SOME CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES IN

THE SCHRÖDINGER SETTING

CONG CHEN AND HUA WANG

Dedicated to the memory of Li Xue

arXiv:2311.03407v1 [math.CA] 6 Nov 2023

Abstract. We consider the Schrödinger operator L = −∆ + V on Rd , d ≥ 3, where the

nonnegative potential V belongs to the reverse Hölder class RHs for some s ≥ d/2. A real-
valued function f ∈ L1loc (Rd ) belongs to the (BMO) space BMOρ,θ (Rd ) with 0 < θ < ∞
if  −θ  
r 1
Z
kf kBMOρ,θ := sup 1+ f (x) − fB dx ,
B(x0 ,r) ρ(x0 ) |B(x0 , r)| B(x0 ,r)
where the supremum is taken over all balls B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd , ρ(·) is the critical radius function
in the Schrödinger context and
1
Z
fB := f (y) dy.
|B(x0 , r)| B(x0 ,r)
A real-valued function f ∈ L1loc (Rd ) belongs to the (Lipschitz) space Lipρ,θ d
β (R ) with 0 <
β < 1 and 0 < θ < ∞ if
 −θ  
r 1
Z
kf kLipρ,θ := sup 1+ f (x) − f B dx .
β B(x0 ,r) ρ(x0 ) |B(x0 , r)|1+β/d B(x0 ,r)

It can be easily seen that BMOρ,θ (Rd ) (or Lipρ,θ d

β (R )) is a function space which is larger than
the classical BMO (or Lipschitz) space. In this paper, we give some new characterizations
of BMO and Lipschitz spaces associated with the Schrödinger operator L. We extend some
previous works of Bongioanni–Harboure–Salinas and Liu–Sheng to the weighted case. The
classes of weights considered here are larger than the classical Muckenhoupt classes.

1. Introduction and preliminaries

In this paper, we are concerned with BMO and Lipschitz spaces in the Schrödinger setting.
We shall establish some new characterizations of these function spaces. Let d ≥ 3 be a positive
integer and Rd be the d-dimensional Euclidean space, and let V : Rd → R, d ≥ 3, be a non-
negative locally integrable function which belongs to the reverse Hölder class RHs (Rd ) for
some exponent s ∈ (1, ∞]; i.e., there exists a positive constant C = C(s, V ) > 0 such that the
following reverse Hölder inequality
 Z 1/s  Z 
1 s 1
V (y) dy ≤C· V (y) dy
|B| B |B| B
holds for every ball B in Rd , with the usual modification made when s = ∞. In particular, if
V is a nonnegative polynomial, then V ∈ RH∞ (Rd ). Let us consider the Schrödinger operator
L := −∆ + V on Rd ,
where ∆ is the standard Laplacian. As in [27], for any given V ∈ RHs (Rd ) with s ≥ d/2 and
d ≥ 3, we introduce the critical radius function ρ(x) = ρ(x; V ) which is given by
 Z 
1
ρ(x) := sup r > 0 : d−2 V (y) dy ≤ 1 , x ∈ Rd , (1.1)
r B(x,r)

Copyright 2018 by the Tusi Mathematical Research Group.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 42B35; Secondary 35J10.
Key words and phrases. BMO spaces, Lipschitz spaces, Schrödinger operator, Reverse Hölder class and
Weights.
1
2 H. WANG

where B(x, r) denotes the open ball with the center at x and radius r. It is well known that
this auxiliary function satisfies 0 < ρ(x) < ∞ for any x ∈ Rd under the above assumption on
V (assume that V 6≡ 0, see [27]).
Example 1.1. The Schrödinger operator L = −∆ + V can be viewed as a perturbation of the
Laplacian.
(1) When V = 1, we obtain ρ(x) = 1 for any x ∈ Rd .
(2) When V (x) = |x|2 and L becomes the Hermite operator, we obtain ρ(x) ≈ (1 + |x|)−1 .
We need the following known result concerning the critical radius function (1.1), which was
proved by Shen in [27].
Lemma 1.2 ([27]). If V ∈ RHs (Rd ) with s ≥ d/2 and d ≥ 3, then there exist two positive
constants C0 ≥ 1 and N0 > 0 such that
 −N0   N0
1 |x − y| ρ(y) |x − y| N0 +1
1+ ≤ ≤ C0 1 + (1.2)
C0 ρ(x) ρ(x) ρ(x)
for all x, y ∈ Rd .
By a weight, we always mean a non-negative locally integrable function ω on Rd . Given
a Lebesgue measurable set E ⊂ Rd and a weight ω, we use the notation |E| to denote the
Lebesgue measure of E and ω(E) to denote the weighted measure of E,
Z
ω(E) := ω(x) dx.
E
For any given ball B = B(x0 , r) and λ ∈ (0, ∞), we will write λB for the λ-dilate ball, which
is the ball with the same center x0 and radius λr; that is λB = B(x0 , λr). Similarly, Q(x0 , r)
denotes the cube centered at x0 and with the sidelength r. Here and in what follows, only
cubes with sides parallel to the coordinate axes are considered, and λQ = Q(x0 , λr). We shall
consider two classes of weights that are given in terms of the critical radius function (1.1). As
in [1] (see also [2]), we say that a weight ω belongs to the class Aρ,θ d
p (R ) for 1 < p < ∞ and
0 < θ < ∞, if there is a positive constant C > 0 such that for all balls B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd with
x0 ∈ Rd and r ∈ (0, ∞),
 Z 1/p  Z 1/p′  θ
1 1 −p′ /p r
ω(x) dx ω(x) dx ≤C · 1+ ,
|B| B |B| B ρ(x0 )
where p′ denotes the conjugate index of p, namely, 1/p + 1/p′ = 1. For p = 1 and 0 < θ < ∞,
we also say that a weight ω belongs to the class Aρ,θ d
1 (R ), if there is a positive constant C > 0
such that for all balls B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd with x0 ∈ Rd and r ∈ (0, ∞),
Z  θ
1 r
ω(x) dx ≤ C · 1 + ess inf ω(x).
|B| B ρ(x0 ) x∈B

Since  θ1  θ2

r r
1≤ 1+ ≤ 1+ (1.3)
ρ(x0 ) ρ(x0 )
whenever 0 < θ1 < θ2 < ∞, then for given p with 1 ≤ p < ∞, by definition, we have
Ap (Rd ) ⊂ Aρ,θ
p
1
(Rd ) ⊂ Aρ,θ
p
2
(Rd ),
where Ap (Rd ) denotes the classical Muckenhoupt class (see [22] and [12]). For any given 1 ≤
p < ∞, as the classes Aρ,θ d
p (R ) increase with respect to θ, it is natural to define
[
Aρ,∞
p (Rd ) := Aρ,θ d
p (R ).
θ>0

Consequently, one has the inclusion relation

Ap (Rd ) ⊂ Aρ,∞
p (Rd ).
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 3

However, the converse is not true, it is easy to check that the above inclusion is strict. In fact,
if ω ∈ Ap (Rd ) for some p > 1, then ω(x) dx is a doubling measure (see [16, 17]), i.e., there exists
a universal constant C > 0 such that for any ball B

ω(2B) ≤ Cω(B).

If ω ∈ Aρ,θ d
p (R ) for some p > 1 and θ > 0, then ω(x) dx may not be a doubling measure. For
example, the weight

ωγ (x) = (1 + |x|)γ ∈ Aρ,θ d

p (R ) for any γ > d(p − 1)

provided that V = 1 and ρ(·) ≡ 1. It is easy to see that such choice of ωγ yields ωγ (x) dx is
not a doubling measure, hence it does not belong to Aq (Rd ) for any 1 < q < ∞. The situation
is more complicated. We can define (generalized) doubling classes of weights adapted to the
Schrödinger context, see [9] and [10], for example.
For any given θ > 0, let us introduce the maximal operator which is given in terms of the
critical radius function (1.1).
 −θ Z
r 1
Mρ,θ f (x) := sup 1 + |f (y)| dy, x ∈ Rd .
r>0 ρ(x) |B(x, r)| B(x,r)

The classes Aρ,∞

p (Rd ) are closely connected with the family of maximal operators Mρ,θ . Observe
that a weight ω belongs to the class Aρ,∞1 (Rd ) if and only if there exists a positive number θ > 0
such that Mρ,θ (ω)(x) ≤ C · ω(x), for a.e. x ∈ Rd , where the constant C > 0 is independent of
ω. Moreover, as in the classical setting, the classes of weights are characterized by the weighted
boundedness of the corresponding maximal operators. Let 1 < p < ∞. It can be shown that
ω ∈ Aρ,∞
p (Rd ) if and only if there exists a positive number θ > 0 such that Mρ,θ is bounded on
p
L (ω) (see [6] and [7], for example). In addition, for some fixed θ > 0, we have the following
inclusion relations (see [30])

Aρ,θ d ρ,θ d ρ,θ d

1 (R ) ⊂ Ap1 (R ) ⊂ Ap2 (R ),

whenever 1 ≤ p1 < p2 < ∞. As in [30] (see also [11] and [32]), we say that a weight ω is in the
class Aρ,θ d
p,q (R ) for 1 < p, q < ∞ and 0 < θ < ∞, if there exists a positive constant C > 0 such
that
 Z 1/q  Z 1/p′  θ
1 1 ′ r
ω(x)q dx ω(x)−p dx ≤C · 1+
|B| B |B| B ρ(x0 )
holds for all balls B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd . For the case p = 1, we also say that a weight ω is in the
class Aρ,θ d
1,q (R ) for 1 < q < ∞ and 0 < θ < ∞, if there exists a positive constant C > 0 such
that
 Z 1/q  θ
1 q r
ω(x) dx ≤C· 1+ ess inf ω(x)
|B| B ρ(x0 ) x∈B

holds for all balls B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd . In view of (1.3), for any 1 ≤ p, q < ∞, we find that

Ap,q (Rd ) ⊂ Aρ,θ d ρ,θ2 d

p,q (R ) ⊂ Ap,q (R ),
1

whenever 0 ≤ θ1 < θ2 < ∞. Here Ap,q (Rd ) denotes the classical Muckenhoupt–Wheeden class
(see [24]). Correspondingly, for 1 ≤ p, q < ∞, we define
[
Aρ,∞ d
p,q (R ) := Aρ,θ d
p,q (R ).
θ>0

Remark 1.3. A few comments are in order:

4 H. WANG

(1) As in the classical Muckenhoupt theory, we define the Aρ,θ p and Aρ,θ
p,q characteristic
constants of ω as follows (B = B(x0 , r)):
 −θ  Z 1/p  Z 1/p′
r 1 1 −p′ /p
[ω]Aρ,θ := sup 1 + ω(x) dx ω(x) dx , when 1 < p < ∞,
p
B⊂Rd ρ(x0 ) |B| B |B| B
 −θ  Z  −1
r 1
[ω]Aρ,θ := sup 1 + ω(x) dx ess inf ω(x) , when p = 1,
1
B⊂Rd ρ(x0 ) |B| B x∈B
 −θ  Z 1/q  Z 1/p′
r 1 q 1 −p′
[ω]Aρ,θ := sup 1 + ω(x) dx ω(x) dx , when 1 < p, q < ∞,
p,q
B⊂Rd ρ(x0 ) |B| B |B| B
 −θ  Z 1/q  −1
r 1
[ω]Aρ,θ := sup 1 + ω(x)q dx ess inf ω(x) , when p = 1, 1 < q < ∞.
1,q
B⊂Rd ρ(x0 ) |B| B x∈B

(2) We mention that in the definition of both classes of weights Aρ,∞ p (Rd ) and Aρ,∞ d
p,q (R )
balls can be replaced by cubes, due to (1.2).
(3) For more results about weighted norm inequalities of various integral operators in har-
monic analysis (such as first or second order Riesz–Schrödinger transforms, Schrödinger
type singular integrals, fractional integrals, etc.), one can see [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 30, 31].
In 2011, Bongioanni–Harboure–Salinas [3] introduced a new class of function spaces (see also
[2]). According to [3], the new BMO space BMOρ,∞ (Rd ) is defined by
[
BMOρ,∞ (Rd ) := BMOρ,θ (Rd ),
θ>0

where for any fixed 0 < θ < ∞ the space BMOρ,θ (Rd ) is defined to be the set of all locally
integrable functions f satisfying
Z  θ
1 r
f (x) − fQ dx ≤ C · 1 + , (1.4)
|Q(x0 , r)| Q(x0 ,r) ρ(x0 )
for all x0 ∈ Rd and r ∈ (0, ∞), fQ denotes the mean value of f on Q(x0 , r), that is,
Z
1
fQ := f (y) dy.
|Q(x0 , r)| Q(x0 ,r)
A norm for f ∈ BMOρ,θ (Rd ), denoted by kf kBMOρ,θ , is given by the infimum of the constants
satisfying (1.4), after identifying functions that differ by a constant, or equivalently,
 −θ  Z 
r 1
kf kBMOρ,θ := sup 1+ f (x) − fQ dx ,
Q(x0 ,r) ρ(x0 ) |Q(x0 , r)| Q(x0 ,r)
where the supremum is taken over all cubes Q(x0 , r) with x0 ∈ Rd and r ∈ (0, ∞). Note that
if we let θ = 0 in (1.4), we obtain the usual (John–Nirenberg) BMO space (see [20]). Define
n o
BMOρ,θ (Rd ) := f ∈ L1loc (Rd ) : kf kBMOρ,θ < ∞ .
With the above definition in mind, one has
BMO(Rd ) ⊂ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ) ⊂ BMOρ,θ2 (Rd )
whenever 0 < θ1 < θ2 < ∞, and hence
BMO(Rd ) ⊂ BMOρ,∞ (Rd ).
Moreover, it can be shown that the classical BMO space is properly contained in BMOρ,∞ (Rd )
(see [2, 3, 30] for more examples).
We give a version of John–Nirenberg inequality suitable for the new BMO space BMOρ,θ (Rd ),
which can be found in [30, Proposition 4.2].
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 5

Lemma 1.4 ([30]). If f ∈ BMOρ,θ (Rd ) with 0 < θ < ∞, then there exist two positive constants
C1 and C2 such that for every cube Q = Q(x0 , r) and every λ > 0,
n o   −(N0 +1)θ 
r C2 λ
x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ ≤ C1 |Q| exp − 1 + ,
ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ
where N0 is the constant appearing in Lemma 1.2.

This estimate plays an important role in the proofs of our main theorems.
In 2014, Liu–Sheng introduced a new class of function spaces which is larger than the classical
Lipschitz space. According to [21], for 0 < θ < ∞ and 0 ≤ β < 1, the space Lipρ,θ d
β (R ) is defined
to be the set of all locally integrable functions f satisfying
Z  θ
1 r
f (x) − fB dx ≤ C · 1 + , (1.5)
|B(x0 , r)|1+β/d B(x0 ,r) ρ(x0 )

for all x0 ∈ Rd and r ∈ (0, ∞), fB denotes the mean value of f on B(x0 , r), that is,
Z
1
fB := f (y) dy.
|B(x0 , r)| B(x0 ,r)

The infimum of the constants C satisfying (1.5) is defined to be the norm of f ∈ Lipρ,θ d
β (R )
and denoted by kf kLipρ,θ , or equivalently,
β

 −θ  Z 
r 1
kf kLipρ,θ := sup 1+ f (x) − fB dx ,
β
B(x0 ,r) ρ(x0 ) |B(x0 , r)|1+β/d B(x0 ,r)

where the supremum is taken over all balls B(x0 , r) with x0 ∈ Rd and r ∈ (0, ∞).

Remark 1.5. Some special cases:

(1) Note that if θ = 0 in (1.5), then Lipρ,θ d
β (R ) is exactly the classical Lipschitz space
Lipβ (Rd );
(2) if β = 0 and 0 < θ < ∞ in (1.5), then Lipρ,θ d d
β (R ) is exactly the above space BMOρ,θ (R )
introduced by Bongioanni–Harboure–Salinas in [3].

For such spaces, we have the following key estimate, which can be found in [21, Theorem 5].

Lemma 1.6 ([21]). If f ∈ Lipρ,θ d

β (R ) with 0 < β < 1 and 0 < θ < ∞, then there exists a
positive constant C > 0 such that
 θ
|f (x) − f (y)| |x − y| |x − y|
≤ Ckf kLipρ,θ 1 + +
|x − y|β β ρ(x) ρ(y)
holds true for all x, y ∈ Rd with x 6= y. Conversely, if there is a positive constant C > 0 such
that for any x, y ∈ Rd with x 6= y,
 θ
|f (x) − f (y)| |x − y| |x − y|
≤ C 1 + +
|x − y|β ρ(x) ρ(y)
ρ,(N0 +1)θ
holds for some θ > 0 and 0 < β < 1, then f ∈ Lipβ (Rd ).

Throughout this article, we will always assume that V ∈ RHs (Rd ) for some s ≥ d/2 and
d ≥ 3, the letter C denotes a positive constant which is independent of the main parameters,
but it may vary from line to line. Constants with subscripts, such as C0 , C1 , do not change in
different occurrences. The notation X ≈ Y means that there exists a positive constant C > 0
such that 1/C ≤ X/Y ≤ C.
6 H. WANG

2. Some lemmas
Let us recall and prove some lemmas, before stating and giving the proof of our main theo-
rems. First observe that from (1.2), it is easy to verify that when x ∈ B(x0 , r) with x0 ∈ Rd
and r > 0,
 N0 +1
r r
1+ ≤ C0 · 1 + , (2.1)
ρ(x) ρ(x0 )

where C0 is the constant appearing in Lemma 1.2. In fact, this estimate has been obtained in
the literature (see [8, Lemma 1] and [10, Lemma 2]), for the sake of completeness, we give its
proof here. By the left-hand side of (1.2), we have that for any x ∈ B(x0 , r),
 N  N0
1 1 |x − x0 | 0 1 r
≤ C0 · 1+ < C0 · 1+ .
ρ(x) ρ(x0 ) ρ(x0 ) ρ(x0 ) ρ(x0 )

From this, it follows that (since C0 ≥ 1)

 N0  N0 +1
r r r r
1+ ≤ 1 + C0 · 1+ ≤ C0 · 1 + ,
ρ(x) ρ(x0 ) ρ(x0 ) ρ(x0 )

as desired. The following results (Lemmas 2.1 through 2.4) are extensions of well-known prop-
erties of classical Ap weights. We first present an important property of the Aρ,θp classes of
weights with 1 ≤ p < ∞ and 0 < θ < ∞, which was given by Bongioanni–Harboure–Salinas in
[1, Lemma 5].

Lemma 2.1 ([1]). If ω ∈ Aρ,θ d

p (R ) with 0 < θ < ∞ and 1 ≤ p < ∞, then there exist positive
constants ǫ > 0, η > 1 and C > 0 such that
 Z  1+ǫ
1  Z  η
1 1+ǫ 1 r
ω(x) dx ≤C· ω(x) dx 1 + (2.2)
|Q| Q |Q| Q ρ(x0 )

holds for every cube Q = Q(x0 , r) in Rd .

Remark 2.2. The constant C > 0 in Lemma 2.1 depends on p, d and the Aρ,θ p characteristic
constant of ω, the positive number ǫ in Lemma 2.1 comes from the classical proof for Ap weights
in [15, Theorem 7.4], and η is a positive constant greater than 1, which can be chosen as follows.

pN0 dǫ
η := θp + (θ + d) + (N0 + 1) > 1.
N0 + 1 1+ǫ

One is naturally led to ask whether it is possible to improve this result.

As a direct consequence of Lemma 2.1, we have the following result, which provides us the
comparison between the Lebesgue measure of a set E and its weighted measure ω(E).

Lemma 2.3. If ω ∈ Aρ,θ d

p (R ) with 0 < θ < ∞ and 1 ≤ p < ∞, then there exist two positive
numbers δ > 0 and η > 1 such that for any cube Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 δ  η
ω(E) |E| r
≤C· 1+ (2.3)
ω(Q) |Q| ρ(x0 )

holds for any measurable subset E contained in Q, where C > 0 is a constant which does not
depend on E nor on Q, and η is given as in Lemma 2.1.
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 7

Proof. For any given cube Q = Q(x0 , r) with x0 ∈ Rd and r ∈ (0, ∞), suppose that E ⊂ Q,
then by Hölder’s inequality with exponent 1 + ǫ and (2.2), we can deduce that
Z
ω(E) = χE (x) · ω(x) dx
Q
Z 1 Z
 1+ǫ  1+ǫ
ǫ
1+ǫ
≤ ω(x)1+ǫ dx χE (x) ǫ dx
Q Q
 Z  η
1 1 r ǫ
≤ C · |Q| 1+ǫ ω(x) dx 1 + |E| 1+ǫ
|Q| Q ρ(x0 )
  ǫ  η
|E| 1+ǫ r
=C· 1+ ω(Q).
|Q| ρ(x0 )
This gives (2.3) with δ = ǫ/(1 + ǫ). Here the characteristic function of the set E is denoted by
χE . 
The following result gives the relationship between these two classes of weights, Aρ,∞
p (Rd )
and Aρ,∞ d
p,q (R ).

Lemma 2.4. Suppose that 1 ≤ p < q < ∞. Then the following statements are true.
ρ,θ e
(1) If p > 1 and 0 < θ < ∞, then ω ∈ Aρ,θ d q d
p,q (R ) implies that ω ∈ At (R ) with
1
t := 1 + q/p′ and θe := θ · .
1/q + 1/p′
∗
(2) If p = 1 and 0 < θ < ∞, then ω ∈ Aρ,θ d q ρ,θ
1,q (R ) implies that ω ∈ A1 (Rd ) with
θ∗ := θ · q.
Proof. (1) When t = 1 + q/p′ , then a simple computation shows that
1 1 1 1 t−1 1 1
= · , = = ′ · ,
t q 1/q + 1/p′ t′ t p 1/q + 1/p′
and 
t′  1
q· −
= −q · = −p′ .
t t−1
If ω ∈ Aρ,θ d
p,q (R ) with 1 < p < q < ∞ and 0 < θ < ∞, then we have
 Z 1/t  Z 1/t′
1 q 1 q −t′ /t
ω (x) dx ω (x) dx
|B| B |B| B
 Z 1/q  Z 1/p′  1 ′
1 1 ′ 1/q+1/p
= ω(x)q dx ω(x)−p dx
|B| B |B| B
  1 ′  θ· 1 ′   1 ′  θe
1/q+1/p r 1/q+1/p
1/q+1/p r
≤ [ω]Aρ,θ · 1+ = [ω]Aρ,θ · 1+ ,
p,q ρ(x0 ) p,q ρ(x0 )
e
which means that ω q ∈ Atρ,θ (Rd ) with θe = θ · 1
1/q+1/p′ , and
  1 ′  θ/θ
e
1/q+1/p
[ω q ]Aρ,θe ≤ [ω]Aρ,θ
p,q
= [ω] ρ,θ
Ap,q .
t

Here and in the sequel, for any positive number γ > 0, we denote ω γ (x) = ω(x)γ by convention.
(2) On the other hand, if ω ∈ Aρ,θ d
1,q (R ) with 1 < q < ∞ and 0 < θ < ∞, then we have

1
Z  q  r
θ·q  q
q
ω (x) dx ≤ [ω]Aρ,θ · 1 + ess inf ω(x)
|B| B 1,q ρ(x0 ) x∈B
 q  θ ∗
r
= [ω]Aρ,θ · 1 + ess inf ω q (x),
1,q ρ(x0 ) x∈B
8 H. WANG

∗
which means that ω q ∈ Aρ,θ
1 (Rd ) with θ∗ = θ · q, and
 q  θ∗ /θ
[ω q ]Aρ,θ∗ ≤ [ω]Aρ,θ = [ω]Aρ,θ .
1 1,q 1,q

This concludes the proof of Lemma 2.4. 

There are many classical works about the characterizations of usual BMO and Lipschitz
spaces. We now present some relevant results in the literature. In 1961, John and Nirenberg
established the following result (known as the John–Nirenberg inequality, see [20] and [15]): If
f ∈ BMO(Rd ), then for any cube Q in Rd and for any λ > 0,
n o  
c2 λ
x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ ≤ c1 |Q| exp − ,
kf kBMO
where c1 > 0 and c2 > 0 are two universal constants and
Z
1
kf kBMO := sup |f (x) − fQ | dx < ∞.
Q⊂Rd |Q| Q

As a consequence of the above estimate and Hölder’s inequality, we can obtain an equivalent
norm on BMO(Rd ), see [15, Corollary 6.12], for example.
Proposition 2.5 ([15]). For 1 ≤ s < ∞, define
 Z 1/s
1 s
kf kBMO := sup
s |f (x) − fQ | dx .
Q⊂Rd |Q| Q
Then we have (when s = 1, we write k · kBMOs = k · kBMO )
kf kBMOs ≈ kf kBMO ,
for each 1 < s < ∞ (the norms are mutually equivalent).
We can extend this result to the weighted case. For each ω ∈ A∞ := ∪1≤p<∞ Ap , we denote
by BMO(ω) the set of all locally integrable functions f on Rd such that
Z
1
kf kBMO(ω) := sup |f (x) − fω,Q |ω(x) dx < ∞,
Q⊂Rd ω(Q) Q

where Z
1
fω,Q := f (x)ω(x) dx.
ω(Q) Q

In 1976, Muckenhoupt and Wheeden proved that a function f is in the space BMO(Rd ) if and
only if f is in BMO(ω) (bounded mean oscillation with respect to ω), provided that ω ∈ A∞ (Rd ),
see [23, Theorem 5].
Proposition 2.6 ([23]). For each ω ∈ A∞ (Rd ), then we have BMO(Rd ) = BMO(ω) and (the
norms are mutually equivalent)
kf kBMO(ω) ≈ kf kBMO .
In 2011, Ho further proved the following result by using the John–Nirenberg inequality and
relevant properties of A∞ weights, see [18, Theorem 3.1].
Proposition 2.7 ([18]). For all 1 ≤ s < ∞ and ω ∈ As (Rd ), then f ∈ BMO(Rd ) if and only if
 Z 1/s
1
sup |f (x) − fQ |s ω(x) dx < ∞.
Q⊂Rd ω(Q) Q
On the other hand, it is well known that Lipschitz spaces are useful tools in the regularity
theory of PDEs. We have the following characterization of classical Lipschitz spaces, which can
be found in [26, Lemma 1.5] and [19, Theorem 2]. For more general results, see [25, Theorem
2.4].
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 9

Proposition 2.8 ([26]). For 1 ≤ s < ∞ and 0 < β < 1, define

 Z 1/s
1 1 s
kf kLipsβ := sup β/n |B|
|f (x) − f B | dx ,
B⊂Rd |B| B

and
|f (x) − f (y)|
kf kΛβ := sup .
x,y∈Rd ,x6=y |x − y|β
Then we have (when s = 1, we denote k · kLipsβ = k · kLipβ )

kf kLipsβ ≈ kf kLipβ ≈ kf kΛβ ,

for each 1 < s < ∞.

We mention that this result leads to a generalization of the classical Sobolev embedding
theorem. It is also well known that Lip1/p−1 (Rd ) is the dual space of Hardy space H p (Rd )
when 0 < p < 1, and Lip0 (Rd ) = BMO(Rd ) is the dual space of Hardy space H 1 (Rd ).

Remark 2.9. There are some other characterizations of Lipschitz spaces, which have been ob-
tained by several authors. For instance, we can give some new characterizations of Lipschitz
spaces via the boundedness of commutators (such as Calderón–Zygmund singular integral op-
erators and fractional integrals). For further details, we refer the reader to [13, 14, 26, 28, 29]
and the references therein.

It is natural to consider the same problems (characterizations of function spaces) in the

Schrödinger context. Concerning the BMO and Lipschitz spaces related to Schrödinger opera-
tors with nonnegative potentials, we can obtain the following conclusions.

Proposition 2.10. Let 0 < θ < ∞ and 1 ≤ s < ∞. If f ∈ BMOρ,θ (Rd ), then there exists a
positive constant C > 0 such that
 Z 1/s  (N0 +1)θ
1 r
|f (x) − fQ |s dx ≤C 1+ kf kBMOρ,θ
|Q| Q ρ(x0 )

holds for every cube Q = Q(x0 , r) with x0 ∈ Rd and r > 0, where N0 is the constant appearing
in Lemma 1.2.

This result was first proved by Bongioanni–Harboure–Salinas in 2011, see [3, Proposition 3].

Proposition 2.11. Let 0 < θ < ∞ and 1 ≤ s < ∞. If f ∈ Lipρ,θ d

β (R ) with 0 < β < 1, then
there exists a positive constant C > 0 such that
 Z 1/s  (N0 +1)θ
1 1 s r
|f (x) − fB | dx ≤C 1+ kf kLipρ,θ
|B|β/d |B| B ρ(x0 ) β

holds for every ball B = B(x0 , r) with x0 ∈ Rd and r > 0, where N0 is the constant appearing
in Lemma 1.2.

This result was first given by Liu–Sheng in 2014, see [21, Proposition 3].
Inspired by these results, it is natural to ask whether similar result remains true in the
weighted case. In this paper we give a positive answer to this question. As already mentioned
in the introduction, the harmonic analysis arising from the Schrödinger operator L = −∆ + V
is based on the use of a related critical radius function, which was introduced by Shen. In this
framework, to show our main results, we rely on a version of John–Nirenberg’s inequality for the
space BMOρ,θ (Rd )(see Lemma 1.4), a pointwise estimate for the function f ∈ Lipρ,θ d
β (R )(see
Lemma 1.6), and some related properties of classes of weights.
10 H. WANG

3. Main results
Let N0 be the same constant as in Lemma 1.2 and let η be the same number as in Lemma
2.3. Now we are in a position to give the main results of this paper.

Theorem 3.1. Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,θ

p
2
(Rd ) with 0 < θ2 < ∞. Then the following
statements are true.
(1) If f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ) with 0 < θ1 < ∞, then for any cube Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/p  (N0 +1)θ1 +η/p
1 r
|f (x) − fQ |p ω(x) dx ≤C 1+ kf kBMOρ,θ1 .
ω(Q) Q ρ(x0 )

(2) Conversely, if there exists a constant C > 0 such that for any cube Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/p  θ1 −θ2
1 p r
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+ (3.1)
ω(Q) Q ρ(x0 )

holds for some θ1 > 0, then f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ), and

kf kBMOρ,θ1 ≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 .
p

Theorem 3.2. Let 1 ≤ p < q < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,θ d

p,q (R ) with 0 < θ2 < ∞. Then the following
2

statements are true.

(1) If f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ) with 0 < θ1 < ∞, then for any cube Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/q  (N0 +1)θ1 +η/q
1 q q r
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+ kf kBMOρ,θ1 .
ω q (Q) Q ρ(x0 )

(2) Conversely, if there exists a constant C > 0 such that for any cube Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/q  θ1 −θ2
1 q q r
q
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+ (3.2)
ω (Q) Q ρ(x0 )

holds for some θ1 > 0, then f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ), and

kf kBMOρ,θ1 ≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ
p,q
2.

Proof of Theorem 3.1. (1) Let f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ) with 0 < θ1 < ∞. According to Lemma 1.4,
there are two constants C1 , C2 > 0 such that for any λ > 0,

n o   −(N0 +1)θ1 
r C2 λ
x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ ≤ C1 |Q| exp − 1 + .
ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ1

Since ω ∈ Aρ,θ
p
2
(Rd ) with 0 < θ2 < ∞ and 1 ≤ p < ∞, by using Lemma 2.3, we get

n o   −(N0 +1)θ1 
r C2 δλ
ω x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ ≤ C · C1δ ω(Q) exp − 1 +
ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ1
 η
r
× 1+ .
ρ(x0 )
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 11

Hence, for any cube Q ⊂ Rd ,

 Z 1/p
1 p
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx
ω(Q) Q
 Z ∞ n o 1/p
1 p−1
= pλ ω x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ dλ
ω(Q) 0
 Z ∞   −(N0 +1)θ1  1/p
r C2 δλ
≤ C · C1δ pλp−1 exp − 1 + dλ
0 ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ1
 η/p
r
× 1+ .
ρ(x0 )

r

−(N0 +1)θ1 C δλ
By making the substitution µ = 1 + ρ(x0 )
2
kf kBMOρ,θ , we can deduce that
1

 Z 1/p
1 p
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx
ω(Q) Q
 1/p  r
(N0 +1)θ1
kf kBMOρ,θ1

r
η/p
≤ C · C1δ p 1+ × 1+
ρ(x0 ) C2 δ ρ(x0 )
Z ∞ 1/p
× µp−1 e−µ dµ
0
δ/p  (N0 +1)θ1 +η/p
C r
≤C· 1 1+ kf kBMOρ,θ1 . (3.3)
C2 ρ(x0 )

This gives the desired inequality. Now we prove (2). When 1 < p < ∞, by using Hölder’s
inequality, the condition ω ∈ Aρ,θ
p
2
(Rd ) and (3.1), we obtain

Z Z
1 1
|f (x) − fQ | dx = |f (x) − fQ |ω(x)1/p · ω(x)−1/p dx
|Q| Q |Q| Q
Z 1/p  Z 1/p′
1 ′
≤ |f (x) − fQ |p ω(x) dx ω(x)−p /p dx
|Q| Q Q
 θ1 −θ2
r
≤C 1+
ρ(x0 )
 Z 1/p  Z 1/p′
1 1 −p′ /p
× ω(x) dx ω(x) dx
|Q| Q |Q| Q
  θ1
r
≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ 2 1+ . (3.4)
p ρ(x0 )
12 H. WANG

When p = 1, then it follows immediately from the condition ω ∈ Aρ,θ 1

2
(Rd ) and (3.1) that
Z Z
1 1
|f (x) − fQ | dx = |f (x) − fQ |ω(x) · ω(x)−1 dx
|Q| Q |Q| Q
Z  
1
≤ |f (x) − fQ |ω(x) dx ess sup ω(x)−1
|Q| Q x∈Q
 θ1 −θ2
r
≤C 1+
ρ(x0 )
 Z  −1
1
× ω(x) dx ess inf ω(x)
|Q| Q x∈Q
 θ1
r
≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 1 + . (3.5)
1 ρ(x0 )
Collecting the above estimates (3.4) and (3.5), we conclude the proof of Theorem 3.1. 

Proof of Theorem 3.2. (1) Let f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ) with 0 < θ1 < ∞. According to Lemma 1.4,
there are two constants C1 , C2 > 0 such that for any λ > 0,
n o   −(N0 +1)θ1 
r C2 λ
x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ ≤ C1 |Q| exp − 1 + .
ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ1

Since ω ∈ Aρ,θ d
p,q (R ) with 0 < θ2 < ∞ and 1 ≤ p < q < ∞, by using Lemma 2.4 and Lemma
2

2.3, we have
n o   −(N0 +1)θ1 
r C2 δλ
ω q x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ ≤ C · C1δ ω q (Q) exp − 1 +
ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ1
 η
r
× 1+ .
ρ(x0 )
Hence, for any cube Q ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/q
1 q q
|f (x) − f Q | ω(x) dx
ω q (Q) Q
 Z ∞ n o 1/q
1 q−1 q
= qλ ω x ∈ Q : |f (x) − fQ | > λ dλ
ω q (Q) 0
 Z ∞   −(N0 +1)θ1  1/q
δ q−1 r C2 δλ
≤ C · C1 qλ exp − 1 + dλ
0 ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ1
 η/q
r
× 1+ .
ρ(x0 )

r

−(N0 +1)θ1 C2 δλ
By making the substitution ν = 1 + ρ(x0 ) kf kBMOρ,θ , we can see that
1

 Z 1/q
1
q
|f (x) − fQ |q ω(x)q dx
ω (Q) Q
δ/q  (N0 +1)θ1 +η/q Z ∞ 1/q
C1 r q−1 −ν
≤C· 1+ kf kBMOρ,θ1 × ν e dν
C2 ρ(x0 ) 0
δ/q  (N0 +1)θ1 +η/q
C1 r
≤C· 1+ kf kBMOρ,θ1 . (3.6)
C2 ρ(x0 )
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 13

This yields the desired estimate. Let us now turn to the proof of (2). When 1 < p < ∞, it then
follows directly from the Hölder inequality that
Z Z
1 1
|f (x) − fQ | dx = |f (x) − fQ |ω(x) · ω(x)−1 dx (3.7)
|Q| Q |Q| Q
Z 1/p  Z 1/p′
1 p p −p′
≤ |f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ω(x) dx .
|Q| Q Q
Moreover, by using the Hölder inequality again, we can see that when 1 ≤ p < q,
 Z 1/p  Z 1/q
1 p p 1 q q
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤ |f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx . (3.8)
|Q| Q |Q| Q
Substituting the above inequality into (3.7), we thus obtain
Z Z 1/q  Z 1/p′
1 |Q|1/p−1/q q q −p′
|f (x) − fQ | dx ≤ |f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ω(x) dx
|Q| Q |Q| Q Q
 θ1 −θ2
r
≤C 1+
ρ(x0 )
 Z 1/q  Z 1/p′
1 q 1 −p′
× ω(x) dx ω(x) dx
|Q| Q |Q| Q
  θ1
r
≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 1 + , (3.9)
p,q ρ(x0 )
where in the last two inequalities we have used (3.2) and the definition of Aρ,θ
p,q , respectively.
2

When p = 1 and 1 < q < ∞, then we have

Z Z
1 1
|f (x) − fQ | dx = |f (x) − fQ |ω(x) · ω(x)−1 dx
|Q| Q |Q| Q
Z  
1 −1
≤ |f (x) − fQ |ω(x) dx ess sup ω(x) .
|Q| Q x∈Q

From the previous estimate (3.8)(with p = 1), it actually follows that

Z Z 1/q  
1 |Q|1−1/q q q −1
|f (x) − fQ | dx ≤ |f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ess sup ω(x)
|Q| Q |Q| Q x∈Q
 θ1 −θ2
r
≤C 1+
ρ(x0 )
 Z 1/q  −1
1 q
× ω(x) dx ess inf ω(x)
|Q| Q x∈Q
 θ1
r
≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 1 + , (3.10)
1,q ρ(x0 )
where in the last two inequalities we have used (3.2) and the definition of Aρ,θ
1,q , respectively.
2

Collecting the above estimates (3.9) and (3.10), we finish the proof of Theorem 3.2. 
For any cube Q (or ball B) in Rd , by using Hölder’s inequality (1 < p < ∞), we have
Z Z 1/p  Z 1/p′
−1 p −p′
|Q| = ω(x) · ω(x) dx ≤ ω(x) dx ω(x) dx .
Q Q Q

By the definition of Aρ,θ

p,q weights, we get
2

Z 1/q  Z 1/p′  θ2

′
1/q+1/p′ r
ω(x)q dx ω(x)−p dx ≤ [ω]Aρ,θ2 |Q| 1+ .
Q Q
p,q ρ(x0 )
14 H. WANG

Consequently,
Z 1/q ′  θ2  Z 1/p
q |Q|1/q+1/p r p
ω(x) dx ≤ [ω]Aρ,θ2 1+ ω(x) dx
Q
p,q |Q| ρ(x0 ) Q
 θ2 Z 1/p (3.11)
r 1/q−1/p p
= [ω]Aρ,θ2 1 + |Q| ω(x) dx .
p,q ρ(x0 ) Q

We remark that the above estimate also holds for the case p = 1 and ω ∈ Aρ,θ d
1,q (R ). Indeed, it
2

is immediate that by definition

Z 1/q  θ2
q r
ω(x) dx ≤ [ω]Aρ,θ2 1 + |Q|1/q ess inf ω(x)
Q 1,q ρ(x0 ) x∈Q
 θ2 Z 
r 1/q−1
≤ [ω]Aρ,θ2 1 + |Q| ω(x) dx .
1,q ρ(x0 ) Q
On the other hand, it follows directly from Hölder’s inequality (1 ≤ p < q) that
 Z 1/p  Z 1/q
1 1
ω(x)p dx ≤ ω(x)q dx ,
|Q| Q |Q| Q
which implies that
Z 1/q Z 1/p
q 1/q−1/p p
ω(x) dx ≥ |Q| ω(x) dx . (3.12)
Q Q
As a consequence of (3.11) and (3.12), we then obtain the following conclusions.
Corollary 3.3. Let 1 ≤ p < q < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,θ d
p,q (R ) with 0 < θ2 < ∞. Then the following
2

statements are true.

(1) If f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ) with 0 < θ1 < ∞, then for any cube Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
Z 1/q  (N0 +1)θ1 +θ2 +η/p
|Q|1/p−1/q q q r
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+ kf kBMOρ,θ1 .
[ω p (Q)]1/p Q ρ(x0 )
(2) Conversely, if there exists a constant C > 0 such that for any cube Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
Z 1/q  θ1 −θ2
|Q|1/p−1/q q q r
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+
[ω p (Q)]1/p Q ρ(x0 )
holds for some θ1 > 0, then f ∈ BMOρ,θ1 (Rd ), and
kf kBMOρ,θ1 ≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 .
p,q

Theorem 3.4. Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,θ

p
2
(Rd )
with 0 < θ2 < ∞. Then the following
statements are true.
(1) If f ∈ Lipρ,θ d
β (R ) with 0 < β < 1 and 0 < θ1 < ∞, then for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ R ,
1 d

 Z 1/p  (N0 +1)θ1

1 1 p r
|f (x) − f B | ω(x) dx ≤ C 1 + kf kLipρ,θ1 .
|B|β/d ω(B) B ρ(x0 ) β

(2) Conversely, if there exists a constant C > 0 such that for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd
and 0 < β < 1,
 Z 1/p  θ1 −θ2
1 1 p r
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+
|B|β/d ω(B) B ρ(x0 )
holds for some θ1 > 0, then f ∈ Lipρ,θ d
β (R ), and
1

kf kLipρ,θ1 ≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 .
β p

Theorem 3.5. Let 1 ≤ p < q < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,θ d

p,q (R )
2
with 0 < θ2 < ∞. Then the following
statements are true.
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 15

(1) If f ∈ Lipρ,θ d d
β (R ) with 0 < β < 1 and 0 < θ1 < ∞, then for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ R ,
1

 Z 1/q  (N0 +1)θ1

1 1 q q r
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx ≤ C 1+ kf kLipρ,θ1 .
|B|β/d ω q (B) B ρ(x0 ) β

(2) Conversely, if there exists a constant C > 0 such that for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd
and 0 < β < 1,
 Z 1/q  θ1 −θ2
1 1 q q r
|f (x) − f B | ω(x) dx ≤ C 1 +
|B|β/d ω q (B) B ρ(x0 )
holds for some θ1 > 0, then f ∈ Lipρ,θ d
β (R ), and
1

kf kLipρ,θ1 ≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 .
β p,q

Proof of Theorem 3.4. Following the same arguments as in the proof of Theorem 3.1, we can
also prove the second part (2). We only need to show the first part (1). Fix x0 ∈ Rd , let
B = B(x0 , r) be the ball centered at x0 and radius r. By using Minkowski’s inequality, we get
 Z 1/p
1 1 p
|f (x) − f B | ω(x) dx
|B|β/d ω(B) B
 Z 1/p  Z 1/p
1 1 p 1 1 p
≤ |f (x) − f (x0 )| ω(x) dx + |f (x0 ) − fB | ω(x) dx
|B|β/d ω(B) B |B|β/d ω(B) B
 Z 1/p  Z 
1 1 p 1 1
≤ |f (x) − f (x0 )| ω(x) dx + |f (x) − f (x0 )| dx .
|B|β/d ω(B) B |B|β/d |B| B
In view of Lemma 1.6, one can see that for any x ∈ B,
 θ
β |x − x0 | |x − x0 | 1
|f (x) − f (x0 )| ≤ Ckf kLipρ,θ1 |x − x0 | 1 + +
β ρ(x) ρ(x0 )
 θ1
r r
≤ C|B|β/d kf kLipρ,θ1 1 + + .
β ρ(x) ρ(x0 )
This, together with the estimate (2.1), gives us that
 (N0 +1)θ1
r
|f (x) − f (x0 )| ≤ C|B|β/d kf kLipρ,θ1 1 + .
β ρ(x0 )
Therefore,
 Z 1/p  (N0 +1)θ1
1 1 p r
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+ kf kLipρ,θ1 .
|B|β/d ω(B) B ρ(x0 ) β

This completes the proof of Theorem 3.4. 

Proof of Theorem 3.5. Following along the same lines as that of Theorem 3.2, we can also prove
the second part (2). So we only need to show the first part (1). For an arbitrary fixed ball
B = B(x0 , r), by the Minkowski inequality, we have
 Z 1/q
1 1 q q
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx
|B|β/d ω q (B) B
 Z 1/q  Z 1/q
1 1 q q 1 1 q q
≤ |f (x) − f (x0 )| ω(x) dx + |f (x0 ) − f B | ω(x) dx
|B|β/d ω q (B) B |B|β/d ω q (B) B
 Z 1/q  Z 
1 1 q q 1 1
≤ |f (x) − f (x0 )| ω(x) dx + |f (x) − f (x0 )| dx .
|B|β/d ω q (B) B |B|β/d |B| B
Arguing as in the proof of Theorem 3.4, we can also obtain analogous estimate below.
 Z 1/q  (N0 +1)θ1
1 1 q q r
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx ≤ C 1+ kf kLipρ,θ1 .
|B|β/d ω q (B) B ρ(x0 ) β
16 H. WANG

This concludes the proof of Theorem 3.5. 

In view of the estimates (3.11) and (3.12), we immediately obtain the following results.
Corollary 3.6. Let 1 ≤ p < q < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,θ d
p,q (R ) with 0 < θ2 < ∞. Then the following
2

statements are true.

(1) If f ∈ Lipρ,θ d
β (R ) with 0 < β < 1 and 0 < θ1 < ∞, then for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ R ,
1 d

Z 1/q  (N0 +1)θ1 +θ2

|B|1/p−1/q−β/d q q r
|f (x) − f B | ω(x) dx ≤ C 1 + kf kLipρ,θ1 .
[ω p (B)]1/p B ρ(x0 ) β

(2) Conversely, if there exists a constant C > 0 such that for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd
and 0 < β < 1,
Z 1/q  θ1 −θ2
|B|1/p−1/q−β/d q q r
|f (x) − f B | ω(x) dx ≤ C 1 +
[ω p (B)]1/p B ρ(x0 )
holds for some θ1 > 0, then f ∈ Lipρ,θ d
β (R ), and
1

kf kLipρ,θ1 ≤ C[ω]Aρ,θ2 .
β p,q

Concluding remarks. Summarizing the estimates derived above, by definition, we then

have the following conclusions.
Corollary 3.7. Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,∞
p (Rd ). Then the following statements are true.
(1) f ∈ BMOρ,∞ (Rd ) if and only if there exists a constant C > 0 such that, for any cube
Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/p  N
1 p r
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+
ω(Q) Q ρ(x0 )
holds true for some N > 0.
(2) f ∈ Lipρ,∞
β (Rd ) with 0 < β < 1 if and only if there exists a constant C > 0 such that,
for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/p  N ′
1 1 p r
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+
|B|β/d ω(B) B ρ(x0 )
holds true for some N ′ > 0.
Corollary 3.8. Let 1 ≤ p < q < ∞ and ω ∈ Aρ,∞ d
p,q (R ). Then the following statements are
true.
(1) f ∈ BMOρ,∞ (Rd ) if and only if there exists a constant C > 0 such that, for any cube
Q = Q(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/q  N
1 q q r
|f (x) − fQ | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+
ω q (Q) Q ρ(x0 )
or Z 1/q  N
|Q|1/p−1/q q q r
|f (x) − f Q | ω(x) dx ≤ C 1 +
[ω p (Q)]1/p Q ρ(x0 )
holds true for some N > 0.
(2) f ∈ Lipρ,∞
β (Rd ) with 0 < β < 1 if and only if there exists a constant C > 0 such that,
for any ball B = B(x0 , r) ⊂ Rd ,
 Z 1/q  N ′
1 1 q q r
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+
|B|β/d ω q (B) B ρ(x0 )
or
Z 1/q  N ′
|B|1/p−1/q−β/d q q r
|f (x) − fB | ω(x) dx ≤C 1+
[ω p (B)]1/p B ρ(x0 )
 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BMO AND LIPSCHITZ SPACES 17

holds true for some N ′ > 0.

Acknowledgments. This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grant XJEDU2020Y002 and 2022D01C407.

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School of Mathematics and System Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
Email address: 3221043817@qq.com
Email address: wanghua@pku.edu.cn