Orthogonal Sets of

Functions
In this presentation, we explore the fascinating world of orthogonal sets of
functions and their applications in mathematics, physics and engineering.
So, buckle up and get ready to dive deep into this amazing subject!

by siddhi hankar
What are Orthogonal F unctions?
1 Orthogonality 2 Definition 3 Properties

Two functions are said to A set of functions is Orthogonal functions are

be orthogonal when their called orthogonal when linearly independent and
inner product is zero. every pair of distinct span a function space.
functions in the set is
orthogonal.
E xamples of Orthogonal F unctions

Trigonometric F unctions Legendre Polynomials Chebyshev Polynomials

Sine and cosine are orthogonal These are solutions to the These are widely used in
on the interval [0, 2π]. Legendre differential equation approximation theory,
and can be used to solve numerical analysis, and signal
various physical problems. processing.
Properties of Orthogonal Functions
Inner Product Normalization

The inner product of two orthogonal functions An orthogonal set of functions can be
is zero. normalized to have unit length.

Completeness Basis

A set of orthogonal functions can be used to Orthogonal functions can form a basis for a
expand any function within the function space. function space.
Applications of Orthogonal F unctions
Quantum Mechanics
In quantum mechanics, wave functions
are represented as linear
combinations of orthogonal functions,
such as Hermite and Laguerre
polynomials.
1 S ignal Processing
Orthogonal functions such as Fourier
series and wavelets are used in signal
2 processing for compression and noise
reduction.
3 Numerical Analysis
Orthogonal functions are widely used
in numerical analysis, such as
numerical integration and solving
differential equations.
Gram-Schmidt Process
1 Idea 2 Method

Starting from a set of linearly independent Given a set of functions, we can apply the
functions, we can generate an orthogonal Gram-Schmidt process to construct an
set of functions through a recursive orthogonal set of functions by taking linear
process. combinations.
Fourier Series
Harmonic Waves
Any periodic function can be
expressed as a Fourier series,
a sum of sine and cosine
waves with different
frequencies.
Spectral Analysis
Fourier transforms can be used
to analyze signals and extract
frequency information, such as
in audio and image processing.
Heat Equation
The heat equation can be
solved using Fourier series,
which provides a powerful
method for solving partial
differential equations.
Conclusion
Orthogonal sets of functions provide a powerful framework for solving
a wide range of mathematical problems. From signal processing to
quantum mechanics, the applications are endless. So, let's keep
exploring and pushing the boundaries of this remarkable subject!