Types of speech context and style

- Speech Context refers to the situation or environment and the

circumstances in which communication occurs.
● Intrapersonal - It takes place when the “self” is engaging in inner talk or
internal discourse.
○ - Wiseman and Barker Model (1974)

○ Life orientation - It plays a vital, underlying function because it

affects the various stages as we evaluate and respond to stimuli.
○ Stimuli - Internal stimuli are nerve impulses that are received by the
brain.
■ - External stimuli, on the other hand, comes from outside your
body, from your immediate or proximate environment.
○ Reception - Happens when the body receives stimuli. (Five senses)
○ Discrimination and regrouping - Discrimination determines what stimuli
are allowed to stimulate thought.
■ - In regrouping, the strongest and most important stimuli
previously selected are arranged in a meaningful sequence.
○ Ideation - Ideation is the stage where the messages are thought out,
planned, and organized.
○ Incubation and symbol encoding - Incubation is the process of allowing
your ideas to grow and develop further. In Symbol Encoding, symbols
of thought are transformed into words and gestures or actions.
○ Transmission and feedback - The self-communicator's message is
composed of words and gestures are thus transmitted via air or light
waves.
 ● Interpersonal communication - An interpersonal communication is an
interaction between two or more participants.
○ Dyad - This is the most basic kind of interpersonal communication by
which people mutually share information, ideas or even arguments.
○ Small group - Involves at least three but not more than twelve people
engaging in a face to face interaction to achieve desired goal.
■ All participants can freely share their ideas in a loose and open
discussion.
○ Public communication - Requires you to deliver the message in front of
the group. Messages can be driven by informational or persuasive
purposes.
○ Mass communication - Communication that takes place through
television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet,
and other types of media.

Types of Speech Styles

- A speech style, according to Martin Joos (1976), a linguist and German
professor, refers to the form of language that the speaker utilized which is
characterized by the level of formality.
● Frozen - This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It most
occurs in ceremonies.
● Consultative - This style is a standard one. Professional or mutually
acceptable language is a must in this style.
● Formal - This style is used in formal settings. Unlike consultative style, this
one way.
● Casual - This style is common among peers and friends. Jargons, slang, or the
vernacular language are used.
● Intimate - This style is private, which occurs between or among close family
members or individuals.
Types of Speech Act
- Acts of communication
● Locution (Utterance)
○ Uttering a certain sentence with a certain meaning in the traditional
sense.
● Illocution (Intention)
○ Utterances which have a certain conventional force such as informing,
ordering, and warning.
● Perlocution (Response)
○ Saying something that tries to achieve such as convincing,
persuading,or surprising.
○ “Vote for me and I will make this nation great again.”

Types of Communicative Strategies

● Nomination
○ Choosing a topic. Both speakers should agree on the topic they want to
converse with.
● Restriction
○ Limitation on the topic they are discussing. Sticking to a topic
● Turn-taking
○ Speakers are given time to speak. Giving each other time to talk.
● Topic Control
○ Limits the topic of conversation
● Topic Shifting
○ Changing of topics
● Repair
○ Corrections (“No offense meant……”; “With all due respect…..”)
● Termination
○ Happens when the conversation comes to an end. Agreement
Speeches According to purpose
● Expository/informative speech
○ To describe, clarify, explain and/or define an object, idea, concept,
social institution or process.
● Persuasive speech
○ To affect the behavior of the audience.
○ It should express a want, need, aspiration, hope or cultural goal.
○ It may also wish to stimulate, inspire, create morale or intensify
ideals.
● Entertainment speech
○ An entertainment speech aims to put the audience in a relaxing mood
through the use of situations that may create humorous experiences

Speeches according to delivery

● Reading from manuscript
○ Requires the speaker to prepare his speech ahead of time for the
occasion.
○ Broadcasting, seminars or researches
● Memorized speech
○ Not always advantageous
○ Result of forgetting and loss of more realistic expression
○ Memorized speech word for word
● Impromptu Speech
○ Ample time to prepare for his speech.
○ Organizes thoughts right before the actual delivery.
● Extemporaneous Speech
○ Knowledgeable in organizing his ideas in limited time.
○ Prepares an outline then expound
○ Spontaneous and naturally appealing.
Principles of Speech Writing
● Choosing a Topic - A Speech is meant to impart a Message to Listeners.
○ - When choosing a topic for speech, the speaker should always
consider the characteristics of the audience.
● Analyzing the Audience - Before writing down anything about the Speech,
one must engage in Analyzing the Audience.
○ - Before writing down anything about the Speech, one must engage in
Analyzing the Audience. A Speech for one occasion cannot simply be
used for another.
● Sourcing the Information - This involves seeking out all the available means
for finding materials to support the Speech.
○ - This involves seeking out all the available means for finding materials
to support the Speech.
● Outlining and Organizing the Speech Content
○ - The first step is to sort the information into categories: statistics,
testimonies and opinions, historical facts, etc. Or they may be
classified according to the point they are making, specifically, that
part of the topic to be discussed.

The different Types of Outlines

➢ Chronological outline - a historical/time approach like from the past to the
present.
➢ Spatial/ Geographical Outline - going from one place to another, from one
direction to another.
➢ Cause and effect outline - involves a discussion of both cause and effect of
an issue.
➢ Topical Outline - divides the topic into subtopics based on importance or
interest value or simply because the topic requires it; for topics that do not
fall under any of the previously mentioned outlines.