Government of Karnataka

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020

MODEL CURRICULUM CONTENTS

IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY

Submitted to

Prof. B Thimme Gowda

VICE CHAIRMAN
KARNATAKA STATE HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCIL
BENGALURU

By

Prof. DAYANAND AGSAR

Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University

CHAIRMAN and MEMBERS

SUBJECTWISE EXPERT COMMITTEE
In Microbiology and Biotechnology

September, 2021
 From,
Prof. Dayanand Agsar
Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
Chairman, Curriculum Committee,
Microbiology and Biotechnology,
KSHEC, Bengaluru.

Date: 15.09.2021
To,
Prof. B. Thimme Gowda
Vice Chairman, Karnataka State Higher Education Council, and
Former Vice Chancellor, Bangalore University and Karnataka State
Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University

Sub: Submission of Model Curriculum in Biotechnology.

Ref: Govt. Order and Directions from KSHEC, Bengaluru.

Sir,

I, the undersigned along with the Members of Curriculum Committee and on

behalf of the Curriculum Committee am hereby pleased to submit the Model Curriculum
Content (Three hard copies and a soft copy) in Biotechnology to your kind self for your
kind perusal and favourable consideration. A copy of the proceedings of the meeting of
Curriculum Committee held on 3rd, 4th, 15th and 16thSeptember, 2021 at KSHEC,
Bengaluru is enclosed herewith for your kind reference.

Further, we all the members of the committee are grateful to your kind self for this
historical opportunity provided to us and your ever encouraging guidance and valuable
suggestions.

Thanking you with respectful regards,

Sincerely yours,

Prof. Dayanand Agsar

Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
Chairman, Curriculum Committee,
Microbiology and Biotechnology,
KSHEC, Bengaluru.

2
3
4
 MODEL CURRICULUM

Name of the Degree Program : BSc (Basic/Hons.)

Discipline Core : Biotechnology
Total Credits for the Program : B.Sc. Basic - 136 and B.Sc. Hons. - 176
Starting year of implementation : 2021-22

Program Outcomes:
Competencies need to be acquired by the candidate
securing B.Sc. (Basic) or B.Sc. (Hons)

By the end of the program the students will be able to:

Competencies need to be acquired by a candidate securing B.Sc. (Basic) or B.Sc. (Hons)
degree in Biotechnology.

1. Understandingconcepts of Biotechnology and demonstrate interdisciplinary skills

acquired in cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and molecular biology.

2. Demonstrating the Laboratory skills in cell biology, basic and applied microbiology with
an emphasis on technological aspects

3. Competent to apply the knowledge and skills gained in the fields of Plant
biotechnology, animal biotechnology and microbial technology in pharma, food,
agriculture, beverages, herbal and nutraceutical industries.

4. Critically analyze the environmental issues and apply the biotechnology knowledge
gained for conserving the environment and resolving the problems.

5. Demonstrate comprehensive innovations and skills in the fields of biomolecules, cell

and organelles, molecular biology, bioprocess engineering and genetic engineering of
plants, microbes, and animals with respect to applications for human welfare.

6. Apply knowledge and skills of immunology, bioinformatics, computational modelling of

proteins, drug design and simulations to test the models and aid in drug discovery.

7.Critically analyze, interpret data, and apply tools of bioinformatics and multi omics in
various sectors of biotechnology including health and Food.

8. Demonstrate communication skills, scientific writing, data collection and interpretation

abilities in all the fields of biotechnology.

9. Learning and practicing professional skills in handling microbes, animals and plants and
demonstrate the ability to identify ethical issues related to recombinant DNA technology,
genetic engineering, animals handling, intellectual property rights, biosafety, and
biohazards.

5
10. Exploring the biotechnological practices and demonstrating innovative thinking in
addressing the current day and future challenges with respect to food, health, and
environment.

11.Thorough knowledge and application of good laboratory and good manufacturing

practices in biotech industries

12.Understanding and application of molecular biology techniques and principles in

forensic and clinical biotechnology.

13. Demonstrate entrepreneurship abilities, innovative thinking, planning, and setting up

small-scale enterprises or CROs.

Assessment:
Weightage for assessments (in percentage)

Type of Course Formative Assessment / IA Summative Assessment

Theory 30% 70%
Practical 30% 70%
Projects 40% 60%
Experiential Learning 30% 70%
(Internships/MOOC/
SWAYAMetc.)

6
 Curriculum Structure for the Undergraduate Degree Program
BSc (Basic / Hons.)

Total Credits for the Program : 176

Starting year of implementation : 2021-22
Name of the Degree Program : B.Sc. (Basic/Hons.)BIOTECHNOLOGY

Program Articulation Matrix:

Curriculum Structure for the Undergraduate Degree Program - BSc

Total Credits for the Program: 176 Starting year of implementation: 2021-22

Name of the Degree Program: B.Sc. Discipline/Subject: Biotechnology

Program Articulation Matrix:

This matrix lists only the core courses. Core courses are essential to earn the degree in that discipline/subject. They include courses such as
theory, laboratory, project, internships etc. Elective courses may be listed separately

Semester Title /Name Program outcomes that Pre-requisite Pedagogy## Assessment$

of the course the course addresses (not course(s)
more than 3 per course)
1 DSC: 1T Understandingconcepts of PUC or +2 (Life The general
BTC 101 Biotechnology and sciences as one of pedagogy to be followed
Cell biology and Genetics demonstrate knowledge the core for theory and practical
4 Credits acquired in disciplines) are as under. Lecturing,
100 Marks interdisciplinary skills in Tutorials,
cell biology, genetics, Group/Individual

7
 biochemistry, Discussions, Seminars,
microbiology, and Assignments, Counseling,
molecular biology Remedial Coaching.
Field/Institution/Industrial
visits, Hands on training,
Case observations,
Models/charts
preparations, Problem
solving mechanism,
Demonstrations, Project
presentations,
Experiential
documentation, and
Innovative methods.

Active learning as
per LSSSDC (NSDC)
LFS/Q0509 guidelines, at
skill trainingLevel 3. Case
studies about application
of microbial biomolecules
in various industries.
Seminar on topics of
microbial biochemistry
DSC-1P
BTC 101
Cell biology and Genetics
2 Credits
50 Marks

8
2 DSC-2T Demonstrating the
BTC 102 Laboratory skills in basic
4 Credits and applied microbiology
100 Marks with reference to
Microbiological methods technological aspects.
and Techniques Thorough knowledge and
application of good
laboratory and good
manufacturing practices in
biotech industries

DSC -2P
BTC 102
Microbiological methods
and Techniques 2 Credits
50 Marks
3 DSC-3T
BTC 103
4 Credits
100 Marks
Biomolecules
DSC-3P
BTC 103
2 Credits
50 Marks
Biomolecules
4 DSC-4T
BTC 104
4 Credits
100 Marks
Molecular biology

9
 DSC: Core-4P
BTC 104
2 Credits
50 Marks
Molecular Biology
5. DSC-5T
BTC 105
4 Credits
100 Marks
Genetic engineering
DSC-5P
BTC 105
2 Credits
50 Marks
Genetic engineering
DSC-6T
BTC 106
4 Credits
100 Marks
Plant Biotechnology
DSC-6P
BTC 106
2 Credits
50 Marks
Plant Biotechnology
6. DSC-7T
BTC 107
4 Credits
100 Marks
Immunology and Medical
Biotechnology
DSC-7P

10
 BTC 107
2 Credits
50 Marks
DSC-8T
BTC 108
4 Credits
100 Marks
Bioprocess technology
DSC-8P
BTC 108
2 Credits
50 Marks
Bioprocess technology
7. DSC-9T
BTC 109
4 Credits
100 Marks
Environmental
Biotechnology
DSC-8P
BTC 109
2 Credits
50 Marks
Bioprocess technology
DSC-10T
BTC 110
4 Credits
100 Marks
Enzyme technology
DSC-Core-10P
BTC 110
2 Credits

11
 50 Marks
Enzyme technology
DSC-Core-11T
BTC 111
4 Credits
100 Marks
Food Biotechnology
8. DSC - Core-12T
BTC 112
4 Credits
100 Marks
Animal Biotechnology
DSC - Core-13T
BTC 113
4 Credits
100 Marks

Genomics and
Proteomics
DSC-14T
BTC 114
4 Credits
100 Marks
Biosafety, Bioethics and
IPR
#
## Pedagogy for student engagement is predominantly lectures. However, other pedagogies enhancing better student engagement to be
recommended for each course. The list includes active learning/ course projects/ problem or project-based learning/ case studies/self-study like
seminar, term paper or MOOC
$ Every course needs to include assessment for higher order thinking skills (Applying/ Analyzing/ Evaluating/ Creating). However, this column may
contain alternate assessment methods that help formative assessment (i.e. assessment for learning).

12
 BSc Biotechnology (Basic / Hons.)
Semester 1

Course Title: DSC-1T, BTC 101, Cell Biology and Genetics

Total Contact Hours: 56 Course Credits: 4+2
Formative Assessment Marks: 30% Duration of ESA/Exam: 3 Hrs
Model Syllabus Authors: Curriculum Committee Summative Assessment Marks: 70%

Course Pre-requisite(s):Mention only course titles from the curriculum that are needed to
be taken by the students before registering for this course.

Course Outcomes (COs):

At the end of the course the student should be able to:
(Write 3-7 course outcomes. Course outcomes are statements of observable student
actions that serve as evidence of knowledge, skills and values acquired in this course)

1. Would be able to comprehend the structure of a cell with its organelles

2. *Can explain the organization of genes and chromosomes, chromosome
morphology and its aberrations

Course Articulation Matrix: Mapping of Course Outcomes (COs) with Program Outcomes
(POs 1-12)
Course Outcomes (COs) / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Program Outcomes (POs)
1. Would be able to comprehend the * * *
structure of a cell with its organelles
2. Can distinguishbetween the * * *
structure of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell.
3. Can explain the organization of * * *
genes and chromosomes,
chromosome morphology and its
aberrations

Course Articulation Matrix relates course outcomes of course with the corresponding
program outcomes whose attainment is attempted in this course. Mark ‘X’ in the
intersection cell if a course outcome addresses a particular program outcome.

13
 BSc Biotechnology (Basic / Hons.)
Semester 1
Title of the Courses: Course 1 : DSC-1T, BTC 101, Cell Biology and Genetics
Course 2 : OE 1T, BTC 301, Biotechnology for human welfare
Course 3 : SEC 1T, BTC 701, Biotechnological Skills and Analytical Techniques

Course 1 : DSC-1T, BTC 101, Course 2 : OE 1T, BTC 301, Course 3 : SEC 1T, BTC 701,
Cell Biology and Genetics Biotechnology for human Biotechnological Skills and
welfare Analytical Techniques
Number Number of Number Number of Number of Number of lecture
of lecture of lecture Theory hours/semester
Theory hours/semester Theory hours/semester Credits
Credits Credits
4 56 3 42 1 14

Content of Course 1: Theory: DSC-1T, BTC 101, Cell Biology and Genetics 56 Hrs
Unit – 1:Cell as a Basic unit of Living Systems and Cellular Organelles 14Hrs
Concept, Development and Scope of Biotechnology. Historical perspectives.
Discovery of cell, the cell Theory, Ultra structure of a eukaryotic cell- (Both plant
and animal cells),Surface Architecture: Structural organization and functions of
plasma membrane and cell wall of eukaryotes.

Cellular Organelles: Structure and functions of cell organelles – Endoplasmic

reticulum, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosomes, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes, Nucleus (Nuclearenvelope with nuclear pore complex, Nucleolus,
Nucleoplasm and Chromatin). Vacuole, Cytosol and Cytoskeleton structures
(Microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediate filaments).
Unit- 2. Chromosomes and Cell Division 14Hrs
General Introduction, Discovery, Morphology and structural organization –
Centromere, Secondary constriction, Telomere, Chromonema, Euchromatin and
Heterochromatin, Chemical composition and Karyotype. Single-stranded and multi-
stranded hypothesis, folded- fibre and nucleosome models.
Special type of chromosomes: Salivary gland and Lampbrushchromosmes.

Cell Division: Cell cycle, phases cell division. Mitosis and meiosis, regulation of
cell cycles cell cycle checkpoints, and enzymes involved in regulation, Significance
of cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis interphase nucleus, achromatic apparatus,
synaptonemal complex Cell Cycle and regulation, mitosis and meiosis.Cell
Senescence and programmed cell death.

14
Unit-3. Genetics: 14Hrs
History of genetics: Introduction and brief history of genetics. Mendelian theory:
Laws of inheritance- dominance, segregation, incomplete dominance, codominance
with an example. Law of independent assortment, test cross, back cross. Deviations
to Mendelian inheritance, complementary, supplementary and interaction of genes
(13:3 ratio), epistasis.
Maternal Inheritance: Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis, Petite characters in yeast
and Kappa particles in paramecium, Sex-linked inheritance, Chromosome theory of
inheritance.

Gene interaction: Supplementary factors: comb pattern in fowls, Complementary

genes- Flower colour in sweet peas, Multiple factors–Skin colour in human beings,
Epistasis– Plumage colour in poultry, Multiple allelism: Blood groups in Human
beings.

Unit-4.Linkage and Crossing Over 14Hrs

Introduction,Coupling and repulsion hypothesis, Linkage in maize and Drosophila,
Mechanism of crossing over and its importance, chromosome mapping-linkage map
in maize.
Mutations: Types of mutations, Spontaneous and induced, Mutagens: Physical and
chemical, Mutation at the molecular level, Mutations in plants, animals and microbes for
economic benefit of man.
Chromosomal variations: A general account of structural and numerical
aberrations,chromosomal evolution of wheat and cotton.
Sex Determination in Plants and animals: Concept of allosomes and autosomes,
XX- XY, XX-XO, ZW-ZZ, ZO-ZZ types.
Human Genetics: Karyotype in man, inherited disorders – Allosomal (Klinefelter
syndrome and Turner’ssyndrome), Autosomal (Down syndrome and Cri-Du-Chat
Syndrome).

Course 1: Practical: DSC-1P, BTC 101, Cell Biology and Genetics

1) Study and maintenance of simple and compound microscope

2) Use of Micrometer and calibration, measurement of onion epidermal cells and
yeast
3) Study of divisional stages in mitosis from onion root tips
4) Study of divisional stages in meiosis in grasshopper testes/onion orRhoeo flower
buds.
5) Mounting of polytene chromosomes
6) Buccal smear - Barr bodies
7) Karyotype analysis - Human and Onion
Human – Normal and Abnormal – Down and Turner’s syndromes
8) Isolation and staining of Mitochondria
9) Isolation and staining of Chloroplast
10) RBC cell count by Haemocytometer
11) Simple genetic problems based on theory

• Each student is required to submit 5 permanent slides of mitosis & meiosis

15
Text Books / References
Reference:
1. Molecular Biology of Cell - Bruce Alberts et al, Garland publications.
2. Animal Cytology and Evolution- MJD, White Cambridge University Publications
3. Molecular Cell Biology-Daniel, Scientific American Books
4. Cell Biology - Jack d Bruke, The William Twilkins Company
5. Principles of Gene Manipulations- Old & Primrose, Black Well Scientific
Publications
6. Cell Biology-Ambrose &Dorothy M Easty, ELBS Publications
7. Fundamentals of Cytology- L. W. Sharp, McGraw Hill Company
8. Cytology-Willson&Marrison, Reinform Publications
9. Molecular Biology- Christopher Smith, Faber & Faber Publications
10. Cell Biology & Molecular Biology – EDP De Robertis& EMF Robertis, Saunder
College.
11. Cell Biology- C.B Powar, Himalaya Publications
12. Basic Genetics- Daniel L. Hartl, Jones &Barlett Publishers USA
13. Human Genetics and Medicine lark Edward Arnold P London
14. Genetics – Monroe W Strickberger, Macmillain Publishers, New York
15. Genes V - Benjamin Lewin, Oxford University Press.
16. Genes I - Benjamin Lewin, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Delhi
17. Genes II - Benjamin Lewin, Wiley & Sons Publications
18. Genes III- Benjamin Lewin, Wiley & Sons Publications
19. Principles of Genetics- Sinnott, L.C. Dunn, Dobzhansky, McGraw-Hill.
20. Genetics – Edgar Altenburg Oxford & IBH publications
21. Principles of Genetics – E.J. Gardener, M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad, John
Wiley & Son Publications
22. Genetics- P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publication, Meert, India

Course 2: Theory: OE 1T, BTC 301, Biotechnology for Human Welfare

Course 2: OE 1T, BTC 301, Microbial Technology for Human Welfare 42Hrs

Unit – 1: Industry 14Hrs

Application of biotechnology in industry:
Industrial production of alcoholic beverage (wine), antibiotic (Penicillin), enzyme
(lipase)
Protein engineering applications in food , detergent and pharmaceutical industry

Unit – 2: Environment 14Hrs

Application of biotechnology in environmental aspects :
Degradation organic pollutants - chlorinated and non-chlorinated compounds;
degradation of hydrocarbons and agricultural wastes, PHB –production and its
futuristic applications

16
Unit – 3: Forensic science 14Hrs

Application of biotechnology in forensic science:

Solving crimes of murder and rape; solving claims of paternity and theft by using
DNA finger printing techniques
Health
Application of biotechnology in health:
Genetically engineered insulin, recombinant vaccines, gene therapy, molecular
diagnostics using ELISA, PCR; monoclonal antibodies and their use in cancer;
human genome project

Reference:

1. Crueger W and Crueger A. (2000). Biotechnology: A textbook of Industrial

Microbiology.2nd edition. Panima Publishing Co. New Delhi.
2. Patel AH. (1996). Industrial Microbiology. 1st edition, Macmillan India
Limited.
3. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A and Hall SJ. (2006). Principles of Fermentation
Technology. 2nd edition, Elsevier Science Ltd.
4. Environmental Biotechnology, Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra
5. Environmental Biotechnology – Concepts and Applications, Hans-Joachim
Jordening andJesef Winter
6. B.B. Nanda and R.K. Tiwari, Forensic Science in India: A Vision for the
Twenty First
Century, Select Publishers, New Delhi (2001).
7. M.K. Bhasin and S. Nath, Role of Forensic Science in the New Millennium,
University of Delhi, Delhi (2002).
8. S.H. James and J.J. Nordby, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific
and Investigative Techniques, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005).
9. W.G. Eckert and R.K. Wright in Introduction to Forensic Sciences, 2nd
Edition, W.G.Eckert (ED.), CRC Press, Boca Raton (1997).

Course 3 :Therory: SEC 1T, BTC 701,

Biotechnological Skills andAnalytical Techniques

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Skill enhancement as per National Occupational Standards (NOS) of “Lab
Technician/ Assistant” Qualification Pack issued by Life Sciences Sector Skill
Development Council - LFS/Q0509, Level 3.
• Knowledge about major activities of biotech industry, regulations, and compliance,
environment, health, and safety (EHS), good laboratory practices (GLP), standard
operating procedures (SOP) and GMP as per the industry standards.
• Demonstrate soft skills, such as decision making, planning, organizing, problem
solving, analytical thinking, critical thinking, and documentation.

17
Course 3 :Theory: SEC 1T, BTC 701,
Microbiological Methods and Analytical Techniques

SEC 1T, MBL 701, Microbiological Methods and Analytical Techniques 14Hrs
1. Insights into biotechnology industry:
Biotechnology Industry in Indian and Global context - organization in context of large
/medium/ small enterprises, their structure and benefits.
2. Industry professional skills to be acquired :
Planning and organising skills, decision-making, problem-solving skills, analytical
thinking,
critical thinking, team management, risk assessment.

3. Interpersonal skills:
Writing skills, reading skills, oral communication, conflict-resolution
techniques, interpretation of research data, trouble shooting in work place

4. Digital skills:
Basic Computer Skills (MS Office, Excel, Power point, Internet) for Workplace.
Professional Email drafting skills and Powerpoint presentation skills
Analytical Skills in laboratory:
Solutions:
Molarity, Molality, Normality, Mass percent % (w/w), Percent by volume (%
v/v), parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), Dilution of concentrated
solutions.Standard solutions, stock solution, solution of acids. Reagent bottle
label reading and precautions

Course 3 :Practicals: SEC 1P, BTC 701,

Biotechnological Skills and Analytical Techniques
1. Methods and practices of cleaning and management of lab
Learning and Practice of Integrated clean-in-place (CIP) and sterilize-in-place (SIP) as per industry
standards, material requirements for cleaning specific area, equipment, ventilation area, personal protective
requirements
2. Procedure of cleaning and storage of Labware:
Methodology for storage area, Cleaning procedure and materials to be used for various surfaces.
Sign boards, labelling do’s& don’ts
Knowledge about standard procedures of cleaning or glass ware, plastic ware. Maintenance of
inventory

18
3. Principles and practices of lab safety:
Knowledge about safety symbols and hazard signs. Personal safety gears, utility, and disposal.
Equipment safety protocols, chemical safety protocols. Documentation of chemical and equipment
usage records. Handling hazardous chemicals.
4. Best practices of usage and storage of chemicals:
Knowledge and practice in handling of chemicals, labelling and stock maintenance. SOP and
material handling. Procedures to maintain chemicals, labelling, storage, and disposal.

5. Record maintenance as per SOP’s

Labelling of samples and reagents as per SOP’s.
Recording detail of work done for research experiments. Importance of study of manuals, health,
and safety instructions.
6. Usage and maintenance of basic equipment of biotechnology lab: Principles, calibrations,
and SOPs of weighing balances, pH meters, autoclaves , laminar flows and biosafety cabinets,
basic microscopes, homogenizers, stirrers, colorimeters, UV, and Visible spectrophotometers.
7. Preparation of solutions and standards - Properties and uses of chemicals commonly used in
life sciences laboratories. Maintaining safety standards for handling various solutions and
chemicals. Preparation of test reagents and buffers,
Protocols for proper mixing of chemicals. Safety precautions while preparation and storage of
incompatible chemicals and reagents.
8. Preparation of media: Maintenance and storage of purified water for media (Plant Tissue
culture media, Microbiological media, and Animal cell culture media) preparation.
Preparation and storage of concentrated stock solutions.
Documentation and disposal of expired stocks.
Collection of indents of media requirement, preparation, and storage.
Media coding, documentation, and purpose of usage.
9. Practical methods for decontamination and disposal:
Decontamination methods, Safe disposal practices of decontaminated media or materials.
10. Laboratory record writing
Method of record writing , data collection and recording , reporting of result, discussion
of result , summary writing, effective powerpoint presentation taking any experiment as
example
11. Industry visit or Analytical laboratory visit

19
Pedagogy:

The general pedagogy to be followed for theory and practicals are as under.
Lecturing, Tutorials, Group/Individual Discussions, Seminars, Assignments, Counseling,
Remedial Coaching. Field/Institution/Industrial visits, Hands on training, Case
observations, Models/charts preparations, Problem solving mechanism, Demonstrations,
Project presentations, Experiential documentation, and Innovative methods.

Active learning as per LSSSDC (NSDC) LFS/Q0509 guidelines, at skill trainingLevel

3. Case studies about application of microbial biomolecules in various industries. Seminar
on topics of microbial biochemistry

Formative Assessment : 30%

Assessment Occasion/ Weightage in Marks
type
IA (2 Tests) 10%: 10 Marks
Assignments / Visits 10% : 10 Marks
Seminars / Group 10%: 10 Marks
Discussion
Total 30% : 30 Marks

Date Course Co-ordinator Subject Committee Chairperson

14.09.2021 Special Officer, KSHEC Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
(Dr. Prasannakumar) (Prof. Dayanand Agsar)

20
 BSc Microbiology (Basic / Hons.)
Semester 2

Title of the Courses:

Course 1 : DSC-2T, BTC 102, Microbiological Methods
Course 2 : OE- 2T, BTC 302, Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture

Course 1: DSC-2T, BTC 102, Course 2: OE- 2T, BTC 302,

Microbiological Methods Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Number of Theory Number of lecture Number of Theory Number of lecture
Credits hours/semester Credits hours/semester
4 56 3 42

Content of Course: DSC-2T, BTC 102, Microbiological Methods 56 Hrs

Unit - 1 Instruments used in Biotechnology 14Hrs

Microscopy: Principles of Microscopy- resolving power, numerical aperture,

working principle and applications of Compound microscope, Dark field
microscope, Phase contrast microscope, Fluorescence Microscope, confocal
microscope, Electron Microscopes- TEM and SEM.
Analytical techniques: Working principles and applications: Centrifuge,
Ultracentrifuge, Spectrophotometer, Chromatography: Paper and TLC.

Unit - 2 Sterilization techniques 14Hrs

Definition of terms-sterilization, disinfectant, antiseptic, sanitizer, germicide,

microbicidal agents, microbiostatic agent and antimicrobial agent.
Physical methods of control: Principle, construction and applications of moist heat
sterilization Boiling, Pasteurization, Fractional sterilization-Tyndallization and
autoclave. Dry heat sterilization-Incineration and hot air oven. Filtration –
Diatomaceous earth filter, seitz filter, membrane filter and HEPA ;
Radiation : Ionizing radiation-γ rays and non ionizing radiation- UVrays
Chemical methods: Alcohol, aldehydes, phenols, halogen, metallic salts,
Quaternary ammoniumcompounds and sterilizing gases as antimicrobial agents.

21
Unit – 3 Microbiological techniques 14Hrs

Culture Media: Components of media, natural and synthetic media, chemically

defined media, complex media, selective, differential, indicator, enriched and
enrichment media
Pure culture methods: Serial dilution and plating methods (pour, spread, streak);
cultivation, maintenance and preservation/stocking of pure cultures; cultivation of
anaerobic bacteria
Stains and staining techniques:Principles of staining, Types of stains-simple
stains, structural stains and differential stains.

Unit – 4: Antimicrobial agents 14Hrs

Five modes of action with one example each: Inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis;
Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; Inhibitor of cell membrane function; Inhibitor of
protein synthesis; Inhibitor of metabolism
Antifungal agents: Mechanism of action of Amphotericin B, Griseofulvin
Antiviral agents: Mechanism of action of Amantadine, Acyclovir, Azidothymidine
Antibiotic resistance, MDR, XDR, MRSA, NDM-1
Antibiotic sensitivity testing methods: Disc and Agar well diffusion techniques

Course 1: Practicals: DSC-2P, MBL 102,

Microbiological Methods
1. To study the principle and applications of important instruments (biological safety
cabinets, autoclave, incubator, BOD incubator, hot air oven, light microscope, pH
meter) used in the microbiology and Biotechnology laboratory.
2. Sterilization of medium using Autoclave and assessment for sterility
3. Sterilization of glassware using Hot Air Oven and assessment for sterility
4. Sterilization of heat sensitive material by membrane filtration and assessment for
sterility

5. Preparation of culture media for bacteria, fungi and their cultivation.

6. Plating techniques: Spread plate, pour plate andstreak plate.
7. Isolation of bacteria and fungi from soil, water and air
8. Study of Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus using temporary mounts
9. Colony characteristics study of bacteria from air exposure plate
10. Staining techniques: Bacteria– Gram, Negative, Capsule, Endospore staining
Fungi – Lactophenol cotton blue staining
11. Water analysis - MPN test
12. Biochemical Tests – IMViC, Starch hydrolysis, Catalase test, Gelatin hydrolysis
13. Bacterial cell motility - hanging drop technique

22
Text Books / References

1. Atlas RM. (1997). Principles of Microbiology. 2nd edition. WM.T. Brown

Publishers.
2. Black JG. (2008). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations. 7th edition. Prentice
Hall
3. Madigan MT, and Martinko JM. (2014). Brock Biology of Micro-organisms. 14th
edition. Parker J. Prentice Hall International, Inc.
4. Pelczar Jr MJ, Chan ECS, and Krieg NR. (2004). Microbiology.
5. 5th edition Tata McGraw Hill.
6. Srivastava S and Srivastava PS. (2003). Understanding Bacteria. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht
7. Stanier RY, Ingraham JL, Wheelis ML and Painter PR. (2005). General
Microbiology. 5th edition McMillan.
8. Tortora GJ, Funke BR, and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th
edition Pearson Education.
9. Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2013). Prescott’s Microbiology.
9th edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education.
10. Cappucino J and Sherman N. (2010). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. 9th
edition. Pearson Education Limited
11. Microbiology- Concepts and applications by Paul A. Ketchum, Wiley Publications
12. Fundamentals of Microbiology –Frobisher, Saunders & Toppan Publications
13. Introductory Biotechnology-R.B Singh C.B.D. India (1990)
14. Fundamentals of Bacteriology - Salley
15. Frontiers in Microbial technology-P.S. Bison, CBS Publishers.
16. Biotechnology, International Trends of perspectives A. T. Bull, G.
17. General Microbiology –C.B. Powar

Course 2 :Theory: OE- 2T, BTC 302,

Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture

Course 2 :Theory: OE- 2T, BTC 302, 42 Hrs

Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture

Unit – 1: Agricultural Biotechnology 14 Hrs

Concepts and scope of biotechnology in Agriculture. Plant tissue culture, micro

propagation, entrepreneurship in commercial plant tissue culture. Banana tissue
culture - primary and secondary commercial setups ,Small scale bioenterprises:
Mushroom cultivation

Unit – 2: Transgenic plants 14 Hrs

The GM crop debate – safety, ethics, perception and acceptance of GM crops

GM crops case study :Bt cotton, Bt brinjal

23
Plants asbiofactories for molecular pharming : edible vaccines, plantibodies,
nutraceuticals.

Unit – 3: Bt based pesticides 14 Hrs

Baculovirus pesticides, Mycopesticides,

Post-harvest Protection : Antisense RNA technology for extending shelf life of

fruits and shelf life of flowers.

Genetic Engineering for quality improvement: Seed storage proteins, Flavours–

capsaicin, vanillin

References
1. Chrispeels M.J.et al. Plants, Genes and Agriculture-Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
Boston.1994.
2. Gamborg O.L. and Philips G.C.Plant cell, tissue and organ culture (2nd Ed.) Narosa
Publishing House. New Delhi.1998
3. Hammound J, P McGravey&Yusibov.V. Plant Biotechnology, Springer verlag.2000
4. Heldt. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.Ltd.
Delhi. 1997
5. LydianeKyte and John Kleyn.Plants from test tubes. An introduction to
6. Micropropagation (3 rd. Ed.). Timber Press, Portland. 1996
7. Murray D.R. Advanced methods in plant breeding and biotechnology.Panima Publishing
Corporation.1996
8. NickoloffJ.A.Methods in molecular biology, Plant cell electroporation and electrofusion
protocols-Humana press incorp, USA. 1995.
9. Sawahel W.A. Plant genetic transformation technology.Daya Publishing House,
Delhi.1997
Gistou, P and Klu, H.Hand book of Plant Biotechnology (Vol. I & II).John Publication.2004

24
Text Books / References
1. Prescott, Harley, Klein’s Microbiology, J.M. Willey, L.M. Sherwood, C.J. Woolverton, 7th
International, edition 2008, McGraw Hill.
2. Foundations in Microbiology, K. P. Talaro, 7th International edition 2009, McGraw Hill.
3. A Textbook of Microbiology, R. C. Dubey and D. K. Maheshwari, 1st edition, 1999, S.
Chand & Company Ltd.
4. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, M.T.Madigan, J.M.Martinko, P. V. Dunlap, D. P. Clark-
12th edition, Pearson International edition 2009, Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
5. Microbiology – An Introduction, G. J.Tortora, B. R.Funke, C. L. Case, 10th ed.
2008,Pearson Education.
6. General Microbiology, Stanier, Ingraham et al, 4th and 5th edition 1987, Macmillan
education limited.
7. Microbiology- Concepts and Applications, PelczarJr,Chan, Krieg, International ed, McGraw
Hill.
8. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., and Blackwell, M. 2002. Introductory Mycology. John
Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. Singapore. 869 pp.
9. Atlas, R.M. 1984. Basic and practical microbiology. Mac Millan Publishers, USA. 987pp.
10. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology principles and explorations. 7edn. John Wiley and Sons
Inc., New Jersey 846 pp.
11. Pommerville, J.C. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett
Pub..Sudburry, 835 pp.
12. Schlegel, H.G. 1995.General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 655
pp.
13. Toratora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. 2007. Microbiology 9th ed. Pearson Education
Pte. Ltd., San Francisco. 958pp.

Pedagogy

Formative Assessment : 30%

Assessment Occasion/ Weightage in Marks
type
IA (2 Tests) 10% : 10 Marks
Assignments / Visits 10% : 10 Marks
Seminars / Group 10% : 10 Marks
Discussion
Total 30% : 30 Marks

Date Course Co-ordinator Subject Committee Chairperson

14.09.2021 Special Officer, KSHEC Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
(Dr. Prasannakumar) (Prof. Dayanand Agsar)

25
 Government of Karnataka
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020

MODEL CURRICULUM CONTENTS

IN
MICROBIOLOGY

Submitted to

Prof. B Thimme Gowda

VICE CHAIRMAN
KARNATAKA STATE HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCIL
BENGALURU

By

Prof. DAYANAND AGSAR

Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University

CHAIRMAN and MEMBERS

SUBJECTWISE EXPERT COMMITTEE
In Microbiology and Biotechnology

September, 2021
 From,
Prof. Dayanand Agsar
Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
Chairman, Curriculum Committee,
Microbiology and Biotechnology,
KSHEC, Bengaluru.

Date: 15.09.2021
To,
Prof. B. Thimme Gowda
Vice Chairman, Karnataka State Higher Education Council, and
Former Vice Chancellor, Bangalore University and Karnataka State
Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University

Sub: Submission of Model Curriculum in Microbiology.

Ref: Govt. Order and Directions from KSHEC, Bengaluru.

Sir,

I, the undersigned along with the Members of Curriculum Committee and on

behalf of the Curriculum Committee am hereby pleased to submit the Model Curriculum
Content (Three hard copies and a soft copy) in Microbiology, to your kind self for your
kind perusal and favourable consideration.
A copy of the proceedings of the meeting of Curriculum Committee held on 3rd,
4th, 15th and 16th September, 2021 at KSHEC, Bengaluru is enclosed herewith for your
kind reference.
Further, we all the members of the committee are grateful to your kind self for this
historical opportunity provided to us and your ever encouraging guidance and valuable
suggestions.

Thanking you with respectful regards,

Sincerely yours,

Prof. Dayanand Agsar

Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
Chairman, Curriculum Committee,
Microbiology and Biotechnology,
KSHEC, Bengaluru.

2
3
4
 MODEL CURRICULUM

Name of the Degree Program : BSc (Basic/Hons.)

Discipline Core : Microbiology
Total Credits for the Program : B.Sc. Basic - 136 and B.Sc. Hons. - 176
Starting year of implementation : 2021-22

Program Outcomes:
Competencies need to be acquired by the candidate
securing B.Sc. (Basic) or B.Sc. (Hons)

By the end of the program the students will be able to:

1. Knowledge and understanding of concepts of microbiology and its application in
pharma, food, agriculture, beverages, nutraceutical industries.
2. Understand the distribution, morphology and physiology of microorganisms and
demonstrate the skills in aseptic handling of microbes including isolation,
identification and maintenance.
3. Competent to apply the knowledge gained for conserving the environment and
resolving the environmental related issues.
4. Learning and practicing professional skills in handling microbes and contaminants
in laboratories and production sectors.
5. Exploring the microbial world and analyzing the specific benefits and challenges.
6. Applying the knowledge acquired to undertake studies and identify specific
remedial measures for the challenges in health, agriculture, and food sectors.
7. Thorough knowledge and application of good laboratory and good manufacturing
practices in microbial quality control.
8. Understanding biochemical and physiological aspects of microbes and developing
broader perspective to identify innovative solutions for present and future
challenges posed by microbes.
9. Understanding and application of microbial principles in forensic and working
knowledge about clinical microbiology.
10. Demonstrate the ability to identify ethical issues related to recombinant DNA
technology, GMOs, intellectual property rights, biosafety and biohazards.
11. Demonstrate the ability to identify key questions in microbiological research,
optimize research methods, and analyze outcomes by adopting scientific
methods, thereby improving the employability.
12. Enhance and demonstrate analytical skills and apply basic computational and
statistical techniques in the field of microbiology.

5
Assessment:
Weightage for assessments (in percentage)

Type of Course Formative Assessment / IA Summative Assessment

Theory 30% 70%
Practical 30% 70%
Projects 40% 60%
Experiential Learning 30% 70%
(Internships/MOOC/
Swayam etc.)

6
 Curriculum Structure for the Undergraduate Degree Program
BSc (Basic / Hons.)

Total Credits for the Program : 176

Starting year of implementation : 2021-22
Name of the Degree Program : B.Sc. (Basic/Hons.) Microbiology

Program Articulation Matrix:

Semester Title /Name Program Pre- Pedagogy## Assessment$

Of the course outcomes that requisite
the course course(s)
addresses(not
more than3 per
course)
DSC-1T 1. Knowledge and PUC or +2 The general pedagogy to LSSSDC
MBL 101 understanding of (Life be followed for theory (NSDC)
General concepts of sciences as and practicals are as assessment
Microbiology microbiology. one of the under. Lecturing, and
4 Credits 2. Learning and core Tutorials, certification
100 Marks practicing disciplines) Group/Individual for lab
professional skills Discussions, Seminars, technician or
in handling Assignments, Counseling, Lab assistant
1 microbes. Remedial Coaching. job role
3. Thorough Field/Institution/Industrial
knowledge and visits, Hands on training,
application of Case observations,
good laboratory Models/charts
and good preparations, Problem
manufacturing solving mechanism,
practices in Demonstrations, Project
microbial quality presentations,
control. Experiential
documentation and
Innovative methods.
DSC-1P
MBL 101
General
Microbiology
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-2T Thorough knowledge The general pedagogy to LSSSDC

MBL 102 and understanding of be followed for theory (NSDC)
Microbial concepts of and practicals are as assessment
Biochemistry microbiology and its under. Lecturing, and
and application in Tutorials, certification
Physiology different Group/Individual for lab
4 Credits microbiological Discussions, Seminars, technician or
100 Marks industries. Assignments, Counseling, Lab assistant
Remedial Coaching. job role
2 Field/Institution/Industrial

7
 visits, Hands on training,
Case observations,
Models/charts
preparations, Problem
solving mechanism,
Demonstrations, Project
presentations,
Experiential
documentation and
Innovative methods.
DSC-2P
MBL 102
Microbial
Biochemistry
and
Physiology
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-3T
MBL 103
Microbial
diversity
4 Credits
3 100 Marks

DSC-3P
MBL 103
Microbial
diversity
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-4T
MBL 104
Microbial
Enzymology
and
4 Metabolism
4 Credits
100 Marks
DSC-4P
MBL 104
Microbial
Enzymology
and
Metabolism
2 Credits
50 Marks

8
 DSC-5T
MBL 105
Microbial
genetics and
Molecular biology
3 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-5P
MBL 105
Microbial
genetics and
5 Molecular biology
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-6T
MBL 106
Immunology and
Medical
microbiology
3 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-6P
MBL 106
Immunology and
Medical
microbiology
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-7T
MBL 107
Food and Dairy
Microbiology
3 Credits
100 Marks
DSC-7P
MBL 107
Food and Dairy
Microbiology
2 Credits
50 Marks
6 DSC-8T
MBL 108
Industrial
Microbiology and
Bioprocess
Technology
3 Credits
100 Marks

9
 DSC-8P
MBL 108
Industrial
Microbiology and
Bioprocess
Technology
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-9T
MBL 109
Microbial Genetic
Engineering
3 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-9P
MBL 109
Microbial Genetic
Engineering
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-10T
MBL 110
Environmental
and Agricultural
7 Microbiology
3 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-10P
MBL 110
Environmental
and Agricultural
Microbiology
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-11T
MBL 111
Pharmaceutical
and Forensic
Microbiology
4 Credits
100 Marks

10
 DSC-12T
MBL 112
Biosafety,
Bioetics & IRP
4 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-13T
MBL 113
8 Genomics,
Proteomics
and
Metabolomics
4 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-14T
MBL 114
Aquatic
Microbiology
3 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-15T
MBL 115
Microbial
Genetic
Engineering
3 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-15P
MBL 115
Microbial
Genetic
9 Engineering
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-16T
MBL 116
Environmental
and
Agricultural

11
 Microbiology
3 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-16P
MBL 116
Environmental
and
Agricultural
Microbiology
2 Credits
50 Marks

DSC-17T
MBL 117
Pharmaceutical
and Forensic
Microbiology
4 Credits
100 Marks

DSC-18T
MBL 118
Emerging
Microbial
Technologies
4 Credits
100 Marks
DSC-19T
MBL 119
Extremophylic
Microbes and
10 Extremolytes
4 Credits
100 Marks
DSC-20T
MBL 120
Molecular
Diagnosis,
Drug Designing
and Advanced
Vaccines
3 Credits
100 Marks

12
# Note:
## Pedagogy for student engagement is predominantly lectures. However, other pedagogies
enhancing better student engagement to be recommended for each course. The list includes
active learning/ course projects/ problem or project based learning/ case studies/self study like
seminar, term paper or MOOC.
$ Every course needs to include assessment for higher order thinking skills (Applying/ Analyzing/
Evaluating/ Creating). However, this column may contain alternate assessment methods that
help formative assessment (i.e. assessment for learning).

13
 BSc Microbiology (Basic / Hons.)
Semester 1

Course Title: DSC-1T, MBL 101, General Microbiology

Total Contact Hours: 56 Course Credits: 4+2
Formative Assessment Marks: 30% Duration of ESA/Exam: 3 Hrs
Model Syllabus Authors: Curriculum Committee Summative Assessment Marks: 70%

Course Pre-requisite(s): Mention only course titles from the curriculum that are needed
to be taken by the students before registering for this course.

Course Outcomes (COs):

At the end of the course the student should be able to:
(Write 3-7 course outcomes. Course outcomes are statements of observable student
actions that serve as evidence of knowledge, skills and values acquired in this course)

1.Thorough knowledge and understanding of concepts of microbiology.

2. Learning and practicing professional skills in handling microbes.
3. Thorough knowledge and application of good laboratory and good manufacturing
practices in microbial quality control.

Course Articulation Matrix: Mapping of Course Outcomes (COs) with Program Outcomes
(POs 1-12)
Course Outcomes (COs) / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Program Outcomes (POs)
1. Thorough knowledge and
understanding of concepts of ✓ ✓ ✓
microbiology
2. Learning and practicing
professional skills in handling ✓ ✓ ✓
microbes
3. Thorough knowledge and
application of good laboratory and
good manufacturing practices in ✓ ✓ ✓
microbial quality control.

Course Articulation Matrix relates course outcomes of course with the corresponding
program outcomes whose attainment is attempted in this course. Mark ‘X’ in the
intersection cell if a course outcome addresses a particular program outcome.

14
 BSc Microbiology (Basic / Hons.)
Semester 1
Title of the Courses:
Course 1 : DSC-1T, MBL 101, General Microbiology
Course 2 : OE 1T, MBL 301, Microbial Technology for Human Welfare
Course 3 : SEC 1T, MBL 701, Microbiological Methods and Analytical Techniques

Course 1 : DSC-1T, MBL 101,Course 2 : OE 1T, MBL 301, Course 3 : SEC 1T, MBL 701,
General Microbiology Microbial Technology for Microbiological Methods and
Human Welfare Analytical Techniques
Number Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of lecture
of lecture Theory lecture Theory hours/semester
Theory hours/semester Credits hours/semeste Credits
Credits r
4 56 3 42 1 14

Content of Course 1: Theory: DSC-1T, MBL 101, General Microbiology 56 Hrs

Unit – 1: Historical development, major contributions, origin of 14Hrs
microorganisms and microscopy
Historical development of microbiology -Theory of spontaneous generation,
Biogenesis and Abiogenesis. Contributions of Anton Von Leeuwenhoek, Louis
Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister and Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming,
Martinus Beijirinic, Segei Winogrodsky, Elei Metechnikoff. Contributions of Indian
scientists in the field of Microbiology. Fossil evidences of microorganisms. Origin of
life, primitive cells and evolution of microorganisms. Microcopy- working principle,
construction and operation of simple and compound microscopes.

Unit – 2: Staining, sterilization and preservation of microorganisms 14Hrs

Staining: Nature of strains, principles, mechanism, methods and types of staining-
Simple, Differential-Gram staining, Acid fast staining, staining of capsule, cell wall,
endospore, inclusion bodies.
Sterilization: Principles, types and techniques, Physical, chemical, radiation and
mechanical Preservation of microorganisms: Methods of preservation of
microorganism, slant culture, stab culture, soil culture mineral oil overlaying,
glycerol preservation.

15
Unit – 3: Types, structure, organisation and reproduction of prokaryotic 14Hrs
microorganisms:
Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure: Size, shape, arrangement. Diagram of
Prokaryotic cell organisation, cell wall structure and Gram staining, cell membrane;
Bacterial and Archaeal, Cytoplasmic matrix- Cytoskeleton, ribosome, inclusion
granules: Composition and function. Nuclear Materials – Bacterial chromosomes
structure (its differences with the Eukaryotic chromosome); Extra Chromosomal
materials. Components external to cell wall- capsule, slime, s-layer, pilli, fimbriae,
flagella; structure, motility, chemotaxis. Bacterial Endospore - Examples of spore
forming organisms, habitats, function, formation and germination.
Reproduction in bacteria and bacterial cell cycle.

Unit – 4: Types, structure, organisation and reproduction of eukaryotic 14Hrs

microorganisms

Over view of eukaryotic cell structure: General structure and types of cells; External
cell coverings and cell membrane. Structure and function of Cytoplasmic matrix-
cytoskeleton: Structure and function; single Membrane organelles- Endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomos, Vesicles and Ribosomes; Double Membrane
organelles- Nucleus, Mitochondrion and Chloroplast: Structure and Functions;
Peroxisomes; Organelles of motility- Structure and movement of flagella and cilia.

Course 1: Practical: DSC-1P, MBL 101, General Microbiology

1. Microbiological laboratory standards and safety protocols.

2. Standard aseptic conditions of Microbiological laboratory.
3. Operation and working principles of Light/ Compound microscope.
4. Working principles and operations of basic equipments of microbiological
laboratory (Autoclave, Oven, Incubator, pH meter, Spectrophotometer,
Colorimeter, vortex, magnetic stirrer etc).
5. Applications of basic microbiological tools (Pipettes, Micropipette, Bunsen
burner, Inoculation loop, Spreader).
6. Demonstration and observations of microorganisms from natural sources under
light microscope (Algae, Yeast and Protozoa).
7. Demonstration of bacterial motility by hanging drop method.
8. Simple staining.
9. Differential staining - Gram staining.
10. Acid fast staining.
11. Structural staining - Flagella and Capsule.
12. Bacterial endospore staining.
13. Staining of reserved food materials.
14. Staining of fungi by Lactophenol cotton blue.
15. Negative staining.

16
Text Books / References
1. Prescott, Harley, Klein’s Microbiology, J.M. Willey, L.M. Sherwood, C.J.
Woolverton, 7th International, edition 2008, McGraw Hill.
2. Foundations in Microbiology, K. P. Talaro, 7th International edition 2009, McGraw
Hill.
3. A Textbook of Microbiology, R. C. Dubey and D. K. Maheshwari, 1st edition, 1999,
S. Chand & Company Ltd.
4. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, M.T.Madigan, J.M.Martinko, P. V. Dunlap, D. P.
Clark- 12th edition, Pearson International edition 2009, Pearson Benjamin
Cummings.
5. Microbiology – An Introduction, G. J.Tortora, B. R.Funke, C. L. Case, 10th ed.
2008,Pearson Education.
6. General Microbiology, Stanier, Ingraham et al, 4th and 5th edition 1987,
Macmillan education limited.
7. Microbiology- Concepts and Applications, Pelczar Jr,Chan, Krieg, International ed,
McGraw Hill.
8. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., and Blackwell, M. 2002. Introductory Mycology.
John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. Singapore. 869 pp.
9. Atlas, R.M. 1984. Basic and practical microbiology. Mac Millan Publishers, USA.
987pp.
10. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology principles and explorations. 7edn. John Wiley and
Sons Inc., New Jersey 846 pp.
11. Pommerville, J.C. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett
Pub..Sudburry, 835 pp.
12. Schlegel, H.G. 1995.General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 655 pp.
13. Toratora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. 2007. Microbiology 9th ed. Pearson
Education Pte. Ltd., San Francisco. 958pp.

Course 2 : Theory: OE 1T, MBL 301, Microbial Technology for Human

Welfare

Course 2 : OE 1T, MBL 301, Microbial Technology for Human Welfare 42Hrs

Unit – 1: Food and Fermentation Microbial Technology 14Hrs

Fermented Foods – Types, Nutritional Values, Advantages and Health Benefits
Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics and Nutraceutical Foods
Fermented Products – Alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, fermented dairy
products, Fruit fermented drinks,

Unit – 2: Agriculture Microbial Technology 14Hrs

Microbial Fertilizers, Microbial Pesticides, Mushroom Cultivation, Biogas
Production

17
Unit – 3: Pharmaceutical Microbial Technology 14Hrs
Microbial Drugs – Types and Development of Drug Resistance
Antibiotics – Types, Functions and Antibiotic Therapy
Vaccines – Types, Properties, Functions and Schedules

Course 3 : Therory: SEC 1T, MBL 701,

Microbiological Methods and Analytical Techniques

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Demonstrate skills as per National Occupational Standards (NOS) of “Lab
Technician/ Assistant” Qualification Pack issued by Life Sciences Sector Skill
Development Council - LFS/Q0509, Level 3.
• Perform microbiology and analytical techniques. Knowledge about environment,
health, and safety (EHS), good laboratory practices (GLP), good manufacturing
practices (GMP) and standard operating procedures (SOP)
• Demonstrate professional skills at work, such as decision making, planning, and
organizing, Problem solving, analytical thinking, critical thinking, and
documentation.

1. Principles which underlies sterilization of culture media, glassware and plastic

ware to be used for microbiological work.
2. Principles of a number of analytical instruments which the students have to use
during the study and also later as microbiologists for performing various
laboratory manipulations.
3. Handling and use of microscopes for the study of microorganisms which are
among the basic skills expected from a practicing microbiologist. They also get
introduced a variety of modifications in the microscopes for specialized viewing.
4. Several separation techniques which may be required to be handled later as
microbiologists.

Course 3 :Theory: SEC 1T, MBL 701,

Microbiological Methods and Analytical Techniques

SEC 1T, MBL 701, Microbiological Methods and Analytical Techniques 14Hrs
DIGITAL SKILLS:
The components of digital skills provided by KSHEC,
will be followed accordingly.

Microbiological Skills
Microbiological culture media: Types, Composition, Preparation, Application and
storage; Ingredients of media, natural and synthetic media, chemically defined
media, complex media, selective, differential, indicator, enriched and
enrichment media.

18
Isolation and cultivation of microorganisms: Collection of samples, processing of
samples, serial dilution, technique, inoculation of samples, incubation and
observations of microbial colonies. Morphological characterization of
microorganisms - Colony characteristics, Microscopic characters,
biochemical/physiological tests or properties and identification. Subculturing of
microorganisms and pure culture techniques. Preservation of microorganisms.

Advanced Microscopic Skills: Different types of microscopes - Phase contrast,

Bright Field, Dark Field, Fluorescent, Confocal, Scanning and Transmission
Electron Microscopy, Scanning Probe Microscopy

Analytical Skills
Centrifugation, Chromatography and Spectroscopy: Principles, Types,
Instrumentation, Operation and applications.

Course 3 : Practicals: SEC 1P, MBL 701,

Microbiological Methods and Analytical Techniques

1. Preparation of different microbiological culture media

2. Isolation and cultivation of bacteria, actinobacteria, fungi and algae
3. Characterization and identification of bacteria, actinobacteria, fungi and algae –
colony characters and microscopic characters
4. Biochemical and physiological tests for identification of bacteria
5. Methods and practices in microbiology lab: MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet),
Good clinical Practices (GCP), Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good Manufacturing Practices.
6. Usage and maintenance of basic equipment of microbiology lab: Principles,
calibrations, and SOPs of balances (Types), pH meter (Types), Autoclaves (Types),
Laminar flows and biosafety cabinets, basic Microscopes, homogenizers, stirrers.
7. Procedures for documentation, lab maintenance, repair reporting
8. Separation of mixtures of biomolecules by paper / thin layer chromatography.
9. Demonstration of column packing in column chromatography.

Pedagogy :
The general pedagogy to be followed for theory and practicals are as under.
Lecturing, Tutorials, Group/Individual Discussions, Seminars, Assignments, Counseling,
Remedial Coaching. Field/Institution/Industrial visits, Hands on training, Case
observations, Models/charts preparations, Problem solving mechanism, Demonstrations,
Project presentations, Experiential documentation and Innovative methods.

Active learning as per LSSSDC (NSDC) LFS/Q0509 guidelines, at skill training

Level 3. Case studies about application of microbial biomolecules in various industries.
Seminar on topics of microbial biochemistry

19
Formative Assessment : 30%
Assessment Occasion/ Weightage in Marks
type
IA (2 Tests) 10% : 10 Marks
Assignments / Visits 10% : 10 Marks
Seminars / Group 10% : 10 Marks
Discussion
Total 30% : 30 Marks

Date Course Co-ordinator Subject Committee Chairperson

14.09.2021 Special Officer, KSHEC Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
(Dr. Prasannakumar) (Prof. Dayanand Agsar)

20
 BSc Microbiology (Basic / Hons.)
Semester 2

Title of the Courses:

Course 1 : DSC-2T, MBL 102, Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology
Course 2 : OE- 2T, MBL 302, Environmental and Sanitary Microbiology

Course 1: DSC-2T, MBL 102, Course 2: OE- 2T, MBL 302,

Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology Environmental and Sanitary Microbiology
Number of Theory Number of lecture Number of Theory Number of lecture
Credits hours/semester Credits hours/semester
4 56 3 42

Content of Course: DSC-2T, MBL 102, Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology 56 Hrs
Unit - 1 Biochemical Concepts 14Hrs
Basic Biochemical Concepts: Major elements of life and their primary characteristics,
atomic bonds and molecules – bonding properties of carbon, chemical bonds- covalent
and non covalent, Hydrogen bonds and Vander Waal Forces.
Biological Solvents: Structure and properties of water molecule, Water as an universal
solvent, polarity, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, properties of water, Acids,
bases, electrolytes, hydrogen ion concentration, pH, buffers and physiological buffer
system, Handerson – Hasselbatch equation.

Unit - 2 Macromolecules – Types, Structure and Properties 14Hrs

Carbohydrates: Definition, classification, structure and properties.
Amino acids and proteins: Definition, structure, classification and properties of amino
acids, Structure and classification of proteins.
Lipids and Fats: Definition, classification, structure, properties and importance of lipids.
Porphyrins and Vitamins: Definition, structure, properties and importance of chlorophyll,
cytochrome and hemoglobin.

Unit – 3 Microbial Physiology 14Hrs

Microbial Growth: Definition of growth, Mathematical expression, Growth curve, phases of
growth, calculation of generation time and specific growth rate. Synchronous growth,
Continuous growth (chemostat and turbidostat), Diauxic growth. Measurement of Growth:
Direct Microscopic count - Haemocytometer; Viable count, Membrane filtration; Electronic
Counting; Measurement of cell mass;Turbidity measurements-Nephelometer and
spectrophotometer techniques;Measurements of cell constituents. Growth Yield
(definition of terms). Influence of environmental factors on growth. Microbial growth in
natural environments. viable non-culturable organisms. Quorum sensing.
Microbial Nutrition: Microbial nutrients, Classification of organisms based on carbon
source, energy source and electron source, Macro and micronutrients.
Membrane Transport: Structure and organization of biological membranes, Types of
Cellular transport, Passive, Facilitated, Active, Group Translocation, Membrane bound and
binding protein transport system, Carrier models, Liposomes, Ion transduction Na K+,
ATPase.

21
Unit – 4: Microbial Physiology- Bioenergetics, Microbial Respiration, 14Hrs
Microbial Photosynthesis
Bioenergetics: Free energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Classification of high energy compounds,
Oxidation reduction reactions, equilibrium constant, Redox potential, Law of
thermodynamics.
Microbial Respiration:Respiratory electron transport chain in bacteria, oxidation –
reduction reactions, protein translocation, oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation –
inhibitors and mechanism, chemiosmotic coupling. Fermentation reactions ( homo and
hetero)
Microbial Photosynthesis: Light reaction:Light harvesting pigments Photophosphorylation,
CO2 fixation pathways: Calvin cycle, CODH pathway, Reductive TCA pathway.

Course 1: Practicals: DSC-2P, MBL 102,

Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology
1. Preparation of Solution: Normal and Molar solutions
2. Calibration of pH meter and determination of pH of natural samples
3. Preparation of Buffer Solutions
4. Qualitative determination and identification of Carbohydrates
5. Qualitative determination and identification of Proteins
6. Qualitative determination and identification of Amino Acids
7. Qualitative determination and identification of Fatty Acids
8. Quantitative estimation of Reducing Sugur by DNS method
9. Quantitative estimation of Proteins by Biuret and Lowry’s method
10. Determination of lipid saponification values of fats and iodine number of fatty acids
11. Determination of bacterial growth by spectrophotometric method & calculation of
generation time
12. Effect of pH, temperature and Salt concentration on bacterial growth
13. Effect of Salt concentration on bacterial growth
14. Effect of Temperature on bacterial growth
15. Demonstration of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in microbes

22
Text Books / References
1. Felix Franks, 1993; Protein Biotechnology, Humana Press, New Jersey.
2. Stryer L, 1995; Biochemistry, Freeman and Company, New York.
3. Voet & Voet, 1995; Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. Nelson and Cox, 2000; Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Elsevier Publ.
5. Harper, 1999; Biochemistry, McGraw Hill, New York.
6. Palmer T. (2001), Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Clinical Chemistry, Harwood
Publication, Chichester.
7. Boyer R. (2002), Concepts in Biochemistry 2nd Edition, Brook/ Cole, Australia.
8. Moat A. G., Foster J.W. Spector. (2004), Microbial Physiology 4th Edition Panama Book
Distributors.
9. Caldwell, D. R. (1995) – Microbial Physiology and Metabolism. Brown Publishers.
10. Lodish H, T. Baltimore, A. Berck B.L. Zipursky, P. Mastsydaire and J. Darnell. (2004) –
Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books, Inc. Newyork.

Course 2 :Theory: OE- 2T, MBL 302,

Environmental and Sanitary Microbiology

Course 2 :Theory: OE- 2T, MBL 302, 42 Hrs

Environmental and Sanitary Microbiology

Unit – 1: Soil and Air Microbiology 14 Hrs

Soil and Air as a major component of environment. Types, properties and uses of
soil and air. Distribution of microorganisms in soil and air. Major types of beneficial
microorganisms in soil. Major types of harmful microorganisms in soil

Unit – 2: Water Microbiology 14 Hrs

Water as a major component of environment. Types, properties and uses of water.
Microorganisms of different water bodies. Standard qualities of drinking water

Unit – 3: Sanitary Microbiology 14 Hrs

Public health hygiene and communicable diseases. Survey and surveillance of

microbial infections. Airborne microbial infections, waterborne microbial
infections, Food borne microbial infections. Epidemiology of microbial infections,
their detection and control.

23
Text Books / References
1. Prescott, Harley, Klein’s Microbiology, J.M. Willey, L.M. Sherwood, C.J. Woolverton, 7th
International, edition 2008, McGraw Hill.
2. Foundations in Microbiology, K. P. Talaro, 7th International edition 2009, McGraw Hill.
3. A Textbook of Microbiology, R. C. Dubey and D. K. Maheshwari, 1st edition, 1999, S.
Chand & Company Ltd.
4. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, M.T.Madigan, J.M.Martinko, P. V. Dunlap, D. P. Clark-
12th edition, Pearson International edition 2009, Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
5. Microbiology – An Introduction, G. J.Tortora, B. R.Funke, C. L. Case, 10th ed.
2008,Pearson Education.
6. General Microbiology, Stanier, Ingraham et al, 4th and 5th edition 1987, Macmillan
education limited.
7. Microbiology- Concepts and Applications, Pelczar Jr,Chan, Krieg, International ed,
McGraw Hill.
8. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., and Blackwell, M. 2002. Introductory Mycology. John
Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. Singapore. 869 pp.
9. Atlas, R.M. 1984. Basic and practical microbiology. Mac Millan Publishers, USA. 987pp.
10. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology principles and explorations. 7edn. John Wiley and Sons
Inc., New Jersey 846 pp.
11. Pommerville, J.C. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett
Pub..Sudburry, 835 pp.
12. Schlegel, H.G. 1995.General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 655
pp.
13. Toratora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. 2007. Microbiology 9th ed. Pearson Education
Pte. Ltd., San Francisco. 958pp.

Pedagogy :
The general pedagogy to be followed for theory and practicals are as under.
Lecturing, Tutorials, Group/Individual Discussions, Seminars, Assignments, Counseling,
Remedial Coaching. Field/Institution/Industrial visits, Hands on training, Case
observations, Models/charts preparations, Problem solving mechanism, Demonstrations,
Project presentations, Experiential documentation and Innovative methods.

Formative Assessment : 30%

Assessment Occasion/ Weightage in Marks
type
IA (2 Tests) 10% : 10 Marks
Assignments / Visits 10% : 10 Marks
Seminars / Group 10% : 10 Marks
Discussion
Total 30% : 30 Marks

Date Course Co-ordinator Subject Committee Chairperson

14.09.2021 Special Officer, KSHEC Vice Chancellor, Gulbarga University
(Dr. Prasannakumar) (Prof. Dayanand Agsar)

24
25