Lecture 10 Land Reclamation and Restoration Technology in Mining Area

Land Reclamation and Restoration
Technology in mining area
Associate professor
Zhijun Gong
13697082584@163.com
13697082584
Outline
 Section I Brief introduction to land reclamation
 Section II Land Reclamation for heavy metal

pollution in metal mining area
 Section III Coal waste pile reclamation

Section I ： Brief introduction to land reclamation
Various mineral resources have been mined using in the current and
foreseeable technical conditions.
Good: The mining provide us the materials and energy which is crucial for the
development in a country.
Bad: The mining might lead to various significant bad influence to the environment.
Copper Lead Oil Natural gas Gold

Key metal minerals: e.g. Fe(ferrum), Mn (manganese), Cr(chromium),
V(vanadium), Al(aluminum), Cu(copper), Pb(lead), Zn(znic),
Ni(nickel), Mo(molybdenum), Sb(antimony), Hg(mercury), Sn(tin)
Ti(titanium), Au(gold), Ag(silver), Pt(platinum), rare earth minerals,
Li(lithium), U(uranium), Nb(niobium), Be(beryllium), W(tungsten);
REE Bi Cu Au
Rare Earth Element
Mining influence on land and environment
Main damages on land
(1) excavation (2) subsidence
(3) occupation (4) contamination

2.1 Mining influence on land
(1) excavation
Open-pit mining
Both the soil and the plant are destroyed! Loss of land productivity
Damage on the landscape

(2) Subsidence
rupture
collapse pit: often occur in coal mining area Loss of land productivity
Great damage on buildings and road Soil erosion, nutrient loss;

Mining influence on land
(3) Occupation
Consumption of the usable land resources

Damage on the landscape;
Secondary pollution on the land;
(4) Contamination

Indirect influence on humans
Mining influence on environment
Concept of “environment”: a system consisting of all living
and non-living things, together with their interactions.
Main influence on environment
(1) landscape
(2) plant, animal, microorganism
(3) water resources
(4) others: e.g. slide and debris flow; explosion;

landscape destruction
Changes of Changes of
landscape in landscape in
plain mountain area
Changes of Changes of
landscape in landscape in
green hills forest
Mining influence on environment water resources
Plant ; animal; microorganism; air

Waste water from mining area
Plant ; animal; microorganism;
Chlorosis
High concentration of pb and Ni Grey leaf spot
High concentration of Ni
Bad impact: Hg>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co=Zn>Cd>Fe>Mn>Mg>Ca

Effect of heavy metal pollution on plant
The heavy metals in the contaminated soil

can be absorbed into the plant, which can
be toxic to the crops after a certain degree.
Effect of heavy metal pollution on plant
Concentration Reduce
Cu agricultural production %
<80 0
100 0-32%
150 0-36%
200 0-40%
220 0-42%
250 0-44%
300 0-48%
350 0-53%
As: it can also reduce the crop production significantly!


High concentration of cadmium in rice
minamata disease
(Hg)
itaiitai disease (Cd)

Effect of heavy metal pollution on soil microbial biomass

soil microbial biomass: the total of microbe who participate the nutrient
and energy cycle and organic matter transformation in soil.
Generally:
----- microorganisms who are not adapted decrease or become extinct;
-----microorganisms who are adapted increased dramatically;
Effect of heavy metal pollution on soil microbial biomass
Case study by E. Kandeler:
microbial biomass soil of mining areas is much less than that of area
where are far away from the mining area;
T. Yamamoto:
(Cu< 100 mg/kg) 35 species fungus;
(Cu 1000 mg/kg) 25 species fungus;
(Cu 10000 mg/kg) 13 species fungus;
Others: debris flow and slide; explosion; radiation;
slide:
Tailings （尾矿）

Coal waste or called coal gangue is the coal-bearing rocks and other related rocks during
the coal mining and processing.
The concentration of carbon is very low compared with coal.
spontaneous combustion
Produce gas and heat in slow rate
--- the mechanism of the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue

> Special structure of coal waste pile
Concept of land reclamation
Land reclamation：the site will be habitable to organisms

originally present in approximately the same composition and
density after the reclamation process has been completed.
America:“Reclamation”
Canada and Australia : “Rehabilitation”
England : “Restoration”
Conceptions of land reclamation
Reconstruction of ecosystems
Landscape reconstruction and erosion control of
land reclamation in mine area
(矿山复垦土地的景观再造和侵蚀控制)
Open pit mine
Beautiful landscape
e.g. reclamation
planning for land use
in future
Cases of land reclamation
Ruhr-gebiet in Germany
20 century Ruhr-gebiet mining area in Germany

The German Ruhr area is an important coal production base, has

a long history of mining.
In 1870, 220 coal mines; output/production: 11, 800 thousand
tons/year;
In 1957, 155 coal mines, output/production: 130 million tons, 500
thousand workers.
Be the center of the largest comprehensive industrial zone.
Land reclamation in Ruhr-gebiet mining area

Case in China
Donghu Lake in the Zhejiang Province :
Han Dynasty: Quarry Sui dynasty: Quarry
Qing dynasty: transform from the quarry to Lake
Present: a famous and beautiful lake
Landscape
reconstruction
Outline


Section II Land Reclamation for heavy metal
2.1 Introduction to heavy metal pollution
2.1 Background and capacity of heavy metals in soil
2.3 Soil reconstruction
2.4 Control and remediation for heavy metal contaminated
soil
Heavy metal
The heavy metals usually refer to the elements, which has the
density more than 4 or 5g/cm 3, including the Hg (mercury), Cd
(cadmium), Pb (lead), Cr (chromium), Zn(zinc), Cu (copper), Ni
(nickel), Sn (tin), As (arsenic), Se (selenium), V(vanadium),
Be(beryllium), Al(aluminum) and so on. Such heavy metal elements
have significant biological toxicity and potential great environment
threat.
Hg Cd Pb Cr
Heavy metal pollution
Heavy metal pollution: when the concentration of heavy

metal in soils exceed the self-purification of soil, it can cause
great damage to the soil, plants and animals, e.g. Zn, Cu,
Se….
Introduction to heavy metal pollution
Recent heavy metal pollution of soil in the world
At ~2000, average annual emissions in the world:

Hg : 15, 000 tons;
Cu: 3,400,000 tons;
Pb: 5000,000 tons;
Mn: 15000,000 tons;
Ni: 1000, 1000 tons;
…..
heavy metal pollution of soil in China

According to the survey by China's Ministry of agriculture in 2000:
---- total sample of 300, 000 hm2 farmland in China, 36,000 hm2 of them
suffered from heavy metal pollution pollution rate is more than 12%;
-----1,400,000 hm2 sewage irrigation area, the polluted area by heavy

metal is 64.8%. Among them, mild pollution rate is 46.7%, moderate
pollution rate is 9.7%, serious pollution is for 8.4%. Hg and Cd pollution
area is the largest among different heavy metal pollution.
Present heavy metal pollution of soil in China
Province Number Number of Pollution
of samples Polluted samples rate
Jiangxi 134 107 80
Fujian 163 85 52
Guangdong 29 23 79
Hunan 48 41 85
Zhejiang 112 82 73
total 486 338 69
Hunan
Jiangxi
Jiangxi
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangdong
Main sources of heavy metal pollution

---- waste solid
---- waste gas
City＞suburb＞village
---- waste water
( mining area, factory, human activities…)
soil
Background and capacity of heavy metals in soil
Soil environment background value
The soil environmental background value: the chemical element

composition and content of the soil environment which is not affected by
or less affected by human activities (especially human pollution).
Significance:
1) the regional soil environment quality assessment
2) The prediction of soil pollution situation
3) the calculation of soil environmental capacity
4) determine the soil environmental quality standard
5) In the study of element migration and transformation the soil
…..
Table: background of the seven heavy metal in three types of soil at different sites
mg/kg (1977)
Type of Hg Cd Pb As Cr Cu Ni
Soil
Brown 0.04 0.118 14.41 8.13 58.13 19.99 23.69
Soil (1.67) (0.024) (4.22) (1.80) (12.3) (7.8) (6.4)
(Beijing)
Rice soil 0.163 0.116 20.39 8.8 65.72 22.78 29.12
(Taihu (1.63) (1.63) (1.2) (2.33) (13.92) (5.18) (7.41)
area)
Yellow 0.06 0.101 11.6 10.6 56.3 19.3 28.4
loess (0.033) (0.026) (3.24) (1.82) (5.85) (1.17) (1.2)
(Shanxi)
the background are different for different soil!
Red soil Yellow soil Brown soil Black soil
Controlling factors:
Soil parent material,
Soil type,
Soil physical and chemical properties
the background are different for different soil!

factors:
--- soil texture: clay particles have strong absorption for heavy metal;
clay soil > sandy soil
--- pH value: the acid background  migration of heavy metal ion

acid soil< alkali soil
---- topography, climate, organic content….

soil capacity
Soil environmental capacity is the
maximum allowable amount of
pollutants in the soil ecosystem
under the good the soil ecosystem.
Environmental quality standard for soils

Table: Environmental quality standard for soils
Environmental quality standard for soils
The degree of the soil contamination
Provide useful guidance!
e.g. reclamation
planning for land use
in future
soil
Soil reconstruction
Weathering Biological Biological

processes processes
Exposed Parent Initial Mature
Rock material Soil soil
(microorgan (microorgan
ism, lower ism, higher
plant) plant)
Parent Initial Mature

material Soil soil
The formation time of soil is

relative long!
Soil reconstruction
The soil pollution prevention/control is much more important than

soil pollution remediation!
Useful mining strategy to

minimize the mining pollution
Soil reconstruction
Soil reconstruction
Open-pit mining
Stratigraphic
sequence order is
totally destroyed!
The traditional reclamation work

Soil reconstruction
Open-pit mining
Considering the soil reconstruction during the mining!

Soil reconstruction
open-pit mine
Backcast stripping technology
Step 1 Step 2
Soil reconstruction
open-pit mine
Step 3 Step 4
open-pit mine
open-pit mine
Considering the soil reconstruction during the mining!

soil
Control and remediation for heavy metal contaminated soil
Remediation of soil heavy metal pollution

----phytoremediation (植物修复技术）
The direct use of plant to remove or stabilize the heavy metal in soil
植物稳定
（phyto-stabilization）
植物挥发
（phytovolatilization）
植物提取
（phytoextraction）

It has strong enrichment for Pb and Cd;
It is easy to alive;
Viola verecunda (堇菜)


It has strong enrichment for As;

The concentration of As in leaf can
reach 8%;
Pteris vittata (蜈蚣草)


It has strong enrichment for As;
Pteris nervosa Thunb.(大叶井口边草)


It has strong enrichment for Zn, Cd;
Sedum alfredii Hance (东南景天)


It has strong enrichment for Pb;
Bidens maximowicziana Oett.(羽叶鬼针草)

Medicago sativa. (紫花苜蓿)

It has strong enrichment for Cr;
Thlaspi arvense L.(遏蓝菜)
The content of zinc in soil can be reduced from 440ppm to 300ppm after 14 consecutive
cropping of the plant.

It has strong enrichment for Cr;
Thlaspi arvense L.(遏蓝菜)

Leersia hexandra (李氏禾)

It has strong enrichment for Mn;
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb (商陆)


It has strong enrichment for Pb、Cr、

Ni、Cd、Zn、Cu and Se;
High Toxic Cr6+ low toxicity and no

biological effect
Cr3+
6 Valence state 3 Valence state
Brassica juncea (印度芥菜)


It has strong enrichment for Cu、Pb、

Zn;
vetiver grass (香根草)


New species!
Be caution of the biological invasion！
Research on hyperaccumulator (超积累植物) in your

country!!!
Hyperaccumulation plants generally refer to plants whose

aboveground parts absorb more than 10 times more heavy metals
than ordinary plants, and do not affect normal life activities
rice
consecutive cropping of the plant
The first or second

cropping of plant are
not suitable for food!
High concentration of cadmium in rice itaiitai disease (Cd)

----improved soil imported from other place (客土法)
Removal of contaminated soil
Make the surface fertile and suitable for
Cover a certain amount of plant growth
uncontaminated soil on the surface
Balance between the thickness of new soil and the cost
Suitable for new plant

Be caution of pH value between the new soil and In-situ soil

Alkaline pH >7 Acid pH<7
Cdcl2 、 Cd(NO3)2 CdCO3 , Cd3 (PO4)2, Cd(OH)2 , CdS

The changing pH value might lead to the release of Cd element

---- Soil Barrier and Landfill(土壤阻隔填埋技术)
Theory: put the contaminated soil in the impermeable landfill, or set

the barrier layer to block the migration of contaminants in the soil. The
purpose is to isolate the pollutants from the surrounding environment

In situ blocking and capping technology(原位阻隔覆盖):

to build the barrier layer around the polluted area, and cap the isolation
layer at the top of the polluted area, directly.
The technology is composed by soil blocking system, soil capping system
and monitoring system.
Soil blocking material: high density polyethylene film (HDPE); mud wall;
Capping material: clay layer; sand layer; Synthetics;
Monitor system: the monitor well near the blocked area;

In situ blocking and capping technology(原位阻隔覆盖):

Important parameter:
---performance of barrier materials:
very low permeability, hydraulic conductivity <10-7 /s; resistant to
corrosion; Long serve life > 100 year; Non toxic and harmless;
---blocking depth:
the blocking depth reach the impermeable layer;
---thickness of the capping layer :

the clay layer is >300 m; hydraulic conductivity <10-7 /s;

Ex-Situ blocking and filling technology(异位阻隔填埋):

Place the contaminated soil in landfill, which is composed by the high
density polyethylene film (HDPE) and other impermeable barrier material.
The technology is composed by soil pretreatment system, blocking system,
leachate collection system, sealing system, drainage system, monitoring
system
Blocking material: high density polyethylene film (HDPE); geotextile; clay;

sodium bentonite…

Ex-Situ blocking and filling technology(异位阻隔填埋):

Parameters:
----the compressive strength of landfill
---- the leaching concentration of contaminated soil
----the soil moisture content and so on
---- low hydraulic conductivity
Disadvantage: it can only stop the migration of the pollutants!


---- Vitrification technology (玻璃化技术)
Inserting electrodes into the contaminated soil
Treating at a high temperature of 1600 ~ 2000 ℃
Contaminated soil were

vitrified
organic pollutants and some

inorganic compounds such as
nitrate, sulfate and carbonate can be
volatilized or pyrolyzed(热解）

---- Vitrification technology (玻璃化技术)
fast Technology requirement High cost
It is often used for salvage repair of heavy metal contaminated areas！


---- electrokinetic remediation (电动修复)
An electric field is applied to the water saturated soil.
The electric field lead to the migration of the metal to the cathode.
Some heavy metal

element can be removed!
Good removal effect: copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, mercury, manganese,
radioactive element uranium, etc

---- electrokinetic remediation (电动修复)
The number of Electrode
Electrode spacing
Current intensity
Electrode depth
High economic benefit The subsequent treatment is convenient
Metal electrodes are easy to be corroded and cause secondary soil pollution.

---- In-situ Solidification/Stabilization (原位固化/稳定化技术)
Theory: add the curing agent / stabilization agent to the in situ

contaminated area mechanically. By fully mixing, the agents have the
physical and chemical effects on pollutants. Then the contaminated
soil is enclosed in a complete structure with low permeability, or make
the pollutants inactive, in order to stop the migration of the pollutants
in the environment.

---- In-situ solidification/stabilization (原位固化/稳定化技术)
Change pH value:
Lime 石灰
Soda 苏打
Silicon fertilizer 硅肥

污染元素
Pb
stabilizer (precipitant):
Cd
carbonate
silicate Hg
phosphate
Zn

Adsorbent Activated carbonClay mineral
Cd ： 49.5 ppm
add1%-2%
Bentonite, synthetic zeolite, etc （膨润土、合成沸石）等
Cd concentration: Lettuce
leaf decrease 60%-88%
莴笋

The technology is composed by
--- mechanical power system
----reagent mixing and feeding system
---- gas collection system
---- monitoring system

Important parameters:
--- Composition and concentration of pollutants;
--- Location distribution of pollutants;
--- Composition and dosage of curing agent/stabilization agent;
--- local hydrogeololgical conditions: groundwater flow rate; surface water
--- hydraulic conductivity: < 10-6cm/s

Steps:
--- Using the rotary mixer/ spiral drill / digger to mix the contaminated soil;
set the sprinkler head;
--- Through hydraulic drive, the agents are directly transported to soil;
--- Collect and treat the gas released in process of solidification/stabilization;
--- Collect samples at different depths and locations of the contaminated soil;
----monitor the underground water;

---- ex-situ solidification/stabilization (异位固化/稳定化技术)
Theory: the soil are collected from the contaminated area and then
added with the curing agent / stabilization. By fully mixing, the agents
have the physical and chemical effects on pollutants, to make the
pollutants inactive.

--- Soil pretreatment system: moisture adjustment; screening; crushing
---- curing agent / stabilization agent adding system
---- Mixing and stirring system
e.g. double-axles mixer, single shaft screw mixer…
single shaft
double-axles screw mixer
mixer

Parameter:
----Types and dosage of curing / stabilization agent;
----Soil crushing degree: the particle size <5 cm;
----Mixing degree: generally, it is determined by experience;
----Treated soil: unconfined compressive strength> 0.35MPa;
hydraulic conductivity: < 10-6cm/s
---- Antagonistic technique (拮抗技术)
Metal elements with similar chemical properties often have antagonistic and
competitive effects
Food production
Cd high
Add Zn Plant absorb less Cd
concentration
Mn high Add Si Plant absorb less Mn

concentration
Cd high
Add Fe Plant absorb less Cd
concentration

---- In Situ Chemical 0xidation and Reduction(原位化学氧化/还原技术)
Theory: by injecting an oxidizing or reducing agent into the

contaminated area of the soil, the contaminants are converted to a non-
toxic or relatively less toxic substance by oxidation or reduction (e.g.
Cr6+
--- Common oxidants: potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, Fenton
reagent, persulfate and ozone.
----Common reducing agents: hydrogen sulfide, sodium bisulfite, ferrous
sulfate, calcium polysulfide, Fe2+, etc..

---- In Situ Chemical Oxidation and Reduction(原位化学氧化/还原技术)

----In Situ Chemical Oxidation and Reduction(原位化学氧化/还原技术)

--- Reagent preparation and storage system
----Injection well
---- Reagent injection system
---- Monitoring system

Parameter:
----Types and dosage of reagent;
----type and amount of pollutant ;
---- soil permeability;
---- Groundwater level;
---- pH;
---- Underground facility;
----ex Situ Chemical Oxidation and Reduction(异位化学氧化/还原技术)
Theory: the soil are collected from the contaminated area and then
added with oxidizing or reducing agent. By fully mixing, the agents
have chemical effects on pollutants and are converted to a non-toxic
or relatively less toxic substance by oxidation or reduction.
--- Soil pretreatment system;
----Mixing and stirring system；
--- Anti-seepage system:
concrete structure
impervious film
Parameters:
--- Types and dosage of reagent;
----type and amount of pollutant ;；
--- Ph;
--- water content;

---- Ex-Situ Thermal Desorption (异位热脱附)
Theory: by direct or indirect heating to above the boiling point of the

pollutants, the pollutants are evaporated and isolated from the soil
(e.g. Hg)


----pretreatment system
moisture adjustment; screening; crushing; magnetic separation
---- desorption system
---- tail gas treatment system

Parameter:
---- Soil properties
clay soils are relatvie not easy to thermal desorption;
sandy soils are relative easy to thermal desorption
---- Soil water content: <25%;
---- Particles size of soil
---- the boiling point of the pollutant;
---- the concentration of pullutant;

---- In-Situ Soil Washing (原位土壤洗脱技术)
Theory: by adding water or suitable synergist, separating the pollutants
from the soil into the liquid phase. After leaching, the pollutants can
effectively reduced in a amount in soil.

√ Water
× Organic or inorganic acid
× Chelating agent
（High combination for metal iron）

---- ex-Situ Soil Washing (异位土壤洗脱技术)
Theory: the soils are collected from the polluted area. Then by adding
water or suitable synergist, the pollutants were moved from the soil into
the liquid phase. After leaching, the pollutants can effectively reduced in
a amount in soil.
√ Water
---- ex-Situ Soil Washing (异位土壤洗脱技术) √ Organic or inorganic acid
√ Chelating agent
High combination for metal iron


---- ex-Situ Soil Washing (异位土壤洗脱技术)
The technology is composed by:

---- pretreatment system
---- separation system: <25%;
---- washing system
---- waste water treatment system;
---- volatile gas control system;

---- ex-Situ Soil Washing (原位土壤洗脱技术)
Parameter:
---- Fine grain content of soil
---- the concentration of pollutant;
---- washing time;
---- washing times;
Microbiological
Remediation of soil heavy metal pollution-
reclamation
Microbiological reclamation techniques
techniques is to use
the microbial
inoculation to
improve the
reclaimed soil.
Low cost
High efficiency
No secondary pollution
-Commonly used Microbe

abiogenous azotobacter(自生固氮菌):
Bacteria capable of independently fixing nitrogen in soil
abiogenous azotobacter

Phosphobacteria(磷细菌):
bacteria with strong ability of dissolving phosphate compounds in soil
Phosphobacteria

Potassium bacteria(钾细菌):
A bacterium that is capable of decomposition of aluminum silicate and
apatite minerals from the soil.
Potassium bacteria
Bacillus(芽孢杆菌):
---Reduce the water and nutrient loss;

---Suppress harmful bacteria and
pathogenic bacteria
---Synthesis of a variety of organic
acids,
enzymes, physiological substances Bacillus
Mycorrhizal fungi(菌根):
The symbiotic system of some fungi and plant roots in the soil.
Mycorrhizal fungi
Characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi(菌根):

>Wide distribution in almost all kind of soils
> Favorable for plant growth
> Enhance the migration of phosphorus in soil
> No fixed parasitism
Role of microorganisms in soils

Enhance soluble phosphorus in soil
ØMain phosphate-solubilizing microbe:
Bacillus(芽孢杆菌), Pseudomonas (假单胞杆菌):
They help transform the insoluble phosphorus to soluble phosphorus;
Bacillus Pseudomonas
-Role of microorganisms in soils

Enhance nitrogen fixation of plant in soil
Øphosphate-solubilizing microbe:
e.g. Mycorrhizal fungi(菌根):
They help transform the inorganic nitrogen to organic nitrogen
They enhance the absorption of nitrogen by the plant;
Improve the structure of soil

Ø some microbe can excrete the polysaccharide help connect
different particles in soil; Thus, the soil become more stable;
e.g. Mycorrhizal fungi(菌根):
Reducing the toxicity of heavy metals

Ø Mycorrhizal fungi can be as the barrier to reduce the migration of
heavy metal to the plant;
ØMycorrhizal fungi can change the morphology of root and root
tissue and chemical composition of plant tissues; to reduce the
migration of heavy metal to the plant;
Reducing the toxicity of heavy metals

ØMycorrhizal fungi can absorb and fix some heavy metal in itself;
Thus, the migration of heavy metal to the plant is reduced;
ØMycorrhizal fungi can make some heavy metal into less active;
e.g. Mn2+  Mn4+;

Improve the resistance of the plants to bad environment
ØMycorrhizal fungi can help absorb the water, which is favorable
for the plant in dry environment;
ØMycorrhizal fungi enhance salt tolerance of plant to saline-
alkali soil;
ØMycorrhizal fungi enhance temperature tolerance of plant;

In Situ Bioventing
Outline


Coal mining

coal gangue pile

Coal waste pile reclamation
Technical model of coal waste pile reclamation

a technical model of land reclamation and ecological restoration
Procedures of coal waste pile reclamation

Step 1: Coal gangue mountain site conditions analysis and
evaluation
> soil, hydrology, nutrient, pH value, heavy metal concentration
of the coal gangue;
> the morphology of coal gangue pile: generally cone with slope
of 36 degree;
> The water in coal gangue piles
The weathered coal gangue still have certain porosity, can
provide a certain amount of effective water for plants
2. Procedures of coal waste pile reclamation

Step 2: Reconditioning for the coal waste pile
(1) Reduce the slope of the coal waste pile,
(2) To make the grain size of the rock/gravel smaller;
(3) Improve porosity of the soil;
(4) Improve the local soil nutrient and moisture;
(5) Stabilize the surface structure;
(6) Increase the soil layer thickness for the planting area.
2. Procedures of coal waste pile reclamation

Step 3: Landscape reconstruction
Other consideration:
> Build a road to the top of the coal waste pile ;
> Build a certain amount of leisure facilities at the top;
> Make a good design for the landscape
> Building good drainage system
Reconditioning of coal waste pile
-----comprehensive site preparation
do the site preparation for the whole area;
----- local site preparation
do the site preparation for only parts of the area;
1. reverse slope terrace

The slope of the terrace tread is on the contrary to the slope of
the coast waste piles, usually with about 3-5 degrees. It is
different from the level terrace, of which the tread is nearly
horizontal. The reverse slope terrace has a strong ability to
store water and soil.
1. reverse slope terrace
The reverse slope terrace method is suggested: the slope of 20°, 30°, 40 °,
the width of ploughing width is 1.5 m, 1.0 m, 0.8 m.
2. fish-scale pits
On the hillside of coal waste pile,

semi-circular or crescent shaped pits
are built. Such pits have relative high
storage capacity of water, which is
more favorable for the afforestation.
a storage capacity of staggered like,

water storage pit,
2. fish-scale pits
plan Cross section
3. Holes
4. Covering the proper material at the surface

To reduce the soil and water loss in the coal gangue piles, some
materials can be capped on the surface, e.g. bark, sludge, soils.
bark sludge soil

5. Improve for the soil conditions
Use the fertilized soil from other places to increase the thickness of
soil layer, promptly and efficiently adjust the structure of soil of
coal gangue mountain;
Irrigation: to reduce the problem by the pH value and relative
high concentration of heavy metal;
Fertilization: to provide necessary nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium for the plant growth;
5. Improve for the soil conditions
Amendment material:
> use the bicarbonate and lime to change the pH value
of the coal gangue pile;
> chemical fertilizer
> Biological material: to use nitrogen fixing plants,
nitrogen fixing microbe, mycorrhizal fungi to improve the
physical and chemical properties of reclaimed soil.
6. Prevention and control of the spontaneous combustion of coal

gangue
> There is certain amount of pyrite (FeS2) in coal gangue. In
natural process, there are series of oxygen oxidation reaction:
4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O3+8SO2
4FeS+7O2=2Fe2O3+4SO2
4FeS2+3O2=2Fe2O3+8S
2FeS+3O2=2FeO+2SO2
4FeS2+12O2+6H2O=Fe2(SO4)3+2Fe(OH)3+3H2SO4+2S

gangue
> Special structure of coal waste pile

gangue
--- Prevention from spontaneous combustion of coal gangue
> pretreatment of coal gangue.
Further remove the pyrite and coal from the coal gangue;
> Stack the coal waste in a more proper way.
location, the height of the coal gangue pile, compaction for the
bottom of the coal gangue pile ;

gangue
--- Prevention from spontaneous combustion of coal gangue
> Cover the outer surface with inactive material to block the air
into the inside of the coal gangue pile/ cut off the internal
oxygen supply channels of coal gangue piles;
> Construct good drainage system, to reduce oxidation process of
coal gangue mountain by the water.

gangue
--- control of burning coal gangue mountain
The method of excavating: after determine the burning area of
the coal gangue pile, the workers dig out the burning coal gangue
directly; It is relatively dangerous!

gangue
The method of foam extinguishing method:is to perfuse/spray
foam extinguishing agent to the fire area to isolate oxygen and
absorb heat; The principle is the carbon dioxide reaction produced
by sulfuric acid and carbonic acid hydrogen ammonia.
2(NH4 )HCO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2CO2
gangue
> injection method: to inject to flame-retardant and inactive
material to the gaps of the coal gangue pile to cooling and cut off the
oxygen. The injection material can be the loess, lime, etc.
SO2+2Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O
SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2O
H2S+2O2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+2H2O
2CO+O2+2Ca(OH)2=2CaCO3+2H2O
CO +Ca(OH) =CaCO +H O
gangue
> injection method: to inject to flame-retardant and inactive
material
Planting techniques of coal waste piles
1. The choice of greening plant species :

> adaptive to the local environment;
> have good water retention ability;
> have strong nitrogen fixation ability;
> have strong tolerance to the dry and barren environment,
unfavorable pH value;
> grow relatively fast;
> have strong tolerance to pollution
2. Improvement for the soil
--- to improve soil fertility to be favorable for plant growth.
Pioneer plant: Alnus cremastogyne Burk, locust tree, T.pratense…
> these plants have relative high resistance to acid and alkali and it
is relative easy to live. In addition, they have strong nitrogen fixation
ability.
Alnus cremastogyne Burk locust tree T.pratense

3. The commonly used greening plant species :
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (刺槐) Amorpha fruticosa Linn.(紫穗槐)

Pinus tabuliformis Carrière (油松) Pinus armandii Franch.(华山松)

Ulmus pumila L.(榆树) Morus alba L.(桑树)

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.(狗尾草) Wild chrysanthemum (野黄菊)

Datura stramonium Linn.(曼陀罗)

Bidens pilosa L.(鬼真草)
4. The planting technique

The whole technique including (dig) seedlings, transportation,
planting;
> afforestation by seeding: relative simple and easy; save labor
and reduce cost; However, it has strong requirement for water;
afforestation by seeding

planting;
> vegetative propagation planting : using the nutritional organs of
plant (branch, stem, root, etc.) as the afforestation material.
The plants has obtained good properties from their parent plants;
It has strong requirement for water;
vegetative propagation planting


planting;
> seedling planting : use seedlings as planting materials.
The plant are more adaptive to the environment;
High survival rate;
seedling planting (commonly used method)


Planting time selection:
> period of dormancy of the plants: less demand for water and
nutrient;
> the rainy seasons;
Conifer (针叶树) (rainy seasons) most broad-leaved tree (阔叶树)

(not close to rainy seasons)

> Cover a certain thickness of soil, fly ash and mud at the surface
2-5 cm thickness of soil is favorable;
> Add water retention agent: a kind of resin;
> Dig the holes properly;
(a) the correct way; (b) the incorrect way


> application of mycorrhizal fungi;
3. The planting techniques

> cover the soil with straw:
to reduce the heat loss in cold seasons;
to reduce the water evaporation;
straw
> proper irrigation and fertilization;
Thanks for your attention!

Lecture 10 Land Reclamation and Restoration Technology in Mining Area

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Lecture 10 Land Reclamation and Restoration Technology in Mining Area

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Land Reclamation and Restoration

Technology in mining area

 Section II Land Reclamation for heavy metal

 Section III Coal waste pile reclamation

Copper Lead Oil Natural gas Gold

(1) excavation (2) subsidence

(3) occupation (4) contamination

Damage on the landscape

Great damage on buildings and road Soil erosion, nutrient loss;

Consumption of the usable land resources

Consumption of the usable land resources

(2) plant, animal, microorganism

(3) water resources

(4) others: e.g. slide and debris flow; explosion;

Plant ; animal; microorganism; air

Plant ; animal; microorganism;

Bad impact: Hg>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co=Zn>Cd>Fe>Mn>Mg>Ca

Mining influence on environment

Plant ; animal; microorganism;

Effect of heavy metal pollution on plant

The heavy metals in the contaminated soil

As: it can also reduce the crop production significantly!

Plant ; animal; microorganism;

Plant ; animal; microorganism;

High concentration of cadmium in rice

itaiitai disease (Cd)

Plant ; animal; microorganism;

Effect of heavy metal pollution on soil microbial biomass

Others: debris flow and slide; explosion; radiation;

Others: debris flow and slide; explosion; radiation;

Others: debris flow and slide; explosion; radiation;

--- the mechanism of the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue

Land reclamation：the site will be habitable to organisms

Open pit mine

20 century Ruhr-gebiet mining area in Germany

The German Ruhr area is an important coal production base, has

Land reclamation in Ruhr-gebiet mining area

 Section II Land Reclamation for heavy metal

 Section III Coal waste pile reclamation

2.1 Introduction to heavy metal pollution

2.1 Background and capacity of heavy metals in soil

2.3 Soil reconstruction

2.4 Control and remediation for heavy metal contaminated

Heavy metal pollution

Heavy metal pollution: when the concentration of heavy

Recent heavy metal pollution of soil in the world

At ~2000, average annual emissions in the world:

heavy metal pollution of soil in China

-----1,400,000 hm2 sewage irrigation area, the polluted area by heavy

Main sources of heavy metal pollution

2.1 Introduction to heavy metal pollution

2.2 Background and capacity of heavy metals in soil

2.3 Soil reconstruction

2.4 Control and remediation for heavy metal contaminated

Soil environment background value

The soil environmental background value: the chemical element

Soil environment background value

Soil environment background value

the background are different for different soil!

Red soil Yellow soil Brown soil Black soil

Soil environment background value

the background are different for different soil!