Introduction

Ethics hidden benefits argument: selfish benefits to helping

refers to standards of conduct, standards that indicate
how one should behave based on moral duties and
virtues, which themselves are derived from principles of
right and wrong
Ethics -> Morality
Morality
attempt to define what is right or wrong about our
actions and thoughts, and what is good or bad about
being who we are
5 Fundamental Elements of Goodness
Something is good when it brings pleasure
- if you did not attain pleasure, you will not categorize it
as pleasure
● Happiness
- if you’re not happy, it is not good
● Excellence
- if it’s something that other people see as “ang okay ng
batang to, ang bait, ang galing” it is something good
● Creativity
- it is something good when students learn something
from creativity
● Harmony
- example sa isang barkadahan, sya yung tinatakbuhan
nyo kapag may problems tapos yung isa naman ay yung
nakikipagaway sa ibang tao so alam mong may mali
Where does morality come from?
● Parents
- first teachers
● Religion
- against sa church, etc
- definition of right and wrong is based on the bible
● Peers
- can be influenced sa mga ginagawa nila
● Technology
Environment – psychosocial environment
Moral Relativism
Values are determined by the society we grow up in, and
there are no universal values. Moral values are simply
customs or conventions that vary from culture to culture
Self-Interest Theory
human being is always and everywhere selfish
definitional argument: we are selfish when we do what
we want to do, and we always do what we want to do
others
fear of punishment argument: What if I get caught?
- sinasabi dito ang mga tao may pagka-selfish
- hindi naman bad ang pagiging selfish sa sarili
- it’s natural that people prioritize their selves first
- we are programmed biologically to survive
- kaso may times din na sinasalba natin sarili natin kaya
minsan nakakatapak na rin ng tao
- hidden benefits (get to the bottom of things)
- nagkakaroon nalang din ng fear of punishments sa mga
argument
Right, wrong, and gray areas
● Unclear situations in ethics - many times they are
personal and hotly debated in politics
- example sa mga edad, wag na tanungin ganon such as
perspectives
● Black and White - fairly clear - straightforward, most
people feel the same way about stealing, murder, charity
- alam na kung ano ang mali ganon
Gray Areas - where right and wrong become blurred
● Abortion
● Separation of Church and State
● Environmental impacts of technology
● Internet – sabi rito hindi sya maganda ganon
● Gun Control – in some countries, they allow people to
have guns, pero yung iba hindi kasi baka mamaya agad
sumugod sa mga mall, schools
● Others?
Hindi pwedeng maalis sa ethics ang pag-aaral ng tao

evolutionary argument: humans are naturally selfish-

programmed (biologically) to survive
1
ECLIPSE

Chapter 2
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud (1856-1936) – Viennese psychologist
- mas close sa mas mama nya kasi busy tatay nya
- malaki ang gap sa mga kapatid nya kaya kasabay nya
halos lumaki ang mga pamangkin nya kaya nagkakaroon
ng compare
- for him first few stages of growing is very important
because it influences the personality of an individual
“What makes your personality different from others”
Human nature is basically DETERMINISTIC. Our
behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious
motivations, biological/ instinctual drives, and certain
events during the first 6 years of life.
The development of identity and attitudes toward sexual
behavior are formed during early childhood
By the time na teenager ka, may silip na sa personality
mo
The personality that you live with today, the one that
charms in order to get you dates, makes lists and never
gets anything done, makes sure that your locker is not a
mess was molded in your earliest days
According to Freud you were a final product by the time
you hit puberty
2
ECLIPSE
Malaki ring changes sa personality natin when there are
trauma, loss, sickness, and death in our family
Kada isang stage may development task like in this stage
dapat natututunan mo na to para kapag nag-move ka sa
stage na to hindi mo na dadalhin
But if you somehow fail to overcome a challenge of one
of the stages, you become stuck or fixated there.
This is where a lot of your personal uniqueness comes
from, your "stuckness" or fixation at a particular stage of
personality development
Psychosexual stage: Oral
During the first year of life, the mouth is site of sexual
and aggressive gratification. An infant’s life centers on
his mouth.
One of the first objects out there that provides and
infant with oral satisfaction is his mother's breast. The
mother's breast is a main source of connection
and satisfaction.
The first attachment of the infant ay sa mother through
breastfeeding. Hindi masyado na-secure ang attachment
may epekto kaya nagkakaroon ng weaning. If masyado
maaga or masyado matagal nagkakaroon ng oral
fixation. Stuck tayo sa oral
Example: Excessive eating, smoking, drinking liquor,
too much daldal – sumosobra na ganon
Developmental task/s
• Weaning
Weaning presents the infant with his first
conflict between his desire and reality.
• Oral Fixation
Psychosexual stage: Anal
All babies have to grow up some time, and when
they do they graduate to the erogenous focus of
the anal stage.
Oedipus Complex – sinasabing mama’s boy tapos
The question at this age is poop.... To Poop or not to sinasabing bakla-bakla
poop? – they discovered na they know how to poop or - if hindi na-satisfy pwede ma-develop
make pigil the poop Electra Complex – papa’s girl
- children will eventually pass that
Developmental task/s
• Toilet – training It’s a stage that we allow other people to go through
- Sigmund said that toilet – training has an effect sa because ma-oout grow rin naman nila. If kayo nasa
personality bahay kayo, magpakasawa na sa mga mahal ng
The central conflict for toddlers if control. magulang. If hindi na-secure ang love sa bahay,
hahanapin sa labas
Some of your adult characteristics may be the
consequence of how your parents handled your toilet Psychosexual stage: Latent
training. Your creativity and productivity are indicators Developmental task – social
of how well you've successfully navigated the anal stage. Kasi more on sa school to kaya mas napapaniwalaaan na
yung ibang tao. Hndi na pamilya ang kanyang mundo
If you're messy, lack self-control, sloppy or careless, it
speaks of an anal expulsive personality Psychosexual stage: Genital
- hindi cinocorrect During this time the person directs sexual impulses
- kapag nagsalita walang preno toward someone of the opposite sex.
- if ang magulang masyado hindi mahigpit, if ang bata
hindi mo tinuruan this person will grow up na “okay Adolescence brings about a reawakening of Oedipal or
lang na marumi may maglilinis naman” Electra conflicts and a reworking of earlier childhood
- disregard consequences kasi may sasalo identifications. The child is now open to learning how to
- if masyado pinaliguan ng parents ang anak ng praises, engage in mutually satisfying relationships
they don’t think na about the consequences kasi may
maglilinis ng kalat nila literally and figuratively Ang mind daw natin ay parang iceberg kasi binubuo raw
ito ng mga different parts
If you're stingy, obsessed with neatness/order, stubborn - konti palang daw nakikita ng mga tao sa atin
and a perfectionist, it may be anal retentive personality
- takot mag-fail, perfectionist, dahan-dahan = bunga ng
strict parents
- madali makapagpalo, magsabi nang masasakit na salita
- if too strict ang toilet – training nagiging sobrang linis
ganon
- kapag masyadong strict ang toilet – training, ang mga
bata makaka-develop ng trauma or ayaw mag-failure
Psychosexual stage: Phallic
• Preschool years
• Begins during the third year of life and may last
until child is 6.

The child in this stage is focused on the stimulation of

the genitals Responsible for the fear and anger in our brain
- isa sa mga una na-ddevelop sa brain natin
Oedipus – hindi pinatay so dinala nya sa forest tapos - once gumana, walang regard for consequences
para makuha ng mga ibang tao kasi pinapapatay ng - emotional management comes around at the age of 25
original parents. Tapos akala ng father ni Oedipus ay
wala na sya then one day nagkaroon ng war kasi si
Oedipus naging mandirigma. Then, napatay nya tatay
nya without knowing tapos napakasalan si nanay nya
without knowing also
3
ECLIPSE

Layers of the Mind
Consciousness – visible part
Subconscious/Preconscious
- what is happening at the moment
- recent memories
- can answer without difficulty
4
ECLIPSE
- developed a few years back
- sumisilip pa rin sa consciousness
- madali mag-kwento about the past
- can be days ganon
- hovering the subconscious pero need ng minutes para
maalala
- dreams, hopes, fears na nabuo 3 yrs ago ganon
- 50-60% percent
- mga memories nung bata tayo, kaso natabunan na
- other people can explain kunwari kapag mas nauna
napanganak ang ate mo kesa sayo, kaya pwede nila ma-
kwento
Unlocking the UNCONSCIOUS
• Dreams
- 16 dreams max ang napapaginipan pero 2 lang yung
na-rretain
2 levels of content:
1. LATENT- hidden, symbolic, and unconscious
- unimportant
2. MANIFEST - the dream as it appears
-déjà vu
- napaginipan mo before pero di mo na maalala
- may feeling of nangyari nag anon
• Parapraxis
- sleep of the tongue
- matagal na iniisip pero di masabi ganon or magawa
- forgetting
• Free association techniques
- don’t let ur mind filter it
- kung ano naiisip mo, yun na yon kaso minsan others
hide it kasi ayaw nila ma-judge
• Projective tests/ techniques
- ginagamit ng mga psychiatrist sa mga test
- parang habang tumatagal, lumalabas issue

ID
- biological component
- operates on the pleasure principle
- spoiled brat of the personality
- gusto lagi plineplease
Ex: may project tapos puyat ka tapos need ng
participation mo, pero dahil puyat ka hirap mo kausapin
- eto part ng brain na sinasabi na satisfy mo muna
cravings mo like rest, sleep, food
- unahin mo sarili mo
Di lahat nanaig si ID, kasi nandyan si super-ego
Super-ego
- may mga part na hindi napapansin
- social component
- works on the morality principle
- represents the ideal and strives for perfection
- alam ang tama sa mali
- sya nag-aano kay id
- marami nag-ccontribute dito like church, parents
Example: bumili kana ng shoes, deserve mo yan
regaluhan mo sarili mo, birth month mo na. tapos
papasok si super-ego sasabihin huy meron kapa shoes
don na di pa nasusuot tapos diba magbabayad kapa
school bus ng anak mo
Ego
- psychological component
- works on the reality principle
5
ECLIPSE
- seat of intelligence and rationality
Example: add to cart ko nalang muna if meron pera ron
nalang bibili
Ego Defense Mechanism
- matic nagiging response kapag may threating na
nangyayari
- help individuals cope with anxiety and prevents ego
from
being overwhelmed
2 characteristics of EDM:
1. either deny or distort reality;
2. they operate on the unconscious level
- di mo alam na nagagawa mo na sya at di moa lam sa
nanggagaling
Denial
- try to close your eyes to reality, or ayaw mo harapin
kasi it’s too painful
- ayaw pa tanggapin sa sarili pero nandyan na sya right
in front of your face
- first stage
- it takes a while to process it, kasi may mga aftermath
- may addiction to something pero dinedeny mo
Repression
- repressed emotions in us
- may mga bagay na di proud sabihin
- mamanifest nalang sa ibang bagay
- but for people na difficult to forget, iniiwasan nalang
nila yon
- involuntary removal of something from the
consciousness/awareness
Reaction Formation
- defense against threatening impulse by actively
expressing the opposite impulse
- may na-ffeel tayo pero hindi natin brinobroadcast
Example: nagpaka-friend ka sa kaibigan na to tapos may
sinasabi pala sya sayo na hindi maganda. Upon
investigation may sinasabi na hind inga talaga maganda.
Tapos nakita mo sa school tapos sinasabi ng isip mo
“awayin mo yan” tapos nung lumapit sayo, ang sabi mo
hi bes ganon. Kabaligtaran ang sinabi mo. We were
trained na hindi basta-basta nag-rreact sa emotions
Projection
- attributing to another person one's own unacceptable
desires, motives, or impulses
- you may hate someone, but your superego tells you that
such hatred is unacceptable. You "solve" the problem by
believing that they hate you
- meron mga beliefs na motibo na gusto mo gawin or
thoughts pero di mo maamin sa iba kasi 1) nakakahiya 2)
ayaw ma-judge
Example: Babae ka pero crush mo young teacher mong
babae pero hindi mo maamin sa mga kaklase mo kasi di
mo ma-out. Because you think it’s embarrassing and
may confusion. Tinatago mo, kinikimkim mo. Habang
naglalakad ka tapos narinig mo mga kaklase
pinaguusapan crush mo tapos sabi mo “crush nyo sya
ne” tapos prinoproject mo sa iba yung ikaw naman
talaga nakaka-feel. You project it to other people
because you are still afraid and shy. These are
unpleasant feelings.
- hindi mo tanggap sa sarili mo kaya kapag nakakakita
ka ng ganon nabubusit ka
Displacement
- redirecting energy/ impulse toward a powerless
substitute when original target is unaccessible
- someone who is frustrated by his teacher may go home
and kick the dog or get mad at a family member
- present na sya kaso you have this impulse and negative
feeling
Example: Saturday morning walang pasok, tapos nakita
ng nanay mo na magulo yung kwarto mo tapos nagalit.
Syempre kakagising mo tapos ganon sasabihin so uminit
na ulo mo. Tapos di mo naman masigawan nanay mo.
When you displace because you cannot hit or make ganti
sa tao that make your anxiety so you will take an inferior
move. Sa iba mo na ddisplace yung galit mo nun
(something inferior) Kunwar isa kapatid tapos sakanya
ka nagalit e wala naman sya ginawa
- pwede ring positive emotions
- whenever our emotions are high, wag ka magbibitaw
ng salita or action baka pagsisihan mo
Rationalization
- we become more logical, reasons, excuses
- explaining away failures/ losses or justifying specific
behaviors. we do it often enough when we provide
ourselves with excuses
- Sour-graping, Sweet lemon (2 types)
- we do something pero binibigyan ng dahilan not just to
convince other people but also convince yourself kasi di
mo nakuha ang gusto mo
Sour-graping
- may fox daw na pane abot nung grapes kaso di na
maabot tapos sabi maasim-asim naman ang grapes
- binibigyan ng excuses mga kawalan natin, goals natin
- sabihin na natin may goal ka tapos di mo nakuha, you
say something negative about the experience. “di naman
to okay, okay lang na hindi napunta sakin”
Example: Sumali sa newswriting, tapos hindi nakakuha
ng place. Kaso pagdating sa contest hindi mo nakuha.
“Alam mo okay lang na hindi ko nakuha, lagi naman na
wala ako sa school baka miss na ako ng mga kaklase ko.
Extracurricular lang naman to baka yung academics ko
6
ECLIPSE
mapabayaan ko” “Hindi naman ako masyado tinutukan
ng teacher ko”
Sweet lemon
- nagbibigay ng excuses pero di ka naninira sa
experience, nag-ffocus ka sa positive side
Example: di nanalo sa news writing “Hindi ko nakuha
kasi it’s not for me, baka may better plan sya for me”
Sublimation
- similar to displacement, diverting energy into other
channels that are usually constructive/ acceptable/
admirable
- Many great artists and musicians have had unhappy
lives and have used the medium if art and music to
express themselves
- Sports
- divert sa productive and constructive doing
Example: si taylor swift kapag sa mga lalaki nya ganon
tapos gagawa nalang sya kanta
Regression
- coping with anxiety by clinging to immature/
inappropriate behaviors
- movement back in psychological time when one is
faced with stress. when we are troubled or frightened,
our behaviours often become more childish or primitive
- a child may begin to such his thumb again or wet the
bed
- step back
- when you regress, you use your childhood behavior
such as crying
Compensation
- masking perceived weakness or developing certain
positive traits to make up for limitations
- compensate from what you lack or insecurities but
hindi natin napapakita agad kasi nahihiya tayo
Example: sa inyong magkakapatid, hindi ikaw lagi ang
napapansin. May ate ka na laging napapansin “pwede
beauty queen” tapos ikaw naghihintay na ikaw naman
ang mapuri kaso wala they compensate, try to find saan
sila magaling. And baka balang araw ron ka naman
puruhin
- it also happens sa mga magulang, kapag may guilt sila
- ayaw mo pakita ang pagkukulang na ito, so kakambyo
ka para hindi mo mapakita
Humour
- sometimes when faced with triggers or anxiety
inducing situations, tinatawanan nalang
- di rin sya maganda kasi nagpapatawa kahit di na akma
sa situation
- anything too much is not good
Example: sa isang lamay, may isang nalulungkot. Tapos
di comfy ang isa so magpapatawa or alleviate the
situation by cracking a joke about sa namatay. It
becomes a coping mechanism

7
ECLIPSE