Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
LS1: DEFINITION, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Communication – process of exchanging
information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between
individuals or groups.
Latin word – Communicare (to share)
Verbal Communication
 One of the most common and familiar forms
of human interaction.
 Involves the use of spoken words and active
listening to convey messages between
individuals.
Non-verbal Communication
 Involves expressing messages through
body language, gestures, and facial
expressions.
 It is a powerful means of communication
that can complement, reinforce, or
sometimes contradict verbal messages.
Written Communication
 Another vital form of human expression,
especially in today's digital age.
 It involves conveying messages,
information, or ideas through written words.
Visual Communication
 Utilizes images, graphics, infographics,
charts, and diagrams to convey information
effectively.
 This is particularly useful when presenting
complex data or concepts in a visually
appealing and easy-to-understand manner.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
INTRAPERSONAL – Talking to oneself. It may
involve deliberation about one's decision or action.
INTERPERSONAL – Talking to others (limited). It
can be Dyad or Small group.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION – involves
communicating with a vast number of people that
share different traits or background.
INTERCULTURAL – symbolic, interpretive,
transactional, contextual process in which people
from different cultures create shared meanings.
THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SENDER – The sender decide the message
to be transmitted.
REVILLA
2. ENCODING – The sender encodes the
message.
3. MESSAGE – The receiver decodes the
message.
4. DECODING – The sender select the
appropriate channel of communication.
5. RECEIVER – The receiver receives the
message.
6. FEEDBACK – The receiver provides the
feedback to the sender
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Sender – initiates the communication process
Message – core content of the communication,
consisting of the information, ideas, or emotions
that the sender intends to share with the receiver.
Receiver – individual or group who receives and
interprets the message.
 The effectiveness of communication relies
heavily on the receiver's ability to
comprehend and interpret the message
accurately.
Channel – the means by which the message is
conveyed from the sender to the receiver.
 Different channels include face-to-face
interactions, phone conversations, and
written correspondence
Feedback – essential component of the
communication process, It completes the loop of
communication.
Noise – any interference, disruption, or barrier that
hinders the smooth transmission and reception of a
message between the sender and receiver.
Nonverbal Cues – such as gestures, tone of voice,
or body language are also considered feedback in
this type of communication model.
FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION
Context – refers to the specific circumstances
surrounding the communication process.
 EXTERNAL STIMULI - letters, memos,
telephone calls, meetings, emails, casual
conversation.
 INTERNAL STIMULI - likes, dislikes,
feelings, attitudes, emotions, POVs,
experiences, education and confidence.
Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
3 TYPES OF CONTEXT
 PHYSICAL CONTEXT
 SOCIAL CONTEXT
 CHRONOLOGICAL CONTEXT
Noise – refers to any distractions that disrupt the
smooth transmission and reception of the message
SEMANTIC NOISE
 DENOTATIVE – The sender and the
receiver disagree about the definition or
meaning of a word or phrase.
 CONNOTATIVE – A word has a different
meaning in a particular context
 TECHNICAL LANGUAGE – jargons
TYPES OF NOISE
 SYNTATIC – mistakes in grammar
 ENVIRONMENTAL – physically disrupts
communication, e.g. very loud music,
sounds of construction site, blowing of
horns.
 ORGANIZATIONAL – poorly structured or
planned message.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL – refers to attitudes and
feelings.
Culture & Language – Cultural and linguistic
differences can significantly influence how
messages are perceived and understood.
LS2: COMMUNICATION MODELS
3 CATEGORIES OF COM MODELS
LINEAR – one-way process of communication.
The model deals with various concepts like
Information source, transmitter, noise, channel,
message, receiver, channel, information
destination, encode and decode.
 ARISTOTLE’S
 LASSWELL’S
 SHANON-WEAVER
 BERLO’S S-M-C-R
INTERACTIONAL – two-way process of
communication.
REVILLA
Describes communication as a process in which
participants alternate positions by sending
messages and receiving feedback within physical
and psychological contexts.
 OSGOOD-SCHRAMM
 WESTLEY & MACLEAN
TRANSACTIONAL – two-way process of
communication that becomes complex as the
event progresses.
Describes communication as a process in which
communicators generate social realities within
social, relational, and cultural contexts.
 BARNLUD’S
 DANCE’S HELICAL
LS3: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS
REGULATION/CONTROL – Communication can
be used to control human behavior. It can be used
to regulate the nature and amount of activities
humans engage in. It ranges from simple requests
to laws governing countries and large territories.
Basic Forms of Regulation/Control
 Doctors' prescriptions
 Parents' instructions to their children
 Employers orders to their employees
SOCIAL INTERACTION – refers to the use of
communication to socialize or interact with other
people.
Basic Forms of Social Interaction
 Invitations
 Greetings
 Appreciations
MOTIVATION – refers to a person using language
to express desires, needs, wants, likes and dislikes,
inclinations, choices, and aspirations.
Basic Forms of Motivation
 Expressing one's ambitions (I dream of...)
 Talking about preferences (This is good
over the other)
 Making petitions
Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
INFORMATION – used in giving and getting
information.
Basic Forms of Information
 GIVING INFORMATION USING
STATEMENTS
 GIVING INFORMATION USING
RHETORICAL QUESTION
 GETTING INFORMATION USING
IMPERATIVES
LS4: SPEECH CONTEXT
Speech context – the environment where the
communication happens and how the message is
relayed during the process.
INTRAPERSONAL
(FOUNDATION OF COMMUNICATION)
 Centers on one person where the speaker
acts both as the sender and the receiver of
message.
 Message is made up of your thoughts and
feelings.
 Channel is your brain, which processes
what you are thinking and feeling.
 Feedback in the sense that as you talk to
yourself, you discard certain ideas and
replace them with others.
ASPECTS OF INTRAPERSONAL
 Self Awareness - how one sees oneself
 Perception - the way one sees the outside
world is also rooted in his/her beliefs,
values, and attitudes.
 Expectation - oriented towards the future.
LEVELS OF INTRAPERSONAL
 Internal Monologue – stream of
consciousness
 Solo Vocalization – reading out loud
 Solo Writing – diary
Example: You felt happy while thinking about how
your teacher appreciated you for submitting your
project.
INTERPERSONAL
REVILLA
 This refers to communication between and
among people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them.
Solomon and Theiss (2013) state that “the inter
part of the word highlights how interpersonal
communication connects people… when you
engage in interpersonal communication, you and
another person become linked together…”
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
 Dyad Communication – communication
that occurs between two people.
 Small Group – communication that involves
at least three but not more than twelve
people engaging in a face-to-face
interaction to achieve a desired goal.
PERSPECTIVES OF INTERPERSONAL
1. Relational or Qualitative
2. Communication Situational or Contextual
Communication
3. Quantitative Dyadic Interactions
4. Functional or Strategic Communication
Example: You are participating in an organizational
meeting which aims to address the concerns of
your fellow students.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
 This type refers to communication that
requires you to deliver or send the message
before or in front of a group.
 The message can be driven by
informational or persuasive purposes.
 Channels are more exaggerated
 Voice is louder gestures are more
expansive
 Audience is bigger
 Speaker might use additional visual
channels.
Example: You participate in a declamation,
oratorical, or debate contest watched by a number
of people.
MASS COMMUNICATION
Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
 This refers to communication that takes
place through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and
other types of media.
Example: You are a student journalist articulating
your stand on current issues through the school’ s
newspaper.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
APPROACH – involves the timing, medium, and
other strategies. The decision of how to approach a
conversation should be informed by the speaker ' s
knowledge of the audience.
DEVELOPMENT – Ideas are best communicated if
they are well-developed and organized. Being able
to support the ideas by providing evidence, citing
examples, and quoting an authority on the subject.
CLARITY – A well-developed idea is meaningful to
another person if it is clear to them. The most
important thing is to have a main idea and state it
clearly from the beginning of the message.
STYLE – how something is said, rather than what
is said. One consideration of style is the level of
formality the message conveys.
It is what communication experts called register.
TONE – emotional content a message may carry.
Emotional content can affect the effectiveness of
communication.
CORRECTNESS – includes correct spelling,
grammar, use of vocabulary, and idioms.
LS5: SPEECH STYLE
 The more formal the situation, the more
formal the register or speech style.
 Register can change depending on who is
being spoken to and what the social setting
is.
INTIMATE REGISTER
 Speech that depicts familiarity and close
relationship between communicators.
REVILLA
 The intimate style of speech is not meant for
public communication; rather, it is best used
by two people.
 Language used is not shared in public.
Examples:
 Conversation of husband and wife
 A mother and son conversation
CASUAL REGISTER
 Casual or informal speech is an in-group
language.
 One has to belong to the group to truly
understand what is being said.
 Differences in age , nationality, regional
background, ethnicity, or even
socioeconomic status distinguish one group
from another.
Examples:
 Jargons
 LGBTQ's gay lingo
CONSULTATIVE REGISTER
 Use to convey factual information. It
involves two-way participation, often in the
form of questions and answers.
 Consultative language is often used in a
professional setting.
Examples:
 Consultation between doctor and patient
Lawyer and client
 Session between a trainer and a new
employee.
FORMAL REGISTER
 Also known as academic style of speech
One-way kind of communication.
 Unlike consultative speech, interruptions
are usually not allowed Includes more
complete sentences than the intimate and
casual registers.
Examples:
 Introducing high-ranking officials and
renowned personalities
 State of the Nation Address of the President
Oral Communication
1st Quarter | 11 – J. Rizal
FROZEN REGISTER
 static register is used for printed and
unchanging language.
Examples:
 Prayer, Oath taking, Biblical quotations
Preamble.
LS6: SPEECH ACT
is a spoken word, phrase, or sentence that
performs a functions of language.
Austin (1962), speech acts are the speaker’s
utterances which convey meaning and make
listeners do specific things.
Austin (1962), when saying a performative
utterance, a speaker is simultaneously doing
something.
Mark Twain - Action speaks louder than words but
not nearly as often.
1. LOCUTIONARY – the act of actual
utterance, occurs when the speaker
performs an utterance (locution), which has
a meaning in the traditional sense.
Examples: greeting, invitation, request, refusal,
compliment, promise, and apology.
"Please do the dishes. "
“What?” (when someone is surprised)
2. Illocutionary (Pragmatic Illocutionary
Force) Social Function of Utterance
(intention), An illocutionary speech act is the
performance of the act of saying something
with a specific intention.
Examples:
“There’s too much homework in this subject. ”
(opinion)
“I’ll do my homework later. ” (promise)
“Go do your homework!” (order)
CLASSIFICATION OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
John Searle - classified the intentions
REVILLA
Assertive – the speaker expresses belief about
the truth of the preposition.
Examples: suggesting, putting, swearing, boasting
Directive – the speaker tries to make a request to
the receiver.
Examples: asking, inviting, advising, begging
Commissive – The speaker commits to a future
action such as promises or oath.
Examples: Planning, promising, vowing, and
betting
Expressive – expresses his/her emotions and
attitudes towards someone or something.
Examples: congratulatory, thanks, and complaints.
Declarative – speech act that perform an official
function by their declaration.
Examples: wedding, pronouncement of being
guilty.
3. PERLOCUTION – The effects on the
audience. The aim of perlocutionary speech
act is to change feelings, thoughts, or
actions
 Persuading, Convincing, Scaring,
Enlightening, Inspiring
Examples: • “I was born a Filipino, I will live a
Filipino, I will die a Filipino!” (inspiring)
ANALYSIS
Wash the dishes. (Locution)
The speaker is requesting the receiver to wash the
dishes. (Illocution)
The speaker may or may not wash the dishes.
(Perlocution)