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Minimum Requirements For Digital Radiogr
Minimum Requirements For Digital Radiogr
Minimum Requirements For Digital Radiogr
de
DDAs: Exceed
Exceed minimum minimum required
Exceed minimum required SNRN CNR
Exposure
optical density (Normalized Signal
to Noise Ratio) CR: expose to EPS
plateau (MAI)
Use detectors which
achieve the required
Use required film Do not exceed
Detector SNRN and
system class or image
requirements do not exceed the
better unsharpness limits
detector
unsharpness limit
Do not exceed the Do not exceed the Do not exceed the
Maximum image
geometrical image image
unsharpness
unsharpness limits unsharpness limits unsharpness limits
Achieve IQI contrast
Achieve required IQI Achieve required IQI
Image quality sensitivity + duplex
contrast sensitivity contrast sensitivity
wire resolution
ECNDT Requirements for RT-D
8.3 Radiological
Methods Praha, Oct. 2014 Ewert and Zscherpel 3
Key Technologies for Film Replacement
• Computed Radiography (CR) with storage
phosphor imaging plates
CR DDA
Intensity
Contrast Contrast
Signal Signal
(base material) (base material)
Length Length
ASTM E 1025
I CNR = 6.7
C = I = 473
Noise = 71
SNR = 155
ECNDT Requirements for RT-D
8.3 Radiological
Methods Praha, Oct. 2014 Ewert and Zscherpel 7
Human Observer Model: Perception Threshold PT
50 µm pixel size ASTM E 2698
requires CNR > 2.5
Diameter Noise = 1000
Needs revision!
0.12 0.25 0.5 1 2 mm Signal = 30000
CNRmin 2.5
The ASTM E 2698 value (CNR = 2.5) is optimized for testing of thin objects
with thickness < ½” and typical DDAs in the range of 0.1 mm < SRb < 130
µm.
Generally, CNRmin for all digital images can be described more accurate by
the equation:
10 SRbimage
CNRmin
diameterIQI hole
Based on “old” Rose equation as shown before for PTconstant
ASTM E 1025
ISO 19232-2
DDA
CR
ECNDT Requirements for RT-D
8.3 Radiological
Methods Praha, Oct. 2014 Ewert and Zscherpel 15
Unsharpness Requirements of Different International
Standards – No International Harmonization -
Unsharpness requirements
0,08
E 1030, 1032
0,07
Unsharpness in inch
0,06
E 1030 (2004)
0,05
0,04 MAI
E 2104
0,03
E 1742 ISO 17636 class A
0,02
ISO 17636 class B
0,01
0,00
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0
Thickness in inch Co-60, High Energy
CNR 0.8
ECNDT Requirements for RT-D
8.3 Radiological
Methods Praha, Oct. 2014 Ewert and Zscherpel 20
New Formula for Conversion of SNRN Measurements to
EPS Values and Working Range for CR (ASTM Draft E 2033)
PT’ is about 2▪100 for visibility of the 2 T hole of IQIs corr. to ASTM E 1025
EPS by ASTM E 746 with 200 kV, t = 19 mm Fe plate and µeff = 0.05 mm-1
EPS method for determination of performance levels
Measured EPS,IP 1, Scanner 2 Best fit Level I level II
2,6
PT ' SRbimage
EPS
2,4
µ eff SNR
140
2,2 ttestplate
EPS
2
350
1,8 Level II: PV 140 – 4095
1,6
aEPS = 1.16
1,4
Level I: PV 350 – 4095
1,2
1 90% PVmax
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 450
Qualification of CR‐System XY
Interpolated SRbdetector for
E 2795, ISO 17636-2 users
SRbdetector = 145µm
14
Achievable SNRN for 12 Achievable CS for
ISO 17636-2 user 10 E 2597 user
aSNRN = 88 8 Csa = 0,8
6
4
2
0 Performance level II
Speed
as defined for film
ISO Speed@SNRN130 =
aEPS@mag 1 = 1,65
400
Achievable EPS
Specific for CR
Efficiency@1mGy =
115
Efficiency as defined for DDAs in E 2597
DDA
FujiFilm IX25
SNRN ~ 265
DDA Technology
provides better image
Best (slowest) NDT film quality than film with a
special calibration
procedure!
PerkinElmer 1620
SNRN ~ 1500
ECNDT Requirements for RT-D Magn. = 3.5
DDA
8.3 exposure
Radiological
Methods Praha, Oct. 2014 Ewert and Zscherpel 27
Qualification of Digital Detector Arrays
- Management of Underperforming Pixels -
Definition and Test of Bad
A bad pixel can be corrected if it has at least Pixels:
5 good neighbors
6.2.1.1 Dead Pixel
ASTM E 2597M 6.2.1.2 Over Responding Pixel
6.2.1.3 Under Responding Pixel
6.2.1.4 Noisy Pixel
6.2.1.5 Non-Uniform Pixel
6.2.1.6 Persistence/Lag Pixel
6.2.1.7 Bad Neighborhood Pixel
ASTM E 2736
ASTM E 2736
Compensation
Principles
120 kV,
3 mm Cu
120 kV, 40 mm Al
160 kV
50 kV
90 kV
Qualification by
ASTM E 2597M
220 kV, 40 mm Al
Measure
contrast and
noise per step
SNR = 250
SNR = 130