Modell Blade Rows - 02

MODELLING OF VANE AND ROTOR BLADE ROWS IN
SIMULATIONS OF GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE
Janusz Sznajder
Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Aviation, Department of
Aerodynamics
Aleja Krakowska 110/114, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland
tel.+488460011ext492, fax: +488464432
e-mail: janusz.sznajder@ilot.edu.pl
MODELLING OF VANE AND ROTOR BLADE ROWS IN SIMULATIONS OF GAS TURBINE
PERFORMANCE
Contents:
1. Basic features of one-dimensional method of analysis of gas

parameters in turbine flow path used in the present work
2. Determination of losses of enthalpy including effects of

cooling streams
3. Evalulation of turbine work using the assumed modeling of

blade rows
EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

PERFORMANCE
Basic features of the assumed one-dmensional method of determination

of gas parameters along the flow path:
• Gas parameters determined on mean radius of the flow path from flow equations
(equation of state, equations of conservation of mass, energy, moment of momentum)
mean radius
stator rotor
• Gas velocities and other parameters at blade root and blade tip are determined assuming
radial equilibrium of forces acting on gas paricles
• Analysis is conducted in fixed coordinate system for vane row and in a rotating coordinate
system for the rotor
• The method is used for the definition of geometric details of blade rows necessary for
analysis of turbine performance
PERFORMANCE
Basic details of models of blade rows developed in the present work
• The adopted model of blade rows consist of groups of parameters describing

geometry of stator and rotor blade rows, and parameters describing cooling flows:
Radii of a blade row at row inlet and exit: r1h, r1t, r2h, r2t
Parameters related to blade contour and spacing: chord c, „metal angles”: b, c, s,
, throat opening t/b, contraction ratio CR, backbone lengths
(shown in the next slide).
Parameters describing cooling flows: chord position of orifices, inclination of coolant

streams w.r. mainstream flow, mass flow of coolant flow

PERFORMANCE
Geometric parameters of a blade row used in the one-dimensional method 1, 2
radii at inlet and exit of a blade row:
mean radius
stator rotor
paremeters related to blade contour:

, C, K, S,  – metal angles
b – throat opening,
t – blade pitch,
CR – contraction ratio
1 – gas inlet angle
2 – gas exit angle
1) Aronov, B. M., Zhukovskii, M. I., Zhuravlev, B. A., Profilirovanie lopatok aviatsionnih gazovih turbin, Moskva, Mashinostroienie, 1975
2) Craig, H. R. M., Cox, H. J. A. Performance Estimation of Axial Flow Turbines, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 185 32/71, 1970-71
PERFORMANCE
Parameters related to blade cooling streams 3
Tce,i – coolant total temperature at exit of each cooling hole,

Uc,i – coolant exit velocity,
Wc,i – coolant mass flow for each cooling stream,
i – angle of coolant stream with respect to mainstream flow
∆𝑃𝑡𝑔 𝑘 2 𝑊𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑒 𝑈𝑐
= 𝑀 1+ − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑃𝑡𝑔 2 𝑊𝑔 𝑇𝑡𝑔 𝑈𝑔
3)Hartsel, J. E., "Prediction of Effects of Mass Transfer Cooling on the Blade Row
Efficiency of Turbine Airfoils," AIAA Paper 72-11, Jan. 1972

PERFORMANCE
Definition of geometric details of a blade row (stator or rotor)
Algorithm:
1. Introduction of input data: inlet gas total temperature, total pressure, mass flow, rpm,
power output, gas exit Mach number, and exit angle
2. Determination of dimensions of gas flow path, number of stages4,5
3. Solution for distribution of gas velocities on mean radius assuming isentropic flow.
4. Determination of losses of enthalpy due to non-isentropic flow (Craig and Cox model)
5. Determination of real velocities and gas turning and exit angles in stator and rotor of
a turbine stage.
6. Determination of geometric details of stator and rotor blade rows necessary in
modeling of turbine performance: number of blades chords, throat opening, metal
angles. 5,6,7
4 Dżygadło Z., Łyżwiński M., Otyś J. Szczeciński S., Zespoły wirnikowe silników turbinowych, Warszawa Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności, 1982
5 Kopielev, S.Z., Tikhonov N.D. Rasčet Turbin Aviatsionnych Dvigatelei, Moskva, Mashinostroienie, 1974
6 Aronov, B. M., Zhukovskii, M. I., Zhuravlev, B. A., Profilirovanie lopatok aviatsionnih gazovih turbin, Moskva, Mashinostroienie, 1975
7 Craig, H. R. M., Cox, H. J. A. Performance Estimation of Axial Flow Turbines, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 185 32/71, 1970-71

PERFORMANCE
Determination of gas turning angles
Knowledge of gas turning angles in the flow path is necessary for determination of the
geometric parameters of blade rows. For stator row the degree of reaction is used:
𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1

∆ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑇2 −𝑇3
𝛾
𝑝2 −𝑝3
𝛾 𝑝2 𝛾
°𝑅 = = = , 𝑇2𝑖 = 𝑇𝑡1 - isentropic temperature
∆ℎ𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑡1 −𝑇3 𝛾−1
𝛾
𝛾−1
𝛾
𝑝𝑡1 behind stator
𝑝𝑡1 −𝑝3
Based on temperature and pressure behind stator, gas exit velocity is determined:
𝑉2𝑖 = 2𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑡2 − 𝑇2𝑖 ) V2i - isentropic velocity behind the stator,
V2 - viscous velocity behind the stator
𝑉2 =  𝑉2𝑖  - velocity loss coefficient, determined with
the Craig and Cox loss model.
𝑚
𝑉2𝑋 = ; 2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos 𝑉2𝑋 /𝑉2
𝜌𝐴
 turning =  2 -  1   2 2 – gas exit angle behind stator

PERFORMANCE
Determination of metal angles C , K is done in iterative procedure, based on gas exit angle
2 determined earlier with the one-dimensional method
Analytical formulas derived in [1] are used in the

iterative procedure:
- at subcritical velocity in the throat opening:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 𝜓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝑏 𝑦 𝜆02 𝜓 𝜋 𝜆02
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑛 𝜓1−𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑛
𝛽2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜒
𝑡 𝑦 𝜆02 𝜓 𝜋 𝜆02
- at critical velocity in the throat opening and

supercritical exit velocity 02>1:
1
𝑏 𝑦 1 𝜋
𝜓1−𝑛
𝛽2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜒
𝑡 𝑦 𝜆02 𝜓 𝜋 𝜆02
n=0.5(s+k),
=s - n = 0.5(s-k) y(), () – „gasodynamic functions” of reduced velocity  [1,2]
 <= 20.
, 1-n - velocity loss coefficients, determined
 - set based on structural considerations with the Craig and Cox and Aronov models.
[1] Aronov, B. M., Zhukovskii, M. I., Zhuravlev, B. A., Profilirovanie lopatok aviatsionnih gazovih turbin, Moskva, Mashinostroienie, 1975
[2] Dżygadło Z., Łyżwiński M., Otyś J. Szczeciński S., Zespoły wirnikowe silników turbinowych, Warszawa Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i
Łączności, 1982
PERFORMANCE
Determination of metal angles - continued
The  angle may be set as

  1 - 1   2
Contraction Ratio CR is based on statistical profile data from work of Craig and Cox:
s/t
s – blade pitch,
t – throat opening,
1 – gas inlet angle [deg]
2 – gas exit angle [deg]
1-(sin 1/sin 2)

Craig, H. R. M., Cox, H. J. A. Performance Estimation of Axial Flow Turbines, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 185 32/71, 1970-71
PERFORMANCE
Formulas for 2 were derived assuming zero tangential stress on blade convex surface
behind throat opening. Their accuracy has been tested with a CFD model for a cascade
of C3X airfoils. The geometric details of the cascade are provided in work [1].
Results: exit gas angle 2=f(2)
𝑉2
2 – nondimensional velocity, 𝜆2 =
2𝑘
𝑅𝑇
𝑘+1 𝑡
Conclusion: analytical formulas for 2 are accurate within 1 in subsonic and supersonic range.
[1] Hylton, L.et al..., Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of the Heat Transfer Distribution Over the Surfaces of Turbine Vanes, Detroit Diesel Allison
Division of General Motors Company, Final Report prepared for NASA Lewis Research Center, Contract NAS 3-22761, May 1983
PERFORMANCE
Determination of losses of enthalpy with Craig and Cox1 model
Enthalpy losses are divided in two groups. The losses of the first group are expressed
In terms of the gas velocity loss coefficients, with respect to ideal, isentropc flow velocity.
The losses of the second group are expressed in terms of decrease of stage overall efficiency
1st group losses - profile losses, secondary losses, annulus losses have impact on
blading efficiency b
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝐻 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 − Δ𝐻1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝

𝜂𝑏 = =
∆𝐻 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 ∆𝐻 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
2nd group losses - gas leakage at blade tip and hub, gas friction on rotor disc surface,
partial admission – are accounted for by fractional decrease of overall stage efficiency
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 t – overall stage efficiency,

𝜂𝑡 = 𝜂𝑏 − = 𝜂𝑏 − Δ𝜂𝑖
∆𝐻 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
𝑖
b – blading efficiency.
1) Craig, H. R. M., Cox, H. J. A. Performance Estimation of Axial Flow Turbines, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 185 32/71, 1970-71
PERFORMANCE
Determination of losses of enthalpy with Craig and Cox model - continued
𝑋𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶22 𝑋𝑝 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊22

𝛥𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 = ∙ + ∙
100 2 100 2
Xp – coefficients dependent on geometric details of blade rows
Secondary losses – effects of blade finite aspect ratio,

annulus losses:
1-st step – total pressure loss evaluated acc. to [1]
2-nd step – total pressure loss converted to loss of
enthalpy
∆𝐻1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = ∆𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 + ∆𝐻𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝐶2 2Δ𝐻1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
𝜓= = 1− – velocity coefficie
𝐶2 𝑖𝑠 𝐶22 𝑖𝑠
[1] J. Dunham, „A Review of Cascade Data on Secondary Losses In Turbines,” Journal Mechanical Engineering Science, p. Vol 12 No I., 1970.
PERFORMANCE
Determination of profile losses

100 2 100 2
𝑋𝑝 = 𝑥𝑝𝑏 𝑁𝑝𝑟 𝑁𝑝𝑖 𝑁𝑝𝑡 + ∆𝑥𝑝 𝑡 + ∆𝑥𝑝 𝑠 𝑒 + ∆𝑥𝑝 𝑚
𝑥𝑝𝑏 - basic loss factor, dependent on lift coefficient,

𝑁𝑝𝑟 - factor dependent on Reynolds numer and surface roughness,
𝑁𝑝𝑖 - factor dependent on blade incidence,
𝑁𝑝𝑡 - factor dependent on t.e. thickness to pitch ratio (2r/t),
∆𝑥𝑝 𝑡 - loss increment due to t.e. thickness,
∆𝑥𝑝 - loss increment due to blade-back radius,
𝑠 𝑒
∆𝑥𝑝 - loss increment due to blade row exit isentropic Mach number
𝑚
Determination of profile losses implemented based on correlations provided in [1]

2Δ𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓
𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 = 1− - velocity loss coefficient due to enthalpy loss across a blade row
𝑉22𝑖𝑧
[1] Craig, H. R. M., Cox, H. J. A. Performance Estimation of Axial Flow Turbines, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 185 32/71, 1970-71
PERFORMANCE
Accounting for blade cooling flows in determination of enthalpy losses3
Cooling streams have strong

effect on airfoil efficiency
Losses of total pressure occur

mainly in mixing layers close
to airfoil surface
Ptg – mainstream total pressure,

∆𝑃𝑡𝑔 𝑘 2 𝑊𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑒 𝑈𝑐 Ptg – mainstream total pressure loss due to particular cooling
= 𝑀 1+ − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑃𝑡𝑔 2 𝑊𝑔 𝑇𝑡𝑔 𝑈𝑔 stream,
k - ratio of heat constants,
M – local mainstream Mach number,
Wc – cooling mass flow from particular orifice (or row of orifices),
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟 𝑇𝑡𝑔 + 𝑊𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑡𝑔 = (behind a blade row) Wg – part of main stream mass flow subject to mixing with
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟 + 𝑊𝑐 coolant flow,
Tce – coolant total temperaturę at exit of orifice,
Ttg – mainstream gas total temperature,
3)Hartsel, J. E., "Prediction of Effects of Mass Transfer Cooling on the Uc – velocity of coolant flow,
Blade Row Efficiency of Turbine Airfoils," AIAA Paper 72-11, Jan. 1972 Ug – velocity of mainstream flow,
 - angle of coolant stream with respect to the mainstream.
PERFORMANCE
Accounting for blade cooling flows in determination of enthalpy losses
For each cooling stream, total pressure losses are converted into losses of
enthalpy
𝑘−1 𝑘−1
1 1 𝑝2 𝑘 𝑝2 𝑘 Hc.s. – enthalpy loss of the main flow due to cooling str
∆𝐻𝑐.𝑠. = 𝑉22𝑖𝑠 − 𝑉22 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑡1 − Pt1 – total pressure at inlet to blade row,
2 2 𝑝𝑡2 𝑝𝑡1
Tt1 – total temperature at inlet to blade row,
Pt2 – local total pressure including losses at orifice exit
P2 – static pressure at orifice exit,
Enthalpy losses due to cooling streams V2 is – local main stream isentropic velocity,
V2 – local main stream velocity
are included into the 1st group losses
of the Craig and Cox model and
accounted for in the velocity coefficients:
𝑉 𝛥𝐻1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 + 𝛥𝐻𝑐.𝑠.

𝜓= = 1−2
𝑉𝑖𝑠 𝑉𝑖𝑠2

PERFORMANCE
Determination of profile losses – iterative process
1st iteration: C2=C2 is , W2=W2 is

100 2 100 2
2Δ𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)
2Δ𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 (𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 = 1− , 𝜑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 = 1−
𝑊22𝑖𝑠
𝐶22 𝑖𝑠
C2=C2 is· 𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 , W2=W2 is · 𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 ,

i=i+1
no yes
𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓(𝑖) − 𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 𝑖−1 < 
end
𝜑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓(𝑖) − 𝜑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 𝑖−1 < 

PERFORMANCE
Setting design conditions: pt inlet, Tt inlet, 𝑚, 𝑚𝑐 power,

rpm
Solution for R, poutlet/pt inlet, exit, turning angles
flowpath dim., first appr. of numb. blades,

throat opening, CR, based on turbine statistics
Determination of losses of enthalpy

(1st group and 2nd group, cooling)
New:
R,
poutlet/pt inlet,
Moutlet
Checking conditions in design point: Determination
no Htotal - Htotal (design) <  yes
of geometric
Machexit - Machexit (design) < 
exit - exit (design) <  parameters of
blade rows
PERFORMANCE
Algorithm for determination of turbine performance, exploiting model of blade rows
, rpm
PERFORMANCE
Comparison of results for a test turbine stage with results of the NPSS software
Coolant flow accounted to 15% of the main stream flow was divided into four streams,
inclined at -180, 90 upper surf, 0 (tr. edge), -90 (lower surface)
computational stations: 1 2 2r 3r 3 difference in exit

values w.r.t. NPSS
results
pt [Pa] 1424539 1384867 965595 828705 397287 1.21%
pt [Pa] (NPSS) 1424539 396731
Tt [K] 1674.57 1592.76 1460.81 1460.81 1224.68 0.14%
Tt [K] (NPSS) 1674.57 1210.01
exit angle w.r.p. to 0 78.80 -4.36 71.59 38.93
symmetry axis []
V [m/s] 573.38 113.47 822.68 333.94
Useful stage work [J/kg] 442386.04 -4.49%
NPSS stage work [J/kg] 463188.59

PERFORMANCE
Conclusions
The model of enthalpy losses of Craig and Cox can be extended to account for losses
of enthalpy caused by blade cooling streams and applied to evaluation of turbine
performance
One-dimensional method of determination of gas parameters on the turbine flowpath

may be used for determination of geometric details of blade rows necessary for
simulation of turbine performance

PERFORMANCE
Acknowledgment
The presentations shows results, obtained by author in the project „HPT Aero –
Development of the Methodology of Design of Blades of High-Pressure Turbines”,
conducted in the Institute of Aviation.
Participants of the project:

Pamela Bugała,
Mikołaj Jarkowski,
Witold Klimczyk,
Janusz Sznajder,
Wiesław Zalewski
with consultations by:

Borys Łukasik
Jacek Brzozowski (Engineering Design Center),
Leszek Rzeszutek (Engineering Design Center),

PERFORMANCE
Thank you for your atention

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MODELLING OF VANE AND ROTOR BLADE ROWS IN

SIMULATIONS OF GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE

1. Basic features of one-dimensional method of analysis of gas

2. Determination of losses of enthalpy including effects of

3. Evalulation of turbine work using the assumed modeling of

EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

Basic features of the assumed one-dmensional method of determination

Basic details of models of blade rows developed in the present work

• The adopted model of blade rows consist of groups of parameters describing

Parameters describing cooling flows: chord position of orifices, inclination of coolant

EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

Geometric parameters of a blade row used in the one-dimensional method 1, 2

radii at inlet and exit of a blade row:

paremeters related to blade contour:

Parameters related to blade cooling streams 3

Tce,i – coolant total temperature at exit of each cooling hole,

EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

Definition of geometric details of a blade row (stator or rotor)

EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

Determination of gas turning angles

𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1

 turning =  2 -  1   2 2 – gas exit angle behind stator

EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

Analytical formulas derived in [1] are used in the

- at critical velocity in the throat opening and

Determination of metal angles - continued

The  angle may be set as

1-(sin 1/sin 2)

Results: exit gas angle 2=f(2)

Determination of losses of enthalpy with Craig and Cox1 model

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝐻 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 − Δ𝐻1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 t – overall stage efficiency,

Determination of losses of enthalpy with Craig and Cox model - continued

𝑋𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶22 𝑋𝑝 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊22

Xp – coefficients dependent on geometric details of blade rows

Secondary losses – effects of blade finite aspect ratio,

∆𝐻1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = ∆𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 + ∆𝐻𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

Determination of profile losses

𝑋𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶22 𝑋𝑝 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊22

𝑥𝑝𝑏 - basic loss factor, dependent on lift coefficient,

Determination of profile losses implemented based on correlations provided in [1]

Accounting for blade cooling flows in determination of enthalpy losses3

Cooling streams have strong

Losses of total pressure occur

Ptg – mainstream total pressure,

Accounting for blade cooling flows in determination of enthalpy losses

𝑉 𝛥𝐻1𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 + 𝛥𝐻𝑐.𝑠.

EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

1st iteration: C2=C2 is , W2=W2 is

𝑋𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶22 𝑋𝑝 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊22

C2=C2 is· 𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 , W2=W2 is · 𝜓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓 ,

EUROPEAN KONES 2019 Jastrzębia Góra, 8-11.09.2019

Setting design conditions: pt inlet, Tt inlet, 𝑚, 𝑚𝑐 power,

Solution for R, poutlet/pt inlet, exit, turning angles

flowpath dim., first appr. of numb. blades,

Determination of losses of enthalpy

Algorithm for determination of turbine performance, exploiting model of blade rows