Vktu

Vktuo
o nfnb
nfnbcb
cbnh
nh of
ofch
chlu
lupb
pbk
k dr
drmb
mbkh
khsb
sbsh
sh nfib
nfibnp
npbu
buhh eu
eulb
lbyb
yb,, tfrn
tfrnbs
bsuo
uo kh
khib
ibh-
h-
khibh,
khibh,ohs
ohsbc,t
bc,tuju
ujubk,p
bk,prbo
rbotho
tho lbk `hidsd
`hidsd`h
`h pfr
pfrusb
usbcbbk
cbbk,, Nha
Nhabfi
bfi Wbab
Wbabkdw
kdwsoy
soy lbk Khao
Khao D‘L
D‘Ldkfi
dkfiii
\rujhiid tfibc nfkmodksfptubihsbshobk tfdrh eulbyb drmbkhsbsh (Drmbkhzbthdkbi Auiturf \dlby).
Nfrfob efrlub pfrabyb ebcwb drmbkhsbsh lbpbt pbihkm ebho lhpbcbnh lfkmbk nfkmmukbobk ifksb
eulbyb, , sfeubc hlf ybkm nuibkyb lhofnuobobk difc sfdrbkm bktrdpdidm ybkm efrkbnb Aih``drl
Mffrtz
Mffrtz.. Nfrfob
Nfrfob pfraby
pfrabybb ebc
ebcwb
wb pbrb
pbrb pfk
pfkfih
fihth
th tfr
tfrebt
ebtbs
bs lbi
lbibn
bn pfn
pfnbcb
bcbnbk
nbk nfr
nfrfob
fob nfk
nfkmfkb
mfkbhh
drmbkhsbsh ofthob nfrfob nfkmhouth nftdlf hinhbc. Nfrfob efrbrmunfk ebcwb tfdrh eulbyb
drmbkh
drmbkhsbs
sbshh nfkmuk
nfkmuklbkm
lbkm pbr
pbrbb pfkfih
pfkfihth
th uktuo
uktuo nfkmbn
nfkmbnbth
bth,, nfk
nfkabt
abtbt
bt lbk nfn
nfnbcbn
bcbnhh pfr
pfrhib
hibou
ou
odnukhobth
odnukhobth`` lbrh bkmmdtb-bkmm
bkmmdtb-bkmmdtb
dtb drmbkhsbsh
drmbkhsbsh.. Wbrb tfdrhthous
tfdrhthous nfkdrfcobk
nfkdrfcobk murbtbk
murbtbk oubs ybkm
ifebr lbibn pfnbcbnbk nfrfob bobk drmbkhsbsh lfkmbk nfkybtbobk ebcwb ’eulbyb euobkibc
sfsubt
sfsubtu
u ybkm lhnhih
lhnhihoh
oh difc
difc drmbkh
drmbkhsbs
sbshh nfibhk
nfibhkobk
obk eulbyb
eulbyb blb
blbibc
ibc sfsubt
sfsubtu
u ybkm nfrupbo
nfrupbobk
bk
drmbkhsbsh htu sfklhrh.„
Lbibn drmbkhsbsh eulbyb, eulbyb thlbo nfkmbau pblb ofbkfobrbmbnbk, rbs, ftkhs, lbk

ibtbrr ef
ibtb efib
ibob
obkm
km hklh
hklhvh
vhlu,
lu, nfib
nfibhk
hkobk
obk eulb
eulbyb
yb ht
htu
u blbib
blbibc
c su
subt
btu
u abrb
abrb chlup
chlup lhlbi
lhlbibn
bn sfsfeu
eubc
bc
drmbkhsbsh.Eulbyb drmbkhsbsh nfkaboup hoihn btbu btnds`fr fndshdkbi lbk pshodidmhs. Cbi hkh
nukmohk
nukmohk nfkabo
nfkaboup
up sfnbk
sfnbkmbt
mbt ofrjb obrybwbk, shobp, lbk thkmobt
thkmobt prdluot
prdluothvht
hvhtbs(Qac
bs(Qacrdlt,
rdlt, 5775).
Eulb
Eulbyb
yb dr
drmbk
mbkhs
hsbs
bshh jumb
jumb nf
nfka
kabo
boup
up sf
sfnu
nubb sh
shne
nedi
di (thk
(thklb
lbobk
obk,, ruth
ruthkh
khtb
tbs,
s, pf
pfra
rabo
bobp
bpbk,
bk, lb
lbk
k
sftfru
sftfrusky
skyb)
b) lbk nbo
nbokb-
kb-nbo
nbokb
kb ybkm
ybkm lhi
lhiftb
ftboobk
oobk drb
drbkm
km pblb shn
shnedi
edi-sh
-shned
nedii hkh.
hkh. Nbo
Nbokb
kb lbk
pfnbcbnbk eulbyb lhabpbh nfibiuh hktfrbosh ybkm tfrjblh bktbr obrybwbk lbk phcbo nbkbjfnfk.

B. Nftb`drb Eulbyb: Jbrhkm Ibeb

Ibeb ibeb lbk Drmbkhsbsh
Obtb auiturf(eulbyb)
auiturf(eulbyb) bwbikyb nfrujuo pblb nfkyhbpobk tbkbc uktuo nfrbwbt tbkbnbk
lbk cfwbk. Obtb hkh l hhktfrprftbshbobk sfebmbh nfkluoukm
tfrjblhkyb
tfrjblhkyb pfrtuneucbk
pfrtuneucbk.Wbkabk
.Wbkabkdwsoy
dwsoy lbk d‘ldkkfii
d‘ldkkfii nfkmbr
nfkmbrthobk
thobk ebcwb eulbyb drmbkh
drmbkhsbsh
sbsh
blbi
blbibc
bc fsfks
fsfkshh lbr
lbrhh ofch
ofchlup
lupbk
bk drmb
drmbkh
khsb
sbsh
sh.. Qfeb
Qfebmbh
mbhnb
nbkb
kb tfib
tfibc
c lhjf
lhjfib
ibso
sobk
bk eb
ebcwb
cwb nfrf
nfrfob
ob
nfkfrbpobk prhkshp prhkshp bktrdpdidmh uktuo nfkmdkstruosh tfdrh nfrfob. Lbk sfabrb ocusus
nfrfob nfkmbldpsh pfklfobtbk hktfrprftbsh shnediho ybkm lhofnuobkobk difc Aih``drl Mffrtz
lbib
lbibn
n nd
ndlfi
lfi tfdr
tfdrhh nfrf
nfrfob
ob.. Mffr
Mffrtz
tz nfky
nfkybt
btbo
bobk
bk ebcw
ebcwbb dr
drbk
bkm
m dr
drbk
bkm
m blbi
blbibc
bc cf
cfwb
wbk
k yb
ybkm
km
efrmbktukm lbibn jbrhkmbk ofpfkthkmbkkyb.Mffrtz nfkmmukbobk mbnebrbk nfkmfkbh ibeb ibeb
euobk tbkpb tujubk, hb ybohk ebcwb eulbyb sfpfrth jbrhkm ybkm lhphktbi difc ibeb ibeb. Xbkm

brthkyb jbrhkm hkh tfrlhrh btbs lfsbhk ybkm runht, lbk thbp thbp jbrhkm efreflb lfkmbk ybkm ibhkkyb.
Mffrtz efrbmunfk ebcwb eulbyb-eulbyb sfnubkyb efreflb lbk ofukhobk hkh cbrus lhcbrmbh.
Wbkabkdwsoy lbk D‘Ldkkfii \rujhiid nfkfrbpobk prhkshp-prhkshp lbsbr hkh pblb drmbkhsbsh. Ebho
obrybwbk nbupuk nbkbjfr nfnhktbi jbrhkm nfrfob sfklhrh. Nfrfob nfkybtbobk ebcwb bkmmdtb-
bkmmdt
bkmmdtbb lbr
lbrhh drmbkh
drmbkhsbs
sbshh tfr
tfrih
ihebt
ebt lh lbibn
lbibn ebk
ebkybo
ybo pfrhib
pfrhibou
ou odnukh
odnukhobs
obshh ybkm nfnefr
nfnefrhob
hobk
k
odktrheush uktuo pfrusbcbbk. Qhkmobtkyb, jbrhkm lbrh sfeubc eulbyb drmbkhsbsh tfibc lhphktbi.
Wfrspf
Wfrspfoth
oth`` ybkm
ybkm iubs
iubs hkh nfkmmb
nfkmmbrhs
rhsebwb
ebwbch
ch nfkmbpb
nfkmbpb Wba
Wbabkdw
bkdwsoy
soy lbk D‘Ldkkf
D‘Ldkkfii
ii \ru
\rujh
jhiid
iid
efrbrmunfk ebcwb eulbyb drmbkhsbsh ’euobkibc sfeubc pdtdkmbk puzzif, nfibhkobk eulbyb
blbibc puzzif htu sfklhrh.„

E. Bsunsh \fdrh Eulbyb Drmbkhsbsh

\frlbpbt thmb bsunsh pblb \fdrh Eulbyb Drmbkhsbsh ybkm lhofnuobobk difc Wbabkdwsoy
lbk D‘Ldkkfii \rujhiid, ybhtu:

2. Bkmmdt
Bkmmdtb-bkmmd
b-bkmmdtb
tb drmbkh
drmbkhsbsh
sbsh nfkahpbobk
nfkahpbobk lbk
lbk n
nfnpfr
fnpfrtbcbkob
tbcbkobk
k pfrbsbbk
pfrbsbbk ybkm lhnh
lhnhihoh
ihoh
efrsbnb nfkmfkbh rfbihtbs drmbkhsbsh, ybkm efrbohebt pblb pfnbcbnbk ybkm ifehc ebho
nfkmfkbh khibh-khibh sfeubc drmbkhsbsh.
Bsunshh hkh efrcueukmbk lfkmbk pfkthk
Bsuns pfkthkmkyb
mkyb drbkm lbibn ofchlupbk drmbkhsbsh.
drmbkhsbsh. Qfabrb ocusus,
hklhvhlu sbihkm efrebmh lbibn nfkahptbobk lbk nfnpfrtbcbkobk rfbihtbs. Hklhvhlu-hklhvhlu hkh
nfkaboup obrybwbk, supfrvhsdr lbk btbsbk. Hkth bsunsh hkh blbibc ybkm lhnhihoh difc drmbkhsbsh.
Khibh blbibc stbklbr lbk prhkshp-prhkshp lbibn sfeubc eulbyb ybkm
y bkm nfnhihoh khibh hktrhksho(khibh
ybkm tfrobklukm) lbrh sfeubc eulbyb. Khibh nfkukjuoobk ofpblb bkmmdtb drmbkhsbsh bpb sbjb
ybkm pfkthkm. Drbkm efrebmh lbibn prdsfs nfkfnuobk khibh-khibh pfrusbcbbk. Nfkjblh bkmmdtb

lbrh sfeubc drmbkhsbsh nfneutucobk pfrthshpbsh both` lbibn drmbkhsbsh tfrsfeut.

5. Wfkmmukbbk lbk hkt
hktfrprftbsh
frprftbsh shnedi
shnedi sbkmbt pfkthkm lbibn eulbyb drmbkhsbsh.
Nbosul
Nbosulkyb
kyb blbibc
blbibc rfbih
rfbihtbs
tbs drmbkh
drmbkhsbs
sbshh lht
lhtfkt
fktuob
uobk
k difc
difc sh
shned
nedi-s
i-shne
hnedi.
di. Wfr
Wfrspf
spfoth
oth`` hkh
nfkmmbrhsebwbch pfkmmukbbk shnedi lbibn drmbkhsbsh. Qhnedi nfrupbobk rfprfsfktbsh uktuo
nbokb. Qhnedi-shnedi hkh sbkmbt pfkthkm ebmh eulbyb pfrusbcbbk. Qhnedi-shnedi nfkaboup
odnu
odnukh
khob
obsh
sh vfr
vfreb
ebii lbk kdk
kdk vfre
vfrebi
bi lh lbibn
lbibn dr
drmb
mbkh
khsb
sbsh
sh.. Qf
Qfrh
rhkmo
kmobi
bihh sh
shne
nedi
di-s
-shn
hned
edii hkh
hkh
nfkmodnukhobshobk khibh-khibh drmbkhsbsh. Qhnedi lbpbt efrupb sidmbk ybkm nfnhihoh nbokb.
Qfjbuc nbkb shnedi-shnedi hkh f`foth` efrmbktukm thlbo cbkyb pblb nflhb tftbph ebmbhnbkb
obrybwbk pfrusbcbbk nfnprbothobkkyb.
1. Eulbyb efrvbrhbsh lbibn drmbkhsbs
drmbkhsbsh-drmbkhsbsh
h-drmbkhsbsh ybkm efreflb lbk hktfr
hktfrprftbsh
prftbsh th
thklbobk
klbobk lbibn
eulbyb hkh jumb efrbmbn.
Bsunsh
Bsunsh nfkmfk
nfkmfkbh
bh tfdrh
tfdrh eul
eulbyb
byb drmbkh
drmbkhsbs
sbshh efr
efrobh
obhtbk
tbk lfk
lfkmbko
mbkofef
fefrbm
rbmbnb
bnbk
k eulb
eulbyb
yb
drmbkhsbsh. Lfkmbk obtb ibhk eulbyb drmbkhsbsh sbkmbt ibc efrvbrhbsh. Wfrsfpsh nfkmfkbh thklbobk
lbk both`htbs lh lbibn eulbyb eulbyb hkh jumbsfefrbmbn eulbyb htu sfklhrh.

A. Wfnbcbnbk Ftkdmrb`h: Nfklbsbrobkkyb pblb ybkm Nfklbibn

Qf
Qfdr
drbk
bkm
m bcih
bcih efrk
efrkbn
bnbb Mffr
Mffrtz
tz efrb
efrbmu
munf
nfk
k ebcwb
ebcwb uk
uktu
tuo
o nfnb
nfnbcbn
cbnhh eu
eulby
lbyb,
b, nb
nbob
ob
sfsfdrbkm
sfsfdrbkm cbrus nfihcbtkyb lbrh sulut pbklbkm bkmmdtb eulbyb tfrs
tfrsfeut.
feut. Vktuo nfibouobk cbi
hkh,
hkh, Mff
Mffrtz
rtz pfr
pfraby
abybb ebcwb
ebcwb sbibc
sbibc sbtu
sbtu abrbky
abrbkybb blbibc
blbibc nfk
nfkjbl
jblhh sfd
sfdrbk
rbkm
m ftk
ftkdmr
dmrb`h
b`h.Ft
.Ftkdm
kdmrb`
rb`hh
nfrupbobk sfjfkhs lfsorhpsh tfebi(tchao lfsarhpthdk) btbu pfkjfibsbk nfkmfkbh ibphsbk-ibphsbk
runht lbrh nbokb ybkm nfklbsbrh sfeubc eulbyb.

Wbrb ftkdmrb`h sfrhkm nfkybtbobk ebcwb abrb ybkm nfrfob mukbobk lbibn nfnpfibjbrh
eulbyb ifehc kbturbi lhebklhkmobk abrb ybkm lhmukbobk difc pbrb pfkfihth oubihtbth`. Mffrtz
nfkybtbobk
nfkybtbobk ebcwb ftkdmrb`h euobk hinu fospfrhnfktbi
fospfrhnfktbi nfibhkobk sfeubc nftfldidmh
nftfldidmh ybkm
nfkmubo nbokb.
Lbibn eulbyb drmbkhsbsh tfrlbpbt efefrbpb pfr`drnb ybkm nfrupbobk odnpdkfk pfkthkm
lbibn tfdrh eulbyb drmbkhsbsh.
2. Wfr`drnb odnukhobth`
Wbkabkdwsoy lbk D‘Ldkkfii nfkybtbobk ebcwb bkmmdtb drmbkhsbsh nfibouobk pf`drnb
odnukhobsh
odnukhobsh tfrtfktu
tfrtfktu ybkm efrbohebt pblb nukauikyb
nukauikyb eulbyb drmbkhsb
drmbkhsbsh
sh ybkm ukho. Wf`drnb
blbibc nftb`drb
nftb`drb ybkkm nfkmmb
nfkmmbnebrob
nebrobk
k prdsf
prdsfss shnediho
shnediho lbrh pfnbcbnbk
pfnbcbnbk pfrhi
pfrhibou
bou nbkush
nbkushbb
lbibn sfeubc drmbkhsbsh. Wf`drnb drmbkhsbsh sfrhkm obih nfnhihoh hksur tfbtrhobi, lhnbkb ebho
supfrvhsdr nbupuk obrybwbkkyb nfnhihc uktuo nfkmbnehi pfrbkbk btbu ebmhbk tfrtfktu lbibn
subtu
subtu drmbkh
drmbkhsbs
sbsh.
h. Wbr
Wbrbb tfdrht
tfdrhthou
houss nfk
nfkjbe
jbebro
brobkk
bkkyb
yb ofl
oflbib
bibn
n ihn
ihnbb pfr
pfr`dr
`drnb
nb eul
eulbyb,
byb, ybh
ybhtu:
tu:
rhtubi,cbsrbt,sdshbi,pdihtho,lbk
rhtubi,cbsrbt,sdshbi,pdihtho,lbk fkouiturbsh.
B. Wfr`drnb Uhtubi
Qfnub pfr`drnb odnukhobsh ybkm tfrjblh sfabrb tfrbtur lbk efruibkm lhsfeut pfr`drnb rhtubi.
Uhtubi tfrebmh btbs fnpbt jfkhs ybhtu: pfrsdkbi,tumbs.sdshbi lbk drmbkhsbsh.


Uhtubi Wfrsdkbi: Uhtubi hkh nfkaboup sfnub cbi ybkm bklb ibouobk ruthk lh tfnpbt ofrjb.
 Uh
Uhtu
tubi
bi \umb
\umbs:
s: Uhtu
Uhtubi
bi hkh
hkh nfru
nfrupb
pbob
obk
k pfr
pfrhi
hibo
bou
u ru
ruth
thk
k yb
ybkm
km lhobh
lhobhto
tobk
bk lf
lfkm
kmbk
bk pf
pfofr
ofrjb
jbbk
bk
sfsfdrbkm.
 Uhtubi Qdshbi: Uhtubi hkh blbibc ruthkhtbs vfrebi lbk kdk vfrebi ybkm ehbsbkyb
nfnpfrthnebkmobk hktfrbosh drbkm ibhk.

 Uhtubi Drmbkhsbsh: Uhtubi hkh nfrupboobk ofmhbtbk ybkm lhibouobk sfabrb ruthkhtbs lbk
efrcueukmbk lfkmbk drmbkhsbsh.
E. Wfr`drnb Cbsrbt
Ohsbc-ohsbc nfkmfkbh drmbkhsbsh ybkm sfrhkm obih lhafrhtbobk lfkmbk sfabrb bktushbs difc
pbrb bkmmdtb drmbkhsbsh lfkmbk drbkm ibhk. Adktdckyb sfpfrth sfdrbkm obrybwbk ybkm suob
nfkafrhtbobk pfkmbibnbk efofrjb lfkmbk btbsbk kyb.
A. Wfr`drnb Qdshbi
Wfr`drnb sdshbi nfrupbobk pfrpbkjbkmbk shobp sbktuk lbk ofsdpbkbk uktuo nfkldrdkm

ofrjb sbnb lhbktbrb bkmmdtb drmbkhsbsh. Adktdckyb sfpfrth sfdrbkm bkmmdtb ybkm tfrsfkyun lbk
nfkmuabpobk sfibnbt pbmh ofpblb bkmmdtb ibhk.
L. Wfr`drnb Wdihths
Wfr`drnb Wdihths nfrupbobk pfrhibou drmbkhsbsh ybkm nfklfndkstrbshobk ofoubsbbk btbu
odktrd
odktrdi.
i. Ofebkyb
Ofebkybobk
obk drm
drmbkh
bkhsbs
sbshh efrsh
efrsh`bt
`bt chf
chfrbr
rbrohs
ohs ybh
ybhtu
tu cbr
cbrus
us blb sfs
sfsfdr
fdrbkm
bkm ybkm nfk
nfkjbl
jblhh
pfkmubsb uktuo nfkabpbh sfmbib sfsubtu lbk nfnhihoh auoup odktrdi uktuo nfnpfrtbcbkobk
lbsbr-lbsbr ybkm blb.
F. Wfr`drnb Fkouiturbsh
Wf`drnb hkh nfrujuo pblb ebmbhnbkb bkmmdtb nfklbpbtobk pfkmftbcubk lbkofbcihbk
uktuo nfkjblh bkmmdtb drmbkhsbsh ybkm nbnbpu efrodktrheush. Wf`drnb hkhlbpbt efrupb sfsubtu
ybkm efrbkh ,cbth cbth lbk nfklfndkstrbshobk odnpftfksh bkmmdtb lbibn sfeubc drmbkhsbsh.
Wfr`dr
Wfr`drnb
nb hkh lbp
lbpbt
bt nfnebkt
nfnebktu
u bkmm
bkmmdtb
dtb obrybwb
obrybwbk
k lbi
lbibn
bn nfk
nfkfnu
fnuobk
obk nbo
nboklb
klb lbr
lbrhh nfkjbl
nfkjblhh
bkmmdtb subtu drmbkhsbsh.

Ofshnpuibk

\fdrh eulbyb drmbkhsbsh lhaftusobk difc pbabkdwsoy lbk d‘ldkkfii, tfdrh hkh nfrupbobk
tfdr
tfdrhh ybkm
ybkm nfnh
nfnhih
ihoh
oh pfkmb
pfkmbru
ruc
c pfkt
pfkthk
hkm
m lbib
lbibn
n tfdr
tfdrhh lbk pf
pfkfi
kfiht
hthb
hbk
k lheh
lhehlb
lbkm
kmodn
odnukh
ukhob
obsh
sh
drmbkhsbsh.Wbabkdwsoy lbk D‘Ldkkfii nfrupbobk lub lbrh efefrbpb pfkfihth ybkm nfnfpfibjbrh
nfkmf
nfkmfkb
kbhh ofc
ofchl
hlupb
upbk
k drmb
drmbkh
khsb
sbsh
sh lfk
lfkmb
mbk
k nf
nfih
ihcb
cbtt ebho
ebho pbl
pblbb ob
obry
rybw
bwbk
bk nb
nbup
upuk
uk pf
pfrh
rhib
ibou
ou
nfrfob.\fdrh hkh efrmukb obrfkb hk`drnbshkyb lbpbt lhtfrbpobk pblb cbnphr sfnub obrybwbk
lbibn sfeubc drmbkhsbsh. Wfklfobtbk hkh efrmukb obrfkb ebkybo hk`drnbsh lbrh tfdrh nfnhihoh
cueukmbk pblb obrybwbk pblb ebmbhnbkb obrybwbk efofrjb lbk hlfkth`hobsh nfrfob tfrcblbp
ihkmoukmbk ofrjb