TISSUES L - 2

Complex permanent tissue are made up of

different type of cells. These different type of
cells coordinate with each other and performs
common function.

Both of them are

conducting tissues and
constitute a vascular
bundle. Xylem Phloem
This is a distinctive feature
of complex plants.

It has made possible their

survival in the terrestrial
environment.
 XYLEM

The cells of xylem have thick walls and many of

them are dead.

Tracheids

Vessels

XYLEM
Fibres

Parenchyma
 PHLOEM

● It translocates the prepared organic food from

the leaves to different parts of the plant.

● It is also known as bast.

Sieve Tubes

PHLOEM
Companion Cells

Fibres

Parenchyma
Sieve Tubes Companion Cells Phloem Fibres Phloem Parenchyma
Difference Between Xylem & Phloem
ANIMAL TISSUES
 Breathing is vital activity for humans, it involves
movement of lungs in diaphragm.

Muscle cells facilitate movements of internal body

parts.

The contraction & relaxation of these muscles cells

result in movement.

In breathing, we inhale oxygen. It goes to our lungs

and then is transported to all cell through blood.

Blood & muscles are both examples of tissues found in

our body.

Blood Muscle
Connective Muscular
Tissue Tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
They are the protective tissues of the human body.

Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the

body.

The epithelial tissues are found in the lining of the

mouth, in the lining of the blood vessels, skin, lung
alveoli and kidney tubules.

TYPES
 Structure and Functions of the
epithelial tissue:

● It acts as a barrier and separates

different organs and systems from each
other.

● No intercellular space is observed.

● The cells are permeable which makes it

possible to exchange the materials
between the body and the external
environment and also between different
parts of the body.

● The epithelial tissues remain separated

from the tissues beneath them because of
a extracellular fibrous basement
membrane.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
● It is single-layered and closely fitted
epithelium.
● They have a delicate cell lining and
possess extremely thin and flat
structure.
● Found in the lining of blood vessels
and lung alveoli, oesophagus and
lining of mouth.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
● Found in the outer side of the skin
as it is highly resistant to
mechanical injury and is
waterproof.
● Cells are arranged in many layers
to prevent wear and tear.
● Since they are arranged in patterns
of layers, it is called stratified
squamous epithelium.
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Columnar (pillar-like) epithelial cells

contains cylindrical cells and facilitates
movement across the epithelial barrier.

They are found in the lining of intestine

and stomach.

Columnar Epithelial tissue with cilia

is known as Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium.

These cilia (hair-like projections) can

move and their movement pushes the
mucus forward to clear it.
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

● Formed of cube-shaped cells and

contain round nuclei.

● They provide mechanical support.

● Location: Lining of kidney tubules

and salivary glands.

Sometimes, a portion of epithelial

tissue folds inward and a multicellular
gland is formed which can secrete
substances at the epithelial surface. It
is known as Glandular Epithelium.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
● Fibrous in nature.

● The cells of this tissue are loosely

packed present in an intercellular
matrix.

● The matrix can be of various type:

Jelly-like, dense, rigid or fluid like.

● The nature of matrix depends on the

functionality of the connective tissue.

● This tissue is specialised to connect

various body organs with each other.

● E.g., it connects two or more to each

other, muscles to bones and binds
different tissues together.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

BLOOD

BONE

LIGAMENTS

TENDONS

CARTILAGE

AREOLAR
TISSUE

ADIPOSE
TISSUE
 BLOOD- Fluid Connective Tissue

Has a fluid matrix which is

known as plasma, which
contains red blood cells, white
blood cells and blood
platelets.

It also contains salts, proteins

and hormones.

Blood flows within blood

vessels and transport gases,
food, waste materials and
hormones in body.
The properties shown by different blood cells in
the body are as follows:

RBCs: helps in transport of respiratory gases, oxygen

and carbon dioxide with the help of haemoglobin to
and from the various parts of our body.

The average lifespan of RBCs is about 120 days.

WBCs: also known as leukocytes, fights with diseases by

producing antibodies.

Blood platelets: are also called thrombocytes, help in

the clotting of blood.
 BONE
Bone cells are embedded in a hard
matrix that is composed of proteins,
calcium and phosphorus
compounds.

Provides supports the body and

anchors the muscles.

It is a strong and non-flexible tissue.

It is porous, highly vascular,

mineralised,
hard and rigid. Its
matrix is made up
of proteins
and is rich in salts
and calcium and
phosphorous.
It is very elastic in nature.

It has considerable strength. LIGAMENT

Contain very little matrix.
 TENDON
These are strong and
inelastic structures,
which join skeletal
muscles to bones.

These are composed

of white fibrous tissue
with great strength
but limited flexibility.
It is a specialised connective CARTILAGE
tissue having widely spaced
cells.

It has solid matrix called

chondrin which is composed of
sugar and proteins.

It smoothes bone surfaces at

joints and is present in nose,
ear trachea and larynx.

We can fold the

cartilage of the ears,
but we cannot bend
the bones on our
arms.
 AREOLAR TISSUE

It is a supporting and
packing tissue found
between the skin and
muscles, around blood
vessels and nerves and in the
bone marrow.

It fills the space inside

organs, and supports
internal organs and helps in
repair of tissues.
 ADIPOSE TISSUE

It serves as a fat reservoir, keeps visceral organs

in position.

It acts as an insulator due to the shortage of

fats.

It is located below the skin in between the

internal organs.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
The muscles present in our
limbs which move or stop as SKELETAL MUSCLES
per our will, are called striated
muscles.

As these muscles can move

according to our will, they are
known as voluntary muscles.

Cells are long, cylindrical,

unbranched and contains
many nuclei.

These muscles are known as

skeletal muscle as they are
mostly attached to bones and
help in body movement.

Under microscope these

muscles show dark and light
bands or striations. Therefore,
they are called ‘striated
muscles’.
The muscles which cannot
move according to our will, SMOOTH MUSCLES
they are called smooth
muscles or involuntary
muscles.

The movement of food in

the alimentary canal,
contraction and relaxation
of blood vessels are
involuntary movements.

These muscles do not show

dark and light band
patterns. Thus they are
called ‘unstriated muscles’.

Smooth muscles are

present in the iris of the
eye, in ureters and in the
bronchi of the lungs.
 CARDIAC MUSCLES
These are involuntary
muscles present only in our
heart.

These perform rhythmic

contraction and relaxation
of the heart.

The cells constituting

cardiac muscles are
cylindrical, branched and
uninucleate.

Cardiac muscles have

stripes of light and dark
bands.
NERVOUS TISSUE

All cells possess

the ability to
respond to
stimuli.

However, cells of
the nervous
tissue are highly
specialised for
being stimulated
and then
transmitting the
stimulus very
rapidly from one
place to another
within the body.
● The cells that constitute
nervous tissue are called nerve
cells or neurons.
●
However, cells of the nervous
tissue are highly specialised
for being stimulated and then
transmitting the stimulus very
rapidly from one place to
another within the body.
● Nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain
and spinal cord.

● It is composed of cells which are known as

nerve cells or neurons.

● Neurons connect together to form nerves

in our body.
 An individual nerve cell or a neuron may be upto a
meter long and is composed of three major parts:
Synapse is a region of union of axon of one neuron with
the dendrite of next neuron.
CELL BODY AXON DENDRITES
This allows the transfer of nerve impulse generated to
It consists of It is a single long These are short and fro in the body.
cytoplasm, conducting fibre branched fibres
nucleus and cell extending from of neuron, which
membrane. neuron. receive nerve
It transmits impulses.
impulse away
from the cell
body.