Translated from Indonesian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

com

SUMMARY

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AS THE BASE OF

REGIONAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
BADUNG DISTRICT, BALI

I. Introduction
1.1. Background
Environmental issues as one of the strategic issues
in the context of sustainable development in Badung
Regency emerged as a response to the impact of very rapid
development and population growth. The resulting impacts
include changes in land use, pressure on the environment,
conversion of agricultural land, reduced green open space,
changes in the function of the coastal border and various
externalities from the use of environmental resources that
pay little attention to the principles of sustainability
(Badung Regency RPJMD 2021-2026) .
Various externality impacts from development are
implications for Badung Regency Government policies which
have established regional development strategies and
directions for regional spatial pattern plans. The policy
referred to is contained in the Regional Regulation of the
Badung Regency Regional Regulation Number 26 of 2013
concerning the Badung Regency Regional Spatial Plan for
2013-2033 as a substitute for the Badung Regency Regional
Regulation Number 29 of 1995, with the regional development
strategy being 3 (three) development areas (WP) based on
sub-district administrative boundaries, namely: North Badung
WP with the main function of conservation and integrated
agriculture, Central Badung WP with the main function of
sustainable agriculture, District Capital and central

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regional scale public services and South Badung WP with
the main function of tourism.
There has been a massive change in land use
especially in the South Badung region driven by tourism
development which has caused the ratio of built-up land to
increase and has the potential to change the landscape structure.
Meanwhile for the North Badung region there are many limiting
factors in its development because the direction of the dominant
function as a conservation area and integrated agriculture results
in spatial disparities between regions. The conditions that occur
are in accordance with the results of Pebriani's researchet al.,
(2017) which states inequality (disparity) because most of the
potential in the North Badung region has not been explored and
developed further.
The high disparity not only creates social tension (
social strains) but can also hinder economic growth and
development (Muhtarom, 2017). Inequality between
regions, when viewed from the concept of Descartes'
version of mechanistic-reductionist thinking, is more
influenced by ideas that see space solely as a physical
reality and marginalize the realm of cognition. Therefore,
the idea emerged to put forward ecological space as an
alternative solution to contemporary development
problems. Acceptance of the idea of ecological space
will have implications for changes in development
paradigms, planning approaches, and analytical
methods in regional development (Setiadi, 2007).
The consequence of this paradigm shift, according to
Setiadi (2007), is the need to change regional development
planning patterns from a discrete approach to a continuum
approach. So far, the discrete planning pattern that has been
embodied in administrative area partitions or island units has
actually created a counter-productive atmosphere because
each region is only oriented towards self-assertion. Hence the
concept of ecology

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landscapes have an important role in the study of
environmental changes in an ecosystem (Soeprobowati,
2011). The growing awareness of these wide-scale
environmental problems requires a landscape perspective
(Turner et al., 2003).
Judging from the development of land resource
management in various countries, it generally takes into
account the results of landscape ecological studies. The
application of landscape ecology research for development
in several developed countries is basically to obtain spatial
patterns of land use that make it easier to manage in a
sustainable and environmentally sound manner
(Worosuprojo, 2007). Furthermore, Prasetyo (2017) states
that the landscape approach is an approach that
accommodates various interests related to conflicting land
uses, namely between extractive economic functions and
conservative environmental services.
Walz (2008) mentions that changes in land use
often occur on a small scale, and are not significant to
the overall landscape structure. However, in the long
term, this accumulation of minor changes may result in
shifts to regional environmental structures and
conditions. Changes in land use and land cover are the
most important driving factors for changes in landscape
structure and function.

To know impact application system

Because the area of Badung Regency is based on
administration and rapid changes in land use, this study
conducted a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of
changes in the ecological structure of the landscape in the
2013-2021 timeframe. The results of the ecological analysis of
the landscape show spatial dynamics that are useful for the
formulation of regional systems that take into account the
principles of sustainable development in Badung Regency.

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1.1. Formulation of the problem
Based on the background description above, the formulation
of the research problem is as follows:
1) What are the impacts and factors that influence
changes in the landscape ecological structure and
pressure on the environment after the
implementation of an administration-based zoning
system in Badung Regency.
2) What parameters are used in the analysis of the ecological
structure of the landscape and the components
supporting the implementation capacity of the zoning
system in Badung Regency.
3) How is the formulation of a landscape ecology-
based zoning system development in Badung
Regency.
4) What is the strategy for implementing a zoning system
based on landscape ecology in Badung Regency.

1.2. Research purposes

The objectives to be achieved in this study are as
follows:
1) Analyze the impact and factors that affect the
ecological structure of the landscape and the quality
of the environment as a result of the application of
an administrative-based zoning system in Badung
Regency.
2) Analyze the ecological structure of the landscape and the
supporting components for the implementation capacity of
the zoning system in Badung Regency.
3) Formulate a zoning development formula for system
Badung Regency based on landscape ecology.

4) Develop a strategy for implementing a landscape

ecology-based zoning system in Badung Regency.

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1.3. Benefits of research
1.4.1. Academic Benefits
The academic benefits of this research are as follows:
1) This research is expected to find a new formulation
in the analysis of regional system development
that integrates an ecological approach with a
spatial approach based on landscape ecology.
2) This research is expected to be a reference for further
research to find out the weaknesses of the
administrative approach in regional development
systems in terms of ecological aspects and the
principles of sustainable development.
3) This research is expected to contribute to the
development of science, especially the effect of
implementing an administration-based regional
system on changes in the landscape's ecological
structure and environmental quality.

1.4.2. Practical Benefits

The results of this study are expected to provide practical
benefits as follows:
1) It is useful for policy makers as material for
consideration in formulating regional development
strategies and directives for land use based on
landscape ecological analysis.
2) For practitioners of regional spatial planning and
the environment, it is useful in carrying out a
review analysis or preparing a spatial layout plan
based on landscape ecology.
3) For the Government of Badung Regency it is useful
as a guideline in formulating programs and
activities related to regional development and
directions for land use.

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II. FRAMEWORK FOR THINKING AND RESEARCH CONCEPTS

This research begins with the identification of

problems and strategic issues related to the
environment that occur in Badung Regency, then
analyzes the occurrence of gaps between sustainable
development goals and policies for regional
development strategies in Badung Regency with the
application of administrative-based regional strategies.
The application of the administrative-based zoning
strategy for Badung Regency was analyzed for its impact
on changes in land use and spatial use deviation,
environmental carrying capacity, and pressure on the
environment. The next stage is to analyze the ecological
structure of the landscape, delineate and classify the
results of the spatial analysis,

In order to understand the emergence of various

new balances in achieving sustainable development
goals, we need a framework that is able to integrate
landscape ecology approaches in the analysis and
development of zoning systems in Badung Regency. The
development of a zoning system based on landscape
ecology can then become a guideline for formulating
regional development policies and directions for the
spatial pattern plan for the Badung Regency area. The
framework and concept of this research uses a deductive
thinking process which is arranged in a structured
manner as shown in Figure 2.1.

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(Using DPSIR and DDLH analysis methods)

Figure 2.1. Research Concept

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III. RESEARCH METHODS

3.1. Research design

This research was conducted by following the steps
quantitative research steps and approaches that use
deductive thinking processes. The occurrence of gaps
between the zoning system policies that are determined
and their implementation have an impact on changes in the
ecological structure of the landscape and pressure on the
environment is an issue that is the focus of this research.
Based on the results of research and analysis, the Badung
Regency ecological zone is formulated which is an ideal
concept/scenario for the development of a landscape
ecology-based zoning system.
To answer the four research objectives, the stages of
analysis were carried out using the following analysis techniques:
a. DPSIR analysis (Driving Force – Pressure – State –
Impact – Response).
b. Environmental carrying capacity analysis.
c. Spatial analysis using technologyGeographic
Information System (GIS)with overlay technique.
d. Land Capability Unit Analysis (SKL).
e. Descriptive analysis of resultsFocus Group Discussions(FGDs).

3.2. Location and Time of Research

a. Research sites
This research was conducted in the Badung Regency area
covering 6 sub-districts, 16 sub-districts and 46 villages.

b. Research time
The research was carried out for 9 months from
October 2021 to June 2022 covering the stages:
research preparation, secondary data collection, field
observations, data analysis and discussion,
preparation of research results and reports.

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 Figure 3.1. Research Location Map
Source: Map of Badung Regency Area (Processed)

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3.3. Research variable
This study uses 6 (six) variables, namely: (1) land
use, (2) environmental quality, (3) landscape, (4)
environmental carrying capacity, (5) land capability, and
(6) land use. In detail the research variables, research parameters
and analysis techniques are contained in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1
Variables, Parameters and Analysis Techniques

NO VARIABLE PARAMETER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

1 Land use • Land use change • Spatial analysis

use
Geographic Information
System(GIS)
2 Quality • Land quality • AnalysisDPSIR
environment • Water quality
3 expanse Ecological structure parameters: • Analysis of the ecological
• Patches structure of the landscape with
• Matrix analysis technique
• Corridors overlays who use GIS

Landscape ecological index: • Landscape ecological

• TotalClass Areas(CA) index analysis
• Largest Patch Index(LPI)
• Number of Patches(NP)
• Patch Density(PD)
• Edge Density(ED), and
• Landscape Shape Index(LSIs).
4 Carrying capacity • Availability and demand for • Analysis of Land Carrying
Environment land Capacity
• Availability and demand for • Analysis of Water Carrying
water Capacity

5 Land capability•Land Capability Unit • Ability analysis

(SKL) land

6 Land use•Land Use Direction • Spatial analysis

use
Geographic Information
System(GIS)

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3.4. Research procedure
Research procedures include data collection activities
that contain methods, flows and procedures for collecting
both primary data and secondary data. Primary data were
obtained from field observations of several types of land use
to match the map with field conditions, documentation of
sample landscape conditions, and identification of the
direction of development of land use. Primary data is also
obtained through techniquesFocus Group Discussions(FGD)
with a panel of experts as well as interviews with informants
from relevant agencies within the Badung Regency
Government, Bali Provincial Government, and Vertical
Institutions/Agencies that have the competence to publish the
data needed in this study.
Furthermore, secondary data collection in the form
of digital format spatial data / shp (thematic maps and
satellite imageryquickbird), planning documents, statistical
data, and relevant study/research results documents
obtained through an official application to the agency that
published the secondary data. After all the required
primary data and secondary data have been collected, the
data is compiled in a structured manner, then analyzed
using the selected analysis technique.
Based on the results of this analysis, the formulation of
a strategy for developing a zoning system for Badung Regency
based on landscape ecology is then prepared, and the final
stage is to develop a strategy for implementing a zoning
system based on landscape ecology in Badung Regency.

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3.5. Data analysis technique
3.5.1. DPSIR analysis
DPSIR analysis (Driving Force–Pressure– State–
Impact–Response) is used to answer the first research
objective. DPSIR analysis is contained in the flowchart in
Figure 3.2.

Trigger
(Driving Force)

Pressure Response
(Pressures) (Responses)

conditions that Impact

happen (state) (impact)

Figure 3.2. DPSIR analysis

3.5.2. Land Capability Analysis

Analysis of land capability in this study aims to
obtain an overview of the level of land capability to be
developed as an urban area, as a reference for land use
directives at the next analysis stage guided by the
provisions of the Minister of Public Works Regulation
Number 20/PRT/M.2007 concerning Technical Guidelines
for Physical and Environmental Analysis , Economic and
Socio-Cultural in the Preparation of Spatial Plans.
The physical aspects of land capability in this
analysis are known as Land Capability Units (SKL)
including: SKL morphology, SKL ease of work, SKL

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slope stability, SKL for foundation stability, SKL for water
availability, SKL for drainage, SKL for erosion, SKL for
waste disposal and SKL for natural disasters. Land
capability analysis techniques in this study were carried
out by spatial/technical analysisoverlaysAnd
scoring/weighting using technologyGeographic
Information System(GIS) with applicationsArcGIS10.8.
3.5.3. Analysis of Land Carrying Capacity
Analysis of the carrying capacity of land is known
based on a comparison between the availability and demand
for land for residents who live in an area guided by the
provisions of the Minister of Environment Regulation Number
17 of 2009. With this method a general description can be
obtained whether the carrying capacity of a region's land is in
a surplus or deficit.
A. Land carrying capacity

1) Calculation of availability (supply) land,calculated by

the formula:
Σ (Pi x Hi) 1
SL = ------------- X-------
Hb Ptvb

Information :
sl = Availability of land (ha)
Pi = Actual production of each type of commodity (unit
depending on the type of commodity)
Commodities that are calculated include
agriculture, plantations, forestry, livestock
and fisheries.
Hi = The unit price of each type of commodity (Rp/unit) at
the producer level
Hb = Unit price of rice (Rp/kg) at producer level
Ptvb = Rice productivity (kg/ha)

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 2) Calculation of needs (demand) land,calculated by
the formula:
DL = N x KHLL
Information :
DL = Total land requirement equivalent to rice (ha)
N = Total population (people)
KHLL = Land area required for needs
decent living per inhabitant:
a. The area of land needed for decent
living needs per population is the
decent living needs per population
divided by the productivity of local rice.
b. The need for decent living per resident is
assumed to be 1 ton equivalent
rice/capita/year.
c. Regions that do not have local rice
productivity data can use national
average rice productivity data of 2400
kg/ha/year.
3) Determination of land carrying capacity status
The status of land carrying capacity is obtained from a
comparison between land availability (SL) and land demand
(DL). If SL > DL, the carrying capacity of the land is declared a
surplus. If SL < DL, the carrying capacity of the land is
declared a deficit or exceeded.

B. Water carrying capacity

1) Calculation of water availability
The calculation of water availability uses the runoff
coefficient method which is modified from the rational
method, with the following formula:
C = ∑ (ci x Ai) / ∑Ai R
= ∑ Ri / m
SA= 10 x C x R x A

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 Information :
SA = water availability (m3/year) C
= weighted runoff coefficient
Ci = Land use runoff coefficient i Ai =
land use area i (ha)
R = algebraic average annual rainfall of the region
(mm/year)
Ri = annual rainfall at station im =
number of rainfall observation stations
A = area (ha) 10 = conversion factor of
mm. ha becomes m3

2) Calculation of water needs

DA = N x KHLA
Information :
DA = Total water demand (m3/
N year) = Population (person)
KHLA = The need for water to live properly =
1600 m3 of water/capita/year,
= 2 x 800 m3 of water/capita/year,
where: 800 m3 of water/capita/year
is the need for water for domestic
purposes and to produce food.

3) Determination of the status of water carrying capacity

The status of water carrying capacity is obtained from a

comparison between water availability (SA) and water demand
(DA). If SA > DA, the carrying capacity of water is declared a
surplus. If SA < DA , the carrying capacity of water is declared a
deficit or exceeded.

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3.5.4. Land Use Direction
The directive for land use is the suitability of a
stretch of land for the use of a particular space (Regulation
of the Minister of Environment Number 17 of 2009).
Analysis of land use in this study is guided by Government
Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 of 2011
concerning Management of Nature Reserve Areas and
Nature Conservation Areas and Decree of the Minister of
Agriculture Number 837/Kpts/Um/11/80 to determine
designated protected areas and designated cultivation
areas. Analysis of land use directives in this study aims to
determine land use directives (landuse) to support the
development of the area (zone), not land use directives
based on land suitability (soil) for the production of
agricultural or plantation commodities.
The stages of preparing land use directives are
carried out with the following steps:
1) Prepare a map with the same scale, namely: a physical map of the
slope of the land, a map of soil types and a map of rainfall.
2) Weighting/scoring of land use directives against the
specified land use suitability parameters.

3) Overlap (overlays) maps of land slopes, maps of soil

types and maps of rainfall, to get land units (land
units). Each land unit can be described in terms of
its characteristics related to the inhibiting factors
as well as its potential for developing its spatial
use and the directions for its utilization are
determined. Overlap analysis technique (overlays)
processed using technologyGeographic
Information System(GIS)with applicationArcGIS.
4) Directions for land use in Badung Regency, namely
suitability or suitability of a stretch of land for
certain land uses or being a limiting factor in its
utilization.
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3.5.5. Landscape Ecological Analysis
This analysis is used to answer the second research
objective, which is to analyze the ecological structure of the
landscape and the supporting components for the
implementation capacity of the zoning system in Badung
Regency. Ecological analysis of the landscape is carried out by
studying the structure of the landscape/elements that make up
the landscape including: matrix (matrix), spots (patches) and
corridor (corridor), then examines it based on the structural
conditions, functions and dynamics of changes in the landscape
ecological structure that take place in the study area.
In this study, the selection of the most suitable
landscape ecological index was adjusted to the research
objectives and was guided by previous studies by
Forman & Godron (1986) and Prasetyo (2017) consisting
of: TotalClass Areas(CA),Largest Patch Index(LPI),Number
of Patches(NPs),Patch Density(PD), Edge Density(ED), and
Landscape Shape Index(LSIs). The structural elements of
the landscape ecology will be quantified using landscape
ecological parameters.
Calculation of the ecological index value of each
parameter performed with use
formula as follows:
a). Area sizes:
• TotalClass Areas(CA) = Area every class
cover land
(unit : hectare)
intervals =Area > 0
• Largest Pact Index(LPI) = Spot area ratio
(patch) biggest
to wide
landscape (unit :
percent).
intervals = 0 < LPI ≤ 100

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b). Density and variability measures:
• Number of Patch(NA) = Total number of spots
(patches) in
landscape (unit :
There isn't any).

intervals = NP ≥ 1
• Patch Density(PD) = Amount each
respectively spotting
(patches) per
kilometers rectangle
(unit :
amount/km2).
intervals = PD > 0

c). Edge Size:

Edge Density(ED) = Length total
all edge segments
class or landscape
(unit :
meters/hectare).
intervals =ED > 0

d). Shape size:

0,25 E
Landscape Shape Index(LSI) =
A

intervals = LSI ≥ 1
E is the entire edge length of the spot and A is the area of the
entire landscape (without units).

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3.5.6. Analysis of Ecological Zone Formulation

Ecological zone classification and analysis criteria

used in formulating the zoning system of Badung
Regency based on landscape ecology are presented in
Table 3.2.
Table 3.2
Ecological Zone Classification, Criteria, Function and Sensitivity
Ecology

Classification
Sensitivity
No Zone Criteria Function
Ecology
Ecology
• Protected area
1 Ecological Zone protect / Ecology
Very • Ability conservation very sensitive,
Tall development No
low disturbed

2 Ecological Zone • Region Cultivation / Ecology

Tall cultivation Buffer sensitive, no
annual plant area disturbed
• Region protect
buffer
• Ability
development
currently

3 Ecological Zone • Region Cultivation / Ecology

Currently cultivation Settlement less sensitive,
annuals rural disturbed
• Ability
development
rather high
4 Ecological Zone • Region Cultivation / Ecology
Low settlement Settlement not sensitive,
• Own urban disturbed
ability
development
very high
Source: Regulation of the Director General of KSDAE No: P.11/KSDAE/Set/KSA.0/9/2016.

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3.5.7. Implementation Strategy Analysis An
implementation strategy is formulated based on
expert opinion (expert) through a focused group discussion method (
focus group discussions). Subarsono (2005) states that there are 6
variables that influence implementation performance, namely (1)
policy standards and targets, (2) resources, (3) inter-organizational
communication and strengthening activities, (4) characteristics of
implementing agents, (5) social, economic conditions and politics,
and (6) the disposition of the implementer.
The implementation strategy variables were discussed Which
and assessed by a panel of experts (expert) in the first FGD
included:
a) Variable 1 : Policy standards and objectives.
b) Variable 2 : Resources.
c) Variable 3: Communication between organizations and implementing
activities.
d) Variable 4: Characteristics of implementing organizations.
e) Variable 5: Economic, social and political conditions.
f) Variable 6: Perception of executors.
Assessment criteria to determine the level of
from influence of the elements of the variables used, with
classified as follows:
a) Value 1 = very low influence;
b) Value 2 = low influence;
c) Value 3 = moderate effect;
d) Value 4 = high influence; And
e) Value 5 = very high influence.
While the assessment criteria to determine the level of
support for alternative implementation strategies are
classified as follows:
a) Value 1 = very low support;
b) Value 2 = low support;
c) Value 3 = moderate support;
d) Value 4 = high support; And
e) Score 5 = very high support.
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IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Badung Regency Regional System Policy Based on
the Regional Regulations of the Badung Regency
Regional Regulation Number 26 of 2013 concerning the
Badung Regency Spatial Plan for 2013-2033 stipulates a
development strategy for the Badung Regency area
including: North Badung with the main function of
conservation and integrated agriculture, Central Badung
with the main function of sustainable agriculture, Regency
Capital and a regional scale public service center, and South
Badung with the main function of tourism.
The strategy for the development of the Badung Regency area
is contained in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2.

4.2. Land Use

Based on the results of updating the land use map from
the technical material for changing the 2021 Badung Regency
Spatial Planning which is then interpreted with satellite imagery
quickbirdin 2021 sourced from the Public Works and Spatial
Planning Office of Badung Regency identified 12 (twelve) types of
land use. The condition of the existing land use in Badung
Regency in 2021 is dominated by 3 (three) types of land use with
a cultivation function, namely mixed gardens covering an area of
18,699.38 ha (44.68%), followed by the use of paddy fields
covering an area of 10,816.61 ha (25.84%) , as well as residential
land use of 10,305.39 ha (24.62%). While the types of land use
with a protective function in Badung Regency include forest
covering an area of 990.78 ha (2.37%), mangroves covering an
area of 630.14 ha (1.51%), non-volcanic beach sand covering an
area of
208.35 ha (0.50%) and rivers covering 17.37 ha (0.04%). In
detail, land use for Badung Regency in 2021 is
presented in Figure 4.3 and Table 4.1.

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Figure 4.1. Badung Regency Regional Development Strategy in 1995
Source: RTRW Badung Regency 1995

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Figure 4.2. District Regional Development Strategy. Bandung in 2013
Source: RTRW of Badung Regency 2013-2033

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Figure 4.3. District Land Use Map. Badung, Year 2021
Source: Badung Regency RTRW Changes, 2021 and
ImageQuickbird2021 (data processed)

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 Table 4.1
Badung Regency Land Use in 2021
sighting Condition Wide Percentage
NO Type of Land Use Code on Image Field (Ha) (%)

1 Parking area and field PL 21,42 0.05

2 Settlement R 13177.34 31,49

3 Non-volcanic stretch of beach sand pp 208.35 0.50

4 Forest HL 990.78 2.37

5 Mixed garden P-3 14,589.84 34,86

6 Fresh water pool KL 10.31 0.02

7 runway andtaxiways LP 39.55 0.09

8 Mangroves EM 617.96 1.48

9 Golf Course PG 160.15 0.38

10 Ricefield P-1 10080.13 24.09

11 River S 17,37 0.04

12 Other L 1938,80 4.63

TOTAL 41,852.00 100.00

Source: Processed from ImageQuickbird2021 and Field Survey Results, 2022

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4.3. The Impact of Administrative-Based Regional System
Implementation

a. Land Use Change

Based on the results of spatial analysis using the
land use map of Badung Regency which is interpreted from
the imagequickbirdin 2013 and 2021, showing the
dynamics of changes in area between types of land use.
The development of land use in Badung Regency is
followed by a process of land conversion and changes in
landscape, especially in the South Badung area which has
slope and hill morphology as a built-up area and regional
infrastructure. The biggest land use changes occurred in
mixed garden cultivation areas and paddy fields into
residential buildings as well as in land use areas of non-
volcanic large gray sand beach areas which became tourist
accommodations and other tourism businesses.
The trend of land use change is also clearly seen in
the North Kuta District and the southern part of Mengwi
District as a result of the development of Kuta tourism
activities towards the coastal areas of North Kuta District
to Mengwi District. Changes in land use have a
significant impact on the physical and social
environment as well as food reserves to meet the needs
of the local community.

b. Space Utilization Deviation

Deviations in land use in Badung Regency occur in
all sub-districts, namely:
a. Petang District with an area of 8,705.072 ha has a
deviation of 233.715 ha or 2.69%.
b. Abiansemal District with an area of 6,115.51 ha has a
deviation of 176.24 ha or 2.88%.
c. Mengwi District with an area of 8,191.27 ha has a
deviation of 197.02 ha or 0.29%.
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d. Kuta District with an area of 1,772.29 ha has a
deviation of 54.80 ha or 3.09%.
e. North Kuta District with an area of 3,348.30 ha has a
deviation of 288.31 ha or 8.61%.
f. South Kuta District with an area of 9,770.23 ha has a
deviation of 233.14 ha or 2.39%.

c. Environmental Carrying Capacity

The status of the carrying capacity of land in Badung
Regency is obtained from a comparison between land availability
(SL) and land demand (DL). Based on the results of the analysis,
the availability of land (SL) for Badung Regency is 27,951 ha, while
the land requirement (DL) is 112,258 ha. This condition illustrates
that the status of the carrying capacity of Badung Regency's land
is a deficit of 84,307 ha.
The status of water carrying capacity is obtained from a
comparison between the availability of water of 280,931,803 m3/ year
and water demand reaches 1,093,120,000 m3/year. Based on the results
of the analysis of water availability and water demand, it is known that
the status of the water carrying capacity in Badung Regency is a deficit
of 812,188,197 m3.3/year.

d. Pressure on the Environment

Based on the results of the DPSIR analysis the driving
factors (driving force) that causes pressure on the environment,
namely growth and population, settlement development,
economic growth and development of business activities that
cause pressure (pressure) on land and water resulting in
conditions (state) land conversion and water pollution. Impact (
impacts)The consequences are an increase in the ratio of built-up
land and a decrease in water quality in terms of physical,
chemical and microbiological parameters. Response (response)
carried out by the Regional Government, namely the provision of
raw water and changes to spatial plans.

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4.4. Ecological Analysis of Badung Regency Landscape

4.4.1. Changes in the Ecological Structure of the Badung

Regency Landscape
Changes in the ecological structure of the landscape
that occur in Badung Regency tend to be exploratory in
nature and do not pay attention to the ecological condition
of the landscape, especially in areas that have links with
tourism. Ecological conditions that naturally have the
character of a buffer and/or limitation to development,
have instead experienced a change into an area with
massive development. In fact, this condition causes the
spatial balance sheet to favor only the economic aspect and
sacrifices the ecological aspect, so that the goals of
sustainable development are increasingly difficult to
implement. The dynamics of changes in the ecological
structure of the Badung Regency landscape in 2013 and
2021 are shown in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.4.

Table 4.2.
Changes in the Ecological Structure of the Badung Regency Landscape
Year 2013-2021

Component Area (Ha) Change

No Ecology
expanse Year 2013 Year 2021 Area (Ha) Percentage (%)

1 Patches 156,63 231.43 74,80 47,76

2 Matrix 39,503.49 39,456.05 - 47.45 - 0.12

3 Corridors 253.07 225.71 - 27.35 - 11.6

Source: Analysis Results, 2022.

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Figure 4.4. Map of Landscape Ecological Structure Changes
Badung regency
Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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4.4.2. Badung Regency Landscaping Ecological Index
The ecological parameters of the Badung Regency
landscape that were analyzed consisted of 6 (six)
parameters, which were divided into four groups of
landscape ecological indexes. The four groups, according
to Forman & Godron (1986) and Prasetyo (2017), include:
(1) area measures, namely TotalClass Areas(CA) and
Largest Patch Index(LPI), (2) measures of density and
variability, ieNumber of Patches(NPs) andPatch Density
(PD), (3) edge size, ieEdge Density(ED), and (4) shape size,
ieLandscape Shape Index(LSIs). To measure and
delineate each landscape ecological parameter using
technical analysisGeographic Information System(GIS)
with applicationsArcGIS10.8. Through the parameters
above, it is known that the dynamics of changes in the
ecological structure of the landscape in 2013 and 2021.

Changes in the ecological index of the Badung

Regency landscape in the graph below show changes in
the orange delineated areas. The insistence on the
development of residential areas in non-built-up areas
such as paddy fields or in mixed-garden areas has
created a condition of stagnation in development due to
development plans that do not pay attention to the
ecology of natural landscapes.
From the results of the analysis of the ecological index of
the landscape, it can be seen that the landscape of Badung
Regency has changed significantly in the last 8 (eight) years.
Settlement land is growing rapidly, while the area and
distribution of open land is significantly reduced, especially mixed
garden land and paddy fields. Changes in the ecological index
value of the Badung Regency landscape in 2013-2021 are
presented in Table 4.3, Table 4.4, and Figure 4.5.

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 Table 4.3.
Recapitulation of the Ecological Index of Badung Regency Landscaping
Year 2013

Landscape Ecological Index Value

Matrix
No Code ca LPINPPDED LSI
expanse
(Ha) (%) (units) (units) (m/ha) (-)

1 Settlements R 8,366.59 20.97 596 1.49 98.13 0.123

2 Mixed Garden P-3 18,699.38 46,86 329 0.82 146,36 0.183

3 Ricefield P-1 10816.61 27,11 367 0.92 79,17 0.099

4 Forest HL 990.78 2.48 2 0.01 0.71 0.001

5 Mangroves EM 630,14 1.58 6 0.02 2,15 0.003

Source: Analysis Results, 2022

Table 4.4.
Recapitulation of the Ecological Index of Badung Regency Landscaping
Year 2021

Landscape Ecological Index Value

Matrix
No Code ca LPINPPDED LSI
expanse
(Ha) (%) (units) (units) (m/ha) (-)

1 Settlements R 13,177.34 33.02 634 1.59 165.67 0.207

2 Mixed Garden P-3 14,589.84 36,56 452 1,13 84,33 0.106

3 Ricefield P-1 10080.13 25,26 392 0.98 70,57 0.088

4 Forest HL 990.78 2.48 2 0.01 0.71 0.001

5 Mangroves EM 617.96 1.55 5 0.01 2,13 0.003

Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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Source: Analysis Results, 2022

Figure 4.5. Graph of Landscape Ecological Index Changes

Badung Regency in 2013 and 2021

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4.5. Land Capability Analysis in Badung Regency Based on
the analysis of land capability, it shows that the
condition of land capability in Badung Regency is dominantly
classified as a rather high development capability
classification reaching an area of 22,982.35 ha (57.62%) and
the smallest is the classification of very high land capability
covering an area of 2,046.36 ha (5.13%) of area of Badung
Regency. Rapid development can cause changes in land use
that change from open areas to residential areas which result
in changes in land capability in the form of a decrease in the
power of water that seeps into the soil surface (Agustinaet al.,
2012). The surge in land use can cause overlapping in
suburban areas, so that the carrying capacity of the land
needs to be taken into account in order to see the capability of
the land for activities in the area (Pertiwiet al., 2021).

Analysis results ability land based on

the classification of development capabilities is contained in Table 4.5
and Figure 4.6.

Table 4.5
Land Capability of Badung Regency
No Classification Area (Ha) Percentage (%)

1 Very high development ability 2046.36 5,13

2 Development ability is rather high 22,982.35 57,62

3 Moderate development ability 9,286.35 23,28

4 Low expandability 5568.83 13.96

Amount 39,883.88 100

Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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Figure 4.6. Land Capability Map of Badung Regency
Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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4.6. Land Use Direction
Directions for land use in Badung Regency are
carried out to determine the suitability of a stretch of land
for a particular use or to be a limiting factor in its
utilization. The formulation of land use directives in this
study is guided by the Government Regulation of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 28 of 2011 concerning the
Management of Nature Reserve Areas and Nature
Conservation Areas and technically regulated in the Decree
of the Minister of Agriculture Number 837/Kpts/Um/11/80
to determine designated protected areas and cultivation
areas. The analysis scheme is shown in Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.7. Land Use Direction Analysis Scheme

Badung regency
Source: Analysis Results, 2022

Based on the results of spatial analysis, land use

directions in Badung Regency were dominated by buffer
zones, namely 13,137.99 ha or 32.92 ha.%of the total
area of Badung Regency which is spread over Petang
District, Abiansemal District, Mengwi District and South
Kuta District. The most abundant buffer zones are in
South Kuta District, reaching 8,524.10 ha, so that in this
area

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ideally directed towards development with high
limitations, not becoming an urban residential area that
is developing massively as it is today. There are also
many buffer zones in parts of the Abiansemal District
with an area of 2,817.82 ha, parts of the Petang District
with an area of 1,161.81 ha and parts of the Mengwi
District with an area of 634.26 ha. With the distribution
of these buffer areas, in fact parts of the Petang,
Abiansemal, Mengwi and South Kuta sub-districts should
be directed to a similar development, namely
development directions with high limitations. However,
factually, the South Kuta District was developed as a
built-up area in the form of a tourism area and an urban
settlement area.

In addition, there are also areas that are ideal to

be developed as rural settlement areas, namely in the
cultivation areas of annual crops spread throughout the
Badung Regency, with an area of 9,883.92 ha or 24.76
hectares.%of the total area of Badung Regency. This
area is suitable for functioning as agricultural crops,
plantations and rural settlements with low intensity. The
directive for land use with the function of a residential
area with great intensity and complexity of development
actually has a relatively small area of 3,542.27 ha or
8.87% of the total area of Badung Regency. Directions
for land use as residential areas are centralized in most
areas of Kuta District with an area of 2,143.45 ha, and
only a small portion is spread in North Kuta District with
an area of 533.79 ha and in South Kuta District only with
an area of 865.02 ha.

Detailed directions for land use for Badung Regency

are contained in Figure 4.8 and Table 4.6.

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Figure 4.8. Land Utilization Map of Badung Regency
Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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 Table 4.6
Badung Regency Land Use Direction

Instruction

No Utilization Spread Area (ha) Percentage (%)

Land
1 Region Evening District 6,430.64 16,11
protect
Abiansemal District 489,26 1.23
Number of Protected Areas 6919.90 17,34

2 Region Evening District 1161.81 2.91

Buffer
Abiansemal District 2,817.82 7.06
Mengwi District 634,26 1.59
South Kuta District 8524.10 21.36

Number of Buffer Areas 13137.99 32,92

3 Region Evening District 197.95 0.50

Cultivation
Abiansemal District 2801.02 7.02
Plant
Annual Mengwi District 3076.25 7,71
South Kuta District 353.89 0.89
Number of Annual Plant Cultivation
6,429.11 16,11
Areas

4 Region Evening District 1443.30 3,62

Cultivation
Abiansemal District 459.57 1.15
Plant
Annuals Mengwi District 4502.41 11.28
a year North Kuta District 3068.50 7,69
Kuta District 40,33 0.10
South Kuta District 369.81 0.93

Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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4.7. Formulation of Landscape Ecology-Based Zoning
System
Based on criteria, functions and resultsoverlays
Based on the results of the analysis of land use, land
capability and land use directions, the formulation of the
zoning system for Badung Regency based on landscape
ecology and land use directions in each ecological zone
is classified into 4 (four) ecological zones, as follows:

a.Very high ecological zoneis a zone that has a very high

ecological sensitivity that functions as a protection/
conservation with very strict limitations on
development. The ecological zone is very high, with an
area of 8,629.76 ha, which is spread over parts of
Petang District, parts of Abiansemal District, parts of
Kuta District, and parts of South Kuta District. Very
high ecological zone is an ecological zone that has
directives for land use in the form of protected areas,
has low development capability, with land use types in
the form of forest areas and mangrove areas.
Development in very high ecological zones is directed
to the function of a conservation/limitation area which
limits development strictly to support a protected
function.

b.High ecological zoneis a zone that has high ecological

sensitivity in the form of a green area functioning as a
counterweight to the built-up area and has
development limitations so that massive development
developments do not occur. The high ecological zone
has an area of 24,149.48 ha, which is spread over the
Abiansemal District, parts of Kuta District, parts of
South Kuta District, parts of North Kuta District, parts
of Mengwi District and parts of North Kuta District.

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 Evening. The high ecological zone is an ecological
zone that has land directions in the form of annual
crop cultivation areas and as buffer zones, has
moderate development capability, and land use in the
form of paddy fields and mixed garden areas.
Development in high ecological zones is directed at
cultivating activities to support its function as a green
open space and limits on built activities including:
agricultural land, plantations, rural settlements.
ecotourism, agro-tourism, regional-scale trade and
services and agricultural infrastructure.
c.Moderate ecological zoneis a zone that has less
ecological sensitivity in the form of a developed and
productive cultivation area functioning as a buffer for
urban areas. The moderate ecological zone has an
area of 7,094.40 ha, which is spread over parts of
Abiansemal District, parts of Kuta District, parts of
South Kuta District, parts of North Kuta District, parts
of Mengwi District and parts of Petang District. The
moderate ecological zone is an ecological zone that
has directions for land use in the form of an area for
cultivating annual crops, has a rather high
development capacity, as well as land use in the form
of mixed garden areas and residential areas. The
development of ecological zones is being directed
towards cultivation activities, including: urban
settlements, small industries, regional scale trade and
services,
d.Low ecological zoneis a zone that has an insensitive
ecological sensitivity in the form of a cultivated area
built with a high density functioning as an urban area.
The low ecological zone has an area of 7,094.40 ha,
which is spread over parts of South Kuta District, Kuta
District, North Kuta District, and parts of North Kuta
District.
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 Mengwi. The low ecological zone is an ecological zone
that has land use directions in the form of residential
areas, has very high development capabilities, and
land use is in the form of residential areas.
Development in the low ecological zone is directed at
cultivation activities including: urban settlements,
tourism areas, trade and service areas on a regional
scale and regional infrastructure.

The results of the formulation of the zoning system for

Badung Regency based on landscape ecology are presented in
Table 4.7 and Figure 4.9.
Table 4.7.
Formulation of the Badung Regency Regional System
Landscape Ecology Based
Criteria
Classification
No Zone Analysis Analysis Analysis Area (Ha) Location Distribution
Ecology Utilization Ability Use
Land Land Land
1 Zone - Region Ability Forest 8,629.76 Petang District, Abiansemal
Ecology protect Development Mangroves District,
Very Low Kuta District, and
Tall South Kuta District

2 Zone - Region Ability Ricefield 24,149.48 Abiansemal District,

Ecology Cultivation Development Evening District,
Tall Plant Currently Kuta District,
Annual Kuta District
- Region Garden
South, District
Buffer Mixture
North Kuta, and
Evening District

3 Zone - Region Ability Garden 7,094.40 Abiansemal District, Petang

Ecology Cultivation Development Mixture, District,
Currently Plant Somewhat High Settlement Kuta District,
Annuals Kuta District
a year South, District
North Kuta, District
Mengwi, and
Evening District

4 Zone - Region Ability Settlement 39.54 Kuta District

Ecology Settlement Development South, District
Low Very high Kuta,
North Kuta District,
and Mengwi District

Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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Figure 4.9. Map of the Badung Regency Regional System
Landscape Ecology Based
Source: Analysis Results, 2022

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4.8. Implementation Strategy
The variable elements that have the highest influence are
standard variables and policy objectives with a score of 1.364, then
resource variables with a score of 1.240, variables of social, economic
and political conditions with a score of 1.065, implementing perception
variables with a score of 0.706, implementing organizational
characteristics variables with a score of 0.005, and the least influence is
the inter-organizational communication variable and implementing
activities with a score of 0.004. The values, weights, ratings and scores of
implementation strategy variables are contained in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8.
Expert Assessment Results (expert) Against Variable Elements
Implementation Strategy

Strategic Variable Elements Rating result

No
Implementation Amount Weight Ratings Score
(1) (2) (12) (13) (14) (15)
1 Policy standards and objectives 43 0.190 7,167 1,364

2 Resource 41 0.181 6,833 1,240

Communication between organizations and

3 35 0.155 0.026 0.004
implementing activities

4 Characteristics of implementing organizations 38 0.168 0.028 0.005

5 Social, economic and political conditions 38 0.168 6,333 1.065

6 Executor's perception 31 0.137 5,167 0.709

TOTAL 226
Source: Analysis Results fromFocus Group Discussions(FGD), 2023

Variable elements and implementation strategies for the

main systems of the Badung Regency zoning system based on
landscape ecology are listed in Table 4.9.

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 Table 4.9.
Top Priority Implementation Strategies and Variables
Variable Elements
No Top Priority Implementation Strategy Score
Implementation Strategy

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1 Standards and goals 1. Determination of policies in legal product 0.542
policy documents supports the implementation of a
zoning system based on the ecology of the
Badung Regency landscape.

2 Resource 1. The availability of a budget supports the 0.569

smooth implementation of an
ecological-based zoning system

3 Inter-communication 1. Coordination and cooperation between organizations 0.542

organization and implementing to support system implementation
activities zoning based on landscape
ecology in Badung Regency.
4 Characteristics of the organization 1. The implementing organization has competence 0.491
executor and work teams in implementing
ecological-based regional systems
landscape in Badung Regency.
5 Economic, social conditions
and politics
sub variable Condition 1. Availability of adequate economic resources 0.491
Economy owned by the implementing organization
supports the implementation of a landscape
ecology-based zoning system in Badung Regency
Sub variable Condition 1. The role of interest groups 0.466
Social (stakeholders) in supporting the
implementation of an area-based system
Landscape Ecology in Badung Regency
Sub variable Condition 1. Political policies support implementation 0.542
Political zoning system based on landscape
ecology in Badung Regency
6 Executor's perception 1. Executor's response to policies in 0.466
supporting the implementation of an
ecological-based regional system
landscape in Badung Regency

Source: Analysis Results fromFocus Group Discussions(FGD), 2023

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 To implement the chosen strategy at the policy and
practical levels, it is necessary to strengthen the
internalization and institutionalization of an ecological
perspective from allstakeholdersregional development in
Badung Regency.
A. Implementation strategy at the regional development
policy level:
1. Become part of the technocratic study when
preparing changes to the Badung Regency
Regional Long Term Development Plan (RPJPD)
and Regional Medium Term Plan (RPJMD);
2. Become material for study of academic texts during
the preparation of the Draft Regional Regulations
and Draft Regional Head Regulations related to
Badung Regency development policies which have
accommodated the zoning system of Badung
Regency based on landscape ecology.
3. The Badung Regency zoning system policy based
on landscape ecology is an additional substance
in the AMDAL study and/or the Badung Regency
RTRW Strategic Environmental Assessment
(KLHS).
B. Implementation strategy at the practical level of regional
development:
1. Is part of the technical material during the review
or evaluation of the Spatial Plan for the Badung
Regency.
2. Guidelines for the preparation of spatial structure plans and
spatial pattern plans for the Badung Regency Region.
3. Guidelines for the preparation of programs and activities
for all development sectors of Badung Regency.
4. Guidelines for determining the direction of regional development
and budget allocation priorities for the development of Badung
Regency.

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4.9. Research Novelty (novelty)
The administration-based area development
strategy in Badung Regency gave rise to the phenomenon
that the more northerly the ratio of built-up land use is
smaller compared to the South Badung region with
increasingly complex spatial heterogeneity. This shows that
the physical development of the South Badung region has
characteristics urbangrowing faster than the North Badung
region which has the characteristicsrural.
This research has found the phenomenon that the
zoning system of Badung Regency which causes dichotomy
and spatial gaps is caused by the absence of functional
linkages between development areas resulting in the
impact of changes in land use, spatial use deviation,
pressure on the environment and changes in the ecological
structure of the landscape as shown by the approach space
(spatial approaches), environment (ecologicalapproach),
and region complex (regional approaches). The discovery of
a model of changes in the ecological structure of the
Badung Regency landscape from the ecological parameter
index of the landscape through overlapping analysis (
overlays) with technologyGeographic Information System(
GIS) using the applicationArcGIS10.8.
Based on the findings in this study when compared
with the results of previous research using a landscape
ecology approach, the novelty of this research is the use of
sustainable development planning analysis instruments
that provide an overview of the relationship between
population, land use and the environment, in the form of
land carrying capacity including availability land, land
requirements, and the status of land carrying capacity.
Water carrying capacity includes water availability, water
demand and status of water carrying capacity, as well as
land use analysis.

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 Another novelty is in the form of a landscape ecology-
based zoning system mapping formulation from the
delineation of spatial analysis results (technicaloverlays) using
technology Geographic Information System(GIS) on land use
maps, land capability maps, and land use direction maps.
Classification of landscape ecological zones based on
delineation in the form of polygons from the results of spatial
analysis with techniquesoverlayswhich can be used as the
basis for the development of the Badung Regency zoning
system in the form of an ideal concept/scenario formulation
as the implementation of the principles of sustainable
development. The landscape ecology approach is a new
substance that can be integrated in the stages of preparing
regional spatial plans, strategic environmental studies or
other sectoral planning in Badung Regency which produces
spatial information on changes in land use that affect the
dynamics of changes in the ecological structure of the
landscape and contains quantitative indicators of changes
landscape ecological structure.
This landscape ecological approach has never
been implemented before in Badung Regency so that it
can be used as a solution to the weaknesses of the
administration-based regional system policy established
since 1995. The results of this study also found a spatial
engineering/mapping model of the regional system into
4 (four) ecological-based zone classifications. landscapes,
namely very high ecological zones, high ecological zones,
medium ecological zones and low ecological zones as an
alternative to changes in the administration-based
zoning system of Badung Regency which causes spatial
gaps and changes in the ecological structure of the
landscape.

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V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusion
Based on research results which is conducted in
Badung Regency can be summarized as follows: 1. The
impact of implementing an administration-based zoning
system in Badung Regency causes changes in the
ecological structure of the landscape on three
parameters, namelypatch, matrixAndcorridor,which
is shown from changes in area and function of the
three parameters. Area expansionmatrixin
residential land use class andpatchesgolf course
causes a reduction in area onmatrixmixed gardens,
rice fields and mangroves as wellcorridorstretch of
non-volcanic beach sand that has an ecological
function. The factors that influence changes in the
quality of the environment as a result of the
application of an administration-based zoning
system in Badung Regency are caused by driving
factors including: population growth, population
density, settlement development, economic growth
and development of business activities. The factor of
population growth and development development in
Badung Regency was followed by an increase in the
ratio of built-up land to undeveloped land. In 2013
the built up land in Badung Regency was around
20.09% and the undeveloped land was around
79.91%. Furthermore, in 2021 the composition will
change to around 31.58% built-up land and less built-
up land to around 68.42%.

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 the ideal goal of sustainable development in Badung Regency is
difficult to achieve.
2. Based on the results of the analysis of the landscape
ecological index in Badung Regency in 2013 and 2021, a
quantitative indicator of the dynamics of changes in the
ecological structure of the landscape shows that the
addition of Total Class Areas(CA) which is dominated by
residential land use classes withLargest Patch Index(LSI)
reached 33.02% followed by an increaseNumber of
Patches(NA) settlements of 38 units.
On the other hand, the total plantation land use class
patchesincreased but its area decreased which
illustrates the occurrence of fragmentation of
plantation land. Greater pressure occurs in paddy fields
where the area and numberpatchesdecrease.
Other indicators vizPatch Density(PD) for residential
land and mixed gardens increased, which means
there is pressure on the land. Increased value
Landscape Shape Index(LSI) residential land use has
a correlation with a decrease in LSI values on mixed
plantation land use of -0.078 and paddy fields of
-0.011 with changes in land form tending to be
fragmented.
3. The administration-based zoning system of Badung
Regency covering North Badung, Central Badung and
South Badung needs to be reviewed with a landscape-
based ecological zoning system approach that is
grouped into 4 (four) ecological zones including: very
high ecological zone, high ecological zone, medium
ecological zone and low ecological zone. Ecological
zones stretch as a solution to the application of an
administration-based zoning system which causes
dichotomies and spatial gaps between regions in
Badung Regency.
Zoning system based on landscape ecology
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 place the ecological space found throughout Badung
Regency as the basis for a directive policy on land
use which is formulated from the results of land use
analysis, land capability analysis and land use
suitability analysis. The very high ecological zone is
8,629.76 ha (21.62%), with land use directions as a
very high conservation/limitation zone. Buildings
that are allowed only support its function as a
conservation/limitation zone. The high ecological
zone covers an area of 24,149.48 ha (60.51%), with
directions for land use as agricultural areas,
plantations, livestock, rural settlements, ecotourism,
agro-tourism, regional-scale trade and services and
agricultural infrastructure. Buildings that can be
developed are limited and conditional. The medium
ecological zone is 7,094.40 ha (17.77%), with
directions for land use as urban settlement areas,
small industry, trade and regional scale services,
tourism, and urban infrastructure. The low ecological
zone is 39.54 ha (0.10%), with directions for land use
as urban settlement areas, tourism areas, trade and
service areas on a regional scale and regional
infrastructure.
4. In implementing a zoning system based on landscape
ecology in Badung Regency, there are 6 (six) elements of
influential variables, namely: 1) standard variables and
policy targets, 2) resource variables, 3) inter-
organizational communication variables and
implementing activities, 4) variable implementing
organizational characteristics, 5) social, economic and
political condition variables, and 6) implementing
perception variables. There are 3 (three) most influential
variables for implementing a spatial ecology-based zoning
system, namely standard variables and policy objectives
with a score of 1.364, resource variables with

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 a score of 1.240, and variables of social, economic and
political conditions with a score of 1.065. Standard variables
and policy targets are represented through priority
programs, namely: policy stipulation in legal product
documents supporting the implementation of a zoning
system based on the landscape ecology of Badung Regency.
Furthermore, resource variables are represented through
priority programs, namely: budget availability to support the
smooth implementation of a landscape ecology-based
zoning system in Badung Regency. Variable social, economic
and political conditions are represented through priority
programs, namely: coordination and cooperation between
organizations to support the implementation of a landscape
ecology-based zoning system in Badung Regency.

5.2. Suggestion
Based on the research results, the following suggestions can be
put forward:
1. This research in analyzing zoning systems based on
landscape ecology is still limited to the impact of
implementing an administration-based zoning system and
the impact on environmental quality, especially pressure on
land and water with the DPSIR analysis technique (Driving
Force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response) and the
carrying capacity of the environment. It is recommended
that further research be developed to analyze the
economic and social effects of humans on changes in the
ecological structure of the landscape so that they become
more comprehensive.
2. The ecological parameters of the landscape are indicators
of pressure on the landscape and the environment due to
the application of an administration-based zoning system.
Significant changes in the form of additional areamatrix
followed by a decrease in the number of spots

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 (patch). This shows that land use has developed
towards built-up land use which has the consequence
of reduced green open space. To anticipate the impact
of massive changes, it is suggested that the results of
the analysis of landscape ecological parameters be
considered in the preparation of the Badung Regency
regional development plan, both spatial and non-
spatial in nature.
3. The Badung Regency Government is expected to
review the zoning system strategy from an
administration-based system that has been
implemented since 1995 to a landscape-ecology-
based one. The application of a zoning system based
on the relevant landscape ecology is used to evaluate/
review the zoning system strategy because it is an
implementation of the principles of sustainable
development and preservation of ecological space.
4. It is necessary to strengthen the internalization and
institutionalization of an ecological perspective from all
stakeholdersregional development in Badung Regency
which is related to the formulation of policies and
implementation of regional strategies for Badung
Regency based on landscape ecology in all fields of
development. The priority implementation strategy is
recommended to be carried out at 2 (two) levels, namely:
the implementation strategy at the policy level and the
implementation strategy at the practical level. To
strengthen the zoning system based on landscape
ecology as a policy guideline and practice in the stages
of spatial planning and sectoral policies, it is necessary
to stipulate in the form of legal products in the form of
regional regulations and/or regional head regulations.
The implementation of the landscape ecology approach
can be integrated at the stage of preparing development
plans both spatially and non-spatially.
PDIL Udayana University52
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