INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY
JESMAR C. LOBO
Criminology

According to Edwin H. Sutherland,

“Criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime
as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the
process of making of laws, of breaking of laws, and the
society’s reaction towards the breaking of laws.”

According to RA 11131,
“Refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims.
It also deals with the prevention, and solution of crimes.”
“It is academic discipline that uses scientific method to study the
nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.”
(Criminology Actual Board Definition)

Objective of Criminology:
The development of general and verified principles regarding the
process of law, crime, and treatment or prevention.

Practices of the Criminology profession in other countries:

➢ a field under the social science
➢ research-based profession
➢ a field under behavioral science
Principal Divisions of Criminology or 3 Branches of Criminology (S-E-P)

1. SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
– Refers to the examination of the nature of criminal law and its
administration. Also deals with the different laws and its function to a
society.

2. ETIOLOGY OF CRIMES (CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY)

– The scientific study of the causes of crimes and the criminal behavior.
This deals with the determination of different origins, causes and
factors that may bring crime and criminal behavior.

3. PENOLOGY (PENAL SCIENCE)

– The study of the control of delinquencies and crime and the
rehabilitation of lawbreakers. This also refers to the process of crime
prevention through the infliction of fear of punishment.
Which sub-areas constitute the discipline of criminology that utilizes
scientific methods to assess the effectiveness of crime control and
offender treatment programs? (Actual Board Question)
A. Penology and Social Control
B. Criminal Statistics and Research Methodology
C. Criminal Behavior System and Criminal Typology
D. Sociology of law and Criminal Typology

A criminology research on the links between the different types of

crimes and criminals is referred to as crime ____.
(December 2022, CLE)
a. Etiology
b. Profiling
c. Typology
d. Statistics
It is a means of developing general summary
statements based on the observation of a homogenized
group of criminals and categorized based on their age,
sex, current offense, personality type, and social class.
(August 2023, CLE)
a. Typology
b. Criminology
c. Classification of Crime
D. Group of Crime
ORIGIN OF THE WORD “CRIMINOLOGY”

Etymologically, the term criminology originated from the

LATIN word “Crimen” meaning crime and Greek word “Logos”
which means to study.

- In 1885, RAFFAELE GAROFALO, an Italian Law Professor

invented the term “criminologia”. First coined by Garofalo the
term “criminology”.

- In 1887, PAUL TOPINARD, French Anthropologist, used the

word criminology in French “criminologie” for the first time.
Is Criminology A Science Or Not?

Conferring to GEORGE WILKER, criminology cannot

turn into a science since it has NOT YET ACHIEVED
UNIVERSAL OR WORLDWIDE VALIDITY.

EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND, the Dean of Modern

Criminology, hoped that it will become a science in the
future since the causes of crimes are almost the same
which may be biological, environmental or
combination of the two.
GEORGE L. WILKER
– A criminologist who in his manuscript “The Scientific Adequacy of
Criminological Concept” argued that criminology cannot possibly
become a science. Accordingly, general proposition of universal validity
is the essence of science

Note: Universality means that a science must be valid and uniform

worldwide. Just for instance, biology, psychology, physiology, chemistry,
mathematics etc. are generally the same worldwide but not on about
crime. Laws are different in different countries. Those punishable in the
Philippines may not be punishable in other countries vice versa. But
Sutherland, stated that law may be different, but the causes of criminal
behavior are similar which could be sociological, biological or
psychological or maybe economic.
Edwin Sutherland
➢ Author of the “Differential Association Theory”.
DAT proposed that “criminal behavior is a product of learning process”
though socialization with other people that possess criminal behavior.

➢ Coined the phrase “White Collar Crime”.

WCC – these are crimes which are committed by people belonging to
higher social or economic status. Sometimes called as economic crime,
financial crime, or crime of the upper world.

➢ Considered as the Dean of Modern Criminology

➢ Father or Pioneer of American Criminology

 Edwin Sutherland is clear is on explaining that
criminology focuses on studying crime as something or an
event that could be considered as a social phenomenon or
something that can happen in a repetitive manner.

Sutherland also pointed that criminology not only deals

with understanding the nature of criminal laws that exist in
our society but also with understanding the reasons why
people despite of existing laws still break and violate laws.

Finally, Sutherland suggested in his definition of criminology

that his study must also give attention to the proper
punishment or penalty to prevent and repress crime and
criminal behavior.
Criminology is also related to the study of ______________
behaviors or those actions that depart from social norms,
values, beliefs, and customs. (AUGUST 2023, CLE)
A. Deviant
B. Delinquency
C. Abnormal
D. Violent
NATURE/CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINOLOGY (SAND)
1. It is a SOCIAL SCIENCE since it studies crime as a social
phenomenon. Crime is a social problem which has a great
impact to society. Inasmuch as crime is a societal creation
and that it exists in a society, its study must be considered
a part of social science.

2. It is an APPLIED SCIENCE for the reason that criminology

as a body of knowledge has already established
universally accepted principles and concepts and these
are used by other field of study. Anthropology,
psychology, sociology and other natural sciences may be
applied in the study of the causes of crime while
chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, etc. maybe
utilized in crime detection (INSTRUMENTATION).
3. It is NATIONALISTIC because the study of
criminology takes into consideration the past, the
culture and the social norms and the laws of the
country. Each country has its own set of laws and
crimes are defined by the laws of the country
(TERRITORIALITY).

3. It is DYNAMIC because the ideas of criminology and

their applications adapt to the changing time.
Criminology changes as social condition changes.
That means the progress of criminology is
concordant with the advancement of other sciences
that have been applied to it.
“SCOPE AND BREADTH OF THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY”

1. Study of the commencement and development of

criminal law
2. Study of the origins of crimes and development of
criminals
3. Study of the other sciences that examine criminal
behavior using scientific methods such as:

a. CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY – the study of the

connection between criminality and population. There
is a hypothesis that as population increase, number of
crimes may also increase.
b. CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY – the study of the correlation
between environment or milieu and criminality. This is in
connection with the notion that the more disorganized an
environment we have, the more crime it may occur.

c. CRIMINAL ECOLOGY – the study of law-breaking in relation

to the spatial distribution in a community. This particular
science blames the rapid increase on community or societal
congestion in terms of number of houses that causes
lessening of spaces that probably can be a source of
criminality.

d. CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY – the study of

criminality in relation to physical structure of men. It focuses
on somatology, physiognomy, phrenology etc. that mainly
view crime as a product of physical or biological defects and
disfigurements.
f. CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY – the study of human mind in
relation to delinquency and criminality.

g. CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY – the study of human behavior in

relation to criminality.

h. CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH — study of crime associated

with antecedent variables, state of crime trend.

k. VICTIMOLOGY – the study of the role of the victim in the

commission of a crime.
WHY MUST MEMEBERS OF SOCIETY INTERESTED IN CRIME?
1. CRIME IS PERVASIVE – nearly all participants of a free
society are once upon a time a victim of an offender of a
criminal act. Criminal as an associate of society affects almost
all people regardless of age, sex, race, nationality, religion,
financial condition, education and other personal
circumstances. (August 2023, CLE)
2. CRIME IS EXPENSIVE – the government and private sector
use an enormous amount of currency for crime detection,
prosecution correction and prevention.
3. CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE – many lives has been vanished
because of crimes like murder, homicide and other violent
deaths. Properties has been lost or devastated on account of
robbery, theft and arson.
4. CRIME IS REFLECTIVE – crime rate or incidence in a
given locality is reflecting of the efficiency of the social
defenses employed by the people-primarily that of the
police system.

5. CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE – the progressive upsurge in

the volume of crime is on account of the ever-
increasing population. The ever-increasing crime rate
and their technique show the progress thinking of the
society for advancement.
Victimology
It is the study about victims of crime. It is a branch of
criminology that deals purely on the underlying factors of victimization
and the contributory role of the victims in the commission of crimes.

Victimology, being the study of “crime targets”, showed that a

person becomes a victim of crime consciously and unconsciously. A
person could become a victim due to his own action or fault.

The victim of crime often becomes the FORGOTTEN PERSON of

the criminal justice system while the criminal is the CELEBRITY. Victims
are only valued for their capacity to report crimes and to appear in
court as witnesses.
“Typology of Criminal Victims”

General Classes of Victims

(Based on the Classification of Hans Von Hentig)
1. Young
- The weak by virtue of age and immaturity.

2. Female
- Often less physically powerful and easily dominated by males.

3. Old
- The incapable of physical defense and the common object of
confidence scheme.
4. Mentally Defective
- Those that are unable to think clearly.

5. Immigrant
- Those that are unsure of the rules of the conduct in
the surrounding society.

6. Minorities
- Racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal
treatment by the agency or justice. (Discrimination)
Amie travelled to a place where the inhabitants have a culture different
from his own. This causes communication gap and misunderstanding
between him and the residents of the place. As a result, Amie can be
an easy victim of a crime. Which refers to the status of Amie? (Actual
Board Question)
A. Immigrant
B. Female
C. Senile/old
D. Minorities

Which of the following are socially weak? (Actual Board Question)

A. Immigrant, minorities
B. Young, old, women
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
“Psychological Types of Victims”
1. The Depressed
➢ Submissive person by virtue of emotional condition.
➢ Considered an easy, unsuspecting careless type.

2. The Acquisitive or Greedy

➢ Person who wants more than what is sufficient makes a natural
victim of crime.

3. The Wanton of Overly Sensual

➢ Person ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure.
➢Is vulnerable to stresses such as juvenile victims.
4. The Lonesome
➢ Person who eventually becomes a victim by virtue of
wanting companionship or affection.

5. The Heartbroken
➢ One who is emotionally disturbed by virtue of heartaches
and pains.

6. The Tormented
➢ A victim who asked for it, often from his own family or
friends.
It is easily duped because his or her motivation for easy gain
lowers his or her natural tendency to be suspicious. (Actual Board
Question)
a. Greedy Type
b. Depressive Type
c. Wanton Type
d. Tormentor Type

Refers to a type of victim attacked from the target of his or her

abuse, such as with battered women. (Actual Board Question)
A. Depressive Type
B. Greedy Type
C. Tormentor Type
D. Wanton Type
Benjamin Mendelsohn

He is the Father of Victimology. His major contributions

were arguably the term “general vitimology” and a
“typology of crime victims”.

Benjamin Mendelsohn is generally credited as the

initiator of the word VICTIMOLOGY as well as the concept of
“PENAL COUPLE”. Penal Couple is a term that describes a
relationship between the victim and the criminal. He also
coined the term “VICTIMAL” to describe the victim
counterpart of the criminal and the word “VICTIMITY” which
signifies the opposite of criminality.
 “If there is a complainant, there must be a defendant”.
Thus, there would never be a victim if there is no offender,
except in what is known as victimless crimes.

The only thing that does not away with criminality is

decriminalization. This is otherwise known as LOGOMACY.
Logomacy is a statement that we have no crime if we had no
criminal law, and that no we could eliminate all crime by
abolishing all criminal laws.
THREE (3) TYPES OF EXPLANATIONS TO THE EXISTENCE OF
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR (S-E-M-I)

1. SINGLE/UNITARY THEORY – contends that crime is

produced by one factor. It may be biological, sociological,
or psychological.
2. ECLECTIC THEORY – That crime stemmed by one or more
factors while in other instances it is caused by another set
of factors.
3. MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY – vies that crime is not a
product of a single cause or factor but a combination of
several factors.
4. INTEGRATED THEORY – A theory that combines two or
more theories to generate a single model or framework.
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINOLOGY

School of Thought
- Strategies for organizing fundamentally differing views of
human nature and relating them to issues surrounding crime
and its control. Refers to a collection of beliefs or ideas that
support a specific theory.

Theory
- Set of declarations devised to explain behavior, events or
phenomenon, especially one that has been repeatedly tested
and widely accepted but not been totally proven.
Chicago School
- Group of urban sociologists who studies the relationship
between environmental conditions and crime.

Cartographic School
- This school on crime causation emphasized economic
determinism and concentrated on the need for the quality
among all citizens. They provided statistical data which
claimed to show that variations in crime rates are associated
with variations in economic conditions.
“Pre – Classical Era”

The Demonological Theory

- Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil
spirits, which caused good or evil behavior. The theory
maintains that criminal behavior was believed to be the result
of evil spirits and demons something of natural force that
control his/her behavior.
- Mankind is viewed as manifestations of basically evil human
nature reflecting either with the practice of darkness or an
expression of divine wrath.
- Also called “Preclassical Theory” or “Supernatural Theory”
Pre-Twentieth Century Theories
(Primary Schools of Thought in Criminology)
1000 stars sa board exam! PINAKAPABORITO!

I. Classical Criminology
This school of thought is based on the theory that
individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the
consequences of their actions. According to classical
criminologists, individuals have free will. They can choose
legal or illegal means to get what they want; fear of penalty
can discourage them from committing crime and society can
control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater
than the pleasure of the criminal gains.
 The Classical theory maintains that man is essentially a
moral creature with absolute free will to choose between good
and evil therefore tress is placed upon the criminal himself; that
every man is responsible for his act.

This theory, however, does not give any difference between

an adult and a minor or a mentally-handicapped in as far as free
will is concerned. Founders of classical school of criminology are
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

Freewill
- A philosophy advocating punishment severe enough for people
to choose, to avoid criminal acts.
- Freedom to think, freedom to choose, freedom to decide
Cesare Beccaria
(Cesare Bonesana Maechese de Beccaria)

- He is best known for his essay, “On Crimes and Punishment”

which presented key ideas on the abolition of torture as
legitimate means of extracting confession.
- His book contains nearly all modern penal reforms but its
greatest contribution was the foundation it laid for
subsequent changes in criminal legislation.
- Father of Classical Criminology
Becarria believed that:

a. People want to attain pleasure and avoid pain.

b. Crime delivers some pleasure to the criminal.
c. To deter crime, he believed that one must direct pain
in an appropriate amount to counterbalance the
pleasure obtain from commmiting a crime.
d. Famous in sayings “Let the punishment fits the
crime”.
HIGHLIGHTS OF CESARE BECCARIA’S IDEAS REGARDING CRIMES
AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
1. In founding a human society, men and women sacrifice a
portion of their liberty so as to enjoy peace and security.
2. Punishments that go afar the need of preserving the public
safety are in their nature unjust. It means that penalty must be
balanced and just.
3. Criminal laws must essentially be clear and certain. Judges
must make even judgments in similar crimes. (stare decisis). This
is true in the Philippine setting that judges are basing their
decisions according to existing jurisprudence which means that
same cases with the same circumstances must be given the
same treatment or judgment.
4. The law must stipulate the degree of evidence that will justify
the detention of an accused offender prior to his trial. (proof
beyond reasonable doubt)
5. Allegations must be public. False accusations should be severely punished.
6. To torture accused offenders to obtain a confession is unacceptable as
evidence. This is true in the Philippine setting in which the congress passed
the Anti-Torture Law or RA 9475.
7. The promptitude of penalty is one of the most effective curbs on crime.
(celerity or swiftness)
8. The purpose of punishment can only be to avert the criminal from
committing new crimes against his countrymen, and to keep others from
doing likewise. Punishments, therefore, and the method of inflicting them,
should be chosen in due proportion to the crime, so as to make the most
lasting impression on the minds of men. (deterrence)
9. Capital punishment is inefficacious and its place should be replaced life
imprisonment. (abolition of death penalty)
10. It is better to inhibit crimes than to punish them. That is the chief
purpose of all good legislation. In connection to this, Sir Robert Peel, the
founder of the Metropolitan Police Force of London, stated that it is much
easy to fix a wall with a crack than a wall which already fallen.
Jeremy Bentham
- His contribution to classical school of criminology is the
concept of utilitarianism and the felicific calculus.
- He proposed “Hedonism” which explains that person
always acts in such a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain. It
refers to the pleasure principle that the main purpose of the
life is to maximize pleasure while minimizing the pain.
- Invented the pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific
calculus” which states that individuals are human calculators
who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide
whether a particular crime is worth committing or not.
- He reasoned that in order to discourage individuals from
committing crimes, the punishment, or pain, must be
greater than the satisfaction, or pleasure, he would gain
from committing the crime
Utilitarianism
- A viewpoint or a philosophy which argues that what is
right is the one that would cause the greatest good for
the greatest number of people.
- Others refer to it as the greatest happiness principle
or the principle of utility.
- From this principle, Bentham formulated the “felicific
calculus”. The imaginary math formula to compute
pleasure and pain.
Which approach is applied when the government
strategy on crime prevention is punishment and
retribution of crime rather than the rehabilitation of
offender? (Actual Board Question)
A. Eclectic
B. Classical
C. Positivism
D. Sociological
“Modern Outgrowths of Classical Theory”

Deterrence
- The prevention of a certain act or acts (such as a crime)
through fear of punishment.

a. General Deterrence
- Fear is inflicted to future offenders.

b. Specific Deterrence
- Fear is inflicted to the doer of the crime.
THREE (3) CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFECTIVE DETTERENT (CE-SE-CE)

1. CELERITY OR SWIFTNESS
- the rapidity with which punishment follows a crime.

2. SEVERITY
- the complexity or unpleasantness of a sanction.

3. CERTAINTY
- the likelihood that a crime will be detected and punished.
Rational Choice Theory
(Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke)

The view that crime is a purpose of decision-making process

in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and
benefits of an illegal act. It is a modern name of classical school.

Routine Activity Theory

(Marcus Felson and Laurence E. Cohen)

It emphasizes that crime occurs when there are three

elements converge:
(1) a motivated offender;
(2) a suitable target;
(3) the absence of capable guardian.
What is theory in criminal law wherein the exercise of
free will is recognized however the person still commits
the crime contrary to his volition. (August 2023, CLE)
A. Positivist
B. Neo-classical
C. Eclectic
D. Mixed
II. NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Also known as the improved Classical School and

this theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating
that free will of men may be affected by other factors
and crime is committed due to some convincing
reasons that prevail. These causes are pathology,
incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make
it impossible for the individual to exercise free will
entirely. In the study of legal provisions, this is termed
as either mitigating or exempting circumstances.
 The Neo-classical school of criminology argued
that situations or circumstances that made it
impossible to exercise free will are reasons to exempt
the accused from conviction. This school of thought
maintains while the classical doctrine is correct in
general, it should be modified in certain details, the
children and lunatics should not be regarded as
criminals and free from punishment, it must take into
account certain mitigating circumstances.
III. POSITIVIST/ITALIAN SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

- The term POSITIVISM, refers to a way of analysis based on the

collection of observable scientific facts.
- Rejected the doctrine of free will and believed in scientific factors.
- Positivists consider that causes of behavior can be measured and
observed.
- It demands for facts and scientific proof, thus, changing the study of
crimes and criminals into SCIENTIFIC METHOD such as biology,
psychology, sociology etc.
- It was called as the ITALIAN school due to the fact the its members
are mostly Italians such as Lombroso, Garofalo and Ferri.
- Positive theorists were the first to claim the importance of looking
at individual difference among offenders. These theorists who
concentrated on the individual structures of a person, stated that
people are passive and controlled, whose behaviors are imposed
upon them by biological and environmental factors.
Note: Positivist focuses on the ACTOR rather than the act. It
means that positivists believe in the principle that “Let the
punishment fits the criminal and not on the crime”.

It maintained that crime as any other act is a natural

phenomenon and is comparable to disaster or calamity. That
crime as a social and moral phenomenon which cannot be
treated and checked by the imposition of punishment but
rather rehabilitation or the enforcement of individual
measures. Cesare Lombroso and his two students Enrico Ferri
and Raffaele Garofalo advocated this school.
“MODERN OUTGROWTHS OF POSITIVISM”

BIOSOCIAL CRIMINOLOGY
Biosocial criminology is best agreed as a general
paradigm of research that analyzes all factors related to the
etiology of antisocial behavior, meaning that genetic
influences, biological influences such as hormone levels, and
neurological factors are considered in combination with
environmental influences like socialization, exposure to
poverty, and external sources of control. It encompasses many
perspectives that seek to explain the relationships between
human behavior and genes, evolution, neurobiology, and
more.
Behavioral Theory
The human actions are developed through
learning experiences rather than focus on
unconscious personality traits and cognitive
development patterns produced early in childhood.

Evolutionary Theory
(Charles Darwin)
The behavior is genetic and passed down from
one generation to the next through evolutionary
process of natural selection and survival.
August Comte
- He was a French philosopher and sociologist and is believed to be
the one who reinvented the French term sociologie.
- He was renowned as the “Father of Sociology and Positivism”.
- He founded determinism, Comte followed his writings were
called “positivist”.

Determinism
- States that there are prevailing situations or circumstances that
interferes in the decision or action of man, thus, he is forced to
commit crime, even without intention of doing it.
- The principle that events including criminal behavior that has
sufficient causes.
HOLY THREE IN CRIMINOLOGY (GARO-FE-LO)
1. RAFFAELLE GAROFALO
2. ENRICO FERRI
3. CESARE LOMBROSO

Ezchia Marco ‘’Cesare’’ Lombroso

A medical doctor who made wide-ranging research in
physical characteristics of criminals, political crimes and
revolutions and associations between the criminal and
anthropology. Acknowledged as the “Father of Modern and
Empirical Criminology” due to his application of modern
scientific methods to trace criminal behavior, however, most
of his ideas are now discredited.
- Known for the concept of atavistic stigmata (the
physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of
development).

- Inspired by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.

- He appealed that criminals are distinguishable from

non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata
and crimes committed by those who are born with
certain recognizable heredity traits.
- Conferring to his theory, criminals are usually in possession
of huge jaws and strong canine teeth, the arm span of
criminals is often greater than their height, just like that of
apes who use their forearms to push themselves along the
ground.
- Other physical stigmata include aberration in head size and
shape, asymmetry of the face, excessive dimensions of the jaw
and cheekbones, eye defects and peculiarities, ears of unusual
size, nose twisted, upturned or flattened in thieves, or aquiline
or beaklike in murderers, fleshy lips, swollen and protruding,
and pouches in the cheek like those of animal’s toes
- Lombroso’s work maintained the idea that the criminal was a
biologically and physically inferior person.
ATAVISM
– The return of a trait or reappearance of previous
behavior after a period of absence.

ATAVISTIC ANOMALY
– physically, their resemblances on the evolutionary
scale to more primitive times, where people were
savages.
“CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS BY LOMBROSO”

1. Born Criminals
- The belief that being criminal behavior is inherited.
- Individuals with at least 5 atavistic stigmata.

a. Dark Skin
b. Skin Wrinkles
c. Twisted Nose
d. Hairy Body
e. Large Ears
f. Long Arms
g. Extra Fingers or Toes
h. Large Lips
i. Receding Chins
2. Insane Criminals
- Commit crime due to abnormalities or psychological disorders. They
should be exempted from criminal liability.

3. Criminaloid
- A person who commits crime due to less physical stamina or self-
control.
- Those with makeup of ambiguous group that include habitual
criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types.

Criminals by passion
- Criminals who acted under the impulse of uncontrolled emotion on
occasion during otherwise moral lives.

4. Pseudo – Criminals
- Are those who kill in self-defense.
Which type of criminal possesses atavistic tendency?
(December 2022 and August 2023, CLE)
A. Neurotic
B. Born
C. Psychotic
D. Hedonistic
Enrico Ferri
- He focused his study on the effects of psychological
factors and sociological factors such as economics and
politics, on crimes.
- He thought that criminals could not be held morally
responsible because they did not choose to commit
crimes, but rather were driven to commit crimes by
conditions in their lives.
- Advocated the “Theory of Imputability and the Denial
of the Free Will” in 1878.
Raffaele Garofalo
- He treated the roots of the criminals’ conduct not to physical features
but to their psychological equivalent, which he referred to as moral
anomalies.
- He rejected the doctrine of freewill.

Classified criminals as:

1. MURDERERS – motivated by revenge.
2. VIOLENT CRIMINALS – committed violent crimes.
3. DEFICIENT CRIMINALS – committed crimes against properties.
4. LASCIVIOUS CRIMINALS – committed crimes against chastity and
other sexual crimes.
Rafaelle Garofalo’s theory explains that the roots of criminal behavior are
not on the physical features but on their psychological equivalents. Which of
the following espouses this theory? (Actual Board Question)
A. Moral reasoning
B. Anomie
C. Moral anomalies
D. Abnormalities

Cesare Lombroso focuses on biological while Raffaele Garofalo on

Psychological determinism of crime. How about Enrico Ferri?
(Actual Board Question)
a. Psychological
b. Manifold causes
c. Sociological
d. Economical
What is NOT an element of classical criminology?
(Actual Board Question)
a. The use of scientific method in explaining
phenomenon like criminal behavior.
b. Crime is attractive when it promises great benefits
with little effort.
c. People have free will to choose lawful solutions to
meet their needs or settle their problems
d. Crime may be controlled by the fear of punishment.
“Crimes and Criminals”

Crime
- Refers to an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law
forbidding or commanding it.
(I Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, Rawle’s Third Revision. 729)

A crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and

expressed by a criminal legal code created by people holding social and
political power. Individuals who violate these rules are subject to
sanctions by state authority, social stigma, and lose of status.
(Criminological Sense)
Criminal
- A person may be considered as a criminal from
the time he or she committed the crime
regardless whether or not it has been referred or
reported to the police for investigation.
(Criminological Sense)

- A person may be considered a criminal only

upon undergoing the judicial process and upon
determination by the court that he or she is guilty
beyond reasonable doubt. (Legal Sense)
- A criminal may be defined as one who has undergone the
process and went through all the pillars of the Criminal Justice
System. (Criminal Justice Sense)

- A person who committed a serious violation of norms of a

certain community. (Sociological Sense)

- A person who committed maladaptive behavior due to some

mental or personality disorders. (Psychological Sense)
TRIAD OF CRIME / Essential Elements of Crime
(DOC)
The so called triad of crime consists of desire, capability and
opportunity. These are the factors which led to the
commission of crime.

1. DESIRE – it is what induces or pushes the person to commit

crime.
2. OPPORTUNITY – This refers to the physical possibility that
the crime could have been committed.
3. CAPABILITY – It is the ability of the person to execute the
acts or omission punishable by laws.
According to Abrahamsen in his book entitled, “Crime and
Human Mind” in 1945, he explained the causes of crime by
this formula:

C=T+S
R

Where:
C – Crime (ACT)
T – Tendency (DESIRE/INTENT)
S – Situation (OPPORTUNITY)
R – Resistance to temptation (CONTROL)
“Typology of Crimes”
Typology of Crime
- Involve classifying offenses or offenders according to some criteria
of relatedness or similarity.

Legal Classifications:
1. According to law violated
a. Felony
- An act or omission punishable by law which is committed by means
of dolo (deceit) or culpa (fault) and punishable under the Revised
Penal Code.

b. Offense
- An act or omission in violation of a special law.
C. Infraction – an act or omission in violation of a city or municipal
ordinance.

Note:
Misdemeanor – acts that are in violation of simple rules and
regulations usually referring to acts committed by minor offenders.

2. According to the manner of committing crime:

a. By means of dolo or deceit
- If the crime is committed with deliberate intent. Thus, it is called
intentional felonies.

✓Freedom
✓Intelligence
✓Intent
b. By means of culpa or fault
- Felonies committed by means of culpa (fault)
- The act or omission of the offender is not malicious and the
injury caused by the offender is unintentional, it being the
simply the incident of another act performed without malice
✓ lack of foresight
✓lack of skill
✓negligence
✓imprudence
3. According to the stages in the commission:
a. ATTEMPTED – the crime is attempted when the offender
commences the commission of a felony directly or over acts, and
does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce
the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than this
own spontaneous desistance.

b. FRUSTRATED - when the offender performs all the acts of

execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but
which, nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes
independent of the will of the perpetrator.

c. CONSUMMATED - when all the elements necessary for its

accomplishment and execution are present.
4. According to plurality:
a. SIMPLE CRIME – is a single act constituting only one
offense.
b. COMPLEX CRIME – single act constituting two or more
grave felonies or an is a necessary means for committing the
other.

Two (2) Kinds of Complex Crime:

1. Compound crime (Delito Compuesto)
2. Complex crime proper (Delito Complejo)
5. According to gravity:
a. GRAVE FELONIES - are those to which the law attaches the
capital punishment or penalties which in any of their
period are afflictive.
b. LESS GRAVE FELONIES - are those which the law punishes
with penalties which in their maximum period are
correctional.
c. LIGHT FELONIES - are infraction of laws for the commission
of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding forty thousand pesos (P40,000.00) or both is
provided.
6. According to the nature of the act:

a. CRIMES MALA IN SE – are acts that are inherently

evil. Examples are murder, robbery, etc.

b. CRIMES MALA PROHIBITA – acts which are

prohibited only because there are laws forbidding such
acts. Examples are Illegal Possession of firearms, Traffic
Violations, etc.
“CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME”

1. According to the result of the crime:

a. ACQUISITIVE CRIME – if the offender acquired or gained something by
committing the crime. Examples are robbery, estafa, bribery, etc.

b. DESTRUCTIVE CRIME – if the crime resulted in destruction, damage or

even death. Examples are arson, murder and homicide, damage to property,
etc.

2. According to the time or period of commission:

a. SEASONAL CRIMES – are crimes that happen only during a particular
season or period of the year. Examples are violation of election law, tax
law violations, etc.

b. SITUATIONAL CRIMES – are crimes committed when the situation is

conducive to the commission of the crime and there is an opportunity to
commit it. Examples are pickpocketing, theft, etc.
3. According to the length of time of the commission:

a. INSTANT CRIMES – are those crimes that can be committed

in a very short time. Example: theft
b. EPISOIDAL CRIMES – are crimes committed through series
of acts or episodes and in much longer time. Example:
serious illegal detention

4. According to place or location:

a. STATIC CRIMES – are committed only in one place.
examples are theft and robbery
b. CONTINUING CRIMES – are crimes that take place in more
than one place or several places. examples: abduction,
kidnapping, etc.
5. According to the use of mental faculties:
a. RATIONAL CRIMES – when the offender is capable of knowing what
he is doing and understanding the consequences of his actions.
b. IRRATIONAL CRIMES – when the offender suffers from any form of
mental disorders, insanity or abnormality. Thus, the offender
doesn’t know what he is doing.

6. According to the type of offender:

a. WHITE COLLAR CRIMES – crimes committed by those persons
belonging to the upper socioeconomic status or in the course of his
occupational activities.
b. b. BLUE COLLAR CRIMES – are those crimes committed by ordinary
criminals as a means of livelihood.
OTHER TYPES OF CRIMES

1. Public Order Crimes

- are acts considered illegal because they conflict with social
policy, accepted moral rules and public opinion. Examples of
which are prostitution, gambling, pornography, obstruction,
drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.

These are known as “victimless crimes”. These are unlawful

acts that interfere the operation of society and the ability of
people to function efficiently and they are called “victimless”
because there is no complaining victim.
2. Bias Crimes
- Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members
of a group merely because the targets share a discernable
racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristics. Also called
“Hate Crimes” acts of violence or intimidation designed to
terrorize a frighten people considered undesirable because of
their race, religion, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation.
- These are violent acts directed toward a particular person or
members of a group merely because the targets share
discernable racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristics.
3. CLEARED CRIMES - two ways by which crimes are closed: (1) when at least
one person arrested, charge, and turned over to the court for prosecution,
(2) by exception means, when some element beyond police control
precludes the physical arrest of an offender e.g. when he/she leaves the
country.

4. CORPORATIVE CRIMES - white collar crime involving a legal violation by

corporate entity such as price fixing, restraint of trade, or hazardous waste
dumping.

5. CRIME OF REDUCTION - crimes that are committed when the offended

party experiences a loss of some quality relative to his her present standing
such as when they becomes victims of robbery or theft, but they may also be
victimized if their dignity is stripped from them when they are taunted by
racists.

6. CRIME OF REPRESSION - crimes that are committed when members of a

group are prevented from achieving their fullest potential because of racism,
sexism, or some status bias.
7. CYBERCRIME - the commission of criminal acts using the instruments
of modern technology such as computers or the internet
8. ECONOMICAL CRIME - an act in violation of the criminal that is
designed to bring financial gain to the offender.
9. ENTERPRISE CRIME - the use of illegal tactics by a business to make
profits in the market place.
9. EXPRESSIVE CRIME - a crime that has no purpose except to
accomplish the behavioral hand such as shooting someone.
10. INCHOATE CRIME - incomplete or contemplated crimes such as
criminal solicitation or criminal attempts.
11. MISSION HATE CRIMES - violent crimes committed by disturbed
individuals who see it as their duty to rid the world of evil.
12. REACTIVE HATE CRIME - perpetrators believe they are taking a
defensive stand against outsiders who they believe threaten their
community or way of life.
13. RETALIATORY HATE CRIME - offense committed in response to a
hate crime, real or perceived.
14. STATUTORY CRIMES - crimes defined by legislative bodies in
response to changing social conditions, public opinion, and custom.
15. TRILL-SEEKING HATE CRIME - hatemonger who join forces to have
fun by bashing minorities or destroying property; inflicting pain on
others gives a sadistic thrill.
16. MISSION HATE CRIMES – violent crimes committed by disturbed
individuals who see it as their duty to rid the world of evil.
17. UPPERWORLD CRIMES – are those committed by individuals
belonging to upperclass of society.

18. UNDERWORLD CRIMES – are committed by members of the lower

or under privilege class of society.

19. CRIMES BY IMITATION – are committed by merely duplication of

what was done by others.

20. CRIME BY PASSION – are crimes committed because of the fit of

great emotions.

21. SERVICE CRIMES – crimes committed through rendition of a service

to satisfy desire to another.
“Crime of Rape”
a. ACQUAINTANCE RAPE
- forcible sex in which offender and the victim are acquitted with one
another.

b. AGGRAVATED RAPE
- rape involving multiple offenders, weapons and victim injuries.

c. DATE RAPE
- forcible sex during the courting relationship.

d. GANG RAPE
- Forcible sex involving multiple attacker.
e. MARITAL RAPE
- Forcible sex between people who are legally married to each
other.

f. SERIAL RAPE
- Multiple rapes committed by one person overtime.

g. STATUTORY RAPE
- Sexual relations between an underage minor female and an
adult female.
h. Anger Rape
- Sexual attack becomes a means of expressing rage or anger and
involves for more physical assault upon the victim that is necessary.

i. Power Rape
- Assailant primarily wishes to express his domination over the victim.
Since rape is an expression of power rather than the means of sexual
gratification, the rapist generally uses only the amount of force
necessary to exert his super-ordinant position.

j. Sadistic Rape
- Perpetrator combines the sexuality and aggression aiming psychotic
desires to often torment, torture, or otherwise abuse his victim.
“Categories of Rapists”

a. Naive Graspers
- Sexually inexperienced youths who possess an unrealistic
conception of female erotic arousal. Awkward in relating to
the opposite sex, they hold high expectations that their
crude advances will be met with affection by their victims.

b. Meaning Stretchers
- An offender misinterprets woman expressions of
friendliness. And affection as indicating that the
female desires couitus even when she says no.
C. Sex Looters
- Person who has a low desire for affection or low
respect for the victim’s autonomy and callously uses
woman as sex object.

D. Group Conformers
- Rapist participates in a group rape or gang bang, often
following the leader. A sex looter felt a sense of
conformity and notion demonstrating their masculinity.
“Classification of Criminals”

I. According to etiology:
a. Acute Criminal
- is a person who committed crime as a result of reacting to a situation or
during a moment of anger or burst of feeling.

b. Chronic Criminal
- is one who committed a crime with intent or deliberated thinking.

c. Neurotic Criminal
- is one who has mental disorder.

d. Normal Criminal
- A person, who commits crimes because he looks up to, idolizes people who
are criminals.
e. Active Aggressive Criminal
- commit crimes in an impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive
behavior of the offender. This attitude is clearly shown in crimes of passion,
revenge or resentments.

II. According to the type of offender:

a. Ordinary Criminal
- a criminal who engages in crimes which do not require specialized or
technical skill.

b. Organized Criminal
- is one who possesses some skills and know-how which enable him to
commit crimes and evade detection.

c. Professional Criminal
- Highly skilled criminals which are engaged in large scale criminal activities.
III. Based on Mental Attitudes

a. Active Criminals
- are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness.

b. Passive Inadequate Criminals

- are those who commit crimes because they are pushed to
it by reward or promise.

c. Socialized Delinquents
- are criminals who are normal in behavior but defective in
their socialization process or development.
IV. According to Criminal Activities
a. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
- a criminal who earns his living through criminal activities.

b. SITUATIONAL CRIMINAL
- a person who got involved in criminal act because the situation presented
itself.

c. HABITUAL CRIMINAL
- one who repeatedly commits criminal act for different reasons.
- person who continued to commit criminal acts for such varied and diverse
motive due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self control.

d. ACCIDENTAL CRIMINAL
- a person who accidentally violated the law due to some circumstances.
- those who commit crimes when the situation is conducive to its
commission.
V. Types of Violent Criminals

a. CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS

- Individuals who live in subculture in which violence is and
acceptable problem solving mechanism. This is prevalent
among lower income minorities from slum environments of
large central cities.

b. CRIMINALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS

- Offenders use violence as a means of accomplishing criminal
act, such as in robbery.
c. PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS
- Mental illness or brain damage characterizes the
pathologically violent offenders.

d. SITUATIONALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS

- Offenders commit acts of violence on rare occasions, often
under provocation. These incidents are often described as
crimes of passion in which the individual temporarily loses
control and often express regret for the action later.
Identify the type of criminal psychic organization that ensembles a
normal individual except that he identified himself with criminal
prototype. (Actual Board Question)
A. Acute
B. Ordinary
C. Chronic
D. Normal

One way of classifying criminals is on the basis of etiology. What kind of

criminal is that whose action arises from the intra-psychic conflict
between the social and anti-social components of his personality?
(Actual Board Question)
a. Acute
b. Chronic
c. Neurotic
d. Normal
“Mass Murder and Serial Killing”

Serial killer and mass murderers are two different violent

offenders. The former operates over a long period and can be
distinguished from mass murderers for the later kill many
victims in a single violent outburst.

1. SPREE KILLER
- is someone who embarks on a murderous assault on 2 or
more victims in a short time in multiple locations.

2. SPREE KILLING
- killings at two or more locations with almost no time break
between murders.
3. Serial Killer
- a person who kills 3 or more in a separate event.

4. Spree Murder
- Two or more murders committed by an offender(s) without a cooling
period. (Continuous killing)

5. Serial Murder
- Two or more murders committed by an offender(s) with a cooling off
period.

6. Mass Murder
- are defined by one incident with no distinctive time period between
the murders.
- This refers to the act of killing a large number of people in a single
violent outburst.
Which of these typologies of killer murder a numerous
number of people overtime and seek to escape out of
detection? (Actual Board Question)
A. Serial
B. Spree
C. Mass
D. Chance
“Types of Serial Killers”
(Jack Liven and James Allan Fox)

a. Thrill Killers
- These killers strive for either sexual sadism or dominance.
This is the most common form of serial murderer

b. Mission Killers
- These killers want to reform the world or have a vision that
drives them to kill.

c. Expedience Killers
- These killers want to reform the world or have a vision that
drives them to kill.
“Types of Mass Murderer”
(Jack Liven and James Allan Fox)

a. Revenge Killers
- These killers seek to get even with individuals or society at
large.

b. Love Killers
- Motivated by warped sense of devotion. They are often
despondent people who commit suicide and take others, such
as a wife and children with them.
c. Profit Killers
- Usually trying to cover-up a crime, eliminate witnesses, and
carry out a criminal conspiracy.

d. Terrorist Killers
- Killers who are trying to send a message. Gang killings tell
rivals to watch out; cult killers may actually leave a message
behind to warn society about impending doom.
Crime Statistics
- It refers to the measure of the level or amount of crimes.
- The collection or study of numerical data of crimes
recorded/reported to the police.
- It uses the terms index crimes and non-index crimes in
classifying crimes.

Index Crimes
- are crimes which are sufficiently significant and which occur
with sufficient regularity to be meaningful such as murder,
homicide, physical injury, robbery, and rape. (Violent Crimes)
- Frequent Crimes
Non-index Crimes
- are crimes that are not classified as index crimes. Violations of special laws
and other crimes against moral and order. These crimes are generated from
the result of positive police-initiated operations.
- Less Frequent (SPL)
Example: Shoplifting, vandalism (Property Crimes)

Conventional Crimes
- are those traditional, illegal behaviors that must people think of as crime.
These are crimes categorized as violent crimes (index crimes) and property
crimes (non-index).

Non- Conventional Crime

- May be organized crime, white-collar crime, political crime, etc.
“Statistical Formula”

1. Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE)

- percentage of solved cases out of the total number of
reported crime incidents handled by the police for a given
period of time. It is a general measure of law enforcement
agency’s investigative capability or efficiency.

CSE = No. of Solved Cases

Total No. of Reported Cases 100
2. Crime Rate
- The number of incidents in a given period of time for
every 100,000 inhabitants of an area place.

CR = Crime Volume
Population 100,000
“Important Terms”

1. Jus Desert
- The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who
violate the rights of other deserve to be punished. The
security of the punishment should be commensurate with
the seriousness of the crime.

2. Stare Decisis
- The legal principle by which the decision or holding in an
earlier case become the standard by which subsequent
similar cases are judged. It literally means “to stand by
decided cases”.
- Same cases must receive same decisions.
3. Critical Criminology
- Analysis on crime and the nature of social injustice and inequalities.

4. Conflict Criminology
- Asserts that crime is unavoidable in capitalist societies.

5. Peacemaking Criminology
- This new branch in criminology opposes the theoretical perspective
and proposes the involvement of all stakeholders in the use of non
violent solutions.

6. Radical Criminology
- Is a conflict ideology which bases its perspectives on crime and law in
the belief that capitalist societies precipitate and define crime as the
owners of the means of production use their power to enact laws that
will control the working class and repress threats to the power of the
ruling class.
What is the concept or principle in Criminology that is
synonymous with the term Conflict perspective?
(August 2023, CLE)
A. Peacemaking Criminology
B. Biosocial Criminology
C. Radical Criminology
D. Convict Criminology
RA 6506
- An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines and for other
purposes.

RA 11131
- An Act Regulating the Practice of Criminology
Profession in the Philippines and Appropriating Funds
therefor, repealing for the purpose RA 6506.
- Also known as “The Philippine Criminology Profession
Act of 2018”.
An act creating the board of examiners for criminologist
in the Philippines and for other purposes.
A. R.A 6506
B. R.A 11131
C. R.A 7610
D. None of these
 RA 6506 RA 11131

1. 75% passing rate 1. 75% Passing Rate

2. 60% Passing Rate per Subject (Para

2. 50% passing rate per
hindi madeferred)
Subject
3. Deferred subject should be 80% on
3. Retake Twice a Year the next take

4. Unlimited Takes 4. If you failed 5 times you need to

take Refresher Course

Note: Tatlong below 75%, bagsak!

❖ The “deferred examinee” shall only be allowed to
“retake once with two (2) years” from the date of the
examination. If the examinee failed to retake after the
lapse of two (2) years or failed to get the passing mark
of eighty percent (80%), the examinee shall retake all
the board subjects.

❖ Any examinee who failed three (3) or more board

subjects shall be deemed to have failed the board
examination.

❖ Refresher course is limited to two (2) successive

examination within 2 years.
Who are Registered Criminologist?
- A natural person who holds a valid Certificate of Registration
(COR) and an updated Professional Identification Card (PIC) as
criminologist issued by the Board and the Commission
pursuant to RA 11131.

Board of Examiners for Criminologists:

1. Atty. Ramil G. Gabao
2. Hon. Warren M. Corpuz
3. Hon. Lani Tang - Palmones
AIPO
- Refers to the one and only recognized and accredited integrated
national organization of criminologists, as endorsed by the Professional
Regulatory Board subject to the approval of the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC). AIPO shall be referred to as the Accredited
Integrated Professional Organization (AIPO) for the criminology
profession.

Continuing Professional Development (CPD)

- Refers to attainment of advanced knowledge, skills, and ethical values
in a post-licensure specialization or in an inter or multidisciplinary field
of study, for assimilation into professional practice, self-directed
research and/or lifelong learning.
“IRR OF RA 11131 BOARD QUESTIONS AND SALIENT
FEATURES”

All but one are the objectives of the Philippine Criminology Profession
Act of 2018. (Actual Board Question)
a. The examination, registration and licensure for criminologists;
b. The participation in the standardization of the criminology education
program
c. To promulgate and adopt Code of Ethics and Code of Good
Governance for the practice of criminology;
d. The development of the professional competence of criminologists
through Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
What is NOT a ground for the revocation of certificate
of registration of a licensed criminologist?
(Actual Board Question)
A. Malpractice and incompetency
B. Administrative sanctions
C. Unprofessional conduct
D. Serious ignorance or gross negligence
The Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists shall have the
power, upon notice and hearing, to revoke or suspend the certificate of
registration of a registered criminologist or to cancel temporary/special
permit granted to foreign criminologist for the commission of any of
the following acts, EXCEPT ______.
A. Non-renewal of the professional identification card for a period of 3
years with the PRC without justifiable cause
B. Perpetration or use of fraud in obtaining one's certificate of
registration, professional identification card or temporary/special
permit
C. Non-compliance with CPD and APO requirements, unless one is
exempted therefrom, for the renewal of professional identification card
D. Addiction to drugs or alcohol impairing one's ability to practice the
profession or a declaration by a court of competent jurisdiction that
the registrant is of unsound mind
FOREIGN RECIPROCITY
➢ Provide that only nationals of foreign countries in which the
requirements for the licensure examination and/or
registration and practice of criminology are substantially the
same as those required and contemplated by the Philippine
laws and regulations, and which laws and regulations allow
Philippine citizens to practice criminology within the territory
of such foreign countries on the same basis and grant the
same privileges as those enjoyed by their citizens, subjects or
nationals shall be allowed to take the Philippine
Criminologists licensure examination and be given CORs and
PICs pursuant to R. A. No. 11131;
Which is NOT a qualifications for the board examiners (the Chairperson
and its members) under RA 11131? (Actual Board Question)
A. Must be a naturalized-born Filipino citizens and a resident of the
Philippines;
B. Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of sound
mind and body;
C. Not convicted by a court of competent jurisdictions of any offense
involving moral turpitude;
D. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, and a
holder of a Post-Graduate Degree in Criminology or a lawyer in any
reputable school recognized by CHED.
The Chairperson and each member shall, at the time of
their appointment, must be a registered criminologist with
a valid certificate of registration and a valid professional
identification card, having at least ____ years of practice in
the profession prior to the appointment. (April 2023, CLE)
a. 3
b. 5
c. 8
d. 10
Note:

➢ Must be a registered criminologist with a valid certificate of

registration and a valid professional identification card,
having at least ten (10) years of practice in the profession
prior to the appointment including no less than two (2)
years teaching experience of criminology or law subjects in
full-time or part-time capacity in any college of criminology,
college of law or law enforcement training institutions
recognized by relevant government agency;
Grounds for Removal or Suspension of Board
Chairperson/Member, EXCEPT. (August 2023, CLE)
a. Manipulation or rigging of the results in the licensure
examination for criminologist
b. Gross neglect, incompetence or dishonesty in the discharge
of one's duty
c. Manipulation or rigging of the results in the licensure
examination for criminologists, disclosure of secret and
confidential information on the examination questions prior
to the conduct thereof, or tampering of grades
d. Commission of any crime involving moral turpitude
 QUIZ! QUIZ! QUIZ!
(ANG PINAKA HIGHEST SCORE AT MAKAPERFECT MAY
REWARD)

1. Refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and

victims. It also deals with the prevention, and solution of
crimes.
a. Criminology as defined by Edwind Sutherland
b. Criminology as defined by RA 6506
c. Criminology as defined by IRR RA 11131
d. Criminology as defined by RA 11131
2. The following are the characteristics of the Classical School of
Criminology;
1. The basis of criminal liability is human free-will and the purpose of
penalty is retribution
2. Man is essentially a moral creature with an absolute free-will to
choose between right and wrong
3. Criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals because of their
physical deviation
4. That every man is therefore responsible for his act
A. 1, 2, 3 are correct
B. 1, 3, 4 are correct
C. 2, 3, 4 are correct
D. 1, 2, 4 are correct
3. Which is known as RA 11131?
A. The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2019
B. The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018
C. The Criminology Profession Act of 2018
D. The Criminology Profession Act of 2019
4. Study of criminality in relation to spatial
distribution in a community.
A. Criminal epidemiology
B. Criminal demography
C. Criminal psychology
D. Criminal determinism
5. Criminology changes as social condition changes.
This means the progress of criminology is concordant
with the advancement of other sciences that has been
applied to it. This means that criminology is
A. Dynamic
B. Progressive
C. Applied Science
D. Nationalistic
6. Who added a social dimension to Lombroso's work
by arguing that people commit crimes due to outside
forces that they cannot control?
A. Cesare Beccaria
B. Enrico Ferri
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Raffaele Garofalo
7. Which idea does social positivism believe?
A. Crime is normal.
B. Crime is due to free-will.
C. Criminal is born.
D. Crime is inherited.
8. Which approach is applied when the government
strategy on crime prevention is punishment and
retribution of crime rather than the rehabilitation of
offender?
A. Eclectic
B. Classical
C. Positivism
D. Sociological
9. Under the Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018, the following are
the qualifications for Criminology Licensure Examination, which is NOT?
A. Must be a citizen of the Philippines or a foreign citizen whose
country/state has reciprocity with the Philippines in the practice of
criminology
b. Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of sound mind and
body certified by the school where he/she graduated and the barangay
where he/she lives, unless the examinee is a foreign national a certification
from any professional of good standing will do.
c. Must hold a bachelor’s degree in criminology duly accredited by the CHED
and conferred by a school/college/university duly authorized by the
government or its equivalent degree obtained by either Filipino or foreign
citizen from an institution of learning in a foreign country/state;
d. That those who failed three times whether consecutive or cumulative in
the CLE present a certification of refresher from a reputable institution duly
recognized by the CHED.
10. They are said to be an easy target, careless and unsuspecting and
are the most likely type of victim.
A. Depressive Type
B. Greedy Type
C. Wanton Type
D. Tormentor Type
11. Refers to a type of victim attacked from the target
of his or her abuse, such as with battered women.
A. Depressive Type
B. Greedy Type
C. Tormentor Type
D. Wanton Type
12. In the Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx, he explained
that society is divided into two classes the workers and
capitalists. Which term did he use in describing the workers?
A. Bourgeoisie
B. Proletariat
C. Laborer
D. Middlemen
13. Which factor in biopsychosocial study is related to
the perfectionistic tendency that may trigger
depression or aggression of man?
A. Social
B. Physical
C. Biological
D. Psychological
14. The principle that events including criminal
behavior that has sufficient causes.
a. Atavism
b. Narcissism
c. Determinism
d. Positivism
15. A psychopath is calloused, unemotional, and
morally deprived. Which is the central or cardinal
feature of psychopaths?
a. Impulsivity
b. Success
C. Cunning ability
D. Kind hearted
16. A bank robber who kills some individual in the
bank, flees with hostages, and kills a number of people
while in flight diving a chase would be an example of:
a. Serial Murder
b. Spree Murder
c. Mass Murder
d. Multiple Murder
17. This theory contested the findings of Beccaria’s Free Will
Study, stating that its absence among mentally retardate
persons or those with some psychological imbalances and
personality disorders or physical disabilities, could likewise
lead to violation of laws thereby citing said theory as one of
crime causation.
a. Classical Criminology
b. Positivist Criminology
c. Neoclassical Criminology
d. Social Structure Theory
18. The bio-psychosocial model of crime causation is an
example of ____
a. SINGLE/UNITARY THEORY
b. MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY
c. ECLECTIC THEORY
d. INTEGRATED THEORY
19. Which is not a function and consequence of crime
in society according to Emile Durkheim?
A. Society becomes vigilant
B. It creates unity in the society
C. Disintegration and disunity of the society
D. Society decide what behavior must be prohibited
20. Which of the following is true about the powers, functions,
duties and responsibilities of the Professional Regulatory
Board for Criminologist?
1. Issue, suspend, revoke or reinstate the certificate of
registration of the registered criminologist
2. Cancel temporary/special permit granted to foreign
criminologist
3. Receive complaints and decide the matter as to the
malpractices and unethical conduct in the practice of the
criminology profession
4. Monitor all colleges and universities offering criminology
program and recommend sanctions to the CHED, for
noncompliance with the policies, standards and requirements.
A. 1,2,3 and 4
B. 1,3 and 4
C. 2,3 and 4