‫‪Applications of Differentiation‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Chapter 02‬‬

‫‪APPLICATIONS‬‬
‫‪OF DIFFERENTIATION‬‬
‫‪Partial Differentiation‬‬
‫الــ ‪ Partial Differentiation‬هو الــ ‪ Differentiation‬اللي ح نعمله علي الــ ‪ function‬اللي‬
‫بتعتمد علي أكثر من ‪... Variable‬‬

‫الــ ‪ function‬اللي بتعتمد علي متغير واحد‬ ‫زمان ‪...‬‬

‫)𝑥(𝑓 = 𝑦‬

‫كان أسمه ‪ Total Derivative‬وكنا نرمز للتفاضل بــ‬

‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫أو ‪𝑦 ′‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫وده معناه ال‪ Differentiation‬بالنسبة لـ 𝑥 ‪ ..‬الن ما فيش غيرها ‪...‬‬

‫‪ ...‬انا عندي ‪ function‬في أكثر من ‪ .. Variable‬مثل‬ ‫دلوقتي‬

‫)𝑧 ‪𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦,‬‬

‫كدة انا من حقي أعمل ‪ derivative‬بالنسبة الي واحد من الثلثة ‪ ..‬يعني عندنا ‪ 3‬تفاضلت و ح نرمز‬
‫ليهم بــ‬
‫𝑓∂‬
‫𝑥𝑓 أو‬
‫‪∂x‬‬

‫وطبعا معانا كمان‬

‫𝑓∂‬ ‫𝑓∂‬
‫𝑦𝑓 =‬ ‫𝑧𝑓 =‬
‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬
 Applications of Differentiation
2
Partial Derivative ‫ أعمل‬... ‫أزاي‬
‫ بالنسبة‬derivative‫ ولكن لو عملنا الــ‬... Differentiation ‫أستعمل نفس القوانين القديمة للـ‬
.. ‫ ثوابت‬variables ‫ نعتبر بقية الــ‬variable‫لـ‬

Example

𝑓 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 ln 𝑧 − 𝑧 4 𝑒 𝑥
∂𝑓
: 𝑦 and 𝑧 are constants
∂x

𝑓 = 𝒙𝟐 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 ln 𝑧 − 𝑧 4 𝒆𝒙
∂𝑓
𝑓𝑥 = = 2𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 0 − 𝑧 4 𝑒 𝑥
∂x
∂𝑓
: 𝑥 and 𝑧 are constants
∂y

𝑓 = 𝑥 2 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝒚 ln 𝑧 − 𝑧 4 𝑒 𝑥
∂𝑓
𝑓𝑦 = = x 2 cos 𝑦 + 1 ⋅ ln 𝑧 − 0
∂y
∂𝑓
: 𝑦 and 𝑥 are constants
∂z

𝑓 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝐥𝐧 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟒 𝑒 𝑥
∂𝑓 1
𝑓𝑧 = = 0 + y ⋅ − 4𝑧 3 𝑒 𝑥
∂z z
 Applications of Differentiation
3
Problems

Find the first partial derivatives of the following functions:

Ex. 43

𝒉(𝒔, 𝒕) = 𝟐𝒕𝟕 𝐥𝐧 𝒔 + 𝒆𝟐𝒔+𝟑𝒕

Answer.
1
ℎ𝑠 = 2t 7 ⋅ + e2s+3t ⋅ 2
s
ℎ𝑡 = 14t ln 𝑠 + e2s+3t ⋅ 3
6

Ex. 44

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒖) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐧(𝒚 + 𝒖𝟐 ) − 𝒆𝒛𝒚

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
1
𝑓𝑦 = −3 ⋅ 2
− 𝑧𝑒 𝑧𝑦
𝑦+𝑢
𝑓𝑧 = −𝑦𝑒 𝑧𝑦
1
𝑓𝑢 = −3 ⋅ ⋅ 2𝑢
𝑦 + 𝑢2
Ex. 45
𝟐
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒛 − 𝟒𝒙𝒆𝒚
Answer.
2
𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑒 𝑦
2
𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑦 ln 𝑧 − 4𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑦 ⋅ 2𝑦
1
𝑓𝑧 = 𝑦 2 ⋅
𝑧
 Applications of Differentiation
4
Ex. 46

𝒛 = √𝒚𝟐 + 𝐥𝐧(𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 )

Answer.
1 1
𝑧𝑥 = ⋅2
(−6𝑥)
2√𝑦 2 + ln(4𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 ) 4𝑦 − 3𝑥
1 1
𝑧𝑦 = ⋅ [2𝑦 + (4)]
2√𝑦 2 + ln(4𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 ) 4𝑦 − 3𝑥 2

Ex. 46

𝒈(𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒖 + 𝒗) + 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒖𝒘)

Answer.
1
𝑔𝑢 = cos(𝑢 + 𝑣) + ⋅ cos(𝑢𝑤) ⋅ 𝑤
sin(𝑢𝑤)
𝑔𝑣 = cos(𝑢 + 𝑣)
1
𝑔𝑤 = ⋅ cos(𝑢𝑤) ⋅ 𝑢
sin(𝑢𝑤)

Ex. 47
𝒙 𝟐 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝐥𝐧 ( )) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒆𝒙 +𝒛 )
𝒚
Answer.
2 +𝑧 3
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = tan(𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − ln 𝑦) + sin(𝑒 𝑥 )
1 2 3 2 3
𝑓𝑥 = sec 2 (𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − ln 𝑦) ⋅ + cos(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑧 ) ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑧 ⋅ 2𝑥
𝑥
2(
−1
𝑓𝑦 = sec 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 ⋅ )
𝑦
2 +𝑧 3 2 +𝑧 3
𝑓𝑧 = cos(𝑒 𝑥 ) ⋅ 𝑒𝑥 ⋅ 3𝑧 2
 Applications of Differentiation
5
Ex. 48
𝟐𝒚
𝒛=
𝒚 + cos 𝒙
Answer.
(𝑦 + cos 𝑥 )(0) − 2𝑦(− sin 𝑥 ) 2𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑧𝑥 = =
(𝑦 + cos 𝑥 )2 (𝑦 + cos 𝑥 )2
(𝑦 + cos 𝑥 )(2) − 2𝑦(1) 2 cos 𝑥
𝑧𝑦 = =
(𝑦 + cos 𝑥 )2 (𝑦 + cos 𝑥 )2
Ex. 49
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 )
Answer.
1
𝑓𝑥 = (𝑦 2 𝑧 3 )
√1 − (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 )2
1
𝑓𝑦 = (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 )
√1 − (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 )2
1
𝑓𝑧 = (3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )
√1 − (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 )2
 Applications of Differentiation
6
Higher Partial derivatives
‫ كدة‬.. 2nd derivative ‫ كان في‬.. ‫ الواحد‬Variable ‫ ذات الــ‬function‫في الـ‬
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
′
𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ′′ 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) → 𝒚 = → 𝒚 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐
2nd derivative ‫ وكل واحد ممكن أجيب له‬variable ‫ انا عندي أكثر من‬... ‫دلوقتي‬
𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒙 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒙 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑥 = → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒚 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒚 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑦 = → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒛 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒛 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑧 = → 𝑓𝑧𝑧 =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2

Mixed
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒙 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒚 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑥 = → 𝑓𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒚 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒙 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑦 = → 𝑓𝑦𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒙 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒛 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑥 = → 𝑓𝑥𝑧 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒛 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒙 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑧 = → 𝑓𝑧𝑥 =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒚 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒛 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑦 = → 𝑓𝑦𝑧 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒛 𝜕𝑓 𝑤.𝑟.𝑡𝑜 𝒚 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓→ 𝑓𝑧 = → 𝑓𝑧𝑦 =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 ‫ 𝑥𝑧𝑓 = 𝑧𝑥𝑓 و 𝑦𝑧𝑓 = 𝑧𝑦𝑓 و‬... ‫خلي بالك‬

 Applications of Differentiation
7
Problems

Find the second partial derivatives of the following functions:

Ex. 43
𝒖⁄
𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗) = 𝒆 𝒗

Answer.

1st Derivatives
1 𝒖⁄
𝑓𝑢 = 𝒆 𝒗
𝑣
𝑢 𝒖⁄
𝑓𝑣 = − 2
𝒆 𝒗
𝑣

2nd Derivatives
1 𝒖⁄
𝑓𝑢𝑢 = 2
𝒆 𝒗
𝑣
𝑢2 𝒖⁄ 2𝑢 𝒖
𝑓𝑣𝑣 = 4 𝒆 𝒗 − 3 𝒆 ⁄𝒗
𝑣 𝑣
𝑢 𝒖⁄ 𝟏 𝒖⁄
𝑓𝑢𝑣 = 𝑓𝑣𝑢= − 3
𝒆 𝒗−
𝟐
𝒆 𝒗
𝑣 𝒗
Ex. 44

𝒘 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒆𝟐𝒚+𝟑𝒙

Answer.

1st derivatives

𝑤𝑥 = sin 𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑧𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥

𝑤𝑦 = 𝑥𝑧 cos 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥
 Applications of Differentiation
8
𝑤𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥

2nd derivatives

𝑤𝑥𝑥 = 9𝑧𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥

𝑤𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑧 2 sin 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥

𝑤𝑧𝑧 = −𝑥𝑦 2 sin 𝑦𝑧

𝑤𝑥𝑦 = 𝑤𝑦𝑥 = 𝑧 cos 𝑦𝑧 + 6𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥

𝑤𝑥𝑧 = 𝑤𝑧𝑥 = 𝑦 cos 𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥

𝑤𝑦𝑧 = 𝑤𝑧𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦𝑧 sin 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑒 2𝑦+3𝑥
 ‫‪Applications of Differentiation‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪Relative Extremes of Two Variables‬‬

‫‪Maximum‬‬ ‫‪Minimum‬‬ ‫‪Saddle.‬‬

‫لسؤال ح يكون كدة‬

‫‪Find the critical Points "Relative extremes" of the function‬‬
‫)𝒚 ‪and determine the kind of them.𝒇 = 𝒇(𝒙,‬‬

‫خطوات الحل‬
‫‪ -1‬أحسب 𝑦𝑥𝑓 ‪..... 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 ,‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ساوي 𝑥𝑓 و 𝑦𝑓 بــ‪.... Zero‬‬
‫‪𝑓𝑥 = 0‬‬ ‫‪𝑓𝑦 = 0‬‬

‫‪ -3‬حل المعادلتين اللي فوق مع بعض "‪ .... "Simultaneous‬واوجد الحل اللي ممكن يكون نقطة أو أتنين‬
‫أو أي عدد ‪ ...‬مثل‬
‫) ‪(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), (𝑥3 , 𝑦3‬‬

‫النقط ده هي الـــ‪.Critical Points‬‬

‫‪ ---‬خطوات تحديد نوع كل نقطة ‪---‬‬

‫‪ -4‬أحسب 𝐻 وده حاجة أسمها الــ‪ Hessian‬عشان تساعدنا في تحديد نوع النقطة من خلل العلقة ده‬
 Applications of Differentiation
10
2
𝑯 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 )

D ‫𝑥( من خلل حساب قيمة‬1 , 𝑦1 ) ‫ اختبر النقطة‬-5

0 test is inconclusive
H|(𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ) = {−𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑡.
+𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑖𝑛.
.‫ نحدده من خلل حساب 𝑥𝑥𝑓 عند نفس النقطة‬... Max or Min ‫ في حالة‬-6
+𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑝𝑡.
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = {
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑃𝑇.
Ex. 01 Find the relative extremes for the function

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 12𝑦 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −4

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 .

𝑥 = (𝑥 3 )3 = 𝑥 9 → 𝑥 9 − 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 (𝑥 8 − 1) = 0 → 𝑥 = 0,1, −1

The Critical Points are (0,0), (1,1), (−1, −1)

Test
2
𝐻 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = 144𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 16

H|(0,0) = −16 < 0 (0,0) is Saddle Pt.

𝐻 |(1,1) = 128 > 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 |(1,1) = 12 > 0 (1,1) is Min-Point

H|(−1,−1) = 128 > 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 |(−1,−1) = 12 > 0 (−1, −1) is Min-Pt.

 Applications of Differentiation
11
Ex. 02 Find the relative extremes for the function

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒚𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 − 5𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 5𝑦 4 − 5𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 20𝑥 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 20𝑦 3 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −5

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 5𝑥 4 − 5𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 4

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 5𝑦 4 − 5𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦 4

Hence,

𝑥 = (𝑥 4 )4 = 𝑥 16 ⟹ 𝑥 16 − 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 (𝑥 15 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0,1

The Critical Points are (0,0) and (1,1).

Test
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = 20𝑥 3 . 20𝑦 3 − (−5)2 = 400𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 25

H(0,0) = −25 < 0 (0,0) is Saddle Pt.

H|(1,1) = 375 > 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 |(1,1) = 20 > 0 (1,1) is Min. Pt.

Ex. 03 Find the relative extremes for the function

𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = + 𝒙𝒚 +
𝒙 𝒚

Answer.

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 −1 + 𝑥𝑦 + y −1
𝑓𝑥 = −𝑥 −2 + 𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 −2

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥 −3 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑦 −3 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 1

 Applications of Differentiation
12
1
Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ −𝑥 −2 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = .
𝑥2

1
Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ −𝑦 −2 + 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = .
𝑦2

Then
1
𝑥= 2 = 𝑥 4 ⟹ 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
1
( 2)
𝑥
𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = ∞ (𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)

The Critical Point is (1,1)

Test

2 4
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = 2𝑥 −3 . 2𝑦 −3 − 12 = −1
𝑥 3𝑦3

H|(1,1) = 3 > 0 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 |(1,1) = 2 > 0 (1,1) is Min. Pt.

Ex. 04 Find the critical point of the following surface and determined
the kind of each one.

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −2 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 1

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 = 0

𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 = 0 × 2
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4 = 0
 Applications of Differentiation
13
−−−−−−−−−
−3𝑦 − 6 = 0 → 𝑦 = −2 → 𝑥 = −2

The critical point is (−2, −2).

Test
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (−2)(−2) − (−1)2 = 3

H = 3 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −2 < 0 (−2, −2) is Max-Pt.

Ex. 05 Find the critical point of the following surface and determined
the kind of each one.

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = −6𝑥 + 6𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 6𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 6𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −6 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6 − 12𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ −6𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0 → −6𝑥 = −6𝑦 → 𝑦 = 𝑥

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑦

𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 → 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 0 → 𝑦(𝑦 − 2) = 0 → 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

The critical point is (0,0) and (2,2).

Test
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (−6)(6 − 12𝑦) − (6)2 = 72𝑦 − 72

H|(0,0) = −72 < 0 (0,0) is Saddle-Pt

H|(2,2) = 72 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −6 < 0 (2,2) is Max-Pt

 Applications of Differentiation
14
Ex. 06 Find the critical point of the following surface and
determined the kind of each one.

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 12𝑦

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 6 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦 − 12 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0, −2

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦(𝑦 − 4) = 0

𝑦 = 0,4

The critical point are (0,0), (0,4), (−2,0) and (−2,4).

Test
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (6𝑥 + 6)(6𝑦 − 12) − (0)2 = 36(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 − 2)

H(0,0) = −72 < 0 (0,0) is Saddle-Pt.

H(0,4) = 72 > 0 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6 > 0 (0,4) is Min-Pt.

H(−2,0) = 144 > 0 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −6 < 0 (−2,0) is Max-Pt.

H(−2,4) = −144 < 0 (−2,4) is Saddle-Pt.

Ex. 07 Find the relative extrema for the function

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒
𝟐
Answer.
𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑦 + 4
 Applications of Differentiation
15
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 12 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 1 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) = 0.

Hence, 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −4.

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 + 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = −4

The Critical Points are (0, −4), (−4, −4).

Test
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (6𝑥 + 12)(1) − 02 = 6𝑥 + 12

H|(0,−4) = 12 > 0 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 |(0,−4) = 12 > 0 (0, −4) is Min. Pt.

H|(−4,−4) = 6(−4) + 12 = −12 < 0 (−4, −4) is Saddle Pt.

Ex. 08 Find the critical point of the following surface

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 15 𝑓𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 15

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑦

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 15 = 0 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 15 = 0 → 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 5

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥 (𝑥 − 2𝑦) = 0

Case 1: 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 2 = 5 → 𝑦 = ±√5 → (0, √5), (0, −√5)

Case 2: 𝑥 = 2𝑦 → 4𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5 → 𝑦 2 = 1 → 𝑦 = ±1 → (2,1), (−2, −1)

 Applications of Differentiation
16
The critical point are (0, √5), (0, −√5), (2,1) and (−2, −1)

Test
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (6𝑥 + 6𝑦)(6𝑥 ) − (6𝑦)2 = 36(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )

H(0,√5) = 180 > 0; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12√5 > 0 (0, √5) is Min-Pt.

H(0,−√5) = 180 > 0 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12√5 > 0 (0, −√5) is Min-Pt.

H(1,2) = −36 < 0 ; (1,2) is Saddle-Pt.

H(−1,−2) = −36 < 0 (−1, −2) is Saddle-Pt.

Ex. 09 Find the critical point of the following surface and

determined the kind of each one.

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚

Answer.
1
𝑓𝑥 = + 2𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)−1 + 2𝑥
𝑥+𝑦
1
𝑓𝑦 = − 1 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)−1 − 1
𝑥+𝑦
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 + 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 )
= (−(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 + 2)(−(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 ) − (−(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 )2
−2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)−4 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)−4 =
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2
1
Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 + 𝑦)−1 + 2𝑥 = 0 → 2𝑥 = −
𝑥+𝑦

1 1 3
Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 → 2𝑥 = −1 → 𝑥 = − → 𝑦 =
𝑥+𝑦 2 2
 Applications of Differentiation
17
1 3
The critical point is (− , ).
2 2

𝐻 = −2 < 0 Saddle-Point

Ex. 09 Find the critical point of the function

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 12𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 6𝑦 + 6𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12 − 12𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6

2
Δ = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (12 − 12𝑥 )(6) − 62 = 36(1 − 2𝑥)

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 12𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 = 0 → 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑦 + 6𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = −𝑥

2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 0,1

The critical point are (0,0) and (1, −1).

H(0,0) = 36 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12 > 0 (0,0)Min-Point

𝐻(1,−1) = −36 < 0 (1, −1) Saddle-Point

Ex. 10 Discus the relative extrema of the surface

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −6𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3

2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦)(−6𝑦) − (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3)2
 Applications of Differentiation
18
Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 0 → 3𝑦(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 0 → 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)2 =
0 → 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 → 3𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

Case 1 : 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3) = 0 → 𝑥 = 0

(0,0)
1 1
Case 2: 𝑥 = 1 → 3𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 1 → 𝑦 2 = → 𝑦 = ±
3 √3

1 1
(1, ) , (1, − )
√3 √3
H(0,0) = −9 < 0 (0,0) Saddle Pt.
1
H(1, 1 ) > 0 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 > 0 (1, ) Min. Pt.
√3
√3

1
H(1,− 1 ) > 0 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 < 0 (0, − ) Max. Pt.
√3
√3

Ex. 11 Find the local extreme values of

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒚
Answer.
𝑓𝑥 = −12𝑥 + 12𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 12𝑦 − 15𝑦 2 + 12𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −12 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 12 − 30𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 12

2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (−12)(12 − 30𝑦) − (12)2 = 360𝑦 − 288

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ −12𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = 𝑥

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 → 12𝑦 − 15𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 = 0 → 4𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 2 = 0

4𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 = 0
 Applications of Differentiation
19
𝑦(8 − 5𝑦) = 0
𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 → (0,0)
8 8 8 8
𝑦= ,𝑥 = → ( , )
5 5 5 5
H(0,0) = −288 < 0 , (0,0) Saddle Point
8 8
H(8,8) = 288 > 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −12 (5 , 5) Maximum Point
55

Ex. 12 Determine the local maximum, minimum and saddle points for
the function

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟗𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 + 9𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 9

2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (6𝑥 )(6𝑦) − (9)2 = 36𝑥𝑦 − 81
1
Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = − 𝑥 2
3

1
Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 → 3𝑦 2 + 9𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = − 𝑦 2
3

1 1 2 2 1
𝑥 = − (− 𝑥 ) = − 𝑥 4
3 3 27
𝑥 4 + 27𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 27) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 → (0,0)
𝑥 = −3 , 𝑦 = −3 → (−3, −3)
 Applications of Differentiation
20
H(0,0) = −81 < 0 , (0,0) Saddle Pot.

H(−3,−3) = 243 > 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −18 (−3, −3) Max. Pt.

Ex. 13 If 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚, find the local extreme and
saddle points of 𝒇.

Answer.

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 15 𝑓𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 − 12

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 67

2
Δ = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 ) = (6𝑥 )(6𝑥 ) − (6𝑦)2 = 36(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 15 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 → 6𝑥𝑦 − 12 = 0 → 𝑥𝑦 = 2

2 2
𝑥 + ( ) = 5 × 𝑥2
2
𝑥
𝑥4 − 𝑥25 + 4 = 0
(𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

𝑥 = 1 → 𝑦 = 2 → (1,2)
𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = −2 → (−1, −2)
𝑥 = 2 → 𝑦 = 1 → (2,1)
𝑥 = −2 → 𝑦 = −1 → (−2, −1)

H(1,2) = −108 < 0 (1,2) Saddle Pt.

H(−1,−2) = −108 < 0 (−1, −2) Saddle Pt.

 Applications of Differentiation
21
H(2,1) = 108 < 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12 > 0 (2,1) Minimum Pt.

H(−2,−1) = 108 < 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −12 < 0 (−2, −1) Maximum Pt.

Ex. 14 If 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒚), find the local extreme and saddle

points of 𝒇.

Answer.

𝑓 = 𝑥 3𝑦2 − 𝑥 4𝑦2 − 𝑥 3𝑦3

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 3

𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 𝑦

𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2
2
H = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 )
= (6𝑥𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 3 )(2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 𝑦 2 ) − (6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦)2
= 36(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
= 12𝑥 4 𝑦 2 (1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦)(1 − 𝑥 − 3𝑦) − 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 (6 − 8𝑥 − 9𝑦)2

Set 𝑓𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = 0 →

𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (3 − 4𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 0

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 , 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3

Set 𝑓𝑦 = 0 → 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 0 → 𝑥 3 𝑦(2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 0

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 , 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2
3 3 1 1
The critical points are (0,0), (0, ) , (1,0) , (0,1), ( ,0) , ( , )
2 4 2 3
 Applications of Differentiation
22
H(00) = 0 Test fails

H(0,3) = 0 Test fails

2

H(1,0) = 0 Test fails

H(0,1) = 0 Test fails

H(3,0) = 0 Test fails

2

1 1
H(1 ,1) = < 0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = − > 0 Maximum
2 3 142 9