11/25/21, 11:52 AM Integral Calculator • With Steps!

Also check the Derivative Calc

Integral Calculator
Calculadora de Integrales en español
Integralrechner auf Deutsch
Калькулятор Интегралов на Русском

Calculate integrals online — with steps and graphing!

Calculate the Integral of … About Help Examples Options

H ello there!
1/(x-x^0.5)^0.5 Go! The Integral Calculator lets you calculate in
CLR + – × ÷ ^ √ π ( ) antiderivatives of functions online — for fre
Did this calculator prove helpful to you? Then I This will be calculated: Our calculator allows you to check your solu
would highly appreciate small donations via calculus exercises. It helps you practice by s
PayPal. You may first want to convert your the full working (step by step integration). A
currency to Euros (€) here. integration techniques and even special func
supported.
The Integral Calculator supports definite and
1 integrals (antiderivatives) as well as integrat
∫ dx with many variables. You can also check you
Thank you! 0.5
0.5
Interactive graphs/plots help visualize and b
(x − x )
understand the functions.
For more about how to use the Integral Calc
"Help" or take a look at the examples.
And now: Happy integrating!
Not what you mean? Use parentheses! Set integration
variable and bounds in "Options".

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= Check your own answ
= Export the expression

Book Recommendation YOUR INPUT:

f (x) =

Calculus for Dummies (2nd Edition)

An extremely well-written book for students
1
taking Calculus for the first time as well as
those who need a refresher. This book makes
√x − √x
you realize that Calculus isn't that tough after
all. → to the book

Note: Your input has been rewritten/simplified.

Simplify

H ello there! "MANUALLY" COMPUTED ANTIDERIVATIVE:

⋆
Did this calculator prove helpful to you? Then I ∫ f (x) dx = F (x) =

would highly appreciate small donations via

PayPal. You may first want to convert your
currency to Euros (€) here. "Manual" integration with steps:
The calculator finds an antiderivative in a comprehensible way. Note that due to some simplificatio
only be valid for parts of the function.

Thank you! ∣ ∣
ln( 2 (√x − √x + √x) − 1 ) + 2√x − √x + C
∣ ∣

Hide steps

Problem:
1
∫ dx
√x − √x

du 1
Substitute u = √x ⟶ = (steps) ⟶ dx = 2√x du , use:
dx 2√ x
2
x = u

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11/25/21, 11:52 AM Integral Calculator • With Steps!
u
= 2∫ du
2
√u − u

Now solving:
u
∫ du
2
√u − u

1 1
Write u as (2u − 1) + and split:
2 2

2u − 1 1
= ∫ ( + ) du
2 2
2√u − u 2√u − u

Apply linearity:
1 2u − 1 1 1
= ∫ du + ∫ du
2 √u
2
− u 2 √u
2
− u

Now solving:
2u − 1
∫ du
2
√u − u

dv 1
Substitute v = u
2
− u ⟶ = 2u − 1 (steps) ⟶ du = dv :
du 2u − 1

1
= ∫ dv
√v

Apply power rule:

n+1
v 1
∫ v
n
dv = with n = − :
n + 1 2

= 2√ v

Undo substitution v = u
2
− u :
2
= 2√u − u

Now solving:
1
∫ du
2
√u − u

Complete the square:

1
= ∫ du
2
1 1
√(u − ) −
2 4

dv 1
Substitute v = 2u − 1 ⟶ = 2 (steps) ⟶ du = dv :
du 2

1
= ∫ dv
v2 1
2√ −
4 4

Simplify:
1
= ∫ dv
2
√v − 1

This is a standard integral:

(full steps)
2
= ln(√v − 1 + v)

Undo substitution v = 2u − 1 :
2
= ln(√(2u − 1) − 1 + 2u − 1)

Plug in solved integrals:

1 2u − 1 1 1
∫ du + ∫ du
2 √u
2
− u 2 √u
2
− u

2
ln(√(2u − 1) − 1 + 2u − 1)

2
= + √u − u
2

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11/25/21, 11:52 AM Integral Calculator • With Steps!

Plug in solved integrals:

u
2∫ du
2
√u − u

2
= ln(√(2u − 1)
2
− 1 + 2u − 1) + 2√u − u

Undo substitution u = √x :
2
= 2√x − √x + ln(2√x + √(2√x − 1) − 1 − 1)

The problem is solved. Apply the absolute value function to arguments of logarithm functions in ord
the antiderivative's domain:
1
∫ dx
√x − √x

∣ 2 ∣
= 2√x − √x + ln(∣2√x + √(2√x − 1) − 1 − 1∣) + C
∣ ∣

Rewrite/simplify:
∣ ∣
= ln( 2 (√x − √x + √x) − 1 ) + 2√x − √x + C
∣ ∣

ANTIDERIVATIVE COMPUTED BY MAXIMA:

∫ f (x) dx = F (x) =

Antiderivative or integral could not be found. Note that many functions don't have an elementary an

Note: For definite integrals (with both bounds set), a numerical approximation can probably be obta
removing all variables except for the variable of integration, or replacing them with concrete value
check the "Integrate numerically only" option in "Options".

DEFINITE INTEGRAL:

Note: If you want to calculate a definite integral, click "Options" above. Enter the lower and the uppe
integration in there, and repeat the calculation.

Interactive function graphing:

Navigate using mouse or touch screen. Drag to pan, use the mouse wheel or two fingers to zoom.

Toggle graph
f (x)
⋆
F (x)

Table of valu

x =

f (x) =

F
⋆
(x) =

Zoom mode
XY X

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11/25/21, 11:52 AM Integral Calculator • With Steps!

Marker at: 0, 0
Click x coordinate for table of values.

How the Integral Calculator Works

For those with a technical background, the following section explains how the Integral Calculator works
First, a parser analyzes the mathematical function. It transforms it into a form that is better understand
computer, namely a tree (see figure below). In doing this, the Integral Calculator has to respect the orde
operations. A specialty in mathematical expressions is that the multiplication sign can be left out some
example we write "5x" instead of "5*x". The Integral Calculator has to detect these cases and insert the
sign.
The parser is implemented in JavaScript, based on the Shunting-yard algorithm, and can run directly in t
This allows for quick feedback while typing by transforming the tree into LaTeX code. MathJax takes ca
displaying it in the browser.
When the "Go!" button is clicked, the Integral Calculator sends the mathematical function and the settin
integration and integration bounds) to the server, where it is analyzed again. This time, the function gets
into a form that can be understood by the computer algebra system Maxima.

Maxima takes care of actually computing the integral of the mathematical function. Maxima's output is
to LaTeX again and is then presented to the user. The antiderivative is computed using the Risch algorit
hard to understand for humans. That's why showing the steps of calculation is very challenging for inte
In order to show the steps, the calculator applies the same integration techniques that a human would a
program that does this has been developed over several years and is written in Maxima's own programm
language. It consists of more than 17000 lines of code. When the integrand matches a known form, it a
rules to solve the integral (e. g. partial fraction decomposition for rational functions, trigonometric subs

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11/25/21, 11:52 AM Integral Calculator • With Steps!
integrands involving the square roots of a quadratic polynomial or integration by parts for products of c
functions). Otherwise, it tries different substitutions and transformations until either the integral is solve
out or there is nothing left to try. The calculator lacks the mathematical intuition that is very useful for fi
antiderivative, but on the other hand it can try a large number of possibilities within a short amount of ti
by step antiderivatives are often much shorter and more elegant than those found by Maxima.
The "Check answer" feature has to solve the difficult task of determining whether two mathematical exp
equivalent. Their difference is computed and simplified as far as possible using Maxima. For example, t
writing trigonometric/hyperbolic functions in their exponential forms. If it can be shown that the differe
to zero, the task is solved. Otherwise, a probabilistic algorithm is applied that evaluates and compares b
at randomly chosen places. In the case of antiderivatives, the entire procedure is repeated with each fun
derivative, since antiderivatives are allowed to differ by a constant.
The interactive function graphs are computed in the browser and displayed within a canvas element (HT
each function to be graphed, the calculator creates a JavaScript function, which is then evaluated in sm
order to draw the graph. While graphing, singularities (e. g. poles) are detected and treated specially. Th
control is implemented using Hammer.js.
If you have any questions or ideas for improvements to the Integral Calculator, don't hesitate to write m

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