Unit-I Marks-10 TGPCET

ASSIGNMENT:1
Unit 1: Geology and Geotechnical engineering
(10-Marks)

1. Define soil as per I.S. & types of soil available in India.

Soil is the sediment or other unconsolidated accumulation of solid particles produced byphysical and
chemical disintegration of rock.
Types of soil available in India.
A. Residual Soil
1. Red Soil
2. Laterite Soil.
3. Black cotton Soil.
B. Transported Soil
1. Colluvial Soil.
2. Alluvial Soil.
3. Glacial Soil.
4. Lacustrine Soil.
5. Aeolian Soil
6. Loess
7. Loam
2. Define a Rock and Classification of rocks.
Rock: It is the aggregate of minerals, called as rock.
On the basis of formation, rocks are classified into three types

Types of Rock:
1. Igneous rock
2. Sedimentary rock
3. Metamorphic rock

Igneous rock:
Igneous rocks are formed at various depth below earth surface, magma solidifies about 95%. whenthe rock
grained and basalt comes under igneous rock which used as building stone.
Classification of Igneous rock
 Based On Depth
i) Extrusive Rocks Plutonic
ii) Intrusive Rocks Hypabyssal
 Based on silica
i) Acidic- Granites, quartz, Rhyolite
ii) Intermediate- diorite
iii) Basic- basalt
iv) Ultrabasic- peridotite
 Based on color of minerals
i) Mesocratic- which contain between 30% to 60%dark mineral
ii) Melanocratic- which contain between 60% to 90%dark mineral
iii) Hyper melanic- - which contain over 90% dark mineral
iv) Leucocratic- which contain less than 30% dark mineral

By- Ms. Shweta Bhoyar 1

Unit-I Marks-10 TGPCET

Sedimentary rock:
Sedimentary rock possesses hard water and oil holding capacity hence can be used as reservoirrock which is
suitable for dam and water retaining structure.
i) Biochemical rocks
ii) Organic rocks

Metamorphic rock:
Metamorphic rock form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more
commonly, some combination of these factors. Tectonics pressure can depress the earth surface to form a
rock, i.e., marble used for facing concrete and interior wall and floor.
Classification of Metamorphic rock
• Foliated:
• Non foliated:

3. State classification of various rocks based on their genesis.

Classification of rock based on mode of origin (genesis):
1. Igneous Rock: Igneous rocks are of volcanic origin and are formed as a result of solidification of molten
mass lying below or above the earth's surface The inner layer of the earth are at a high temperature causing the
masses of silicates to melt. This molten mass called magma is forced up as volcanic eruption and spreads over
the surface of the earth where it solidifies forming basalt and trap. If the magma solidifies below the surface of
earth the solid crystalline rock is formed.

2. Sedimentary Rock: Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and consolidation of new sediments in
layers over the preexisting rocks. The new sediments are intact, eroded away from some old rocks by
weathering and are then transported by agents like wind, water, ice etc. These eroded sediments after
travelling some distance may get deposited over some existing rocks which on consolidation will result in the
formation of what are known as sedimentary rocks.

3. Metamorphic Rock: Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks as a result of the action of
the earth movements, temperature changes and liquid pressure, high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more
commonly, some combination of these factors.

4. Explain formation & importance of sedimentary rock based on their Genesis.

i. Formation of Rock
a. Rivers, oceans, winds and rain runoff all have the ability to carry the particles washed off of eroding rocks,
such material called detritus consists of fragments of rocks and minerals.
b. When the energy of the transporting current is not strong enough to carry these particles, the particles drop
out in the process of sedimentation. This type of sedimentary deposition is referred to as Clastic
sedimentation.
c. Another type of sedimentary deposition occurs when material is dissolved in water, and chemically

By- Ms. Shweta Bhoyar 2

Unit-I Marks-10 TGPCET
precipitates from the water. This type of sedimentation is referred to as chemical sedimentation.
d. A third process can occur, wherein living organism’s extractions dissolved in water to make such things as
shells and bones. This type of sedimentation is called biogenic sedimentation

e. Thus, there are three major types of sedimentary rocks:

i) Clastic sedimentary rocks,
ii) Chemical sedimentary rocks and
iii) Biogenic sedimentary rocks.
f. Classification based on formation of rocks
iii) Biochemical rocks:
The biochemical sediments are produced when plants and animals living under water, extractfrom it dissolved
mineral matter, usually calcite, to form shells.
These shells accumulate on the ocean floor in great quantities to form sedimentary rocks. e.g.Shell Lime
Stone.
iv) Organic rocks:
The sedimentary rocks formed due to accumulation and decomposition of vegetation matterare called as
organic rocks e.g. peat, lignite, coal.
ii. Importance of sedimentary rock.
a. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in strata that form a structure called bedding
b. The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata provides information about the subsurface that is useful for
civil engineering, for example in the construction of roads, houses, tunnels canalsor other constructions
c. Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources like coal, fossil fuels, drinking water or
ores.
d. The sedimentary rocks are possessing good water and oil holding capacity due to which these rocks can be
used as Reservoir rocks.

5. State formation and classification of soil.

Soil formation: soil formation is essentially with weathering process of rock.
Soil formation mainly takes place due to mechanical disintegration or chemical decomposition of rocks
whenever rock get exposed to atmosphere, it is acted by various weathering agencies and it get disintegrated
or decomposed into small particles & then it is converted into soil.
Classification of Soil:
A. Residual Soil
If the products of rock which remain at the place of their formation due to weathering of parent rock called
residual soil.
1. Red Soil
2. Laterite Soil.
3. Black cotton Soil.
B. Transported Soil
When any soil which is transported from its place of origin by wind, water and ice and then redeposit is called
transported soil.
1. Colluvial Soil-transported and deposited by Gravity.
2. Alluvial Soil- Deposited from suspension in running water.
3. Glacial/drift Soil- Transported by ice.
4. Lacustrine Soil- Deposited from suspension in still fresh water of lakes.
5. Aeolian Soils-Transported by wind.
6. Marine Soil- Deposited from suspension in Sea Water
7. Loam- Mixture of sand, silt and clay.
8. Betonite- When Clay Consist of high percentage of mineral Montmorillonite, then it is called Bentonite.
By- Ms. Shweta Bhoyar 3
Unit-I Marks-10 TGPCET

6. Define Geology and state its branches.

Geology: Geology is the branch of science which deals with the study of constituents of earth.
1. It deals with origin, age, interior or structure and history of the earth.
2. It deals with evolution and modification and extinction of various surface features.
3. It deals with material making up the earth.
Branches of geology
 Physical geography- it deals with origin, development and role played by wind, rain, runningwater, ice,
volcanism and earthquake.
 Geomorphology- it deals with surface feature of earth like mountains, plains, plateaus, valleyand basin.
 Minerology- it deals with the study of formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties and usesof minerals.
 Petrology- it deals with study of rocks, mode of occurrence, composition, textures, structures and
geographical distribution.
 Structural geology- it deals with classification, structural features of rock surface (folds, faults& joints)
 Stratigraphy- it deals with study & interpretation of stratified rocks.
 Paleontology- it deals with study of fossils of ancient life forms and their evolution.
 Hydrology- it deals with study of quality and quantity of water.

7. Explain the Application of geology in civil Engineering Construction.

The field of geotechnical engineering includes some of the important applications as:
a) Foundation design
b) Pavement Design
c) Design of earth retaining structures
d) Design of earthen dams
e) Design of embankments
f) Underground structures
a) Design of foundation for various civil structures: As foundation resting on soil carries load of any
particular structure, geotechnical engineering is applicable to design such stable foundations for various
loads.
b) Design of pavement for various types of roads: Layers of pavement made up of sand, gravel is laid on sub
grade soil can be designed in terms of thickness, load carrying capacity using geotechnical engineering.
c) Design of earth retaining structures: Geotechnical engineering is also applicable to design and construct
earth retaining structures like retaining wall and sheet pile useful for hill roads, landslides.
d) Design of water retaining structures: Geotechnical is very much applicable for easy and safe design and
execution and maintenance of earthen dam, weir, barrage etc.
e) Design of underground structures: Underground pipelines i.e., water supply and sewage lines require
geotechnical engineers for effective work. It is also significant in safe excavationof proposed alignment.
f) Design of Embankment: Due to up and downs in earth surface, stability of structure may disturb. so, for
stable design of slopes of filling and cutting, the knowledge of shearing strength, angle of repose and
frictional coefficient is essential for the design of slopes in embankment or in cutting etc.

8. Define weathering of rocks.

The process, by which the rock is decayed, disintegrated and decomposition with the action of the distractive
mechanical or chemical action of the physical agent of atmosphere like wind, water and ice is called a
Weathering.
9. Explain composition of earth
The planet earth is composed of 3 parts namely: -
a) Atmosphere
b) Lithosphere
By- Ms. Shweta Bhoyar 4
Unit-I Marks-10 TGPCET
c) Hydrosphere
The outer gaseous part of the earth starting from the surface and extending as far as 700km andeven beyond is
termed as atmosphere.
- The Lithosphere is solid and stony portion of the earth.
- Hydrosphere is a collective name for all the natural water bodies occurring on or before thesurface of
earth.
The body of earth is subdivided into three specific zones as-
1) Crust
2) Mantle
3) Core

Crust –
It is topmost layer of the earth having varying thickness 5 – 6 km at ocean, 30 –35 km at continent and 60 – 70
km at mountains.
Oceanic crust is darker called basaltic layer. It is heavier, Having Sp. Gravity 2.8-2.9. It contains silica &
magnesia therefore called SIMA.
The continent crust is light in colour called granitic layer.
Mantle –
It is intermediate layer of earth, present in between lower boundaries of the crust upto depth of 2900 km.
It is subdivided into i) Upper & ii) Lower mantle.
The boundary between the two layers being placed at 900-1000km below the earth.
This layer is ultra-basic rock which is rich in iron and magnesia and poor in silica. The density varies from
3.3 g/cc at top to 5.7 g/cc at lower mantle it is highly plastic in nature.
Core –
The innermost layer of the earth is called core, which is starting from 2900 km to center of earth.
It is divided into two portions, the outré core & inner core.
The outré core is hot liquid. The density at top is 9.9 g/cc and at junction of inner core is 12.7 g/cc. The inner
core is hot and solid. The average density is about 12 g/cc. It consists of iron & nickel

10.Define Stratigraphy
It deals with the study & interpretation of stratified rock with identification, description, sequence and
horizontal & vertical mapping.
11.Define Rudaceous rocks & Argillaceous rocks.
i. Rudaceous rocks
The rock which contains all the coarse grain of more than 2mm size is called Rudaceous rock.
ii. Argillaceous rocks
The rock which contains all the sediment of size between 1 to 2mm is called argillaceous rock.

By- Ms. Shweta Bhoyar 5

Unit-I Marks-10 TGPCET
12.Define petrology.
Petrology is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form.
Petrology has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology
• Igneous rocks e.g. granite, basalt, dolerite
• Sedimentary rocks e.g. sandstone, shale, limestone
• Metamorphic rocks e.g. phyllite, quartzite, marble

13.Importance of geology in civil engineering construction:

1. Geology is essential to know the nature if substrata and hence helpful to decide the depth of foundation for
important structures.
2. Geology is also required to know the properties of rock beneath the earth surface which becomes beneficial
to design earthquake resistance structures.
3. It is important to find the most suitable site for dams, bridges etc
4. Geology plays vital role in groundwater survey and related recharging process.
5. It is significant in tunnel excavation projects as it provides information of rock strata and its engineering
properties.
6. It is also important to excavate raw materials for stone crushing plant to manufacture aggregates.

14.Importance of soil as construction material:

1. Soil is of prime importance in brick manufacturing, which is widely used for masonry works in building
construction, waterproofing, flooring etc.
2. Soil is important as it can be used for plinth filling material in many flooring works.
3. Soil is also important to be used in construction of shoulders and side embankment of highways.
4. Soil is important to bind the aggregates in water bound macadam i.e. WBM road construction.
5. Pervious and impervious soil is essential in construction earthen dams to ensure required permeability of
soil.

15.State two civil engineering situations where knowledge of geotechnical engineering is used.
Civil engineering situations where knowledge of Geo-Technical Engineering (GTE) is used:
1. Geo-Technical Engineering knowledge is required to find most suitable site for proposed construction
work.
2. GTE knowledge is also useful to find the suitability of available soil for planned construction activity.
3. GTE knowledge is useful to design and construction of foundation for various structures like building by
knowing bearing capacity, shear strength of soil.
4. It is also helpful for design and construction of pavement for various roads by knowing properties sub grade
soil, pavement layers like compaction, bulk and dry density etc.
5. GTE concepts are essential to design and construction of earth retaining structures i.e. retaining wall, sheet
pile by studying earth pressure theory.
6. GTE theories are beneficial in design and construction of water retaining structures i.e. dam, weir etc. by
determining permeability, shear strength etc.
7. GTE test procedures are necessary in design and construction of abutments of bridge by testing shears
strength, earth pressure etc.
8. It plays vital role in design construction of underground structures i.e. pipeline, tunnels etc. by knowing soil
erosion, slope stability.

By- Ms. Shweta Bhoyar 6