10

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 1
Illustrating Polynomial Functions

1
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Illustrating Polynomial Functions

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over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: JOCELYN P. RED

Editors: SALVACION B. FELICES
JON JON R. MONTE
SHIELA L. GUEVARA
NOEL A. LOZANO
ALFIE T. GASCON
JINKY A. VILLAREAL
Reviewer: JINKY A. VILLAREAL
Illustrator: RYAN B. CERILLO
Layout Artist: ANTHONY C. VISTA

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 Illustrating Polynomial Functions

Start this module by recalling your knowledge on the concept of

polynomial expressions. This will help you understand the formal definition of a
polynomial function.

As you go through this module, you are expected to define and illustrate
polynomial functions. The ultimate goal of this module is for you to answer these
questions: How are polynomial functions related to other fields of study? How are
these used in solving real-life problems and in decision making?

This module will help you understand concepts and skills while
enjoying different learning activities.

At the end of this module, it is expected that you will be able to:
1. Determine polynomial functions.
2. Transform polynomial functions into standard form.
3. Transform polynomial functions into factored form.

To continue, let’s us be familiar with the important words

with meaning used in this module.

Polynomial expression - is an expression consisting of variables and

coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and nonnegative exponents of variables.

Polynomial functions - a function denoted by

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑛 is a
nonnegative integer, 𝑎0, 𝑎1, …, 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers called coefficients,
but 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 is the leading term, 𝑎𝑛 is the leading coefficient, and 𝑎0, is
the constant term.

Polynomial in Standard Form – any polynomial whose terms are

arranged in decreasing powers of x.
.

1
 Are you ready? Let’s check it out
by answering the questions
below

Direction: Read each item carefully then choose the letter of your answer
among the options. Write only the letter on your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following expressions is polynomial expression?

1 1
A. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 C. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
+ 3
1
B. 𝑥 −3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 D. −4𝑥100 + 4𝑥 2

2. The following are examples of polynomial functions, EXCEPT

2
A.𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 C. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − +1
𝑥
B. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 6 + 3 D. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 11

3. What is the standard form of the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 7𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 ?

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = −7𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 + 3 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3 − 7𝑥 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 3

4. The standard form of the polynomial function 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 5) is..

A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 C. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 25𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 D. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 25𝑥

5. Which is the factored form of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 2?

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) C. 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) D. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)

Did you answer each item

correctly? I hope so. Let’s go to
the different activities that will
help you understand the lesson
in this module.

2
 Start this module by recalling your knowledge on the
concept of polynomial expressions. This knowledge will help you
understand the formal definition of a polynomial function.

DETERMINING POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION

What is polynomial expression?

A polynomial expression is an expression consisting of variables and

coefficients that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
nonnegative exponents of variables.

How do you determine a polynomial expression?

To determine a polynomial expression, see to it that an expression can be written

in the form 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + . . . 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 where n is a nonnegative integer.
.
• The expression 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + . . . 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 and 𝑎 0 are called the terms
of the polynomial.
• The number 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , . . . 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 𝑥 and 𝑎0 are called the coefficients of the
polynomial.
• The term containing the highest power of 𝑥 is called the leading coefficient.
• The power of 𝑥 contained in the leading term is called the degree of the
polynomial

Examples of polynomial expressions:

1. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 5
2. 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 – 7𝑥 – 3
3. −10𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
4. 2𝑥 − 10
5. 1 − 32𝑥 2

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 Determine whether each of the following is a polynomial expression or not
by putting a star ( ) on the appropriate column

Polynomial Not Polynomial

1. 17x

2. 3𝑥 3 − 4√2𝑥 + 𝑥
3 1 3
3. 2𝑥
+ 3𝑥 2
− 4𝑥 5

4. 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
1 −2
5. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 +7

Note:

From the given examples above nos. 1 and 4 are polynomial expression
because:
➢ the exponents of the variables are all nonnegative integer

Numbers 2, 3 and 5 are not polynomial because:

➢ a polynomial should not have variable inside the radical sign;
➢ a polynomial should not have variables in the denominator; and
➢ a polynomial should not have a fractional or negative exponent

DETERMINING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

How about polynomial function, how do you determine a polynomial function?

What is a polynomial function?

A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 +. . . +𝑎0 where 𝑛 is a nonnegative interger, and
𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 , . . . 𝑎0 are real numbers, and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.

Other than 𝑃(𝑥), a polynomial function may also be denoted by 𝑓(𝑥). Sometimes,
a polynomial function is represented by a set of 𝑃 of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦). Thus a
polynomial function can be written in different ways like the following:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + … + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
or
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + … + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

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 Examples of polynomial functions:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 – 𝑥 − 1
2. 𝑃(𝑥) = −7𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
5. 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 3)

Determine whether each of the following is a polynomial function or not by

putting a check (✓) on the appropriate column.

Polynomial
Not
Function
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7x2 + 3𝑥 − 5
1
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 10 + − 4
3𝑥
3. 𝑃(𝑥) = −5𝑥 6 + 7 − 2𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)( 𝑥 + 3)
5. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −3 – 4

How did you find the activity? Did you answer each item correctly? How do you
determine a polynomial function?

Note:
➢ Numbers 1, 3 & 4 are polynomial functions of degree 2, 6 and 3,
respectively.

➢ Number 2 is not polynomial function because the second term has

a denominator “3x”.

➢ Number 5 is not a polynomial function because the term "3𝑥 −3 "

has a negative exponent.

How was the activity? Did you answer each item correctly? I hope you
got all the correct answers. Let’s come now to the next activity.

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 TRANSFORMING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
INTO STANDARD FORM

The terms of a polynomial function maybe written in any order. However, if they
are written in decreasing powers of x, then we say that the polynomial function is in
standard form.

Examples:

Determine whether each of the following polynomial functions is written in

standard form or not.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 the polynomial function is not written

in standard form because the terms
are not arranged in descending
powers of x

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 −. 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 – 56 the polynomial function is written in

standard form because the terms
are arranged in descending powers
of x.

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) the polynomial function is written in

standard form because the terms
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 are arranged in descending powers
of x.

1 2
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 –𝑥 + 2 the polynomial function is written in
standard form because the terms
are arranged in descending powers
of x.

5. 𝑦 = 4 + 3𝑥 2 – 𝑥 3 the polynomial function is not written

in standard form because the terms
are not arranged in descending
powers of x

6. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3) the polynomial function is written in

standard form because the terms
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 are arranged in descending powers
of x.

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 Do this activity: Transform each of the polynomial function in standard form and
fill in the table below.

Polynomial Function in
Polynomial Function
Standard Form
1. 𝑃(𝑥) = 1 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2
5 2 2
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥 + 3
+ 3
𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6 3

4. 𝑦 = −9𝑥 7 – 𝑥 5 + 10𝑥 3
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 – 3)
6. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 3 + 1)

How did you find the activity? How do you transform polynomial function
into standard form?

TRANSFORMING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

INTO FACTORED FORM

Polynomial functions may also be written in factored form and as a

product of irreducible factors, that is, a factor can no longer be factored using
coefficients that are real numbers. The corresponding functions of each given
polynomial functions in standard form in the previous activity are examples of
polynomial functions in factored form.

Examples:

Transform each polynomial function in factored form.

Solution:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6

Step 1: Factor the first term 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 • 𝑥, and factor

the last term 6 = 2 • 3 and 6 • 1
Step 2: For the last term of the factors, get the pair of factors of
the constant whose sum equals the coefficient of the
middle term.
Step 3: Write the factor as a product of polynomial.

The factored form of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 is (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2).

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 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = x 3 – x

Solution:
Step 1: Get the monomial factor of 𝑥 3 – 𝑥, the monomial factor is x.
Step 2: Divide each term of 𝑥 3 – 𝑥 by x to get the other factor.
𝑥3 x
𝑥
– 𝑥
= 𝑥2 − 1
Step 2: Write the factor as a product of binomial.
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

The factored form of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 𝑥 is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

Do this activity: Transform each of the polynomial function in factored form and
fill in the table below.

Polynomial function in
No. Polynomial function factored form

1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9

2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 11𝑥

3 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 16𝑥

How did you find the activity? How did you transform polynomial function into
factored form? Did you answer each item correctly?

8
 PRACTICE EXERCISES

PRACTICE TASK 1: Determining Polynomial Function

Put a happy face if it is polynomial function and a sad face if it is

NOT.

3
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5x3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 12 + +7 3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 −5 + 6
𝑥

4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)( 𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) 5. 𝑃(𝑥) = −7𝑥 6 + 9 − 5𝑥

9
 PRACTICE TASK 2: Transforming Polynomial Function into Standard
Form
Transform each polynomial function into standard form and fill in the table
below.

Polynomial Function in
Polynomial Function
Standard form
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 11𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5) + 4
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
1. 𝑃(𝑥) = 7 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2
5 2 2
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥 + 3
+ 3
𝑥

PRACTICE TASK 3 – Transforming Polynomial Functions into Factored

Form

Transform the polynomial functions into factored form. Unlock the mystery
word by writing the letters corresponding to the correct answer for each item.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 T
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5)
3 2
2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 + 6

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 A
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥

5. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 4 S
𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)

F
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 2)

C
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3)

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 1 2 3 4 5
POST TEST

Let’s test how well you understand the activity. Answer the
questions below.
.

Direction: Read each item carefully then choose the letter of your answer
among the options. Write only the letter on your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following expressions is a polynomial expression?

1 1
A. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 15 C. 3𝑥 2 + +
5𝑥 3
B. 2𝑥 −5 - 𝑥 2 + 4 D. −4𝑥 100
+ 4𝑥 100

2. The following are examples of polynomial functions, EXCEPT

3
A.𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 4 C. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥
− 5
B. 𝑃(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 − 7 D. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 9
3

3. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 7 + 3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 1?

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 5

4. What is the degree of the polynomial function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 9 − 2𝑥 7 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 5?

A. 3 C. 9
B. 7 D. 1

5. What is the standard form of the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 11𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 ?

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = −11𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 + 5 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 11𝑥
3
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 5 − 11𝑥 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 + 5

6. The standard form of the polynomial function 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 7) is…

A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 49𝑥 C. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 49𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 49𝑥 D. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 49𝑥

7. What is the standard form 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)?

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

8. Which is the factored form of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2?

11
 A. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) C. 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) D. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)

9. The factored form of the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 is…

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 7) C. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥(𝑥 2 + 7)

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 7) D. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥(𝑥 2 − 7)

10. What is the factored form of the polynomial function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10?

A. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 2) C. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)
B. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 2) D. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2)

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Transform each of the polynomial function in standard form and fill in the table
below.

Polynomial Function in
No Polynomial Function
Factored Form
1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
2 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
3 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2
4 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 – 9𝑥 + 14
5 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15

12
 ANSWER KEY

A. PRE TEST
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. A

B. PRACTICE EXERCISE

Practice Task 1

3
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5x3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 12 + +7 3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 −5 + 6
𝑥

4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)( 𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) 5. 𝑃(𝑥) = −7𝑥 6 + 9 − 5𝑥

13
 Practice Task 2

Polynomial Function in
Polynomial Function
Standard form
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 11𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5) + 4 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 4
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) 3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥
4. 𝑃(𝑥) = 7 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 4. −4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 7
5 2 2 2 5
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥 + + 𝑥 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 +
3 3 3 3

Practice Task 3

F A C T S
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5) 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)

1 2 3 4 5

C. POST TEST

1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B
.

D. OTHER ACTIVITIES

Polynomial Function in
No Polynomial Function
Factored Form
1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
2 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)
3 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 )
4 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 – 9𝑥 + 14 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)
5 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 3)

A. Reference
Mathematics Learner’s Module for Grade 10 (DepEd)
Math Focus IV by Serafin SD. Raymundo II & Reynaldo P. Rafols, Jr.B. B.

B. Website Links as References and Sources of Learning Activities

https://www.khanacademy.org>math

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