¥ÀAZÀ, ¥ÀAZÁAUÀ, ¥ÀÄµÀà, CgÀtå, £ÉÊgÀÄvÀå, ªÁAiÀÄÄªÀå, DUÉßÃAiÀÄ, F±Á£Àå,
§æºÀä, «µÀÄÚ, ªÀÄºÉÃ±À, ²ªÀ, F±ÀégÀ, «zÁåyð, ¨sÁt, zsÀ£ÄÀ , zÀjzÀæ, zÀ°vÀ, gÁtÂ, gÁd£ï, ªÀÄAwæ, eÁÕ£À,
¸ÉÆÃªÀÄ, ªÀÄAUÀ®, §ÄzsÀ, ¨sÉÆÃd£É, UÀAUÁ, AiÀÄªÀÄÄ£Á, ¸ÀgÀ¸éÀw, £ÀªÄÀ ðzÁ, PÀÈµÁÚ, UÉÆÃzÁªÀj, ªÀµÀð,
CzsÁåAiÀÄ, ¸À¥Àð, UÀAzsÀ, ±À§Þ, CPÀëgÀ, ²RgÀ, UÀÈºÀ, UÀÈºÀt, UÀæAxÀ, UÀUÀ£À, IÄ¶, DAiÀÄÄµÀå, IÄt, ±Á¹Ûç, CgÀtå,
17
GvÀÛgÀ, ¥À²ÑªÀÄ, ®UÀß¥ÀwæPÉ, ¨sÉÆÃd£À, §æºÀäZÁj, ¥ÁzÀ, wÃxÀð, ªÀÄvÀ, ªÉÆÃPÀë, ¸ÁägÀPÀ, ¯ÉÃRPÀ, ¢£ÁAPÀ,
«±Àé«zÁå¤®AiÀÄ, ºÀ¸ÀÛ, «±ÉÃµÀ, zÀ±À, ¸ÀAUÀªÀÄ, PÀÄAPÀÄªÀÄ, dUÀvï, ªÁAiÀÄÄ, «ªÀiÁ£À, ¸ÀéUÀð, £ÀgÀPÀ, zËæ¥À¢,
zÀÈvÀgÁµÀÖç, UÁæªÀÄ, AiÀiÁvÉæ, D¢vÀåªÁgÀ, ±ÀvÀPÀ, £ÀUÀgÀ: ªÀÄAwæ, zÀ°vÀ, zÁjzÀæöå, ªÀiÁUÀð, ªÀÄzsÀå, PÀÄAPÀÄªÀÄ,
¥sÀ¯ÁºÁgÀ, ¸ÁéUÀvÀ, ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£À, DAiÀÄÄµÀå EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÄÀ .
• zÉÃ²AiÀÄ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : PÁ®Ä, Q«, ªÀÄÆUÀÄ, ¨Á¬Ä, vÀ¯É, MAzÀÄ, JgÀqÀÄ, ªÀÄÆgÀÄ, £Á®ÄÌ, £ÀÆgÀÄ, ºÉÆÃUÀ, ¨Á,
vÉÆqÀÄ, GqÀÄ, VqÀ, ªÀÄgÀ, D¼ÀÄ, £É®, ªÀÄÆqÀt, ¥ÀqÀÄªÀt, §qÀUÀt, vÉAPÀt, £ÉÃ¸ÀgÀÄ, wAUÀ¼ÀÄ, ºÉÆÃUÀÄ,
w£ÀÄß, PÁUÉ, UÁ½, PÉÆÃ½, E°, ¨ÉPÀÄÌ, vÁ¬Ä, vÀAzÉ, CgÀ¸ÄÀ , PÉÊ, PÀtÄÚ, ¸ÁgÀÄ, C£Àß, gÁV, eÉÆÃ¼À, ¨É®è,
¤ÃgÀÄ, «ÄÃ£ÀÄ, eÉÃ£ÀÄ, vÀÄ¥Àà, ºÁ®Ä, ªÉÆ¸ÀgÀÄ, ªÀÄfÓUÉ, PÀ®Äè, ªÀÄÄ¼ÀÄî, vÀUÄÀ Î, ¢£Éß, PÀgÀÄ, DPÀ¼ÀÄ, £ÉgÉ, ºÉZÀÄÑ,
PÀrªÉÄ, ªÀÄ£É, ºÉÆ®, §½î, ºÀÆªÀÅ, J¼ÀÄî, JuÉÚ, K¼ÀÄ, ©Ã¼ÀÄ, £ÉÆÃqÀÄ, ªÀiÁqÀÄ, CQÌ, §vÀÛ, ¨É®è, PÁ¼ÀÄ, ¨ÉuÉÚ,
MqÀ®Ä, ºÀUÀ®Ä, EgÀÄ¼ÀÄ »ÃUÉ C£ÉÃPÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÀªÀÄä PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è CZÀÑ½AiÀÄzÉ EªÉ.
19. GvÀÛgÀ. r
• ²¥sÁgÀ¸ÀÄì – EzÀÄ »AzÀÆ¸ÁÜ¤ ¥ÀzÀªÁVzÉ DzÀÝjAzÀ GvÀÛgÀ r ¸ÀjAiÀiÁVzÉ.
GzÀÄð ¨sÁµÉ¬ÄAzÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀPÉÌ §AzÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• GzÀÄð d£ÀävÁ½zÀÄÝ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä GvÀÛgÀ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è EzÀÄ ¥ÀæZÁgÀPÉÌ §A¢zÀÄÝ zÀQët ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è C¯ÁèªÀÅ¢ÝÃ£À£ÀÄ
UÀÄ®âUÁð gÁdzsÁ¤AiÀÄ£ÁßV ªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÁUÀ EzÀgÀ ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀ ºÉZÁÑ¬ÄvÀÄ.
• ªÉÆºÀgÀA, £ÁdÆPï, ±ÀºÀgÀ, vÉÆUÀj, ZÁPÀj, ºÀ¼À¢, GªÀÄgï, UÀd®Ä, ªÉÆUÀ¯ï, dgÀÆgÀÄ, ªÀÄÄ¸À¯Áä£À, UÉÆÃ¢ü,
SÉÆÃ§j, PÀ§ÆvÀgÀ, dÄ¯Áä£É, zÁR¯É, Cfð, ªÀeÁ, zÀ¸ÛÀVj, ºÁdgÀÄ, ªÉÆPÀzÝÀ ªÄÉ , ¥ÀgÉÃ±Á£ï, vÀ¹SÁ,
d®¸Á, Q¯Á, ¸ÀªÁj, vÉÃeï, UÀÄgÀÄ, QgÁAiÀiï, §vÁ¬Ä, RgÁZï, zÀÄ¤AiÀiÁzï, ¥ÉÆPÁAiÀiï, UÀÄAZÁ¬Ä¸É,
SÁjR, §AiÀiÁ£À, »PÀªÀÄvï, ªÀÄ¶Ì¯ï, ªÀÄd§Ægï, zÉÆÃ©, UÀjÃ¨ï, G¸ÀÄ¯ï, vÀPÀ°Ã¥sÀ, QªÀÄvï, ºÀvÁågÀ,
§zÀ¯ÁªÀiï, zÀgÉÆÃfªÀÄ gÀZÁ¬Ä, zÀÄSÁ£À, £Àdgï, ¦üÃZÁ, ¨sÀZÀðPÉ, mÁQ, RvÀ¯ï EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ .
CgÀ©â ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• PÁUÀzÀ, RvÀ¯ï, GgÀÄ¸ÀÄ, ¸ÉÊvÁ£À, ºÀQÃªÀÄ, ¥ËdÄzÁzÀ, §ÄgïÓ, f¯Áè, vÀºÀ²¯ï, ±ÁgÀÄ, ªÀÄÄ£À¸Æ
À ¥ï, ªÀÄÄ¤ÃªÀÄ,
ªÀQÃ®, ¸ÁºÉÃ§, CzÁ®vï, CªÀÄ®, UÀAf, CRj, CzÁ§ (£ÀªÄÀ ¸ÁÌgÀ), dgÀÆgÀ, d°Ý, dªÁ¨ï, eÁ«ÄÃ£À,
eÁ»ÃgÀ, fzÀÄÝ, vÀ¥Á¸ï, vÀPÀgÁgÀ, ºÀQÃPÀvÀ, vÁ¨Á, vÁjÃRÄ, £ÀdgÀ, ¨Á§vï, ªÀÄAdÆgÀ, ªÀÄÄd§Ævï,
DzÀ«Ä, E£ÁªÀÄ, PÀ¨Á°, PÁ£ÀÆ£À, PÁAiÀÄA, QzÀªÀÄvï, RvÀA, PÁå®, SÁ¸ÀV, SÁ¸À, UÀÄ¯ÁªÀÄ, UÉÊgÀºÁdgÀ,
dPÁ¯É, dªÀiÁ, ªÀÄvÀ®©, ªÀiÁµï, ªÀiÁªÀÄ¯Á, ªÀÄÄPÁ§¯ï, ªÀÄÄzÀÝvÀ, ªÀÄÄ¸ÀQ®, ªÀUÉÊgÉ, ªÀeÁ, ªÀvÀ£ÀzÁgÀ,
ªÁ¬ÄzÉ, ªÁgÀ¸ÀÄzÁgï, ±Á«ÄÃ®, ¥ÀvÀð, ±ÀÄgÀÄ, ¸À¯Á, ¸À¯ÁA, ¸ÀªÁ®Ä, vÀA§Æj, vÁ®ÆèPÀ, ¥ÁAiÉÄÝ, ªÀiÁf,
gÁf, ¦vÀÆj, £Á¯Á, QgÁ¬Ä, vÀUÀ¯ï, zÀ¯Á°, ¨ÁQ, ªÀÄdPÀÆgÀ, ¸ÀgÁ¥ï, »¸Á§, UÀ°ÃdÄ, ¥Á¬ÄzÉ,
zÀÆ®¨Áf, dÄ¨ïâ EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.
¥sÁgÀ¹ ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• UÀÄ¯Á®Ä, zÀUÁð, £ÀªÀiÁd, ªÀÄÄ¯Áè, RÆ¤, UÀ¸ÀÛ, dA¨É, ¸ÀgÀAeÁªÀÄ, ¹¥Á¬Ä, PÁgÀPÀÆ£À, ZËPÀj, ZÀ¥Áw,
dªÁ¤, ¨ÁzÀ±ÀºÀ, ºÀªÀ¯ÁÝgÀ, RÄµÀ, D¸À¥Á¸ï, UÀÄªÀiÁ«Ä, bÁ¥À, d§gÀÄ, dªÁ¤, ªÀgÀ¢, d«ÄÃ£À, eÁVÃgÀ,
gÁf£ÁªÉÄ, ²¥Áj¸ï, ¹¸ÀÛ, ¸ÀeÁ, PÁUÀzÀ, eÁzÀÄ, ¹vÁj, ±ÀºÀ£Á¬Ä, ¥ÀgÀzÉ, ¥ÉÊ®ªÁ£À, ªÉÄÊzÁ£À, ZÁ§ÆPï
®UÁA, ¸ÀªÁj, PÀ§ÆvÀgÀ, RgÁ§, agÁAiÀÄvÀ, C£Ád, §jÃ¥ï,fAzÀUÁ¹, gÉÊvÀ, E¯Ád, dÄ¯Á©, zÀªÁSÁ£É,
UÀgÀ«ÄÃ, PÀ«Ää, PÁgÀSÁ£É, UÀÄAeÁ¬ÄµÀ, zÀÄ¨Áj, ReÁ¤, UÀÄ¯Á§, eÁªÀÄÆ£À, eÉÃ°zÉ, eÁAVÃgÀ, EeÁgÀ,
¥ÁªÀÄeÁªÀiÁ, gÀÄªÀiÁ®Ä, PÀ¸ÀÆw, Q¸É, ¤±Á¤, ¸ÉgÉ, ±ÀgÀ§vï, dzÁð, zÁAiÀÄ, ªÀÄ¸ÀÛ, ZÀªÀÄZÉ, EªÀiÁgÀw,
«Ä£ÁgÀ, £Á¯ÁAiÀÄPÀ, §zÁß«Ä, §zÁä±À, ¨ÉÃPÀÆ¥ï, ®¥sÀAUï, ®ZÁÑ, ¹PÁgÁ, £À¹Ã§, ©®PÀÄ¯ï, ªÀÄeÁ,
ªÀÄÄ¯Ád, ªÉÄºÀ£Àvï, jªÁZï, ªÀd£ï, ¥sÀgÀvï, ºÀeÁªÀÄ, ºÀgÀPÀ¯ï, »PÀªÄÀ vï, »ªÀÄävï, CªÁeï, KPÀzÀA, ZÀµÁä,
ZÁ¯ÁPÀ, eÁ¹Û, vÁeÁ, zÀªÀiï, zÀÄgÀ¹Û, ªÉÆÃ¸ÀÛ, £ÀgÀªÀiï, ¥sÁw, ¸ÁzÁ, ¹§âA¢, ¹Ã¸É, ºÀÄµÁgÀ, ²gÀ¹ÛzÁgÀ,
ªÉÄÊzÁ, µÀºÀgÀ, ªÀÄ¸Á¯É, ¨ÉÃeÁgÀ, ªÀiÁªÀÄ¯ÉzÁgÀÄ, ªÉÄÃ¹Ûç, ¥ÀgÀªÁ¤UÉ, ²¸ÀÄÛ, gÀ¸ÛÉ, eÁ£ÀªÁgÀ, zÀÄ©ð£ÀÄ, ±Á¬Ä,
®UÁªÀÄ, zÁ¯Á½, ºÀÄPÀÄA, gÀ¸ÉÛ, ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀÄ, ²¸ÀÄÛ, ¥ÁAiÀÄSÁ£É, £ËPÀj, zÀÄ¨Áj, zÁªÉ, zÀgÀ¨ÁgÀ, ZÁPÀÄ,
18
ZÀÆgÀÄ, UÉÆÃj, ZÀ¥Áw, E£ÁA, D®Æ, Cfð, PÀÄ¹Û, CdªÀiÁ¸À EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÄÀ .
»AzÀÆ¸ÁÜ¤ ¨sÁµÉ¬ÄAzÀ §AzÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• d«ÄÃ£ÀÄ, gÉÊvÀ, ¸À¯ÁªÀÄÄ, PÀZÉÃj, UÀÄ¯ÁªÀÄ, ZÀÄ£ÁªÀuÉ, ¸ÀÄ¨sÉÃzÁgÀ, zÀ¥sÉÃzÁgÀ, §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉ, ºÀÄPÀÄA, ªÀÄºÀ¯ï,
§AzÀÆPï, vÀAiÀiÁgï, ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ, ªÁgÀ, ¸ÀA¸ÁgÀ, ¹¥Á¬Ä, UÉÆÃqÁ, ¸ÀAeÉ, ¨ÁzÁ«Ä, ªÉÄÊzÁ£À, f¯Éè, PÀA¢Ã®Ä,
²¥ÁgÀ¸ÀÄì, eÁ»gÁvÀÄ, PÀ§Æ®, UÀjÃ§, ZÀªÀÄZÀ EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.
¥ÉÆÃZÀÄðVÃ¸ï ¨sÁµÉ¬ÄAzÀ §AzÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• E¹ÛçÃ, ¥Á¢æ, ¸Á§Æ£À, ªÉÄÃdÄ, §mÁn, dAUÁ®Ä, ¦gÀAV, ¥ÀUÁgÀ, ¨ÉÆA§Ä, D¥ÀÆ¸À, ºÀ¥Á¬Ä, vÀA¨ÁPÀÄ,
°Ã¯ÁªÀÅ, ©¸ÀÌmï, PÀA¢Ã®Ä, ¥É£ÀÄß, gÀ¹Ã¢, RÄað EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.
ªÀÄgÁp ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ :
• ªÀiÁAªÀ¹, ¥ÁªÀuÁå, C§a, ªÉÊ¤, CUÁªï, zÀUÀzÀ, ¥ÁgÀ, ¥ÉÆÃj, CmÁ¥À, TZÀr, zÁªÀÄ, ±ÀA¨ÉÆÃgÀ, µÁtÂ,
¥ÀgÁvï, EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.
20. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• ¥ÀA¥À ¥Àæ±À¹Û PÀ£ÁðlPÀ gÁdåzÀ ¥Àæw¶×vÀ ¥Àæ±À¹ÛUÀ¼À°è MAzÀÄ EzÀ£ÀÄß PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀ°è C£À£Àå¸ÉÃªÉ
¸À°è¹zÀªÀjUÉ ¤ÃqÀ¯ÁUÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ D¢PÀ« ¥ÀA¥À CªÀgÀ ºÉ¸ÀgÀ£ÄÀ ß F ¥Àæ±À¹ÛUÉ EqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.
1987jAzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁVzÉ.
• 2020 – 21 - ¹. ¦. PÀÈµÀÚPÀÄªÀiÁgï
• 2021 – 22 - ¨Á§Ä PÀÈµÀÚªÀÄÆwð
• 2022 – 23 – J¸ï. Dgï. gÁªÀÄ¸Áé«Ä

¥ÀÆgÀPÀ ªÀiÁ»w :
1) PÀÄªÉA¥ÀÅ – ²æÃ gÁªÀiÁAiÀÄt zÀ±Àð£ÀA- 1987
2) wÃ.£ÀA.²æÃPÀAoÀAiÀÄå – ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ PÁªÀå«ÄÃªÀiÁA¸É- 1988

3. ²ªÀgÁªÀÄ PÁgÀAvÀ -ªÉÄÊªÀÄ£ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀÄ½AiÀÄ°è -1989
4. ¸ÀA.².¨sÀÆ¸À£ÀÆgÀªÀÄoÀ -±ÀÆ£Àå ¸ÀA¥ÁzÀ£É ¥ÀgÁªÀÄ±Éð -1990
5. ¥ÀÅ.w.£À. – ºÀjZÀjvÉ- 1991
6. J.J£ï.ªÀÄÆwðgÁªï – zÉÃªÀgÀÄ – 1992
7. UÉÆÃ¥Á®PÀÈµÀÚ CrUÀ – ¸ÀÄªÀtð ¥ÀÅvÀÜ½ – 1993
8. ¸ÉÃrAiÀiÁ¥ÀÅ PÀÈµÀÚ¨sÀlÖ – «ZÁgÀ ¥Àæ¥ÀAZÀ – 1994
9. PÉ.J¸ï.£ÀgÀ¹AºÀ¸Áé«Ä – zÀÄAqÀÄ ªÀÄ°èUÉ – 1995
10. JA.JA.PÀ®§ÄVð – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 1996

11. f.J¸ï.²ªÀgÀÄzÀæ¥Àà -¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå -1997
12. zÉÃdUË – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 1998
19
13. ZÀ£Àß«ÃgÀ PÀt« – PÀ«vÉUÀ¼ÀÄ – 1999
14. qÁ. J¯ï.§¸ÀªÀgÁdÄ – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå (¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£É ) -2000
15. ¥ÀÇtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2001
16. azÁ£ÀAzÀªÀÄÆwð – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2002
17. qÁ. ZÀAzÀæ±ÉÃRgÀPÀA¨ÁgÀ – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2003
18. ºÉZï.J¯ï.£ÁUÉÃUËqÀ – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2004
19. J¸ï.J¯ï.¨sÉÊgÀ¥Àà – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2005
20. f.J¸ï.DªÀÄÆgï – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2006
21. AiÀÄ±ÀªÀAvÀ avÁÛ® – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2007
22. n.«.ªÉAPÀmÁZÀ®±Á¹Ûç – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2008
23. ZÀAzÀæ±ÉÃRgÀ ¥ÁnÃ® – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2009
24. f.ºÉZï.£ÁAiÀÄPÀ – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2010
25. §gÀUÀÆgÀÄ gÁªÀÄZÀAzÀæ¥Àà – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2011
26. qÁ.r.J£ï. ±ÀAPÀgÀ ¨sÀlÖ- ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2012
27. PÀAiÀiÁågÀ QkÕtÚ gÉÊ – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2013
28. ¥ÉÇæ.f.ªÉAPÀl¸ÀÄ§âAiÀÄå – PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¤WÀAlÄ – 2014
29. ©. J. ¸À£À¢ – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå – 2015
30. qÁ. ºÀA.¥À. £ÁUÀgÁdAiÀÄå – ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ¸Á»vÀå – 2016

31. J¸ï.¤¸Ágï CºÀªÀÄzï-¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå-2017
32. µÀ.±ÉlÖgï-¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£É- 2018
33 ¹zÀÝ°AUÀAiÀÄå-¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸Á»vÀå-2019
21. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
• C D PÁgÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ G, H PÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ §AzÀgÉ `N’ PÁgÀªÁUÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ E°è ªÀdæ + G¥ÀªÉÄ = C + G =
ªÀeÉÆæÃ¥ÀªÉÄ (N) §A¢gÀÄªÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀÄ UÀÄt¸ÀA¢üUÉ GzÁºÀgÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ.
¸ÀªÀtð¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü :
• ¸ÀªÀtð ¸ÀégÀUÀ¼ÀÄ (C, D, E, F, G, H) MAzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAzÉÆAzÀÄ §AzÁUÀ CªÉgÀqÀgÀ ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°è MAzÉÃ

MAzÀÄ ¢ÃWÀðªÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀtð ¸ÀégÀ DzÉÃ±ÀªÁV §gÀÄªÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß `¸ÀªÀtð¢ÃWÀð ¸ÀA¢ü’ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ :
zÉÃªÁ¸ÀÄgÀ = zÉÃªÀ + ÇÀÄgÀ
20
ªÀÄºÁvÀä = ªÀÄºÀ + DvÀä
VjÃ±À = Vj + F±À
PÀ«ÃAzÀæ = PÀ« + EAzÀæ
UÀÄgÀÆ¥ÀzÉÃ±À = UÀÄgÀÄ + G¥ÀzÉÃ±À
«zÁå¨sÁå¸À = «zÀå + C¨sÁå¸À
±ÀÄ¨sÁ±ÀAiÀÄ = ±ÀÄ¨sÀ + D±ÀAiÀÄ
gÀ«ÃAzÀæ = gÀ« + EAzÀæ
¨sÀÆ«ÄÃ±ÀégÀ = ¨sÀÆ«Ä + F±ÀégÀ
d®eÁQë = d®d + CQë

UÀÄt¸ÀA¢ü :
• ¥ÀÆªÀð¥ÀzÀzÀ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀégÀªÀÅ C, D, PÁgÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ E, F, PÁgÀUÀ½zÀÝgÉ K PÁgÀªÀÇ, G, H, PÁgÀUÀ½zÀÝgÉ

N PÁgÀªÀÇ, IÄ PÁgÀ«zÀÝgÉ `Dgï’ PÁgÀªÀÇ D JgÀqÀÄ ¸ÀégÀUÀ¼À eÁUÀzÀ°è DzÉÃ±ÀªÁV §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F ¸ÀA¢üUÉ
UÀÄt¸ÀA¢ü JAzÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ :
¸ÀÄgÉÃAzÀæ = ¸ÀÄgÀ + EAzÀæ (K = C + E)
zsÀgÉÃAzÀæ = zsÀgÁ + EAzÀæ
ZÀAzÉÆæÃzÀAiÀÄ = ZÀAzÀæ + GzÀAiÀÄ
KPÉÆÃ£À = KPÀ + H£À
zÉÃªÀ¶ð = zÉÃªÀ + IÄ¶
ªÀÄºÀ¶ð = ªÀÄºÁ + IÄ¶
ªÀÄºÉÃ±À = ªÀÄºÁ + F±À
¸ÀÆgÉÆåÃzÀAiÀÄ = ¸ÀÆgÀå + GzÀAiÀÄ
¸ÀÄgÉÃ±À = ¸ÀÄgÀ + F±À
PÀªÀÄ¯ÉÆÃzÀAiÀÄ = PÀªÀÄ® + GzÀAiÀÄ

ªÀÈ¢Þ¸ÀA¢ü :
• C, D, PÁgÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ K, L, PÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÁzÁUÀ L PÁgÀªÀÇ, N, O PÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÁzÁUÀ O PÁgÀªÀÇ

DzÉÃ±ÀªÁzÀgÉ ªÀÈ¢Þ¸ÀA¢üAiÀiÁUÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ.
C, D + K, L = L
C, C + N, O = O
L, O PÁgÀUÀ½UÉ ªÀÈ¢ÞAiÉÄA§ ¸ÀAeÉÕ EzÉ.
21
GzÁ :
KPÉÊPÀ = KPÀ + KPÀ (L = C + K)
CµÉÊ±ÀégÀå = CµÀÖ + L±ÀégÀå
WÀ£ËzÁgÀå = WÀ£À + OzÁgÀå (O = C + O)
ªÀ£ËµÀ¢ü = ªÀ£À + OµÀ¢ü
ªÀÄºË£ÀßvÀå = ªÀÄºÁ + O£ÀßvÀå
¯ÉÆÃPÉÊPÀ«ÃgÀ = ¯ÉÆÃPÀ + KPÀ«ÃgÀ
²ªÉÊPÀå = ²ªÀ + LPÀå

AiÀÄuï¸ÀA¢ü :
• E, F, G, H, IÄ PÁgÀUÀ½UÉ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¸ÀªÀtðªÀ®èzÀ ¸ÀégÀ §AzÁUÀ E, F, UÀ½UÉ AiÀÄ PÁgÀªÀÇ G, H

UÀ½UÉ ªÀ PÁgÀªÀÇ IÄ PÁgÀPÉÌ gÉÃ¥sÀ Dgï PÁgÀªÀÇ DzÉÃ±ÀªÁUÀÄªÀÅzÀPÉÌ ÀiÀÄuï¸ÀA¢ü’ JAzÀÄ PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÀgÀÄ.
E, F + C, D / G, H = AiÀiï
G, H + C, D / E, F = ªï
IÄ = C, D / E, F / G, H = gï, Dgï
GzÁ :
PÉÆÃlå¢üÃ±À = PÉÆÃn + C¢üÃ±À (AiÀÄ = E + C)
eÁvÀåwÃvÀ = eÁw + CwÃvÀ
ªÀÄ£ÀéAvÀ = ªÀÄ£ÀÄ + CAvÀgÀ
¥ÀævÀÄåvÀÛgÀ = ¥Àæw + GvÀÛgÀ
ªÀÄ£Áé¢ = ªÀÄ£ÀÄ + D¢
UÀvÀåAvÀgÀ = UÀw + CAvÀgÀ
CvÀåAvÀ = Cw + CAvÀ
UÀÄgÁéeÉÕ = UÀÄgÀÄ + DeÉÕ

22. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
• £À¢ JAzÀgÉ gÀÆqsÀ£ÁªÀÄ CzÀgÀ°è £ÀªÀÄðzÁ £À¢ JA§ÄzÀ°è £ÀªÄÀ ðzÁ JA§ÄzÀÄ ElÖ ºÉ¸ÀgÁVgÀÄªÀÅzÀjAzÀ
EzÀÄ CAQvÀ£ÁªÀÄ.
ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÁZÀPÀ :
• ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼É®è ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÄÀ .
• GzÁ : ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ = gÁªÀÄ, PÀÈµÀÚ, EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼ÄÀ G = DPÀ¼ÄÀ , JªÉÄä, JvÀÄÛ, EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ
22
• CqÀªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼ÀÄ : PÀ®Äè, PÀnÖUÉ, ±Á¯É, ªÁºÀ£À G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ
ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼À°è 3 «zsÀUÀ½ªÉ.
1. gÀÆqsÀ£ÁªÀÄ
2. CAQvÀ£ÁªÀÄ
3. C£ÀéxÀð£ÁªÀÄ
1. gÀÆqsÀ£ÁªÀÄ : §ºÀÄPÁ®¢AzÀ gÀÆrü¬ÄAzÀ §AzÀ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß gÀÆqsÀ£ÁªÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ. MAzÉÃ ªÀUÀðPÉÌ ¸ÉÃjzÀ
CxÀªÁ MAzÉÃ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ ºÉ¸Àj£À ±À§ÝUÀ¼ÄÀ .
GzÁ : £À¢, eÁvÉæ, ºÀÄqÀÄV, ¥ÀªÀðvÀ, zÉÃ±À, ºÀ½î, ªÀÄgÀ, ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå, ¥À±ÄÀ , ¥ÀQë EvÁå¢.
2. CAQvÀ£ÁªÀÄ : EµÁÖ£ÀÄ¸ÁgÀªÁV £ÁªÀÅ EzÀ£ÉßÃ ºÉ¸ÀjUÉ CAQvÀ£ÁªÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÄÀ . EzÀ£ßÉ Ã ªÀåªÀºÁgÀzÀ C£ÀÄPÀÆ®vÉUÁV
ElÖ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼ÉAzÀÄ PÀÆqÀ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ : PÀ£ÀßqÀ, ±Á¯É, PÁ½zÁ¸À, ºÀÄ§â½î, ¹ÃvÁ, ZÀAzÀæ, gÁfÃªÀ, ªÀÄAdÄ, dUÀ¢Ã±À, CPÀÌªÄÀ ä EvÁå¢.
C£ÀéxÀð£ÁªÀÄ : CxÀðPÉÌ C£ÀÄ¸ÁgÀªÁV CxÀªÁ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À ®PÀëtPÀÌ£ÀÄ¸ÁgÀªÁV PÀgÉAiÀÄ®àqÄÀ ªÀ ºÉ¸ÀgÄÀ UÀ½UÉ C£ÀéxÀðPÀ£ÁªÀÄ
JAzÀÄ PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ : ªÉÊzÀå, ²PÀëPÀ, PÀÄAl, QªÀÅqÀ, ªÀÄÄzÀÄPÀ, UÁtÂUÀ, ©üPÀëÄPÀ, ºÁªÁrUÀ, ªÀÄAwæ, ZÁ®PÀ, ¥ÀæzsÁ¤, EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.
4. ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ : ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ ¨sÁªÀªÀ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÉAzÀÄ PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ : »jªÉÄ, ©¼ÀÄ¥ÀÄ, PÀÆl, £ÉÆÃl, ªÀiÁl, Nl, §qÀvÀ£À, EvÁå¢,
PÀÈzÀAvÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄ - ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼À°è zsÁvÀÄUÀ½AzÀ ºÀÄlÄÖªÀAvÀºÀÄUÀ¼ÁVªÉ.
vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄ : £ÁªÀÄ ¥ÀæPÀÈwUÀ½AzÀ GAmÁUÀÄªÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
23. GvÀÛgÀ. ¹
ºÀ¼ÉAiÀÄzÀÄ + PÀ£ÀßqÀ = ºÀ¼ÉUÀ£ÀßqÀ
ºÉÆ¸ÀzÀÄ + PÀ£ÀßqÀ = ºÉÆ¸ÀUÀ£ÀßqÀ
E¤zÀÄ + ¸ÀgÀ = EAZÀgÀ
ªÉÄ°èvÀÄ + ªÀiÁvÀÄ = ªÉÄÃ¯ÁévÀÄ
E¤zÁzÀ + ªÀiÁªÀÅ = EªÀiÁäªÀÅ
»jzÁUÀ + ªÀÄgÀ = ºÉªÀÄägÀ
»jzÁzÀ + ¨ÁV®Ä = ºÉ¨ÁâV®Ä
aPÀÌªÀ¼ÁzÀ + ºÀÄqÀÄV = aPÀÌºÀÄqÀÄV
aPÀÌzÁzÀ + ªÀÄUÀÄ = aPÀÌªÀÄUÀÄ
ºÀ¼ÉAiÀÄzÁzÀ + §mÉÖ = ºÀ¼É§mÉÖ
©½zÁzÀ + PÉÆqÉ = ©¼ÉÆÎqÉ
23
¦ÃvÀªÁzÀ + CA§gÀ = ¦ÃvÁA§gÀ
¤Ã®ªÁzÀ + GvÀà® + ¤Ã¯ÉÆÃvÀà®
±ÉéÃvÀªÁzÀ + ªÀ¸ÀÛç = ±ÉéÃvÀªÀ¸ÀÛç
±ÉéÃvÀªÁzÀ + CA§gÀ = ±ÉéÃvÁA§gÀ
§ÈºÀvÁÛzÀ + ªÀÈPÀë = §ÈºÀzÀéøPÀë
¤Ã®ªÁzÀ + ±ÀgÀ¢ü = ¤Ã®±ÀgÀ¢ü
¤rzÁzÀ + EgÀÄ¼ÀÄ = ¤nÖgÀÄ¼ÀÄ
¤Ã®ªÁzÀ + ±ÀgÀ¢ü = ¤Ã®±ÀgÀ¢ü
¤Ã®ªÁzÀ + ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÀæ = ¤Ã®¸ÀªÀÄÄzÀæ
±ÉéÃvÀªÁzÀ + ªÀtð = ±ÉéÃvÀªÀtð
ªÀÄvÀÛªÁzÀ + ªÁgÀt = ªÀÄvÀÛªÁgÀt (ªÀÄzÁÝ£É)
¦ÃvÀªÁzÀ + ªÀ¸ÀÛç = ¦ÃvÀªÀ¸ÀÛç
¤rzÁzÀ + G¹gÀÄ = ¤lÄÖ¹gÀÄ

24. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• vÀ¥Àà¸ÉìA§ + zsÀ£À = vÀ¥ÉÆÃzsÀ£À EzÀÄ PÀÆqÁ PÀªÀÄðzsÁgÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀªiÀ Á¸ÀPÉÌ GzÁºÀgÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ.
• PÀªÀÄðzÁgÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À : ¥ÀÆªÉÇÃvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ °AUÀ, ªÀZÀ£À, «¨sÀQÛUÀ½AzÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀªÁVzÀÄÝ, «±ÉÃµÀuÁ «±ÉÃµÀ
¸ÀA§AzsÀ¢AzÀ PÀÆr DUÀÄªÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀPÉÌ PÀªÀÄðzsÁgÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀªiÀ Á¸À J£ÀÄßªÀgÄÀ .
• vÀvÀÄàgÀÄµÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À : JgÀqÀÄ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÉÃj ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀªÁUÀÄªÁUÀ GvÀÛgÀ¥ÀzÀzÀ CxÀðªÀÅ ¥ÀæzsÁ£ÀªÁzÀgÉ CzÀ£ÀÄß
¥ÀæzsÁ£ÀªÁzÀgÉ CzÀ£ÀÄß vÀvÀÄàgÀÄµÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ :
• ¢éUÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À : ¥ÀÆªÀð¥ÀzÀªÀÅ ¸ÀASÁåªÁZÀPÀªÁVzÀÄÝ, GvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀzÀzÀ°ègÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀzÆ

É qÀ£É ¸ÉÃj DUÀÄªÀ
¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀªÉÃ ``¢éUÀÄ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À’’ ªÁVzÉ.
25. GvÀÛgÀ. ¹
• MAzÀÄ ¥ÀzÀ CxÀð«zÀÄÝ E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ ¥ÀzÀ CxÀð«®èzÉÃ eÉÆvÉ eÉÆvÉAiÀiÁV §¼ÀPÉAiÀiÁzÀgÉ CzÀÄ eÉÆÃqÀÄ£ÀÄr.
C£ÀÄPÀgÀuÁªÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¢égÀÄQÛUÀ®Ä eÉÆÃqÀÄ£ÀÄrUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀiÁwUÉÆAzÀÄ
VÃvÀÄ¥ÀzÀ ¥ÀæwzsÀé¤
CxÀð«®èzÀ MAzÀÄ CxÀð«gÀÄªÀ MAzÀÄ ¤AiÀÄªÀÄ 1 MAzÀÄ ¤AiÀÄªÀÄ 3 ¨ÉÃgÉ ªÉÆzÀ® ¥ÀzÀ
¥ÀzÀ JgÀqÉgÀÄ ¸À® ¥ÀzÀ JgÀqÉgÀqÀÄ ¸À® ¥ÀzÀ CxÀð«zÀÄÝ ¨ÉÃgÉ CxÀðPÉÆqÀÄªÀ CxÀð«zÀÄÝ JgÀqÀ£É
§¼ÀPÉ §¼ÀPÉ E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ ¥ÀzÀ JgÀqÀÄ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀzÀ CxÀð«®èzÉ `V’
CxÀð«®èzÉÃ eÉÆvÉ eÉÆvÉ eÉÆvÉAiÀiÁV ¢AzÀ DgÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄªÀ
eÉÆvÉAiÀiÁV §¼ÀPÉUÉÆAqÀgÉ ¥ÀzÀ eÉÆvÉ
§¼ÀPÉAiÀiÁzÀgÉ eÉÆvÉAiÀÄ°è §¼ÀPÉ
24
dÄ¼ÀÄ – dÄ¼ÀÄ ¨ÉÃUÀ - ¨ÉÃUÀ PÁ¬Ä – PÀ¸ÀgÀÄ ¨sÀAiÀÄ - ¨sÀQÛ gÉÆnÖ – VnÖ
zÀ¥À – zÀ¥À zÉÆqÀØ – zÉÆqÀØ ¸Á® -¸ÉÆÃ® ªÀÄ£É-ªÀÄoÀ ±Á¯É-VÃ¯É
WÀªÀÄ-WÀªÀÄ §¤ß §¤ß zÉÃªÀgÀÄ-¢AqÀgÀÄ zÁ£À-zsÀªÀÄð PÀuï-Vuï

UÀÄqÀÄ-UÀÄqÀÄ ¨ÉÃPÀÄ-¨ÉÃPÀÄ ¥ÁvÉæ-¥ÀUÀqÉ J¯É-CrPÉ Q«-V«
ZÀÄlÄ-ZÀÄlÄ EgÀ°-EgÀ° §mÉÖ-§gÉ ªÀÄ¼É-¨É¼É Q«-V«
ZÀÄgÀÄ-ZÀÄgÀÄ ¸ÁPÀÄ-¸ÁPÀÄ ªÀÄ£É-ªÀiÁgÀÄ ªÀiÁ£À-ªÀÄAiÀiÁðzÉ ¥É£ÀÄß-V£ÀÄß
vÀl-vÀl ¤®Äè ¤®Äè ©ÃUÀgÀÄ - ©dÓgÀÄ ºÉÆ®-ªÀÄ£É vÀ¯É-V¯É
UÀl-UÀl ¨ÉÃqÀ ¨ÉÃqÀ ªÀÄPÀÌ¼ÀÄ-ªÀÄj ±Á¯Á-PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ ºÀÄqÀÄUÀ-VqÀÄUÀ
26. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
• £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ CAvÉ, ªÉÇ¯ï, ªÉÇ®Ä, ªÉÆÃ¯ï, ªÉÆÃ®Ä, vÀ£ÀPÀ, ªÀgÉUÉ, ªÀÄnÖUÉ, N¸ÀÌgÀ, §AzÀgÉ
(¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ) §AzÀgÉ CzÀÄ vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÀ CªÀåAiÀÄ.
• zÉÃ±ÀPÉÆÃ¸ÀÌgÀ (N¸ÀÌgÀ) §A¢zÉ ºÁUÁVÃ EzÀÄ vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÀ CªÀåAiÀÄ.
• vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÀ £ÁªÀÄ : £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ªÀAvÀ, EUÀ, UÁgÀ, VwÛ, CrUÀ, C½, EPÀ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÉÃj
vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÀ£ÁªÀÄªÁUÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ.
GzÁ :
• vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄ : µÀ¶×Ã «¨sÀPÀÛöåAvÀUÀ¼ÁzÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ ¨sÁªÁxÀðzÀ°è vÀ£À, EPÉ, ¥ÀÄ, ªÉÄÃ
EvÁå¢ vÀ¢ÞvÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÉÃj vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀÅªÀÅ.
GzÁ :
• vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÁªÀåAiÀÄ : £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ CAvÉ, ªÉÇ¯ï, ªÉÇ®Ä, vÀ£À, ªÀgÉUÉ, ªÀÄnÖUÉ, M¸ÀÌgÀ, EAvÀ, DV EvÁå¢
¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÉÃj vÀ¢ÞvÁAvÁªÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÁUÀÄªÀÅªÀÅ E°è ¥ÀzÀ ªÀÄzsåÀ zÀ «¨sÀQÛ ¥ÀævåÀ AiÀÄUÀ¼ÄÀ ¯ÉÆÃ¥ÀªÁUÀÄªÀÅ¢®è.
GzÁ :
• ©üÃªÀÄ£ÀAvÉ
• gÁªÀÄ£ÀvÀ£ÀPÀ
• ¹ÃvÉVAvÀ
• gÁªÀÄ¤UÁV
• PÉgÉAiÀÄªÀgÉUÉ
27. GvÀÛgÀ. ¹
• J, K ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¤±ÀÑAiÀiÁxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ CzÉÃ (J) EzÉÃ ºÁUÁVÃ EzÀÄ CªÀzsÁgÀuÁxÀðPÁªÀåAiÀÄ.
• ¸ÀA§AzsÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ : JgÀqÀÄ CxÀªÁ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ E®èªÉ JgÀqÀÄ CxÀªÁ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ªÁPÀåUÀ¼À ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß
vÉÆÃj¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ `¸ÀA§AzsÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’ CxÀªÁ ¸ÀªÄÀ ÄZÁÒAiÀÄPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’ UÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀªÅÀ . EªÀÅ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ E®èªÉÃ
ªÁPÀåUÀ¼À ¸ÀA§AzsÁxÀð ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀªÀ®èzÉÃ ¸ÀA§AzsÀUÉÆ½¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. GzÁ: ªÀÄvÀÄÛ, H, ¸ÀAUÀqÀ, C®èzÉ, ºÉÆgÀvÀÄ,
25
E®èªÉ, DzÀÝjAzÀ, DzÀÄzÀjAzÀ, DzÀgÉ, E£ÀÆß, ºÁUÁzÀgÉ, CxÀªÁ DUÀ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ.
• ¸ÀA¨ÉÆÃzsÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ : PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÁUÀ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ `¸ÀA¨ÉÆÃzsÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’ UÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀªÅÀ . GzÁ: J¯ÉÆÃ,

J¯Á, J¯ÉÃ, J¯Ë, N ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ.
• ¨sÁªÀ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ : ºÀµÀð, zÀÄBR, PÉÆÃ¥À, CZÀÑj (D±ÀÑAiÀÄð), ªÉÄZÀÄÑUÉ, DPÉëÃ¥À, wgÀ¸ÁÌgÀ EvÁå¢
ªÀÄ£ÉÆÃ¨sÁªÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀåPÀÛ¥Àr¸ÀÄªÁUÀ CxÀð«®èzÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼À£ÄÀ ß §¼À¸ÀÄvÉÛÃªÉ. CªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ
`¨sÁªÀ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’UÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀªÀÅ. EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß `¨sÁªÀ¨ÉÆÃzsÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ, ¤¥ÁvÁªÀåAiÀÄ’UÀ¼ÉAzÀÆ ºÉÃ¼ÀªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ : J¯Á, CAiÉÆåÃ, CPÀÌmÁ, CPÀlPÀmÁ, DºÁ, ¨sÀ¯É, ¨sÀ¯Á, bÉ, xÀÆ, C¨Áâ, CºÀºÁ, DºÁ, NºÉÆÃ,
ºÉÆÃ, ºÉÆÃºÉÆÃ, CB, DB, N, K, a ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ.
• QæAiÀiÁªÁZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ : ªÁPÀåzÀ°èAiÀÄ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°èzÀÆÝ, QæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ CxÀðªÀ£ÄÀ ß ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀ CxÀªÁ

¥ÀÆtðUÉÆ½¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ `QæAiÀiÁªÁZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’ CxÀªÁ `QæAiÀiÁxÀðPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’UÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀªÀÅ, GzÁ: GAlÄ,
¨ÉÃPÀÄ, ¸ÁPÀÄ, ¨ÉÃqÀ, C®è, E®è, ºËzÀÄ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ
• CªÀzsÁgÀuÁxÀðPÁªÀåAiÀÄ : ºÀ®ªÀÅ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À°è MAzÀ£ÀÄß ¤±ÀÑ¬Ä¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ `CªÀzsÁgÀuÉ’AiÉÄ¤¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. »ÃUÉ

¤±ÀÑAiÀiÁxÀðzÀ°è §gÀÄªÀ CªÀåAiÀÄ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ `CªÀzsÁgÀuÁxÀðPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’UÀ¼ÀÄ. F ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À°è `J, K’ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
¤±ÀÑAiÀiÁxÀð ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
GzÁ: CzÉÃ £À£Àß ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ, £Á£ÉÃ CzÀ£ÀÄß §gÉzÉ£ÀÄ; gÁªÀÄ£ÉÃ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄ; ¤Ã£ÉÃ ¨Á ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅ.
¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÁªÀåAiÀÄ’UÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀªÀÅ. F ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄÆ `J, K, N, D, K£ÀÄ’ JA§ ¥ÀævåÀ AiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß
¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
GzÁ : CªÀ£ÀÄ §AzÀ£ÉÃ ? CªÀgÀÄ §AzÀgÉÃ ?, CªÀ¼ÀÄG §AzÀ¼Æ
É Ã ?, ¤Ã£ÀÄ §AzÉAiÀiÁ ?, D ºÀÄqÀÄUÀ£ÀÄ
ºÉÆÃzÀ£ÉÃ£ÀÄ?.
28. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
vÀvÀÄàgÀÄµÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À :
• JgÀqÀÄ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÉÃj ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀªÁUÀÄªÁUÀ, GvÀÛgÀ¥ÀzÀzÀ CxÀðªÀÅ ¥ÀæzsÁ£ÀªÁzÀgÉ CzÀ£ÀÄß vÀvÀÄàgÀÄµÀ
¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀªÉ£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ.
GzÁ:
• ¸ÀAeÉUÉA¥ÀÄ = ¸ÀAeÉAiÀÄ + PÉA¥ÀÄ
• vÀ¯É£ÉÆÃªÀÅ = vÀ¯ÉAiÀÄ°è + £ÉÆÃªÀÅ
• ªÀÄgÀUÁ®Ä = ªÀÄgÀzÀ + PÁ®Ä
• PÀ®ÄèºÁ¹UÉ = PÀ°è£À + ºÁ¹UÉ
• ¨ÉlÖzÁªÀgÉ = ¨ÉlÖzÀ + vÁªÀgÉ
• PÀtÄÎgÀÄqÀ = PÀtÂÚ¤AzÀ + PÀÄgÀÄqÀ
• vÉÃgÀÄªÀÄgÀ = vÉÃjUÉ + ªÀÄgÀ
• ºÀUÀ®ÄUÀ£À¸ÀÄ = ºÀUÀ°£À°è + PÀ£À¸ÀÄ

PÀªÀÄðzsÁgÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À :
26
• ¥ÀÆªÉÇÃvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ °AUÀ, ªÀZÀ£À, «¨sÀQÛUÀ½AzÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀªÁVzÀÄÝ, «±ÉÃµÀt «±ÉÃµÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ¢AzÀ PÀÆr
DUÀÄªÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀPÉÌ PÀªÀÄðzsÁgÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀªÉ£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ. E°è GvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀzÀzÀ CxÀðªÀÅ ¥ÀæzsÁ£ÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
GzÁ:
• PÉA¥ÁzÀ + vÁªÀgÉ = PÉAzÁªÀgÉ
• PÀjzÀÄ + ªÉÆÃqÀ = PÁªÉÆÃðqÀ
• PÉZÀÑ£É + ¥ÀªÀ¼À = PÉA§ªÀ¼À
• ªÀÄÄRªÀÅ + PÀªÀÄ®zÀAvÉ = PÀªÀÄ®ªÀÄÄR
• ªÀÄÄAeÁ«£À + PÉÆÃ½ = ªÀÄÄAUÉÆÃ½
• »jzÀÄ + eÉÃ£ÀÄ = ºÉeÉÓÃ£ÀÄ
• E¤zÀÄ + ¸ÀgÀ = EAZÀgÀ
• E£À¤zÀÄ + ªÀiÁªÀÅ = EªÀiÁäªÀÅ
• zÉÆqÀØºÀÄqÀÄUÀ = zÉÆqÀØªÀ£ÀÄ + ºÀÄqÀÄUÀ
• ºÀ¼ÉUÀ£ÀßqÀ = ºÀ¼ÉAiÀÄzÀÄ + PÀ£ÀßqÀ
• ºÉªÀÄägÀ = »jzÀÄ + ªÀÄgÀ

UÀªÀÄPÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À : ¥ÀÆªÀð¥ÀzÀªÀÅ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄ PÀÈzÀAvÀUÀ¼À°è MAzÁVzÀÄÝ GvÀÛgÀzÀ°ègÄÀ ªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀzÆ
É qÀ£É PÀÆr DUÀÄªÀ
¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß UÀªÀÄPÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.
GzÁ :
• EzÀÄ + ±Á¯É = F±Á¯É
• QjAiÀÄ + UÉeÉÓ = QjAiÀÄUÉeÉÓ
• ©¹AiÀÄ + ºÁ®Ä = ©¹ºÁ®Ä
• EªÀ¼ÀÄ + ºÀÄqÀÄV = FºÀÄqÀÄV
• ¢éUÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À : ¥ÀÆªÀð¥ÀzÀªÀÅ ¸ÀASÁåªÁZÀPÀªÁVzÀÄÝ, GvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀzÀzÀ°ègÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀzÆ

É qÀ£É ¸ÉÃj DUÀÄªÀ
¸ÀªÀiÁ¸ÀªÉÃ ``¢éUÀÄ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À’’ ªÁVzÉ.
GzÁ :
• JgÀqÀÄ + ªÀÄr = EªÀÄär
• ªÀÄÆgÀÄ + ªÀÄr = ªÀÄÄªÀÄär
• JgÀqÀÄ + PÉ® = EPÉÌ®
• ¥ÀAZÀ + EA¢æAiÀÄ = ¥ÀAZÉÃA¢æAiÀÄ

zÀ±À + ªÀÄÄR = zÀ±ÀªÀÄÄR
27
29. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• ºÀqÀV£À ªÁå¥ÁgÀ G¦àUÉ §gÀ
• DZÁgÀ ºÉÃ¼ÉÆÃPÉ, §zÀ£ÉPÁ¬Ä w£ÉÆßÃPÉ.
• ¨ÉgÀ¼ÀÄ vÉÆÃj¹zÀgÉ ºÀ¸ÀÛ £ÀÄAVzÀ
• vÁ½zÀªÀ£ÀÄ ¨Á½AiÀiÁ£ÀÄ.
• eÁt¤UÉ ªÀiÁw£À ¥ÉlÄÖ, zÀqÀØ¤UÉ zÉÆuÉÚ ¥ÉlÄÖ.
• CPÀÌgÉ E®èzÀ G¥ÀàjUÉVAvÀ, CPÀÌgÉ EgÀÄªÀ w¥Éà ¯ÉÃ¸ÀÄ.
• HjUÉ zÉÆgÉ DzÀgÀÆ vÁ¬ÄUÉ ªÀÄUÀ£É
• ªÀÄAUÀªÉÆ¸ÀgÀÄ wAzÀÄ ªÉÄÃPÉ ¨Á¬ÄUÉ ¸ÀªÀjzÀ ºÁUÁ¬ÄvÀÄ.
• ºÀÄZÀÑ£À ªÀÄzÀÄªÉAiÀÄ°è G£ÉÆÝÃ£É eÁt
• ºÀ£ÀÄªÀÄAvÁ£É ¨Á® PÀrwgÀÄªÁUÀ, EªÀ£ÁåªÀ£ÉÆÃ ±Á«UÉ PÉÃ½zÀ£ÀAvÉ.
• «ÄAaºÉÆÃzÀ PÁ®PÉÌ aAw¹ ¥sÀ®ªÉÃ£ÀÄ.
• EgÀÄ¼ÀÄ PÀAqÀ ¨Á«UÉ ºÀUÀ®Ä ©Ã¼À¨ÁgÀzÀÄ
• PÉÆnÖzÀÄÝ vÀ£ÀUÉ, §aÑnÖzÀÄÝ ¥ÀgÀjUÉ
• D® ±ÉÆÃ¢ü¹ ¤ÃgÀÄ vÀ¨ÉÃðPÀÄ, PÀÄ® ±ÉÆÃ¢ü¹ ºÉtÄÚ vÀ¨ÉÃðPÀÄ.
• JvÀÄÛ KjUÉ½ÃvÀÄ, PÉÆÃt ¤ÃjUÉ½ÃvÀÄ
• ºÉtÂÚUÉ ºÀl«gÀ¨ÁgÀzÀÄ, UÀArUÉ ZÀl«gÀ¨ÁgÀzÀÄ.
30. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
vÀ¥ÀÄà gÀÆ¥À ¸Àj gÀÆ¥À vÀ¥ÀÄà gÀÆ¥À ¸ÀjgÀÆ¥À
zÀÈ¶×/zsÀÈ¶Ö zÀÈ¶Ö ¤±ÀÒAiÀÄ ¤±ÀÑAiÀÄ
zÀÈµÀå zÀÈ±Àå ¤²ÒvÀ ¤²ÑvÀ
¥ÀæwÃ¢£À ¥Àæw¢£À zÉÃªÀ¸ÁÛ£À zÉÃªÀ¸ÁÜ£À
¤±Àå§Þ ¤±Àê§Þ ¥ÀæzÁ£À ¥ÀæzsÁ£À
zÉÃµÁAvÀgÀ zÉÃ±ÁAvÀgÀ ¤µÀÌ®ä±À ¤µÀÌ®äµÀ
¥Àæ§ÄzÀÝ ¥Àæ§ÄzÀÞ zÉÊ£ÀåvÉ zÉÊ£Àå/¢Ã£ÀvÉ
¤µÉÖ ¤µÉ× ¥Àæ¨ÉÃzsÀ ¥Àæ¨sÉÃzÀ
zÀåw zÀÄåw ¤¸ÉÜÃd ¤¸ÉÛÃd
¥Àæ¨sÀAzÀ ¥Àæ§AzsÀ zÁæPÁë¬ÄtÂ zÁPÁë¬ÄtÂ
¤¸ÁéxÀð ¤¸Áì÷éxÀð ¥Àæ¯ÁízÀ ¥ÀæºÁèzÀ
zÀÄævÀgÁµÀÖç zsÀÈvÀgÁµÀÖç ¤±ÉÃzsÀ ¤µÉÃzsÀ
¥Àæw¢Þ ¥Àæ¹¢Þ zËæ¥Àw zËæ¥À¢
£É®ªÀÄ½UÉ £É®ªÀiÁ½UÉ ¥Àæ¸ÁzsÀ ¥Àæ¸ÁzÀ
28
zÀgÁ±Á¬Ä zsÀgÁ±Á¬Ä £ÉÃvÀÄævÀé £ÉÃvÀÈvÀé
¢PÁÌgÀ ¢üPÁÌgÀ £ÉÊAiÀiÁå¬ÄPÀ £ÉÊAiÀiÁ¬ÄPÀ
¥Àæ¸ÁzÀ£À ¥Àæ¸ÁzsÀ£À ¢üPÀÆìa ¢PÀÆìa
¥ÀwÃw ¥ÀwvÀ ¥Àæ¸ÁgÀAUÀ ¥Àæ¸ÁgÁAUÀ
¢üÃPÉë ¢ÃPÉë ¥ÀvÀå ¥ÀxÀå
31. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
• ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ gÁdzsÁ¤ PÉÃAzÀæªÁVzÉ.
• PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ : ªÁPÀåzÀ°è `PÀvÀÈð¥ÀzÀ’ CxÀðªÀÅ ¥ÀæzsÁ£À«zÀÝ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ `PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ ªÁPÀå’ ªÉ¤¸ÀÄªÀzÀÄ. F
PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ ªÁPÀåzÀ°è PÀvÀÈð ¥ÀzÀzÀ °AUÀ, ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼À£ÄÀ ß QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÅÀ ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀÛzÉ; ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÀvÀÈð¥ÀzÀªÀÅ
¥ÀæxÀªÀiÁ «¨sÀQÛAiÀÄ `G’ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
GzÁ: `ªÀÄPÀÌ¼ÀÄ DlªÀ£ÀÄß DqÀÄvÁÛgÉ’ F ªÁPÀåzÀ°è `ªÀÄPÀÌ¼ÀÄ’ JA§ÄzÀÄ `PÀvÈÀ ð¥ÀzÀ’, CzÀÄ ¥ÀÄ. ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ,
¥ÀæxÀªÀiÁ, §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À¢ÝgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ `DqÀÄvÁÛgÉ’ JA§ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÇÀ CzÉÃ °AUÀ, ªÀZÀ£À ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀzÀ°è ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : ¸ÀPÀªÀÄðPÀ PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ, CPÀªÀÄðPÀ PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ JAzÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ «zsÀ.
PÀªÀÄðzÀ C¥ÉÃPÉëAiÀÄÄ¼Àî QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÀÅ `¸ÀPÀªÀÄðPÀ’ªÀÅ; PÀªÀÄðzÀ C¥ÉÃPÉë E®èzÄÀ Ý `CPÀªÄÀ ðPÀ’ªÀÅ. ¸ÀPÀªÀÄðPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ
(zsÁvÀÄ)ªÀÅ¼Àî) PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ `¸ÀPÀªÀÄðPÀ PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ’ J¤¸ÀÄªÀzÀÄ; CzÀgÀAvÉ CPÀªÀÄðPÀ
QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ (zsÁvÀÄ)ªÀÅ¼Àî PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ `CPÀªÀÄðPÀ PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ’ J¤¸ÀÄªÀzÀÄ.
32. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
PÀªÀÄð¥ÀzÀªÀÅ ¥ÀæzsÁ£À«zÀÝgÉ CzÀÄ PÀªÀÄðtÂ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀªÉ¤¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ ºÁUÉAiÉÄÃ ``C®àqÀÄ’’ JA§ ¥ÀævåÀ AiÀÄªÀÅ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ
ªÉÄÃ¯É §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
©üÃªÀÄ¤AzÀ §PÁ¸ÀÄgÀ£ÀÄ PÉÆ®è®àlÖ£ÀÄ JA§ ªÁPÀåzÀ°è ``PÉÆ®è®àlÖ£ÄÀ ’’ JA§ÄzÀÄ PÀªÀÄð¥ÀzÀ«zÀÄÝ C®àqÀÄ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄªÀÅ
EgÀÄªÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀÄ PÀªÀÄðtÂ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀzÀ ªÁPÀåªÁVzÉ.
• CPÀªÀÄðPÀ – EªÀÅ PÀªÀÄð¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß §AiÀÄ¸ÀzÉÃ EgÀÄªÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÄÀ

GzÁ : ªÀÄ®UÀÄ, NzÀÄ, §zÀÄPÀÄ. ¸ÁAiÀÄÄ, K¼ÀÄ EvÁå¢
• ¸ÀPÀªÀÄðPÀzsÁvÀÄ : vÀªÀÄä CxÀð¥ÀÆtðvÉUÁV PÀªÀÄð¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß C¥ÉÃQë¸ÀÄªÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À®è ¸ÀPÀªÄÀ ðPÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ

GzÁ ; ªÀiÁqÀÄ, w£ÀÄß, PÉÆqÀÄ, ºÉÃ¼ÀÄ. EvÁå¢
• ªÀÄÆ®zsÁvÀÄ : ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀévÀAvÀæªÁVgÀÄªÀAxÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ½UÉ ªÀÄÆ®zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÄÀ

GzÁ : ¨Á, ¸ÁPÀÄ. ªÀiÁqÀÄ, PÀÄtÂ, ªÀÄ®UÀÄ, CAdÄ, FdÄ, NqÀÄ, £ÉÆÃqÀÄ EvÁå¢.
• ¸Á¢üvÀzsÁvÀÄ : PÉ®ªÀÅ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è È¸ÀÄ’ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ¸ÉÃj DUÀÄªÀzsÁvÀÄUÀ½UÉ ¸Á¢üvÀzsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.

GzÁ: ¸ÉÃj¸ÀÄ, PÀ®ªÀ½¸ÀÄ, ¦æÃw¸ÀÄ, ¨sÁ«¸ÀÄ EvÁå¢.
33. GvÀÛgÀ. J
- EzÀÄ ¥ÀÆgÀPÁxÀðPÀ aºÉßAiÀiÁVzÉ.
GzÀÞgÀt aºÉß CxÀªÁ ªÁPÀåªÉÃµÀÖzÀ aºÉß (“ ‘’)
• M§âgÀ ªÀiÁvÀ£ÀÄß GzÀÞgÀ¹ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÁUÀ CxÀªÁ E£ÉÆß§âgÀ £ÉÃgÀ ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÄÀ ß vÉÆÃj¸ÀÄªÁUÀ F aºÉßAiÀÄ£ÀÄß
G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. GzÁ : ¤£Éß ¨sÁµÀtzÀ°è £ÀªÀÄä ªÀÄÄSÉÆåÃ¥ÁzsÁåAiÀÄgÀÄ ``¥ÀæwAiÉÆ§â «zÁåyðAiÀÄÆ
PÀµÀÖ¥ÀlÄÖ NzÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ’’ JAzÀÄ ºÉÃ½zÀgÀÄ.
• ¥Áj¨sÁ¶PÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÁPÀåUÀ¼À dvÉAiÀÄ°è G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸ÀÄªÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀð : ¤£Éß G¥ÁzsÁåAiÀÄgÀÄ `ºÉÊqÉÆæÃd£ï’
29
«µÀAiÀÄzÀ°è ¥ÁoÀ ºÉÃ½zÀgÀÄ.
«ªÀgÀuÁvÀäPÀ aºÉß (:) :-
• MAzÀÄ C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄzÀ «ªÀgÀuÉ ªÀÄÄA¢£ÀAvÉ EzÉ, JAzÀÄ vÉÆÃj¸ÀÄªÁUÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV : aºÉßAiÀÄ£ÀÄß

§¼À¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
GzÁ : EzÀÄªÀgÉUÉ £À¼À£À ¥ÁPÀ±Á¸ÀÛç £ÉÊ¥ÀÄtå ºÉÃ½zÁÝ¬ÄvÀÄ. EzÀ£ÀÄß ©üÃªÀÄ¸ÉÃ£À£À «ZÁgÀ : ©üÃªÀÄ¸ÉÃ£À ºÀÄnÖzÀ
wy, ªÁgÀ, £ÀPÀëvÀæ.
CzsÀð «gÁªÀÄ : -
• C£ÉÃPÀ G¥ÀªÁPÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ MAzÀÄ ¥ÀæzsÁ£À ªÁPÀåPÉÌ C¢üÃ£ÀªÁVzÁÝUÀ, G¥ÀªÁPÀåUÀ¼ÄÀ G ªÀÄÄVzÀ¯Éè®è CzsÀð«gÁªÀÄzÀ
aºÉßAiÀÄ£ÀÄß G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
GzÁ : CªÀ£ÀÄ PÁ²ÃgÁªÉÄÃ±ÀégÀUÀ½UÉ ºÉÆÃV §AzÀ£ÀÄ; DzÀgÀÆ PÉlÖ§Ä¢ÞAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ©qÀ°®è.
C®à «gÁªÀÄ (,) :-
• ¸ÀA¨ÉÆÃzsÀ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ, C£ÉÃPÀ ¨ÉÃgÉ ¨ÉÃgÉ PÀvÀÈð ¥ÀzÀPÁÌUÀ°, PÀªÄÀ ð ¥ÀzÀPÁÌUÀ°, «±ÉÃµÀtUÀ¼ÁVzÁÝUÀ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ
«±ÉÃµÀtªÀ£ÀÄß½zÀÄ, G½zÀªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ C®à«gÁªÀÄ aºÉß §gÉAiÀÄ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. C£ÉÃPÀ PÀvÈÀ ðUÀ¼ÀÄ CxÀªÁ PÀªÀÄðUÀ¼ÀÄ
§AzÁUÀ, PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄzÀ£ÀÄß½zÀÄ G½zÀªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ C®à«gÁªÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
GzÁ : ¸ÀA¨ÉÆÃzsÀ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ C®à«gÁªÀÄ
1. gÁªÀiÁ, Hl ªÀiÁqÀÄ.
2. ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁvÁä, PÁ¥ÁqÀÄ.
3. ªÀÄPÀÌ¼ÉÃ, §¤ßj
GzÁ : PÀvÀÈð PÀªÀÄð QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀUÀ½UÉ C£ÉÃPÀ «±ÉÃµÀtUÀ½zÁÝUÀ
1. ±ÀÆgÀ£ÀÆ, GzÁjAiÀÄÆ, ¥ÀæeÁgÀAd£ÀÆ DzÀ gÁd£ÁVzÀÝ£ÄÀ .
2. DvÀ£À §gÀªÀtÂUÉ £ÉÆÃqÀ®Ä CAzÀªÁV, ªÀÄ£ÀªÉÆÃºÀPÀªÁV, ¸ÀÄálªÁV PÁtÄvÀÛzÉ.
¥ÀÆgÀPÁxÀðPÀ aºÉß :
• `-’ EzÀÄ ¥ÀÆgÀPÁxÀðPÀ CxÀªÁ ¤zÉÃð±ÀPÀ aºÉß MAzÀÄ «ZÁgÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß ºÉÃ¼ÀÄwÛgÄÀ ªÁUÀ C°èUÉ CzÀ£ÀÄß vÀqÉzÀÄ D
«ZÁgÀPÉÌ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁV ªÀÄvÉÆÛAzÀÄ «ZÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÀqÀÄªÉ ºÉÃ½, ªÀÄvÉÛ ¥ÀÄ£ÀB ªÉÆzÀ®Ä «ZÁgÀªÀ£ÄÀ ß ªÀÄÄAzÀÄªÀj¹
¥ÀÆtðUÉÆ½¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄAlÄ, »ÃUÉ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁV £ÀqÀÄªÉ ºÉÃ½zÀ ªÁPÀåzÀ DgÀA¨sÀzÀ°è ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ°è F (-)
¥ÀÆgÀPÁxÀðPÀ CxÀªÁ ``¤zÉÃð±ÀPÀ aºÉß’’ PÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
• ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÁxÀðPÀ : JgÀqÀÄ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£À CxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄªÀ F aºÉßAiÀÄÄ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV PÀpt ±À§ÞUÀ¼À
CxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄªÁUÀ ¸ÀA¢ü ¸ÀªÀiÁ¸À ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ CAQ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À£ÄÀ ß PÀÆr¸ÀÄ-PÀ¯É ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ UÀtÂvÀzÀ
PÀÈwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄªÁUÀ §¼À¸ÀÄªÀzÀÄAlÄ.
DªÀgÀt aºÉß : MAzÀÄ ±À§ÞªÀ£ÁßUÀ° CxÀªÁ MAzÀÄ ªÁPÀåªÀ£ÁßUÀ° ºÉÃ½ CzÀPÉÌ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÁxÀð PÉÆqÀÄªÀ ±À§Þ CxÀªÁ
ªÁPÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÁUÀ () F DªÀgÀt aºÉß PÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
34. GvÀÛgÀ. ©
¥ÀjªÀiÁtªÁZÀPÀ :
• ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå C¼ÀvÉ, ¥ÀjªÀiÁt, UÁvÀæ-EvÁå¢UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀjªÀiÁtªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀÅªÀÅ,
• ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À C¼ÀvÉ, ¥ÀæªÀiÁt, UÁvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼ÄÀ .

GzÁ : §ºÀ¼À, PÀrªÉÄ, CµÀÄÖ, EµÀÄÖ, ®PÁëAvÀgÀ, PÉ.eÉ, PÉÆ¥ÀàjUÉ, °Ãlgï, ªÀÄºÀvï, ºÀ®ªÀÅ PÉ®ªÀÅ, C¤vÀÄ,
E¤vÀÄ, J¤vÀÄ, EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.
¥ÀæPÁgÀ ªÁZÀPÀ :
• ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ¹Üw CxÀªÁ jÃwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼É®è ¥ÀæPÁgÀªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼É¤¸ÀÄªÀÅªÀÅ, EªÀÅ MAzÀÄ §UÉAiÀÄ
30
UÀÄtªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼ÉÃ CºÀÄzÀÄ.
• ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À jÃwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.

GzÁ : CAxÀ, CAxÀºÀÄzÀÄ, EAxÀ, EAxÀzÀÄ, EAxÀºÀÄzÀÄ, JAvÀºÀ, JAxÀ, CAxÀªÀ£ÄÀ , CAxÀªÀ¼ÀÄ, CAxÀzÀÄ,
EAvÀªÀ£ÀÄ, CAvÀºÀÄzÀÄ-EvÁå¢.
UÀÄtªÁZÀPÀ :
• ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À, ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À, UÀÄt jÃwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ½UÉ UÀÄtªÁZÀPÀ J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ.
• GzÁ: aPÀÌ, zÉÆqÀØ, M¼ÉîAiÀÄ, «ÃgÀ, ¸ÀÆgÀ, zÀÄlÖ, ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀ, QjzÀÄ, »jzÀÄ, zÉÆqÀØ, aPÀÌ, PÉlÖzÀÄ, ©½zÀÄ,
ºÉÆ¸ÀzÀÄ, ºÀ¼ÉzÀÄ, ¦jzÀÄ, QjzÀÄ, ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀªÀÅ.
¨sÁªÀªÁZÀPÀ :
• ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ CxÀªÁ ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ ¨sÁªÀªÀ£ÀÄß (ªÀÄ£À¹Üw) ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ £ÁªÀÄªÁZÀPÀ – ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ ¨sÁªÀªÀ£ÀÄß
¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
GzÁ : PÀ¥ÀÄà (PÀjzÀgÀ ¨sÁªÀ – PÀ¥ÀÄà), ©½ (©½zÀgÀ ¨sÁªÀ - ©¼ÀÄ¥ÀÄ), NqÀÄªÀ ¹Üw – Nl, eÁtªÁVgÀÄªÀ
¹Üw – eÁuÉä, »jzÀgÀ ¨sÁªÀ - »jªÉÄ, ºÉÆ¼À¥ÀÄ, vÀtÚ£ÉAiÀÄ ¨sÁªÀ – vÀA¥ÀÄ EvÁå¢.
35. GvÀÛgÀ. J
• ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå C¼ÀvÉ, ¥ÀjªÀiÁt, UÁvÀæ, EvÁå¢UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÞUÀ¼ÄÀ ¥ÀjuÁªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ PÉÆ¥ÀàjUÉ
JAzÀgÉ MAzÀÄ ``§ÄnÖCµÀÖ’’ JAzÀxÀð. ºÁUÁVÃ EzÀÄ ¥ÀjªÀiÁtªÁZÀPÀ.
36. Answer: Option D

Solution:
• Stammer means speak with sudden involuntary pauses and a tendency to repeat the initial letters
of words. The word after comma
• is 'but' which makes it obvious that the person did the opposite of what was supposed. Option D
is correct.
37. Answer: Option A

Solution:
• He deserves my thanks for having found my purse and returned it to me without taking anything
from it.

Solution:
• In this sentence, the structure "will have been writing" indicates the future perfect continuous
tense. This tense is formed using the future tense of the auxiliary verb "will" followed by "have
been" and the present participle (-ing form) of the main verb "write." The future perfect
continuous tense is used to express actions that will be on going in the future and will have been
happening continuously up until a specified time or event
39. Answer: Option B
Solution:
• In the sentence "They are working on the project together," the tense used is Present Continuous.
The words "are working" are in the present participle form (-ing) and are used to form the present
31
continuous tense. The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are happening at
the moment of speaking or actions that are in progress around the current time. In this sentence,
the action of "working on the project together" is currently happening, making the correct answer
B.
Solution:
• In the first blank, article "the" will be used because "the" is used to refer to a particular/specific
group of people.
• In the second blank, article "a" will be used because the speaker is making a general statement.
• In the third blank, article "the" will be used because article "the" is used to refer to a DEFINITE
group of people like 'BRITISH PEOPLE'.
Solution:
• In the first blank, article "the" will be used because article 'the' is used with superlatives.
• Similarly, In the second blank, article "the" will be used because article "the" is used with
superlatives.
• In the third blank, "no article" will be used because the term 'college' doesn't need specification. It
just refers to a place where the eldest boy is studying
Solution:
• 'At' indicates specific time, location or position. Hence it is the correct preposition to be used in
the first blank.
• The second blank will take 'for' as 'for' indicates purpose. Here, the purpose is having tea.

Solution:
• 'Miss out' means 'not be able to experience or fail to take advantage of an opportunity or chance'.
Hence it makes the sentence meaningful.

Solution:
• The given direct speech is: "What a cold day!"
• To convert this into indirect speech, we need to consider the reporting verb, which is "He said to
her."
• In indirect speech, the reporting verb "said" changes to "told," and the exclamation changes to
"exclaimed."
• Also, the pronoun "her" changes to "her."
• Now, we need to change the tense of the reported speech according to the rules of indirect
speech. The exclamation "What a cold day!" does not have a direct equivalent in reported speech.
So, we need to express the same idea using an exclamation or a suitable expression of emotion.
• Among the options given, option D "He exclaimed that it was a very cold day." fits the best, as it
uses the reporting verb "exclaimed" and adds the intensity of "very" to convey the idea of the
speaker's surprise or emotion about the cold day. Hence, the correct answer is Option D.
32
Solution:
• Harsha said that he had been digging the garden when the doctor arrived.

Solution:
• We had completed our task before sunset.
• The given sentence is in passive voice and it is in Past Perfect Tense.
• To convert it into active voice, we just remove been from the given sentence and object (our) will
be change into subject (We).
Rule:
• Subject + had + V + Other agents.

Solution:
• Cricket was being played by the boys.
• The given sentence is in Past Continuous Tense and it is in active voice. We need to change it
into Passive voice.
Rule :
• Subject + (was /were) + being + V + Optional Agents

Solution:
• Hate: feel intense dislike for.
• Bursting: break open or apart suddenly and violently, especially as a result of an impact or
internal pressure.
• Interference: the action of interfering or the process of being interfered with.
• Altercation: a noisy argument or disagreement, especially in public.
• Irruption: a sudden, violent, or forcible entry: a rushing or bursting in.
• Synonym of Irruption is Bursting
49. Answer: Option C

Solution:
• Content: in a state of peaceful happiness.
• Happy: feeling or showing pleasure or contentment.
• Insane: in a state of mind which prevents normal perception, behaviour, or social interaction;
seriously mentally ill.
• Amused: finding something funny or entertaining.
• Delirious: in an acutely disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness, illusions, and
incoherence; affected by delirium.

Solution:
• Sophisticated: having, revealing, or involving a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge
of fashion and culture.
33
• Social: relating to society or its organization.
• Formal: done in accordance with convention or etiquette; suitable for or constituting an official or
important occasion.
• Polite: having or showing behaviour that is respectful and considerate of other people.
• Civil: courteous and polite.
• Synonym of Civil is Polite

Solution:
• Rudely : in an offensive or bad-mannered way.
• Softly : in a careful and gentle manner.
• Gently : with a mild, kind, or tender manner.
• Politely : in a respectful and considerate manner.
• Slowly : at a slow speed; not quickly.
• Antonym of Rudely is Politely

Solution:
• Wicked: evil or morally wrong.
• Innocent: not guilty of a crime or offence.
• Decent: conforming with generally accepted standards of respectable or moral behaviour.
• Pious: devoutly religious.
• Peaceful: free from disturbance; tranquil.
• Antonym of Wicked is Pious

Solution:
• Indigenous: originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
• Cheap: low in price, especially in relation to similar items or services.
• Native: a person born in a specified place or associated with a place by birth, whether
subsequently resident there or not.
• Silly: having or showing a lack of common sense or judgement; absurd and foolish.
• Foreign: of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own.
• Antonym of Indigenous is Foreign

Solution:
• One word substitute is Immortal.
• Stable: (of an object or structure) not likely to give way or overturn; firmly fixed.
• Immortal: living forever; never dying or decaying.
• Perpetual: never ending or changing.
• Perennial: lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually
recurring.
34
Solution:
• One word substitute is Fatal.
• Contagious: (of a disease) spread from one person or organism to another, typically by direct
contact.
• Harmless: not able or likely to cause harm.
• Fatal: causing death.
• Safe: protected from or not exposed to danger or risk; not likely to be harmed or lost.

Solution:
• To let the cat out of the bag: to reveal facts previously hidden.

Solution:
• To keep one's head above water: avoid succumbing to difficulties, typically debt.

Solution:
• Magnificient will be Magnificent

Solution:
• Surender will be Surrender

Solution:
• Contemporary economic development differs markedly from the Industrial Revolution of the
19th century.

Solution:
• Ravi had to drop his plan of going to picnic as he had certain commitments to meet during that
period.
62. Answer:Correct Option is: (d)

• I enclose a postal order which will cover the price of the books and the postage.
63. Answer: Correct Option is : (b)

• Though the government claims the rate of inflation is down it has failed to arrest the rise in price
in the per capita income or the decrease.
64. Answer: Correct Option is: (d)

• If all the nations work together for the common good of mankind and agree to obey these laws
and there will be no war then they will never fight with each other.
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65. Answer: Correct Option is : (b)
• De's retirement has not diminished his concern for the game as is obvious when he takes of the
Cricket Association of India.
66. Ans: B
Solution
• (B) We live in a decadent civilization
67. Ans . D
Solution
• The process of an increasingly bad language cannot be stopped
68. Ans .C
Solution
• Clear thinking
69. Ans . C
Solution
• Our thoughts are becoming uglier because we ae making the language uglier
70. Ans . C
Solution
• Political and economic causes
71. Answer: (a) Any document can be saved as a template.

Explanation:
• A template is a file that acts as a framework for a new text. Any document or text can be saved as a
template.Hence option a is correct.
Template
• A template is a model that you use to create other documents.
• Templates can contain anything that regular documents can contain, such as text, graphics, a set of
styles, and user-specific setup information such as measurement units, language, the default printer,
and toolbar and menu customisation.
• All documents in OpenOffice.org are based on templates.
• You can create a specific template for any document type (text, spreadsheet, drawing, presentation).
More detailed explanation of templates in word processing packages:
• Standardization: Templates are designed to maintain a standard look and feel for documents of a
particular type. For example, there can be templates for resumes, business letters, flyers, newsletters,
research papers, and more. By using a template, users can ensure that their documents adhere to a
specific style or format.
• Pre-Formatted Elements: Templates often include pre-formatted elements such as headers, footers,
page margins, fonts, and paragraph styles. This helps users save time by not having to manually
format these elements for each new document.
• Placeholders: Templates typically include placeholders for text, images, and other content. These
placeholders guide users on where to insert their own information. For example, a resume template
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might have placeholders for the user's name, contact information, work experience, and skills.
• Sample Content: Some templates also provide sample content or text prompts to give users an idea
of what information to include in each section of the document. This can be especially helpful for
individuals who may be unsure of how to structure their content.
• Customization: While templates provide a structured starting point, users can customize them to
meet their specific needs. They can add, delete, or modify content as necessary. They can also change
fonts, colors, and other formatting elements to match their preferences.
• Saving and Reusing: Once a document is created using a template, it can be saved as a separate file.
This allows users to reuse the template for future documents of the same type. For example, if you
create a business letter template, you can use it to create multiple business letters with consistent
formatting.
• Accessibility: Many word processing packages provide a library of built-in templates for various
purposes. Users can access these templates easily when starting a new document. Additionally, users
can create their own custom templates to suit their unique requirements.
• Efficiency: Templates are a time-saving tool, especially for repetitive tasks. Instead of starting each
new document from scratch and formatting it manually, users can begin with a template and focus on
the content they need to include.
72. Answer: (A) One is public, the other is private

• Explanation : Internet is a public network for all to use, while an intranet is private and internal to a
given organization, for only its employees to connect and communicate.Hence option a is correct.
• Internet: The Internet is a global network of interconnected devices and servers that spans the entire
world. It is a public network that allows users to access and share information, resources, and services
across the globe. The Internet is open to anyone with a connection and is not restricted to a specific
organization or location.
• Intranet: An intranet, on the other hand, is a private network that is accessible only to authorized
users within a specific organization or group. It is used to facilitate communication, collaboration, and
sharing of information within the organization's boundaries. Intranets are not accessible to the public
and are typically used to maintain privacy and security for internal operations.
key characteristics and features of the internet:
• Global Connectivity: The internet connects millions of computers and devices worldwide. It is not
owned by any single entity, and it is not confined to a specific geographic location.
• Public Access: The internet is accessible to the public. Anyone with an internet-enabled device and
an internet service provider (ISP) can access the internet and its resources.
• World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web is a system of interconnected documents and
other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). It's a major part of the
internet and is used for browsing websites and accessing information.
• Email: The internet facilitates email communication, allowing users to send and receive electronic
messages and attachments to and from anyone with an email address.
• Online Services: The internet provides various online services, including social media, online
shopping, video streaming, online gaming, and cloud computing.
• Protocol-Based: The internet operates on a set of standardized communication protocols, including
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which ensures data can be transmitted and
received across different networks and devices.
key characteristics and features of an intranet:
• Private Access: An intranet is accessible only to authorized users within the organization. It is not
accessible to the public or external entities.
• Secure Environment: Intranets are typically secured with firewalls, encryption, and authentication
measures to protect sensitive information and restrict unauthorized access.
• Internal Communication: Intranets are used for internal communication, document sharing, and
collaboration among employees. They can include tools like email, instant messaging, discussion
forums, and document management systems.
37
• Company Information: Intranets often serve as repositories for company policies, procedures,
announcements, and other internal documents. They provide a centralized location for employees to
access important information.
• Efficiency and Productivity: Intranets can improve efficiency and productivity by providing a
platform for employees to access resources, collaborate on projects, and communicate effectively
without the need for physical proximity.
• Customization: Organizations can customize their intranets to meet their specific needs and integrate
applications and services relevant to their business operations.
• Scalability: Intranets can be scaled to accommodate the needs of small businesses, large corporations,
and everything in between. They can grow as the organization grows.
In summary, the internet is a global, public network that connects the world, while an intranet is a private,
internal network used by organizations for secure communication, collaboration, and information sharing
among employees or authorized users. Both rely on internet technologies but serve different purposes and
user groups.
73. Answer: (b) It is used to change the bitmap images into nine sections
• Explanation: The nine-patch images tool in android is used to change the bitmap images into nine
sections with four corners, four edges, and an axis.Hence option b is correct.
• The nine-patch images tool in Android is used to create and manipulate images that can be
automatically resized while maintaining certain defined areas of the image as stretchable or
repeatable. This is particularly useful for creating UI elements that need to adapt to different screen
sizes and resolutions.
• Nine-patch images are essentially bitmap images that have special metadata defining stretchable areas
(the content area) and areas that should be kept fixed (the padding area). This metadata allows the
image to be scaled without distorting the defined areas, which is crucial for maintaining the integrity
of UI elements like buttons, backgrounds, and other visual components.
• Option (a) is not accurate because the nine-patch tool is not an image extension tool, and option (c) is
also incorrect because the correct answer is (b).
Nine-Patch Image Tool:
• The Nine-Patch image tool in Android is part of the Android Asset Studio, a web-based tool provided
by Google to help developers create various graphical assets for Android apps. The Nine-Patch tool
within the Android Asset Studio allows you to easily create and edit Nine-Patch images without
needing to use a separate image editing software like Photoshop. Here's how you can use the tool:
• Accessing the Android Asset Studio:Visit the Android Asset Studio website.
• Uploading or Drawing the Image:You can either upload an existing image or draw a new one
directly on the website.
• Defining Stretchable Areas:In a Nine-Patch image, you define which parts of the image are
stretchable (areas that can be scaled) and which parts are not. To do this, you add 1-pixel wide black
lines to the top and left edges of the image. You can also add padding regions if needed by adding 1-
pixel wide transparent lines to the right and bottom edges.
• Preview and Generate:The tool provides a real-time preview of how your Nine-Patch image will
behave when stretched or scaled. Adjust the lines as necessary to achieve the desired behavior.
• Generate the Nine-Patch Image:Once you are satisfied with the result, click the "Generate" button
to create the Nine-Patch image. The tool will generate two files: the Nine-Patch image in PNG format
and a .9.png file that contains metadata.
74. Answer: b.Only 1

Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct. The first boot sector virus is called the "Brain" virus. It was created in 1986
and targeted MS-DOS-based computers. It infected the boot sector of floppy disks and spread to other
disks when they were inserted into an infected computer.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. The name of the first computer virus is not HARLIE. The first computer
virus is considered to be the "Creeper" virus, which was created in the early 1970s. The Creeper virus
38
infected the ARPANET, which was a precursor to the modern Internet, and displayed a message that
said, "I'm the creeper, catch me if you can!" It was more of a demonstration of how self-replicating
programs could move between computers rather than a malicious attack. o, the correct answer is (b)
Only 1.
• A computer virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that is designed to infect and spread from
one computer to another. These viruses can cause various types of harm to computer systems and
their data. Here are some key points to understand about computer viruses:
• Infection: A computer virus infects a computer by attaching itself to a legitimate program or file.
When the infected program or file is executed or opened, the virus code is activated.
• Replication: Once activated, a computer virus attempts to replicate itself by infecting other files or
programs on the same computer or spreading to other computers. It does this by attaching its own
code to other files or by exploiting vulnerabilities in the operating system or software.
• Damage and Payload: Computer viruses can have various payloads, which are actions or effects the
virus carries out when activated. These payloads can include deleting files, corrupting data, stealing
information, displaying unwanted messages, or even turning the infected computer into a part of a
botnet (a network of compromised computers controlled by malicious actors).
• Spread: Viruses can spread through various means, including infected email attachments, malicious
downloads, infected USB drives, or vulnerabilities in networked systems.
• Detection and Removal: Antivirus software is designed to detect and remove viruses from a
computer. It works by scanning files and programs for known virus signatures or suspicious behavior.
Regularly updating antivirus software is crucial to protecting against new and evolving threats.
• Prevention: To protect your computer from viruses, it's essential to practice safe computing habits,
such as:
o Keeping your operating system and software up to date with security patches.
o Being cautious when downloading files or clicking on links, especially from untrusted sources.
o Using strong and unique passwords for online accounts.
o Avoiding the use of pirated or cracked software, which can often contain malware.
o Regularly backing up important data to an external source, so it can be restored if a virus attack
occurs.
• Types of Viruses: There are many different types of computer viruses, including file infector viruses,
macro viruses, boot sector viruses, and polymorphic viruses, among others. Each type has its own
method of infection and payload.
75. Answer: b) BROM

Explanation:
• ROM-BIOS stands for Read-Only Memory Basic Input/Output System. It's a type of firmware that is
stored in a chip on the computer's motherboard. This firmware provides the fundamental instructions
for the computer to interact with hardware components and perform basic input/output operations. It
is located in a chip known as "BROM," which stands for "Basic Read-Only Memory." The BIOS
program is responsible for initializing hardware components, performing the power-on self-test
(POST), and loading the operating system when the computer is turned on.Hence option b is correct.
Key Functions of ROM-BIOS:
• Power-On Self-Test (POST): When you turn on your computer, the BIOS performs a series of
diagnostic tests known as POST to check if essential hardware components are functioning correctly.
If any issues are detected, the BIOS may produce error codes or messages.
• Bootstrap Loader: After the POST is completed successfully, the BIOS locates the bootable device,
typically the hard drive or SSD, and loads the initial bootloader program from it. The bootloader, in
turn, starts the operating system.
• CMOS Setup: The BIOS also provides access to the CMOS setup utility, which allows users to
configure various hardware settings, such as the system clock, boot order, and hardware parameters.
• Device Initialization: The BIOS initializes hardware devices and sets them up for use by the operating
system. This includes configuring memory, setting up input/output ports, and managing hardware
interrupts.
39
Legacy and UEFI BIOS:
• Traditional BIOS systems, also known as Legacy BIOS, have been used for many years. They use the
Master Boot Record (MBR) partitioning scheme.
• More recent computers use UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) BIOS, which offers more
advanced features, faster boot times, and support for modern hardware. UEFI uses the GUID Partition
Table (GPT) partitioning scheme.
Updating the BIOS:
• In some cases, it may be necessary to update the BIOS to fix bugs, add support for new hardware, or
enhance system stability. However, updating the BIOS carries some risk, and it should be done with
caution, following manufacturer instructions.
76. Answer: c.We can insert a page number at footer only.

Explanation :
• We can insert a page number at footer and header.
• In MS Word, you can insert page numbers not only in the footer but also in the header, or even at the
top, bottom, or sides of a page using various positioning options. So, the statement that claims you
can insert a page number only at the footer is incorrect.Hence option c is correct.
Color and pattern used to fill a closed shape is called fill style.
• This statement is true. In Microsoft Word, when you draw a closed shape (like a rectangle or circle)
and want to add color or a pattern to the inside of that shape, it's referred to as the "fill" of the shape.
This is indeed called the fill style.
We can change the thickness of a line from line style.
• This statement is true. In Microsoft Word, when you draw lines or shapes with outlines (borders), you
can adjust the thickness of the line by changing its "line style." This involves changing properties like
line weight, color, and dash styles.
Text-styling feature of MS word is word art.
• This statement is true. In Microsoft Word, the "WordArt" feature allows you to apply various artistic
text effects to your text. You can distort, reshape, and stylize text using WordArt, creating eye-
catching and decorative text elements in your documents.
77. Ans: D - Both (a) and (b)

Explanation :
• Formatting can be performed on both text and tables in various software applications, including word
processing software like Microsoft Word. Text formatting involves changing the appearance of text,
such as changing fonts, font sizes, styles (bold, italic, underline), colors, alignment, and more. Table
formatting involves adjusting the appearance of tables, including cell borders, shading, alignment of
text within cells, and other visual elements. So, both text and tables can be formatted in different ways
to enhance the visual appearance and organization of a document.Hence option d is correct.
Formatting can refer to various tasks in computing, such as formatting text, data, storage devices, or code.
The tools and software used for formatting depend on the specific task you want to perform. Here are some
common tools and software used for different types of formatting:
• Text Formatting:Word Processors: Software like Microsoft Word, Google Docs, LibreOffice Writer,
and Apple Pages allow you to format text in documents with various fonts, styles, sizes, colors,
alignment, and more.
• Document Formatting:Desktop Publishing Software: Applications like Adobe InDesign and Scribus
are used for advanced document layout and design.
• Presentation Software: Tools like Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides are used to format slides
for presentations.
40
• Data Formatting:Spreadsheet Software: Applications like Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and
LibreOffice Calc are used for formatting and organizing tabular data.
• Data Visualization Tools: Software like Tableau and Python libraries like matplotlib or seaborn are
used to format and present data graphically.
• Disk Formatting:Operating System Utilities: To format storage devices (hard drives, USB drives,
memory cards), you can use built-in tools like Disk Management (Windows), Disk Utility (macOS),
or the fdisk and mkfs commands on Linux.
• Code Formatting:Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): IDEs like Visual Studio Code,
Eclipse, or IntelliJ IDEA often include code formatting options for various programming languages.
• Code Linters and Formatters: Tools like Prettier (for JavaScript), Black (for Python), and ESLint (for
JavaScript) are used to automatically format code according to coding style guidelines.
• Image and Graphics Formatting:Image Editing Software: Applications like Adobe Photoshop,
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), and Adobe Illustrator are used for formatting and editing
images and graphics.
• Vector Graphics Editors: Tools like Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape are used for creating and
formatting vector graphics.
• Web Page Formatting:HTML/CSS Editors: For web development, you can use text editors like
Visual Studio Code or specialized HTML/CSS editors to format web pages using HTML for content
structure and CSS for styling.
• Print Formatting:Printer Settings: When printing documents or images, you can format the output
by configuring printer settings, such as paper size, orientation, quality, and color options.
• Audio and Video Formatting:Multimedia Editing Software: Applications like Adobe Premiere Pro
(video) and Adobe Audition (audio) are used for formatting and editing multimedia content.
• File Compression and Archiving:Tools like WinRAR, 7-Zip, and macOS's built-in Archive Utility
are used for formatting files into compressed formats like ZIP or RAR.
78. Answer: (c) Magnetism

• Explanation: The data is stored on the diskette in magnetism form. A diskette is a removable data
storage, and it is used with the PC.Hence option c is correct.
• Data is typically stored on a diskette (also known as a floppy disk) using magnetism. The surface of a
floppy disk is coated with a magnetic material that can be magnetized in different directions. Data is
stored as patterns of magnetization on the disk's surface. These magnetized patterns are read by a
read/write head in the floppy disk drive, which can detect the changes in magnetic polarity and
convert them into binary data, representing the information stored on the disk. The process of using
magnetism to store data is the basis for various types of magnetic storage media, including hard
drives, magnetic tapes, and floppy disks.
• Physical Characteristics: Diskettes are small, flexible, and typically square or rectangular in shape.
The most common sizes were 3.5 inches and 5.25 inches, although there were other less common
sizes as well.
The diskette's surface is covered with a thin, flexible, magnetic medium that stores data.
• Storage Capacity: The storage capacity of a diskette varied depending on its size and format. The
most common 3.5-inch diskettes had capacities ranging from 720 kilobytes (KB) to 1.44 megabytes
(MB).
5.25-inch diskettes typically had lower capacities, often around 360 KB or 1.2 MB.
• Use and Purpose: Diskettes were used primarily for storing computer data, such as text documents,
software applications, and files.
They were commonly used to distribute software and data because they were inexpensive and widely
compatible with personal computers of that era.
• Data Access: To read or write data to a diskette, you needed a floppy disk drive (FDD) connected to
your computer. The FDD used a read/write head to interact with the magnetic medium on the diskette.
Diskettes were "floppy" because they were housed in flexible plastic cases that allowed the magnetic
medium to be exposed for reading and writing.
• Protection and Handling: Diskettes were susceptible to physical damage and magnetic interference.
They needed to be handled carefully to avoid data corruption.
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Diskettes were often stored in protective paper or plastic sleeves to shield them from dust and
contaminants.
• Obsolescence: Advances in storage technology, such as hard drives, optical discs (CDs and DVDs),
USB flash drives, and cloud storage, led to the obsolescence of diskettes.
Modern computers and laptops do not include floppy disk drives, making it challenging to read or
write data to diskettes without external hardware.
• Historical Significance: Diskettes played a significant role in the early years of personal computing
and were a primary means of software distribution.
They are now considered a historical relic of the computing world, replaced by more advanced and
reliable storage solutions.
79. Ans: A – VisiCalc

Explanation :
• VisiCalc was the first electronic spreadsheet software available for microcomputers. It was released in
1979 for the Apple II computer. VisiCalc revolutionized personal computing by introducing the
concept of electronic spreadsheets, allowing users to perform calculations, create budgets, and
analyze data in a way that was much more efficient than manual calculations. It played a significant
role in popularizing personal computers for business and financial applications. Excel and Lotus 1-2-3
came later and also became popular spreadsheet applications, but VisiCalc was the first to make this
technology accessible to microcomputer users.Hence option a is correct.
Excel:
• Microsoft Excel is a widely used spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the
Microsoft Office suite of productivity software. Excel allows users to create, edit, and manipulate
spreadsheets, which are grids of cells organized in rows and columns. It offers a variety of functions
and tools for performing calculations, data analysis, and visualization. Excel supports charts, graphs,
pivot tables, and various formulae for performing complex calculations on data. It is used for tasks
ranging from simple calculations to complex financial modeling and data analysis.
Lotus 1-2-3:
• Lotus 1-2-3 was one of the earliest spreadsheet software applications and was developed by Lotus
Software, a subsidiary of IBM. It gained significant popularity in the 1980s and early 1990s. Like
Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 allowed users to create spreadsheets for calculations and data management. It
featured a macro language for automation, and it was one of the first spreadsheet applications to
introduce graphical features like charts and graphs. However, Lotus 1-2-3 gradually lost market share
to Excel and other competitors and was eventually discontinued.
StarCalc:
• StarCalc is a spreadsheet software application that was a part of the StarOffice suite developed by
Star Division, a German company. StarOffice was later acquired by Sun Microsystems, which
eventually led to the creation of the open-source office suite, OpenOffice.org. StarCalc, as part of
StarOffice/OpenOffice.org, offered spreadsheet capabilities similar to those of Excel and Lotus 1-2-3.
Users could create, edit, and analyze data using tables, formulas, charts, and graphs.
80. Answer: B. You can set condition to look for Bold and apply Italics on them
• Explanation : In Conditional Formatting we cannot set condition to look for Bold and apply Italics
on them.
• Conditional formatting allows you to format cells based on specific conditions or criteria. While you
can apply various formatting options based on conditions, you typically cannot set a condition to look
for specific formatting attributes like Bold and then apply different formatting attributes like Italics.
Conditional formatting is generally based on cell values, formulas, or other data-related criteria rather
than on specific formatting features. The other options mentioned (A, C, and D) are generally true
regarding conditional formatting capabilities in spreadsheet applications.Hence option b is correct.
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Conditional formatting typically works:
• Select the Range of Cells: First, you select the range of cells in your spreadsheet or worksheet that
you want to apply conditional formatting to.
• Define the Condition: You specify the condition or criteria that should be met for the formatting to
be applied. For example, you might want to highlight cells that contain values greater than a certain
number, cells that contain specific text, or cells that are within a date range.
• Choose the Formatting: You specify the formatting that should be applied to cells that meet the
condition. This can include changes to font color, background color, text style (e.g., bold or italic),
borders, and more.
• Apply the Conditional Formatting: Once you've defined the condition and chosen the formatting
options, you apply the conditional formatting rule to the selected range of cells.
• Review and Update: The software will automatically format the cells that meet the condition. You can
review the formatted cells and update the rules if needed.
81. Answer: C. Slide Design does not provide sample content but Auto Content Wizard provides
sample content too
Explanation :
• The AutoContent Wizard creates a new presentation using built-in templates, offering sample content
ideas to help we organize the information we include on each slide. This feature is not available in
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 and higher versions. Instead, we can create our presentation
quickly and easily by using templates.
• Slide Design provided different theme, variants, size which we need to apply as per our requirement.
It does not provide sample content. Hence option c is correct.
• Option A, "Both are same," is not correct because Slide Design and Auto Content Wizard serve
different purposes as explained above.
• Option B, "Auto Content Wizard is just the wizard version of Slide Design," is not entirely accurate.
While both features are part of PowerPoint, they have distinct functions. The Auto Content Wizard
provides content suggestions, whereas Slide Design focuses on visual styling.
• Option D, "Slide Design asks your choice in steps but Auto Content Wizard does not let you make
choices," is not accurate. Both Slide Design and Auto Content Wizard involve making choices, but
the choices are related to different aspects of the presentation. Slide Design involves choosing a
design template, while Auto Content Wizard involves selecting a presentation type and content
layout.
• In summary, the key difference is that Slide Design primarily focuses on visual design and does not
provide sample content, while Auto Content Wizard offers content suggestions and layout options for
creating slides.
Note:
• Slide design refers to the visual arrangement and formatting of individual slides in a presentation,
whether it's a PowerPoint presentation, a Google Slides presentation, or any other type of presentation
software. Effective slide design is crucial for conveying information clearly, engaging the audience,
and enhancing the overall impact of your presentation
• The "AutoContent Wizard" was a feature in older versions of Microsoft PowerPoint, specifically in
versions prior to PowerPoint 2007. It was designed to assist users in creating new presentations by
offering pre-designed templates and content suggestions for various types of presentations, such as
business reports, educational lectures, or sales pitches. The AutoContent Wizard aimed to simplify the
process of creating presentations for users who may not have been experienced with PowerPoint.
82. Answer: A. You can insert text boxes from drawing toolbar in PowerPoint
• Explanation : We can insert text boxes from drawing toolbar in Powerpoint 2003 and earlier
versions.In Powerpoint 2007 and higher versions – Insert > Text Box.
• In PowerPoint, you can indeed insert text boxes from the drawing toolbar. Text boxes are versatile
elements that allow you to enter and format text separately from the main content placeholders in
slides. The drawing toolbar, or more commonly the "Insert" tab in newer versions of PowerPoint,
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offers the option to add text boxes to your slides. This gives you greater control over where and how
you place text within your presentation, and you can use text boxes to emphasize certain points, add
captions, or create callouts. Option (A) accurately describes the capability of inserting text boxes in
PowerPoint.Hence option a is correct.
To insert text in Microsoft PowerPoint, follow these steps:
• Open PowerPoint: Launch Microsoft PowerPoint and open the presentation you want to work on or
create a new one.
• Select a Slide: In the slide thumbnail pane on the left side of the PowerPoint window, select the slide
where you want to insert text. Click on the slide thumbnail to make it active.
• Insert Text Box:To insert a text box on the slide, go to the "Insert" tab on the PowerPoint ribbon at the
top of the window.
Click on the "Text Box" option in the "Text" group. The cursor will change to a crosshair.
• Draw or Click to Create Text Box: Click anywhere on the slide and drag to draw a text box of the
desired size. This allows you to create a custom-sized text box.
Alternatively, you can click once on the slide, and PowerPoint will create a default-sized text box.
You can then resize and position it as needed.
• Type Your Text: Once you've inserted a text box, click inside it to activate it. You can now start
typing your text. As you type, the text will appear within the text box.
• Format the Text: To format the text (e.g., change font, size, color, alignment), select the text within
the text box. Use the options in the "Home" tab on the ribbon to apply formatting changes. You can
adjust font size, font style, font color, alignment, and more.
• Resize and Move the Text Box:To resize the text box, click and drag its handles (small squares or
circles) located around the edges of the box.To move the text box, click inside it and drag it to the
desired position on the slide.
• Copy and Paste Text: You can also copy and paste text from another document or source by
selecting the text, pressing Ctrl+C (or Command+C on Mac), clicking inside the text box on the
PowerPoint slide, and then pressing Ctrl+V (or Command+V on Mac) to paste the text.
• Add More Text Boxes: If you need additional text boxes on the same slide or on different slides,
repeat the process by selecting the slide and clicking "Text Box" from the "Insert" tab.Save Your
Presentation: Don't forget to save your presentation to retain your text and other changes.
83. Answer: (a) 1 only

• Explanation : Wave files and MIDI files (.wav files and .mid files) are used in a PowerPoint
presentation.
• This statement is not correct. Both .wav files and .jpg files can be used in a PowerPoint presentation
for sound effects and images, respectively. .wav files are commonly used for audio sound effects, and
.jpg files are a common format for images.
• This statement is correct. Wave files (.wav) and MIDI files (.mid) are commonly used in PowerPoint
presentations for sound effects and background music. Wave files (.wav) are used for audio sound
effects, and MIDI files (.mid) can be used for background music or more complex musical
arrangements.Hence option a is correct.
• In Microsoft PowerPoint, you can enhance your presentations by adding sound effects. These sound
effects can include background music, audio clips, narration, and more. Here's how you can add
sound effects to your PowerPoint presentation:
Adding Sound Effects to Slides:
• Open PowerPoint: Launch Microsoft PowerPoint and open the presentation you want to work on.
• Select a Slide: Choose the slide where you want to add the sound effect. Click on the slide thumbnail
in the slide sorter or in the thumbnail pane on the left.
• Insert Sound: Go to the "Insert" tab on the PowerPoint ribbon at the top of the window.
Click on the "Audio" button in the "Media" group.
From the dropdown menu, you have two options:
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• Audio on My PC: This option allows you to insert audio files (e.g., MP3, WAV) that are saved on
your computer. Select this option, navigate to the audio file you want to use, and click "Insert."
• Online Audio: You can search for audio clips online through the integrated Bing search. This option
may require an internet connection.
• Resize and Position the Audio Icon: PowerPoint will insert a small audio icon on your slide. You
can click and drag this icon to reposition it on the slide. To resize the icon, click and drag its handles
(small squares or circles) around the edges.
• Set Playback Options: When you select the audio icon, the "Audio Tools" contextual tab will appear
on the ribbon.Click on this tab to access additional options, such as "Playback." Here, you can set the
audio to play automatically when the slide appears or when you click on it during the presentation.
You can also adjust the volume, fade in/out, and other playback settings.
84. Answer: (b) 2 only

• Explanation: At the transport layer and at the network layer Pocket Filtering Firewalls work.
• In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls the incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a
barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another outside network, such as the Internet,
that is assumed not to be secure or trusted. Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls
or host-based firewalls.Hence option b is correct.
1. Network Firewalls:
• Purpose: Network firewalls are designed to protect an entire network or a specific segment of a
network from external threats, such as unauthorized access, malware, and cyberattacks.
• Location: They are typically placed at the perimeter of a network, between the internal network and
external networks like the internet.
• Functionality: Network firewalls filter and monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic.
They use rules and policies to decide which network packets are allowed to pass through and which
are blocked.
Network firewalls often employ techniques like packet filtering, stateful inspection, and deep packet
inspection to make these decisions.
• Protection Scope: Network firewalls provide a centralized point of security for an entire network,
making them efficient for protecting multiple devices and resources simultaneously.
• Use Cases: Protecting an organization's internal network from external threats.
Segregating and controlling traffic between network segments or zones with different trust levels
(e.g., DMZ).
2. Host-Based Firewalls:
• Purpose: Host-based firewalls, also known as personal firewalls, are designed to protect individual
devices (hosts) from threats, both from the local network and the internet.
• Location: Host-based firewalls are installed on individual devices, such as computers, servers, or
mobile devices.
• Functionality: They operate at the application layer of the OSI model, monitoring and controlling
network traffic specifically for the host on which they are installed.
Host-based firewalls allow users to define rules for inbound and outbound traffic, specifying which
applications and services are allowed to communicate.
• Protection Scope: Host-based firewalls offer protection at the device level, which means they can
provide granular control over the security of each individual device.
• Use Cases: Protecting a single computer or server from network-based threats.
Allowing users to control which applications have network access and which do not.
Providing additional security for devices that may not be behind a network firewall (e.g., laptops on
public Wi-Fi networks).
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85. Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2
• Wxplanation: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is a widely used network protocol
for sending and receiving email messages. SMTP is responsible for the transmission of emails
between servers and supports the sending of outgoing emails.
• XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is a markup language that defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. XML is used for
structuring data in a way that is easy to understand and share across different platforms and
applications.Hence option c is correct.
Acronyms are commonly used in the field of computer science and information technology to represent
complex terms or concepts more concisely. Here are some important and commonly used computer-related
acronyms:
CPU: Central Processing Unit
• The primary component of a computer responsible for executing instructions and performing
calculations.
GPU: Graphics Processing Unit
• A specialized processor designed for rendering graphics and performing parallel computing tasks.
RAM: Random Access Memory
• Volatile computer memory that stores data and instructions that the CPU can access quickly.
ROM: Read-Only Memory
• Non-volatile memory that stores firmware or permanent software instructions.
BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
• A firmware used to boot a computer and initialize hardware components during startup.
OS: Operating System
• Software that manages hardware resources and provides services to computer programs.
GUI: Graphical User Interface
• A visual interface that allows users to interact with computers and software using graphical elements
like icons and windows.
URL: Uniform Resource Locator
• A web address that specifies the location of a resource on the internet.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• The protocol used for transmitting web pages and other resources on the World Wide Web.
HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
• A secure version of HTTP that encrypts data exchanged between a web server and a user's browser.
IP: Internet Protocol
• A set of rules that governs the format of data sent over the internet and local networks.
DNS: Domain Name System
• A system that translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
• A protocol used for transferring files between computers over a network.
LAN: Local Area Network
• A network that connects devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home or office.
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WAN: Wide Area Network
• A network that spans a larger geographic area, often connecting multiple LANs.
VPN: Virtual Private Network
• A secure network connection that allows users to access resources over the internet while maintaining
privacy and security.
HTML: Hypertext Markup Language
• The standard markup language used to create web pages.
CSS: Cascading Style Sheets
• A stylesheet language used to describe the presentation and formatting of web pages.
SQL: Structured Query Language
• A programming language for managing and querying relational databases.
API: Application Programming Interface
• A set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate with each
other.
URL: Uniform Resource Locator
• A web address that specifies the location of a resource on the internet.
IoT: Internet of Things
• A network of interconnected devices and objects that can communicate and share data with each
other.
SSID: Service Set Identifier
• A name that identifies a wireless network.
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• A protocol used for sending email messages between servers.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• The protocol used for transmitting web pages and other resources on the World Wide Web.
86. Answer: D) All of these

Explanation:
• Some email jargons are BTW, FYI, PTFM, RSN, TTFN, TIA, etc.hence option d is correct.
• A number of new users have asked me to include a jargon/acronym page for email. Contrary to how
you might feel, there is not a conspiracy out there to try to exclude you. Every group that spends any
time together develops its own shorthand notation; it is not surprising that people forced to use the
unnatural action of typing would be inclined towards acronyms. Some of these come from Usenet
newsgroups, some of the more "gestural" ones come from Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
Here are some of the most common acronyms and expressions:
• BTW - By The Way
• FYI - For Your Information
• IMHO - In My Humble/Honest Opinion
• RTFM - Read The Manual ("Manual" here refers to any documentation)
• LOL - [I] Laughed Out Loud [at what you wrote]
• RSN - Real Soon Now
• ROTFL - [I am] Rolling On The Floor Laughing [at what you wrote]
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• <g> - grin
• <hug> - hug
These are less common, but show up occasionally:
• TTFN - Ta-Ta For Now
• YMMV - Your Mileage May Vary (taken from a disclaimer that legally must be given any time
automotive fuel efficiency ratings are used in U.S. advertisements)
• TIA - Thanks In Advance (also sometimes written advTHANKSance)
87. Answer: c.(2) and (3) only

Explanation:
• Profitability is not directly a major issue arising out of the growing reliance on information
technology. While information technology can affect business profitability in various ways, it's not
typically considered a major issue on its own in the context of IT reliance.
• Security threats are a significant issue arising from the growing reliance on information technology.
As technology advances, there is an increased risk of cyberattacks, data breaches, and other security
vulnerabilities.
• Privacy concerns are also a major issue. With the widespread use of technology and the collection and
sharing of personal data, there are concerns about how individuals' privacy is being compromised. So,
the correct option is (c) (2) and (3) only.
88. Answer: A. only

• Explanation : As Bluetooth is a protocol for wireless communication over short distances. It was
developed in the 1990s, to reduce the number of cables. Devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs,
printers, digital cameras and video game consoles can connect to each other, and exchange
information. This is done using radio waves. It can be done securely. Bluetooth is only used for
relatively short distances, like a few metres.Hence option 1 is correct.
• Wireless technology refers to the communication and data transfer technologies that do not require
physical cables or wired connections to transmit information. Instead, wireless technologies use radio
waves, infrared signals, or other forms of electromagnetic waves to transmit data wirelessly between
devices. Here are some key aspects and applications of wireless technology:
Wireless Communication Methods:
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): A common wireless technology for local area networking (LAN) that
enables devices like computers, smartphones, and tablets to connect to the internet or communicate
with each other wirelessly within a certain range of a Wi-Fi router.
• Bluetooth: A short-range wireless technology used for connecting devices like headphones, speakers,
and smartphones to one another without the need for cables.
• Cellular Networks: Wireless technology used for mobile communications, including 2G, 3G, 4G,
and 5G networks, which allow mobile devices to access voice and data services globally.
• NFC (Near Field Communication): A short-range wireless communication technology used for
contactless transactions, such as mobile payments and data transfer between devices by bringing them
close together.
• RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification): Technology that uses radio waves to identify and track
objects or people. Commonly used in inventory management, access control, and logistics.
• Infrared (IR): A wireless technology that uses infrared light to transmit data between devices. It is
often used in remote controls and data transfer between smartphones.
89. Answer : B. only i.e. Random Access Memory (RAM) is ‘volatile’ memory.
Explanation:
• A: Read Only Memory (ROM) is not 'volatile' memory. ROM is non-volatile memory, meaning its
contents are retained even when the computer's power is turned off. It contains permanent instructions
used during the computer's startup process.
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• B: Random Access Memory (RAM) is indeed 'volatile' memory. RAM is volatile, which means that
its contents are lost when the computer's power is turned off. It is used for temporary storage of data
and program instructions while the computer is running.
• C: Secondary Memory is not 'volatile' memory. Secondary memory, such as hard drives and solid-
state drives, is non-volatile memory that retains data even when the computer is powered off. So, the
correct answer is (2) B only.
1. Primary Memory:
• RAM (Random Access Memory):
• RAM is volatile memory that provides high-speed data storage and rapid access to data.
• It is used to temporarily store data and program instructions that the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
needs while a computer is running.
• RAM is essential for multitasking and running applications, and it loses its data when the computer is
powered off or restarted.
Cache Memory:
• Cache memory is a smaller, high-speed form of memory that sits between the CPU and RAM.
• It stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce latency and speed up data retrieval for the
CPU.
• There are different levels of cache, including L1, L2, and sometimes L3 caches, with L1 being the
closest to the CPU and the fastest.
2. Secondary Memory:
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD):
• Solid-State Drive (SSD)
• Optical Drives (e.g., CD/DVD/Blu-ray)
• Flash Drives (USB Drives)
• Cloud Storage
3. Virtual Memory:
• Virtual memory is a memory management technique that uses a portion of the secondary storage
(usually a portion of the hard drive or SSD) as an extension of RAM.
• It allows computers to run applications and handle data larger than the physical RAM by swapping
data between RAM and disk storage as needed.
4. BIOS and Firmware:
• Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) and firmware contain essential software instructions stored in non-
volatile memory that enable the computer to start up and initialize hardware components during boot.
5. Read-Only Memory (ROM):
• ROM is non-volatile memory that stores firmware or permanent software instructions.
• Examples include the BIOS ROM mentioned earlier and firmware in devices like game consoles and
embedded systems.
6. Memory Hierarchy:
• Computer memory operates in a hierarchy, with different types of memory providing varying levels
of speed, capacity, and accessibility.
• Faster memory (e.g., cache and RAM) is used for frequently accessed data, while slower but larger
memory (e.g., secondary storage) is used for long-term data storage.
7. Access Speed:
• Memory access speed is a critical factor in a computer's overall performance, with faster memory
types providing quicker data access and improved responsiveness.
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90. Answer: (B) CPU Registers; Cache Memory; Main Memory (RAM)
Explanation:
• The speed of computer memory types generally decreases as you move from the CPU to the main
memory (RAM) and then to external storage. Here's the breakdown of each option:
• CPU Registers; Cache Memory; Main Memory (RAM):
• This is the correct order. CPU registers are the fastest form of memory, followed by cache memory,
which is faster than main memory (RAM).
• So, the correct order of computer memory types from highest to lowest speed is (2) CPU Registers;
Cache Memory; Main Memory (RAM).
CPU Registers:
• CPU registers, also known as processor registers or simply registers, are small, very fast storage
locations within the CPU (Central Processing Unit) itself. These registers are used to store data that
the CPU needs to access quickly during its operations. Registers are the fastest type of memory in a
computer system and are used to hold data that is currently being processed by the CPU. They are
directly accessible by the CPU's arithmetic and logic units, allowing for rapid data manipulation.
Cache Memory:
• Cache memory is a type of high-speed volatile computer memory that is situated between the CPU
and the main memory (RAM). It is designed to store frequently used data and instructions so that they
can be quickly retrieved by the CPU when needed. Cache memory helps reduce the time the CPU
spends waiting for data to be fetched from the slower main memory. It comes in different levels (L1,
L2, L3) based on its proximity to the CPU, with L1 cache being the closest and fastest.
Main Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory):
• Main memory, often referred to as RAM, is the primary working memory of a computer. It stores data
and instructions that are currently being used by the CPU and software applications. RAM is faster
than secondary storage (hard drives, SSDs) but slower than CPU registers and cache memory. It
allows for relatively fast read and write operations compared to storage devices.
91. Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

• Explanation :Important mobile computing application/s is/are Education, Sports, Games.
• Challenges of mobile computing include Low Security, Ad hoc Networking, Shared medium.Hence
option c is correct.
• Mobile computing refers to the use of portable computing devices, such as smartphones, tablets,
laptops, and wearable devices, to access and process information and perform tasks while on the
move or outside of traditional office or home environments. Mobile computing has become an
integral part of modern life and has revolutionized how people work, communicate, and access
information. Here are some key aspects of mobile computing:
1. Portable Devices:
• Smartphones: These pocket-sized devices are highly versatile and combine features like calling, text
messaging, web browsing, and a wide range of apps.
• Tablets: Larger than smartphones but more portable than laptops, tablets are used for tasks like
reading, browsing, and watching videos.
• Laptops: While not as compact as smartphones or tablets, laptops are still considered mobile devices
due to their portability. They offer full computing capabilities and are widely used for work and
productivity tasks.
• Wearable Devices: Devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers are worn on the body and provide
various functions, such as fitness monitoring, notifications, and communication.
2. Connectivity:
• Wireless Networks: Mobile devices connect to the internet and other devices through various wireless
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technologies, including Wi-Fi, cellular networks (2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G), and Bluetooth.
• Mobile Hotspots: Some devices can function as mobile hotspots, allowing other devices to connect to
the internet through them.
3. Operating Systems:
• Mobile devices run operating systems designed for their specific form factors and usage patterns.
Common mobile OSs include Android, iOS (Apple), and Windows Mobile.
4. Mobile Apps:
• Mobile applications, or apps, are software programs designed for mobile devices. They serve various
purposes, such as productivity, entertainment, social networking, and e-commerce.
5. Location-Based Services:
• Mobile devices often have GPS capabilities, enabling location-based services like maps, navigation,
location sharing, and location-aware app features.
6. Cloud Computing:
• Mobile computing is closely linked with cloud computing, as many mobile apps and services store
data in the cloud, allowing users to access their information from anywhere.
7. Mobile Security:
• Mobile security is a significant concern due to the portability of devices and the potential for data
breaches or device loss. It includes measures like device encryption, password protection, and remote
wiping.
8. Mobile Productivity:
• Mobile devices support a wide range of productivity tasks, including email, document editing, video
conferencing, and project management, enabling users to work from virtually anywhere.
9. Entertainment and Multimedia:
• Mobile devices provide access to streaming services, gaming, social media, and a wealth of
multimedia content, making them popular for entertainment purposes.
92. Answer: b) CSMA/CA

Explanation: CSMA/CA stands for Carrier-sense multiple access/collision avoidance. It is a multiple access
protocol used by IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LAN. It’s based on the principle of collision avoidance
by using different algorithms to avoid collisions between channels.Hence option b is correct.
• CDMA: A wireless communication technology that uses unique codes to allow multiple users to share
the same frequency band.
• CSMA/CA: A wireless protocol that senses the medium before transmitting and aims to avoid
collisions by introducing mechanisms to detect potential conflicts and adjust transmission.
• ALOHA: An early protocol for sharing a communication channel, with versions like pure ALOHA
and slotted ALOHA.
• CSMA/CD: A protocol used in Ethernet (wired) networks that listens before transmitting, detects
collisions, and manages retransmissions.
Computer networks are interconnected systems of computers and other devices that facilitate the exchange of
data and resources. They enable communication, data sharing, and resource access between connected
devices, which can range from personal computers to servers, printers, and even mobile devices. Computer
networks are fundamental to modern technology and play a crucial role in various aspects of our daily lives.
Here are key components and concepts related to computer networks:
1. Nodes: Nodes are individual devices or computers connected to a network. Each node can send,
receive, or process data.
2. Links: Links, also known as connections or communication channels, are the physical or logical
pathways that allow data to flow between nodes. Common types of links include wired (e.g., Ethernet
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cables) and wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular) connections.
3. Topology: Network topology defines the physical or logical arrangement of nodes and links in a
network. Common topologies include star, bus, ring, and mesh.
4. Protocols: Network protocols are rules and conventions that govern data communication and ensure
that devices on the network can understand and interpret data consistently. Examples include TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).
5. LAN (Local Area Network): A LAN is a network that covers a relatively small geographic area,
such as a home, office, or campus. LANs typically use Ethernet and Wi-Fi technologies for
connectivity.
6. WAN (Wide Area Network): A WAN spans a larger geographic area, often connecting LANs over
long distances. The internet is the most extensive WAN, linking networks globally.
7. Router: A router is a network device that connects different networks, such as a LAN to the internet.
It forwards data between networks based on network addresses.
8. Switch: A network switch is used within a LAN to connect devices together. It operates at the data
link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and makes data forwarding decisions based on MAC addresses.
9. Firewall: A firewall is a security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and
outgoing network traffic to protect the network from unauthorized access and cyber threats.
10. IP Address:- An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique numeric identifier assigned to each device
on a network. It enables devices to communicate with one another over an IP-based network.
11. DNS (Domain Name System):- DNS is a system that translates human-readable domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses, making it easier to access websites and services.
12. OSI Model:- The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that
standardizes the functions and layers of network communication. It consists of seven layers, each with
a specific role in data transmission.
13. Ethernet:- Ethernet is a widely used LAN technology that defines how data packets are formatted
and transmitted over wired networks.
14. Wi-Fi:- Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that allows devices to connect to a LAN or the internet using
radio waves, typically within a limited range.
15. Intranet and Extranet:- An intranet is a private network within an organization, while an extranet
extends network access to select external parties, such as business partners or customers.
93. Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:
• Statement 1 is not correct: Since the initial development in the year 1990, MIMO Wireless
Communications have become integral part of the most forthcoming commercial and next generation
wireless data communication systems.
• Statement 2 is correct :MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being
MISO (multiple input, single output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output). It is an antenna
technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source and
the destination.Hence option a is correct.
• MIMO stands for "Multiple-Input Multiple-Output," and it's a technology used in wireless
communications to improve the performance and capacity of wireless networks, especially in terms of
data rates and reliability. MIMO involves using multiple antennas at both the transmitting and
receiving ends of a wireless communication system. Here's an explanation of how MIMO works and
its benefits:
How MIMO Works:
• Traditional wireless systems typically use a single antenna at both the transmitter and the receiver.
MIMO, on the other hand, utilizes multiple antennas at both ends. This allows for the simultaneous
transmission of multiple data streams over the same frequency channel. The concept behind MIMO is
to create multiple parallel communication paths, taking advantage of the spatial diversity of the
52
wireless channel.
• In a MIMO system, the transmitter encodes data using different signal paths (spatial streams), and the
receiver decodes these signals to recover the original data. The multiple antennas at each end help
mitigate the effects of fading, interference, and signal degradation, leading to improved data rates,
range, and reliability.
94. Answer: D) None of them is false

Explanation:
• Though RRBs are a part of the NEFT network through their sponsor banks it appears that there is a
lack of awareness of the availability of the NEFT facility, with RRBs, in particular for 'walk-in-
customers' to remit funds, both among the staff of the branches and public in general.
• MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) usually consists of a 7-digit number. It is a unique number used for
identifying a mobile money account when conducting transactions through the IMPS (Immediate
Payment Service) system in India.
• IMPS (Immediate Payment Service) is designed to offer real-time interbank electronic fund transfers
on a 24x7 basis, including holidays. It allows customers to make transactions anytime, even on
weekends and holidays.
• All the three statements are true.Hence option d is correct.
More Information
• NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, and MMID are all electronic fund transfer methods used in banking to facilitate
the seamless and secure transfer of money between individuals and entities. Here's an overview of
each:
1. NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer):
• NEFT is an electronic funds transfer system used for transferring money from one bank to another
within India.
• It operates on a deferred net settlement basis, where transactions are processed in batches rather than
in real-time.
• NEFT transactions have specific time windows during which they can be initiated, typically during
banking hours on working days.
• NEFT is suitable for transferring both small and large amounts of money, and it is commonly used for
various purposes, including salary payments, bill payments, and interbank transfers.
2. RTGS (Real-Time Gross Settlement):
• RTGS is a real-time funds transfer system that allows for immediate and individual settlement of
high-value transactions.
• It is primarily used for transferring large sums of money between banks and financial institutions in
India.
• RTGS transactions are processed and settled instantly, providing real-time clearing and settlement.
• Unlike NEFT, which operates in batches, RTGS transactions can be initiated throughout the working
hours of banks.
• RTGS is often used for time-sensitive, high-value transactions like real estate deals, large
investments, and interbank settlements.
3. IMPS (Immediate Payment Service):
• IMPS is a real-time interbank electronic funds transfer system in India.
53
• It enables individuals to make instant, 24/7 money transfers from their bank accounts using various
channels, such as mobile phones, internet banking, ATMs, or bank branches.
• IMPS is known for its convenience and accessibility, making it suitable for small, quick transactions,
including person-to-person (P2P) transfers and bill payments.
• Users can transfer funds by specifying the recipient's mobile number and MMID (Mobile Money
Identifier), or by using the recipient's account number and Indian Financial System Code (IFSC).
4. MMID (Mobile Money Identifier):
• MMID is a unique 7-digit number issued by banks to their customers for mobile banking services.
• It is used in conjunction with mobile numbers to facilitate IMPS transactions.
• When making an IMPS transfer, users can enter the recipient's mobile number and MMID instead of
the full account number and IFSC, making the process more user-friendly and secure.
• MMID is a key component of mobile banking and mobile wallet services in India, allowing users to
send and receive money easily through their mobile devices.
95. Answer: b. CMDA
Explanation: CDMA (or code division multiple access) is a type of multiplexing that allows different signals
to occupy only one transmission channel. In short, we can also say that CDMA allows us to use the entire
bandwidth simultaneously.Hence option b is correct.
• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) divides the frequency spectrum into non-overlapping
channels for users.
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) assigns unique codes to users to share the entire frequency
band.
• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) divides time into slots for users to transmit data.
These multiple access techniques allow multiple users to share the same communication channel efficiently,
each using their own method of dividing or spreading signals to avoid interference.
96. Answer: c. k+f+r+i+y+E+q+i+v+f
• Explanation : By typing k+f+r+i+y+E+q+i+v+f we can write CREATIVE in nudi. Hence option c
is correct.
54
97. Answer: a.AutoHotKey scripting.

• Explanation: The Karnataka government had funded the development of Nudi vide G.O ITD 234 A
da vi 2001 Bangalore, dated 27.12.2001.[1] It was published by Kannada GanakaParishat, a non-
profit organisation. Upto version 5.0, it was developed based on the Monolingual font-encoding
standard prescribed by the Government of Karnataka. From Nudi 6.0, it is based on Unicode. Nudi
6.1 is developed using AutoHotKey scripting. Nudi supports most of the Windows based desktop
Applications.Hence option a is correct.
98. Answer: (c) A microwave link

• Explanation: A microwave link cannot be used as a medium for 802.3 ethernets, because a
microwave link is a transmission network that utilizes a beam of radio waves in the microwave
frequency spectrum to relay video, audio, or data between two places.Henceoption c is correct.
Here are some key points about IEEE 802.3 Ethernet:
• Ethernet Frame Types: Ethernet frames come in various types, including Ethernet II, IEEE 802.2
(used in Ethernet with IEEE 802.3 encapsulation), and IEEE 802.3 frames. The frame type depends
on the network's specific requirements and standards.
• Use Cases: Ethernet is the primary technology used for wired LANs in homes, offices, data centers,
and various industries. It is the backbone of many local and wide area networks and is commonly
used for internet access.
• IEEE Standard: The IEEE 802.3 standard is maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), and it continues to evolve to support higher speeds and technological
advancements.
• Ethernet over Fiber: Ethernet can also be used over fiber optic cables, providing high-speed, long-
distance connections in scenarios where copper-based Ethernet may be limited in reach or bandwidth.
99. Answer: D. Universal Automatic Computer

• Explanation : UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer. The first general-purpose
electronic digital computer design for robot business applications was the UNIVAC I (Universal
Automatic Computer I). This computer was produced in the United States.Hence option d is correct.
55
Note:
• ENIAC: "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer" was another early computer, preceding
UNIVAC, and is famous for its contributions to the development of computing technology.
• EDVAC: "Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer" was a successor to ENIAC and played
a significant role in early computer science.
• MANIAC: "Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer" was a series of computers
built during the 1950s and 1960s at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
• BINAC: "Binary Automatic Computer" was an early binary computer designed and built in the late
1940s.
• UNIVAC II: A successor to the original UNIVAC, denoting advancements in computer technology.
These acronyms are related to the early history of computers and reflect the naming conventions of that era,
often using descriptive terms to highlight the primary functions or characteristics of the computer systems.
100. Answer: C) 128bit

• Explanation: Total bits used by the IPv6 address is 128 bits.Hence option c is correct.
• IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the latest version of the Internet Protocol that is designed to
replace IPv4 due to the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, which is four
times the length of IPv4 addresses. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, but the demand for more unique
addresses led to the adoption of IPv6, which provides a significantly larger address space with 128
bits, allowing for a virtually unlimited number of unique addresses.
Key Characteristics of IPv6 Addresses:
• 128-Bit Address Length: IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, allowing for approximately 340
undecillion unique addresses (3.4 x 10^38). This vast address space is designed to accommodate the
growing number of devices connected to the internet.
• Hexadecimal Notation: IPv6 addresses are typically represented in hexadecimal notation, using
numbers (0-9) and letters (a-f) to denote each digit in a group of four bits (a nibble). Groups of four
hexadecimal digits are separated by colons (:).
• Zero Compression: Consecutive groups of all zeros can be compressed using double colons (::). This
compression can only be used once in an IPv6 address and is used to simplify long addresses. For
example, the address 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0042 can be compressed as
2001:db8::42.
• Prefixes: IPv6 addresses are often divided into two parts: the network prefix and the interface
identifier. The network prefix identifies the network or subnet, while the interface identifier identifies
the specific device within that network. IPv6 addresses are assigned with a subnet prefix, such as /64,
which indicates the number of bits allocated for the network prefix.
• Link-Local Addresses: Every IPv6-enabled interface is automatically assigned a link-local address,
which is used for communication within a local network segment. Link-local addresses start with the
prefix fe80::/10.
• Global Addresses: Global IPv6 addresses are used for internet-wide communication and have unique
global routing prefixes.
• Multicast and Anycast: IPv6 supports both multicast addresses (used to send data to multiple
recipients) and anycast addresses (used to send data to the nearest of several nodes).
• Transition Mechanisms: IPv6 includes transition mechanisms to facilitate the coexistence of IPv4
and IPv6 networks during the migration process. These mechanisms allow IPv6 and IPv4 devices to
communicate.
56

Mission Thrishul 3.0 Free Test Kan Syn Paper Code 'D'

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