The primary and ultimate outcome of natural selection is the

enhancement of adaptation to the environment (option c).

Natural selection acts to increase the frequency of traits that
improve an organism's fitness in a particular environment,
ultimately leading to a population that is better adapted to its
ecological niche. The reduction in genetic diversity (option a)
can be a side effect of this process when specific alleles
become fixed due to their advantageous nature, but it's not the
overarching goal of natural selection.
Gene pools and alleles are essential for
understanding genetic diversity, adaptation, and the
mechanisms driving evolution in populations over
time.
Gene Flow vs. Genetic Drift
Gene flow involves the
exchange of genetic
material between
populations due to migration
or interbreeding.
Genetic drift, on the other
hand, is a random process
that leads to changes in
allele frequencies within a
population due to chance
events. It often reduces
genetic diversity in small
populations.
Variation: Genetic diversity
leads to differing traits
among individuals, providing
the raw material for
evolution.

Selection Pressure:
Environmental challenges,
like drought or predators,
create pressures.

Selective Advantage: Traits

conferring better survival
and reproduction in response
to selection pressures
become more common.
Longer legs in
desert-dwelling animals, like
camels, aid in mobility and
survival.

Heritability: Traits passed

from one generation to the
next through genes ensure
advantageous characteristics
persist. For instance, if large
body size is heritable, it'll
increase in a population if
advantageous in a given
environment.
In the case of the peppered
moths during the Industrial
Revolution, the
environmental selection
pressure was caused by
pollution and soot-covered
trees. Black moths had a
selective advantage
because they could better
camouflage in this
environment. As a result,
the frequency of the allele
for black body color
increased, while the allele
for white body color
decreased. This directional
selection led to a decrease
in genetic diversity within
the population as more
individuals had the same
advantageous trait, black
coloration.
In a warming climate,
animals with lighter fur
are better camouflaged.
Over generations,
lighter-furred animals
survive and reproduce
more.
This leads to increased
frequency of light fur
alleles in the population.