Chemical change as a result of interactions

Unit 6

Cation = +
Anion = -
(add ide)

A chemical formula is one of the ways to

represent the composition of molecules
In writing chemical formulas, we use the
chemical symbol of the elements present in
the compound

In a chemical formula, you will find the exact number of

atoms present in a molecule of a substance
For example, H2O is the chemical formula of water. The
subscript 2^2 means that in a water molecule, two
hydrogen atoms are bonded to an oxygen atom

Chemical of the ionic compound

Ionic compounds are made of cations and anions
An example of it is NaCl or table salt
Na+ + Cl-
The magnitude of the charges in NaCl results in a neutral
ionic compound

(use when naming molecular compounds)

Chemical nomenclature refers to the set of rules followed in naming the chemical compound
When naming binary compounds (compounds with two elements only), the metal cation is
named first, followed by the nonmetal anion

Name of metal (caion) + name of anion

Example
Na+ (cation) + Cl- (anion)
Sodium chloride

Names of monatomic anions

(-ide nomenclature)

Names of monatomic cation

(with an addition ion)

Ionic compounds
Come anions are polyatomic (with more than one atom)
Ionic compounds containing polyatomic anions follow the same rule:
Name of metal (cation) + name of anion

Example: Al(NOv3)v3 — aluminum nitrate

In a chemical reaction, atoms of one or more substances (the reactants) are rearranged to form
new materials as products.

Evidence of chemical reaction

1. Change in color
2. Production of odor
3. Production of gas
4. Formation of precipitate
5. Transfer of energy
Symbols

Used to separate multiple reactants or products

Yield sign; separates reactants from products

Replaces the yield sign for reversible reactions that reach equilibrium

Formula written above the arrow is used as a catalyst in the reaction

Triangle indicates that the reaction is being heated

Reactant or product in the solid-state

Reactant or product in the liquid state

Reactant or product in the gas state

Reactant or product in an aqueous solution (dissolved in water)

synthesis/combination reaction
- Two or more substances combine to form a complex molecule
The general equation for combination reactions:
A+B -> AB,
Where A and B are elements or compounds

Example:
When iron filings are burned with yellow sulfur to form black iron (II) sulfide, a combination
reaction occurs.
Fe(s) + S(s) -> FeS(s)

Decomposition reaction
- One substance, usually a compound, breaks down to form two or more substances
which may be elements or compounds
The general equation for decomposition reactions:
AB -> A + B
Where A and B are elements or compounds

Example:
1. When oxide is heated, oxygen is generally given off as one of the products
2 HgO(s) -> 2Hg(I) + O2(g)
2. Some carbonates (like limestone), when heated, decompose to yield carbon dioxide
CaCO3(s) -> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
3. Hydrates: upon application of heat, these compounds readily decompose. The water is
driven off leaving the anhydrous (without water) salt
H2O * CuSo4(s) -> CuSo4 + 5H2O(g)

Single-replacement reaction
One element reacts by replacing another element in a compound
General equation for single displacement reactions:
A + BC -> AC + B

Example:
Zn + H2S -> ZnS + H2
Zn displaces H

The activity series is an arrangement of elements, which shows what element (usually metal)
can displace another element from an aqueous solution of its salt or acid

An element can be replaced by another element above it, in compounds undergoing a

single-replacement reaction.
Double-replacement reaction
- The positive ion of one compound exchanges with the positive cation of another
compound
The general equation for double-displacement reactions:
AB + CD -> AD + BC

Combustion reaction
- Combination of a substance with oxygen in the presence of heat. One or more new
substances may be produced. The other reactants often contain carbon and hydrogen
The general equation for combustion reactions:
AB + C -> AC + BC

Example:
Combustion of methane
CH4 (methane) + 2O2 (oxygen) -> CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 2H2O (water)

General equation for combustion reactions:

AB + C -> AC + BC

Chemical change - rearrangement of the atoms in the reactants to form new products (during
the reaction)
Chemical reaction - atoms of one or more substances (the reactants) are rearranged to form
new materials as products.
Types of chemical reactions - synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double
replacement
 2H2O - O has no number of atoms shown bc it’s 1

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
- Balanced equation

Balancing chemical equations

- When balancing chemical equations, we can only change the coefficients of the
reactants and/or products
- We cannot change any subscript or insert a coefficient in the ‘middle’ of the
chemical symbol of a compound
Tips:
1. Write the unbalanced equation.
2. Look for coefficients that you can write before the chemical symbols for the
reactants and/or products that may balance the equation.
3. Elements that appear only once on each side of the with the same coefficients.
4. Next, look for elements that appear only once on each side of the equation with
an unequal number of atoms. Try to look for coefficients that will make the
number of atoms of these elements equal.
Examples:
V2O5 + 5CaS = 5CaO +V2S5 - correct
V2O5 + Ca5S = CaO5 + V2S5 - wrong

Act 10 sol

Review
Chemical reactions are happening all around us. These chemical reactions are
represented by chemical equations

Photosynthesis in plants is an example of a chemical reaction

Photosynthesis equation
sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water -> sugar + oxygen
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2

covalent bonds= number prefix + nonmetal, number prefix + nonmetal

Ionic bond: Name of cation + name of anion + -ide

6CO2 - 6 molecules of carbon dioxide

6H2O - 6 molecules of dihydrogen monoxide
6O2 - 6 molecules of oxygen
carbon - R: 1 P: 6
Oxygen - R: 3 P: 8
Hydrogen - R: 2 P: 12