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Measurement Systems and Error
Measurement Systems and Error
• Calibration !
• Transduction!
• Signal Conditioning!
• Sampling/Resolution!
MAE 3340 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS! • Logging/Recording! 1!
Example I: Mechanical Aircraft Airspeed
Measurement System!
In this chapter, we will learn how to estimate the size of the error in a
given measurement. The theory is obtuse, but important, and will be
clarified with hands-on examples in the lab.!
1
1
1
0.5
× =! 0.5
y(t)
0.5 0
δ
-0.5
-0.5
0
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -1
i i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Digital
encoding!
LSB!
• Sampled signal … !
“resolution error”!
• Sampled signal … !
• 15Volt excitation …. !
• 15Volt excitation …. !
Cross lines of !
flux counter!
clockwise!
Cross lines of !
flux clockwise!
Trend line!
• Many times!
The trend is!
Not a line but a!
“curve” .. And!
We describe the!
Trend as a !
“calibration” curve!
Vout
Amplified Output Vout ~ to ΔP
ΔP = P2 - P1
Linear Calibration!
• Need to Verify
this calibration!
MAE 3340 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS! 35!
Pressure Transducer Calibration (5)!
Compare voltage output against reference standard!
Input
pressures
Slightly
nonlinear fit!
Error!
Error!
Spin table!
(zero shift)!
Variability Of each is !
Nearly identical! Random error!
Our best tools for this quantification are the Mean and!
Standard deviation!
n
x1 + x2 + x3 + ...xn xi
µ≈x= =∑
n i =1 n
• For error quantification … mean error can be considered as bias!
MAE 3340 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS! 43!
Standard Deviation of a Random Sample!
• A random sample will always vary about the mean .. And a!
Quantification of this variability is referred to as the “standard !
Deviation” … the square of the standard deviation is called the!
“variance”!
… for a sample of n members, selected at random from the !
population we can true variance by the “sample variance”!
_ 2 _ 2 _ 2 _ 2
$ x − x & + $ x − x & + ...$ x − x & $ x − x&
n
% 1 ' % 2 ' % n ' % i '
σ ≈ Sx =
n −1
= ∑ n −1
i =1
2 22 2
2 2 #∂ f &
#
2 ∂ f
& 2 #∂ f & 2 #∂ f &
U z ≅ U x % ( +U y % ( +U u % ( +U v % ( +!
$∂ x ' $∂ y ' $∂u ' $∂v '
Eqn. 3.35 in B.M.L.!
2 2 2 2
$ ∂Q ' $ 1' $ ∂Q ' $V'
→ & = → =
% ∂V )( &% )(
t
&% )
∂t (
&% 2 )(
t
2 2
2 # ∂Q & 2 # ∂Q & 2
σQ =% ( σ V + % ( σ t =
$ ∂V ' $ ∂t '
2 2
# 1& 2 #V& 2
%$ (' ⋅ σ V + %$ 2 (' ⋅ σ t
t t
+Error (Utotal) in !
Dependent !
Variable!