Module:1

Platform
Technologies:
Introduction

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
Nineteenth century:

1837 - Charles Babbage designs the first programmable computer called the
"Analytical Engine". This was designed to use punch cards of the type used in
Jacquard looms. Ada Lovelace wrote a program for the machine. The Analytical
Engine is probably the first "Turing Complete" computer design.

1847-1854 George Boole develops Boolean algebra which is the foundation of

the hardware design of all modern digital computers.

Mid-late nineteenth century mechanical and electromechanical adding

machines developed and widely used.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 20’s:
1920's - The German Enigma
Machine was developed by
Arthur Scherbius, and was an
electromechanical rotor
machine is widely used to
encrypt and decrypt secret
messages. Although this was
not a computer, being more
like an advanced adding
machine, its role in World
War II stimulated computer
design for decryption
machines. 3
COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 30’s:
1936, May 28 - Alan Turing submits "On
Computable Numbers, with an
Application to the
Entscheidungsproblem“ - The problem
asks for an algorithm that considers, as
input, a statement and answers "yes" or
"no" according to whether the statement
is universally valid.

1939, December 31 - Hewlett-Packard

Company founded by William Hewlett
and David Packard although they didn't
make any computers until 1966. 4
COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 40’s: 1943 - Colossus, the first programmable
digital electronic computer is built by the
British to decode German messages.

1949 -
American
physicists, An
Wang and Way-
Dong Woo
create the
pulse transfer
controlling
device.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 50’s:
March 30, 1951 - First commercially
successful electronic computer,
UNIVAC was built

April 21, 1951 - Whirlwind, the first

real-time computer is built at MIT for
the US Air Defense System

April 1952 - First magnetic core

memory in an IBM 405 Alphabetical
Accounting Machine is tested
successfully.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 50’s:
1958 - Sage Computer -
World's Largest Computer
ever built consisting of
200,000 vacuum tubes
requiring 1,000,000 Watts.
1958 - John McCarthy invents
Lisp.

February 6, 1959 - Scientist

Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
files the first patent for an
Integrated Circuit.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 60’s: 1961, April 25 - Robert Noyce of
Fairchild Semiconductor was awarded
a patent for "unitary circuit" made of
silicon.
1962 - software - Douglas Engelbart
starts work on the NLS system at the
Augmentation Research Center at
Stanford Research Institute.
1962 - Tim Hart and Mike Levin at MIT
implement the first complete Lisp
compiler.
1963 - hardware - Douglas Engelbart
invents the computer mouse. Bill
English of Xerox Parc develops the
mouse ball, replacing the original set
of wheels.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 60’s: 1965 - internet - Ted Nelson
publishes his first article
about his invention,
hypertext.

1965 - hardware - Gordon Moore makes

his famous "law" which is not a law at all,
in any form, but quickly becomes an
accepted myth supported by very
scientific-looking charts.

1966 - internet - Larry Roberts heads the

Defense Advanced Research Project
Agency's project to create the first ever
packet switched network, largely
considered unworkable by experts.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 60’s: 1968 - software - Doug Engelbart
presents his team's work in a 90-minute
live public demonstration of a personal
(super) computer. This demonstration is
now known as The Mother Of All
Demos.
1968 - hardware - Intel formed by
Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, & Andy
Grove.

1969 - software - Unix created at

AT&T's Bell Telephone Labs by Ken
Thompson & Dennis Ritchie.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 60’s:
1969 - ARPANET -April 7 - The
first RFC, entitled "Host
Software", was written.

1969 - ARPANET - September -

UCLA becomes the first node
on the ARPANET

1969 - ARPANET - November -

Stanford Research Institute
becomes the second node on
the ARPANET

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 70’s: 1970 Xerox establishes PARC, the
Palo Alto Research Center, which will
go on to create the modern personal
computer, including GUI, laser printer
and networking.

1972 Alan Kay joins PARC where he

will develop Smalltalk for the
Dynabook project which aims to create
a useful user-programmable laptop
computer for kids.
1972 C programming language
created by Dennis Ritchie and Ken
Thompson.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 70’s:
1973 Unix rewritten in C, becoming
the first operating system written in a
language other than Assembly, which Brian Kernighan – Father of C and Unix
action decisively wins for Unix the OS
wars despite its many shortcomings.

1973 Gary Kildall writes the CP/M

operating system.

1973 Chuck Thacker creates the Alto

(networked personal computer with
GUI) at PARC.

1973 Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn

design the TCP protocol
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
1974 May - Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn publish
The 70’s: "A Protocol for Packet Network
Intercommunication" in IEEE Transactions on
Communication, introducing the Internet.

1974 December - Vint Cerf, Yogen Dalal and

Carl Sunshine publish RFC 674, the first
complete protocol specification for the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

1975 Ed Roberts creates the MITS Altair 8800

kit, considered to be the first microcomputer. It
was featured in the January, 1975 issue of
Popular Electronics.

1975 - William Henry Gates III, a student at

Harvard University, partners with fellow student
Paul Allen to found Microsoft in order to market
a version of the BASIC language, originally
developed by Gates and Allen for the MITS
Altair 8800 microcomputer.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 70’s:
1975 September - MOS Technology
unveils the 6502 microprocessor at the
Wescon show. This $25 processor
becomes the heart of Apple and
Commodore computers.

1977 January 3 - Steve Jobs and

Steve Wozniak incorporated Apple
Computer.

1977 April 16-17 - First West Coast

Computer Faire hosts unveiling of
Commodore Pet, Apple II, and TRS-80
home computers.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 70’s:
1977 November 22 - First three network
demonstration of the Internet (Packet
Radio, Packet Satellite and ARPANET)

1978 February 16 - The first BBS, CBBS

went online.

1978 November - Third West Coast

Computer Fair which later becomes
COMDEX.

1978 - Brian Kernighan and Dennis

Ritchie published the first edition
of The C Programming
Language ("K&R").

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 70’s:
1979 Steve Jobs visits Xerox PARC in
exchange for allowing Xerox to invest $1
million in Apple. He's shown the first ever
computer network, the first ever graphical
interface and object-oriented
programming. Xerox will soon disinvest
from Apple, before its success.

1979 Ted Nelson convenes The Xanadu

Group to work on a storage system for his
visionary sophisticated hypertext system
called Xanadu.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 70’s:
1979 May - Seattle Computer Products
(SCP) a Seattle, Washington
microcomputer hardware company thanks
to Tim Patterson had a working prototype
for Intel's 8086 by May 1979. Tim
Patterson, hired in June 1978 by SCP's
owner Rod Brock, was successful in
redirecting the company's focus, a process
that began after his attendance at a local
seminar on Intel's just-released 8086 in
late summer 1978.

1979 November - Seattle Computer

Products (SCP) begins shipping its first S-
100 bus 8086 CPU boards to customers
including Microsoft BASIC as an option,
but no operating system was available.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s:
1980 - Usenet is created as a "poor
man's ARPANET".

1980 - Bjarne Stroustrup from Bell

Labs designer and implemented
the C++ (originally named "C with
Classes") as an enhancement to the C
programming language.

1980 June - Commodore debutes the

VIC-20 (VIC 1001 in Japan, VC-20 in
Germany) at the Consumer
Electronics Show. First computer in
history to produce over one million
units.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s: 1980 April - Seattle Computer
Products (SCP) start development of
QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating
System).

1980 September - Seattle Computer

Products (SCP) began shipping
QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating
System).

1980 December - Microsoft buys

QDOS after selling it to IBM for a
massive profit. The original O/S
CPM/86 by Digital is not ready for
release and IBM needs something to
bridge the gap.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s: 1981 August - The IBM PC is
introduced. 8-bit computing is
widespread on the desktop, but the
16-bit IBM machine is about to change
that.

1981 November - Commodore's MOS

Technology finishes the VIC-II video
processor chip. Commodore CEO
Jack Tramiel orders a 64K computer
using this chip.

1982 - The Time magazine names the

computer as its "Man of the Year."

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s:
1982 January - Commodore 64
debuted at Consumer Electronics
Show and sell 11-22 million units in
the next decade.

1983 January - The Internet is turned

on, All DARPA networks switch to
TCP/IP protocols.

1983 Ted Nelson starts the Xanadu

Operating Company, Inc.

1983 May - Xerox PARC releases

Smalltalk-80, a pure object-oriented
language and operating system.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s:
1983 September - Richard Stallman
announces GNU on Usenet, declaring
that it will be a Unix clone available
freely.

1984 January - The Macintosh is

introduced with the GUI of the Alto
from Xerox PARC. 16-bit computing is
widespread on the desktop.

1984 January - Richard Stallman quits

his job at MIT and founds the Free
Software Foundation to work on GNU
full-time.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s:
1985 - The Commodore Amiga is
introduced. The first commercially
available pre-emptive multitasking
computer.

1985 - Microsoft Windows 1.0 is finally

released after 2 years delay. Apple
eventually launches law suit.

1985 - Microsoft signs a Joint

Development Agreement with IBM for
OS/2.

1986 - David Ungar designs Self,

intended as a more powerful
successor to Smalltalk. 24
COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s:
1987 - The first hypertext conference
is held, 29 papers are published.

1987 August - Bill Atkinson releases

HyperCard.

1988 - Brian Kernighan and Dennis

Ritchie publish the second edition
of The C Programming
Language (covering "ANSI C").

988 - OS/2 is released.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 80’s:
1988 The Giant Magneto-Resistive effect
is discovered, which will soon enable a
second speedup in the rate of increase of
hard drive capacities. The MR and GMR
together turn storage from the slowest
growing of the (storage, computation,
networking) triad into the fastest, upsetting
the economics of computation
forevermore.

1989 Tim Berners-Lee creates HTML.

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 90’s:
1990 - Microsoft launches Windows
3.0, the first version to achieve
widespread use, and then drops out of
development for OS/2. Microsoft
proceeds to take OS/2 technology as
the core for Windows NT.

1990 Self is publicly released.

1991 The Self team moves to Sun

Microsystems where they develop
Just-In-Time compilation HotSpot
technology that will eventually make
its way into Java.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 90’s:
1991 - Sun begins work on Java as an
inferior version of Smalltalk aimed at
C/C++ developers.

1991 - Linus Torvalds releases the first

version of Linux, his free Unix kernel
clone; now used by millions of users
worldwide usually on top of GNU.

1993 March - Intel's Pentium is

introduced. 32 bit computing is
widespread on the desktop.

1994 Commodore Business Machines

files bankruptcy.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 90’s:
1994 December - Intel recalls Pentium
processors due to a bug in the
Floating Point Unit at a cost of over
$300 million

1995 March - Ward Cunningham's

[Wiki Wiki Web goes online.

1995 May - Sun formally announced

Java and HotJava at SunWorld.
"Duke" is the first applet.

1997 December - Alan Kay gives a

lecture entitled The Computer
Revolution Hasn't Happened Yet.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 90’s:

1998 - Eric S. Raymond splits a

community out of free software
supporters in favor of his new term,
open source. The term is often used
as a commercial vehicle, though often
violating the Open Source Definition
itself.

1999 - Shawn Fanning creates

Napster

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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 00’s: 2001 October - Apple releases the
iPod.

2003 SCO sues IBM claiming Linux

violates UNIX copyright, focusing
attention on GNU Public License, Free
and Open Source Software, and
Linux.

2004 April - Advanced Micro Devices

introduces the Opteron, a 64 bit
processor for servers and powerful
workstations, soon followed by the
AMD64 for the desktop. 64 bit
computing becomes widespread on
the desktop. Thin client processing
gets new life.
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION:
The 00’s: 2005 Dual core processors permit
Moore's Law to continue by reducing
microprocessor heating. Clock speeds
level off at 4000 MHz and chip
resolution heads for 65 nm.
Motherboards with up to 16 64-bit
processors are available. Multiple-
gigabyte memories for desktop
computers are available. 200 GB hard
drives are common.

2007 June - Apple releases the

iPhone.

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COMPUTER STRUCTURE:

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COMPUTER STRUCTURE:
• Input – a device that is essentially a
piece of instrument or hardware that
allows users to provide data,
information or control instructions to a
computer used for interaction and
control.

• Output – any information processed

by and sent from a computer or
electronic device.

• Memory unit - The memory unit is a

component of a computer system. It is
used to store data, instructions and
information. It is also known as a
principal/primary/internal memory.
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COMPUTER STRUCTURE:
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit - An
arithmetic-logic unit is the part of a central
processing unit that carries out arithmetic
and logic operations on the operands in
computer instruction words.

• Control Unit - A control unit, or CU, is

circuitry within a computer's processor that
directs operations. It instructs the memory,
logic unit, and both output and input
devices of the computer on how to
respond to the program's instructions.

• CPU - Central Processing Unit (CPU) The

CPU is the brain of a computer, containing
all the circuitry needed to process input,
store data, and output results. The CPU is
constantly following instructions of
computer programs that tell it which data
to process and how to process it. 35
COMPUTER PROBLEMS:

1. Deleted File by accident

2. Can’t exit the program

3. Can’t find a program or a file

4. Keyboard or mouse not working

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COMPUTER PROBLEMS:

5. “Start” button is gone

6. There is no sound

7. A menu command is grayed-out

8. Forgot today date

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COMPUTER PROBLEMS:

9. Missing task bar

10. Taskbar moved

11. Desktop icons are a mess

12. The computer is stuck

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COMPUTER PROBLEMS:

13. Program frozen with a notification window

14. Program frozen with no notification

15. Accidentally erased some text or even a

file

16. A program closed down

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COMPUTER PROBLEMS:

17. Browser is all over the screen and you

can’t find anything

18. The text on the internet browser is too

small

19. Double click isn’t working

20. LETTERS ALL COME OUT BIG

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COMPUTER PROBLEMS:

21. The text you’re typing is going over the

previous text

22. Your document is “READ ONLY”

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END OF MODULE

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