BIO 411

CELL BIOLOGY

LABORATORY 2
CELL DIFFERENTIATION

NO. NAME GROUP UITM ID NO.

1 NURUL ALIS SYAMIMI BINTI ABD MANAP 2022827798
2 NUR MAISARAH BINTI SUHAIMI 2022452588
3 NUR HUSNA BINTI PUTEH WAHAB 2022491066
4 NUR NABILAH BINTI MOHD AZHAR 2022478662
5 NURQISTINA BINTI MOHD SHAFFEE 2022841844
6 NURUL ZULAIKHA BINTI KAMARRUDDIN 2022615898

LECTURER NAME : CIK NUR HILWANI BINTI ISMAIL

DATE PERFORMED :
DATE SUBMITTED :
Title
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Abstract
This lab exercise requires students to explore the different types of specialize cells and to become
knowledgeable with the various stages of mitosis in plant cell. Student’s should also able to describe
sperm morphology and to be knowledgeable in the method of determining sperm cell concentration.
Students working in group will also need to be able to prepare and observe their own slides of blood
smear and observe the prepared bull sperm slide. Students will also prepare and observe the onion
root tip slide to observe mitosis process in the apical meristem. Students also will need to draw and
prepare a scientific report of observations and findings made during the lab session.

Task 1: Giemsa-stained blood smears

Result

Red blood cell:

Name of slide: red blood cell

Total magnification: 40x
 Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Target cell

Name of slide: red blood cell

Total magnification: 400x

Cheek cell:

Name of slide: Cheek cell smear

Total magnification: 40x
 Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Name of slide: Cheek cell smear

Total Magnification: 400x

Discussion
Red blood cells have a biconcave form and appear to be devoid of the nucleus. Red blood cells, also
known as erythrocytes, are anucleate, biconcave-shaped cells that lack organelles but contain
hemoglobin. Because of its biconcave form, the erythrocyte's overall surface area increases,
enhancing the rate of oxygen transport through the plasma membrane [citation Cam/ 17417]. Aside
from that, erythrocytes lack a nucleus and any membrane-bound organelle, leaving greater room for
hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein that carries oxygen. They are highly flexible due to their lack
of organelles, making them simpler to bend and pass-through microscopic capillaries.
Cheek cell are eukaryotic cell (cells that contain a nucleus and other organelles within enclosed in a
membrane) found in the tissue on the inside lining of the mouth also continually secretes mucus to
maintains a moist environment in the mouth. Together with salivary glands that secrete saliva, the cheek
cells supply enough moisture in the mouth for enzymes to thrive. This moisture softens food, assists in
swallowing and starts digestion. A human cheek cell is thin, flat and irregularly shaped and has a large
nucleus that contains the DNA. Its plasma membrane helps the cell to maintain suitable temperature
while giving it its shape. Since it is selectively permeable, it only allows certain molecules into and out
of the cell.
According to the observations, the similarity between red blood cells and cheek cells is they both have
cytoplasm. In the red blood cells, they are entirely filled with the cytoplasm which is a viscous liquid
inside the cells that contain proteins inside the RBC’s which helps in its activation and function of
transportation of oxygen. In the cheek cell, its cytoplasm contains water that dissolves nutrients and
enzymes. Another similarity between red blood cell and cheek cell is they both have cell membrane.
The function of cell membrane in red blood cell is to maintain structure and accomplishes vital task in
transport of salts and nutrients. The cell membrane in cheek cell is selectively permeable, so it only
allows certain molecules into and out of the cell. Its cell membrane helps the cheek cell to maintain
suitable temperature while giving it its shape. The distinction between them is that cheek cells have a
nucleus, whereas red blood cells do not. Loss of the nucleus allows the red blood cell to hold more
oxygen, which is transported in the blood and increases our metabolism. Then there are cheek cells,
which have a flat, irregular shape, and red blood cells, which have a biconcave shape.
Task 2: Determining sperm concentration using Haemocytometer

Result

Concentration/ml = (Dilution Factor) (Sperm Count in 5 squares) (0.05 X 106)

Sperm concentration is expressed in terms of sperm X 106/ml

NOTE!!
50 000 = 0.05 X 106
BIO411/LAB 2/ TASK 2 WORKSHEET
DETERMINATION OF SPERM CONCENTRATION USING HAEMOCYTOMETER

SQUARE NUMBER OF SPERM CELLS

Square 1 10

Square 2 10

Square 3 4

Square 4 8

Square 5 11

Total number of sperm cells in all 5 squares: 43

Concentration of sperm cells in sample

= (Dilution factor) x (Total number of sperm cells in 5 Squares) x (0.05 x 106)
=101×43× (0.05×106) 2022615898
=217150000 sperm cells/ mL
Discussion
The full grid on haemocytometer contains nine squares, each of which is 1 mm square. The central
counting area of the haemocytometer contains 25 large and each large squares has 16 smaller squares.
All 25 large squares can be counted, or a counting pattern using fewer squares can be used like the ones
below. It is important to distribute the counting areas in a non-biased manner since cells can be more
concentrated on one side of the chamber. If you count over only 5 of the 25 large squares, then multiply
that value by 5 to obtain the number of cells per central counting area. At least two chambers should be
counted, including at least 100 cells within each central counting area of each chamber. For higher
precision, additional sperm can be counted and the average used to calculate cell concentration.
Each of the nine squares on the grid, including the central counting area of 25 large squares, has an area
of 1 squares mm, and the cover glass rests 0.1 mm above the floor of the chamber. Thus, the volume
over the central counting area is 0.1 mm3 or 0.1 microliter. You can multiply the average number of
sperm over each central counting area by 50,000 to obtain the number of sperm per ml of diluted sample.
Task 3: Observation of mitosis on onion root apical meristem

RESULTS
Drawing and Observation

Figure 1.1 Prophase Figure 1.2 Metaphase

Figure 1.3 Anaphase Figure 1.4 Telophase

All the figure above is the drawing of cell mitotic phase observed from onion root tip
 Figure 2: Onion root tip under 400x total magnification

cytoplasm

Cell wall
Metaphase

Telophase
nucleus Anaphase

Prophase

Figure 3: Observed cell division of onion root tip under 400x magnification

(Picture taken from https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/80942/view/-onion-root-tip-cell-

mitosis- )
Discussion
Mitosis refer to a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells. Onion root
tips is used to observe the mitosis stage in this experiment is because the cels there are
actively growing and dividing, which make it easier to see the different stages of cell
division. The experiment used staining technique to observe the mitosis stage as it stains
them in a deep rent tint without staining the cytoplasm. Under high magnification, it become
possible to identify the different stages of mitosis. Due to the position and the condition of
the onion root tip that being observed in this experiment, we cannot see the mitosis stage
when being observed in this experiment.
There will be four stages of mitosis that can be observed under the microscope. The first
stage is prophase. During this stage of mitosis, the dissapearance of the nucleolus and nuclear
membrane happened and all the chromosomes start to coil up in the center of the cell. The
next stage is metaphase. In this stage, we can see all the chromosomes pairs line up in the
center of the cell. Each of the chromosomes is fastened to the spindle fibres located to its
controller. The next stage that being observed is Anaphase where the spindle fibres become
shorter and pull each chromosomes pair apart to the opposite ends of the cell. The final stage
of the cell replication is Telophase where the spindle fibres dissappear and two daughter
nuclei is formed at the opposing ends due to the reformation of nucleolus and nuclear
membrane At this phase, splitting of the cell or cytokinesis may also occur.

Conclusion
The objective of the experiment have been achieved. The specialised cells in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic organisms has been observed and distinguished. Students also abled to study
sperm morphology as well as become more knowledgeable in performing staining techniques
and its effect on cell structure visualization. Students also become familiar with various
stages of mitosis and the method of cell counting and determination of cell concentration.

References
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