Geological Hazards

Classification of geological hazards

Earthquake
An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of slowly accumulating strain energy along a fault within the Earth’s
crust. Areas of surface or underground fracturing can experience earthquakes are known as earthquake fault zones.
Geologic hazard caused by earthquakes:
a. Ground shaking
b. Surface faulting
c. Tsunami
a. Ground shaking
Ground shaking or ground motion, a principal cause of the total collapse of structures, is the vibration of the ground
caused by seismic waves during an earthquake.
b. Surface faulting
Surface faulting is the tearing or fracturing of the ground surface by differential movement along a fault during an
earthquake.
c. Tsunami
A tsunami is a very high, large waves or seismic sea waves caused by the sudden movement of the ocean floor due to
earthquake or volcanic eruption.
Volcanic eruption
The location of the Philippines in the Pacific Ring of Fire is near the subduction zone of the Pacific Plate. Subduction
zone is the sinking region of a convergent plate boundary. Thus, it is prone to volcanic eruption.
Lahar- or mudflow is a flowing slurry of volcanic debris and water that originates on a volcano.
Pyroclastic flows- is consist of hot gases infused with incandescent ash and larger lava fragments. Also referred to as
nuée ardentes (glowing avalanches), these fiery flows are capable of racing down steep volcano.
landslides
Occur in a slope, steep hill or mountain. Usually, if the soil is not compact and devoid of vegetation, gravity can drive
soil and rocks to slide.
a. Rainfall-induced landslide
In sloping areas, the gravitational descent of loosened soil makes it possible for landslides to occur. This is a common
phenomenon in places with tropical climates after very intense and long rains during wet season.
b. Earthquake-induced landslide
This type of landside happens during or after an earthquake when a piece of weakened land slides off primarily due to
gravity.
The development of frail rock or soil foundation may be due to the natural makeup of soil consisting of soft layers;
man-made activities that induce erosion, such as deforestation, excavation, mining and other vibrations from natural
ground activities.