FUNDAMENTALS

OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION &
INTELLIGENCE
by: LEC. CAI DEL CASTILLO + TOP 6 DEC 2022 CLE
 2%
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION 1 WITH LEGAL MEDICINE 2%

SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION 2 WITH INTERROGATION AND

INTERVIEW 2%
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING
3%
FIRE PROTECTION AND ARSON INVESTIGATION
3%
VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL 3%
TECHNICAL ENGLISH 1 (LEGAL FORMS) 1%
TECHNICAL ENGLISH 2 INVESTIGATIVE REPORT WRITING
2%
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
2%
TOTAL
20%
principles of Criminal Investigation; tools of
investigation; rights of persons and law on
investigation, detention, and torture; knowledge,
skills, competencies, characteristics, the attitude of
Crime/Criminal Investigator, kinds and techniques of
Investigation; Intent and motive;

modes, methods, types, and techniques of gathering,

collection, preservation, and processing of
information such as but not limited to: Intelligence;
Surveillance; Informants; Informers; Regular and
Cultivated sources of information; Undercover;
Background Investigation; Cyber Intelligence and
Cyber Investigation; Codes and Ciphers;
Classification of Information and Sources; Security
and Access of Document/Information including its
classification; and others
principles, procedures, legal requirements,
methods, and techniques of the following but not
limited to: Arrest with and without warrant;
Raid, Search with and without warrant; search
of arrested persons; check and choke points;
crime scene processing; a collection of evidence
and chain of custody; crime scene photography
and crime sketch; deposition, confession, and
admission; and others.
CRIMINAL
CRIMINOLOGICAL SENSE
A person may be considered as a criminal from the time he or she
committed the crime regardless whether or not it has been reported to
the police for investigation.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SENSE

A criminal may be defined as one who has undergone the process and
went through all the pillars of the Criminal Justice System

LEGAL SENSE
A person may be considered a criminal only upon undergoing in the
Judicial process and upon determination by the court that he or she is
guilty beyond reasonable doubt.
INVESTIGATION
literally means the act or process of careful inquiry or research;
systematic examination of some scientific detail or question
whether by experiment or mathematical treatment
LATIN WORD:
“Investigare/Vestigare or Investigatus”  to trace or track.

“Vestigium”  footprint

“Investigationem”  searching for

OLD FRENCH:
“Investigacion”  a searching into
 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

It is an art or science (as well) which deals with the identity

and location of the offender and provides evidence of guilt
through criminal proceedings.

It is more an art than a science (perspiration, inspiration,

luck) for it is not governed by rigid rules, but more often rule
by intuition, felicity of inspiration, and to a minor extent, by
chance or luck.
•Involves the systematic process of identifying,
collecting, preserving, and evaluating information
for purposes of bringing a criminal offender to
justice.

•It is the collection of facts in order to accomplish

the three-fold aims
ANCIENT ROOTS OF INVESTIGATION
1720’s  England

JONATHAN WILD - a buckle maker then a brothel

operator; a master criminal who became
London’s most effective criminal investigator. He
was the most famous Thief Catcher in 1720’s for
pioneering the logic of “employing a thief to catch
a thief”.

Two Classes of Early Thief Catchers:

1. Hirelings + whose motivations were

mercenary in nature;

2. Social Climbers + who would implicate

their accomplices in order to move up the
social ladder.
HENRY FIELDING
1749, England

a magistrate for Westminster and Middlesex in London,

who founded a group of non-uniformed thief catchers
attached to the Bow Street Court whose function was to
detect and watch criminals.

SIR JOHN FIELDING + the blind younger brother of

Henry Fielding who took over the control of the
Bow Street Court in 1753. This time he called it as
the “Bow Street Runner” which was considered as
the first privately paid group to follow-up
investigation of crime. He initiated the practice of
developing paid informants, printing wanted
notices, employing criminal raids, and bearing
firearms and handcuffs.
SIR ROBERT PEEL
1829, London

the Father of Modern Policing System

founded the London Metropolitan Police

(SCOTLAND YARD Bobbies)

He presented the art and techniques of

surveillance such as detectives concealing
themselves while discreetly taking
photograph and recording conversation.
1811, France + EUGENE “FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ + a
former convict who became a Paris Investigator who
introduced the trade protection policy which became
the forerunner of the credit card system.

1835, USA + TEXAS RANGERS was organized as first

law enforcement agency with statewide investigative
authority, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)
ALLAN PINKERTON
1852, USA

became America’s most famous private

investigator who was considered as the
founder of American Criminal Investigation
System.

Spearheaded the use of the telegraph, the

railroads and photography

He can also be credited with establishing the

practice of handwriting examination in U.S.
courts

Credited for perfecting the techniques of

Undercover Investigation.
1856, USA -MRS. KATE WARNE + was the first
woman detective hired by Pinkerton agency.

1877, England + HOWARD VINCENT -a civilian

lawyer who became the head of the Criminal
Investigation Department hired by Sir Robert Peel.
ALPHONSE BERTILLON
1882, France

a French Police Clerk who was

recognized as the founder of
Criminal Identification for
introducing the first systematic
identification system based on
Anthropometry.
DR. HANS GROSS
1891

was an Australian Criminal Jurist who

published the book “Criminal Investigation”
introducing the first comprehensive
description of physical evidence in solving
problems.

Credited in coining the word

“CRIMINALISTICS”

Father of Criminalistics/Criminal
Investigation
1887, England + DR. ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE + was a
British writer and physician, most noted for creating the
fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and writing stories
about him which led to the public consciousness for
forensic science.

1954, USA + DR. PAUL KIRK, one of the best known

American Criminalist, headed the Department of
Criminalistics at the University of California, USA.
1961, MAPP VS. OHIO - US Supreme Court ruled
that “illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible”.

1966, MIRANDA VS. ARIZONA - established the

rights of a person under custodial investigation.
CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
He is the skilled person who is charged
with the duty of conducting criminal
investigation when a crime is committed.
PRIMARY JOB OF AN INVESTIGATOR

The primary job of the investigator is to discover

whether or not an offense has been committed under
the law, after determining what specific offense has
been committed, he must discover how it was
committed, by whom, where it was committed, when
and why it was committed.

(six cardinal points)

QUALITIES OF INVESTIGATOR

a. PERSEVERANCE + steadfastness, persistence and resolution

to bring the desired conclusion despite of obstacles
connected with criminal investigation.

b. ENDURANCE + The ability to last physically and mentally

hence, he must have the extra ordinary physical and mental
energy, enduring sleepless nights and tiresome days.

c. INCORRUPTIBLE HONESTY AND INTEGRITY + In the practice

of this art, there is the ever temptations of money, women and
drinks, where these are present in every corner playing tricks
and temptations
d. THE INTELLIGENCE AND WISDOM OF SOLOMON + This is very
important in order that the investigator could easily decipher falsehood
from truth and separate the grain from the chaff.

e. THE KNOWLEDGE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER NATURAL SCIENCES

+ He must know the different patterns of human behavior, the prevailing
situations in a specific environment and the laws of nature. This is an
armor to detect deceptions, and lies when dealing with witnesses, and
informers and suspects.

f. ACTING ABILITY + It is the ability to go down to the level of the minor,

the prostitute or slum dwellers or the level of the other professionals or
the members of the elite.

g. MASTERY OF THE ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS + in order

that he will not suffer setbacks in getting accurate facts.
h. THE KEEN POWER OF OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION + these are very
important in crime scene investigation and in interview and interrogation.

i. COURAGE + it is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be
hurt.

j. WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF CRIMINAL LAW, EVIDENCE, CRIMINAL

PROCEDURE, AND PENAL SPECIAL LAWS.

k. SENSE OF JUSTICE AND FAIR PLAY

l. THE POWER TO READ BETWEEN THE LINES

m. WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND FIREARMS PROFICIENCY +

He will find himself in many occasions that he will be alone in confronting,
arresting, bringing to headquarters and interrogating the suspect.
THREE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION
(3 I’s)
INFORMATION
It is the knowledge of facts which the investigator had
gathered from persons or documents, which are
pertinent relevant concerning the commission of
criminal activities.
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOURCES OF
INFORMATION:

1. OPEN SOURCES
2. CLOSE SOURCES
INFORMATION CLASSIFIED AS TO SOURCES:

1. REGULAR SOURCES

2. CULTIVATED SOURCES

3. GRAPEVINE SOURCES
TYPES OF CULTIVATED SOURCES:

INFORMERS

INFORMANTS
TYPES OF INFORMANTS

Anonymous Informant + one who provides information

to law enforcement while refusing to identify himself or
herself.

Rival-Elimination Informant + gives information to

eliminate the rival person or gang due to competition or
other motives such as revenge.

False Informant + reveals information of no

consequence or no value.
TYPES OF INFORMANTS

Frightened Informant + motivated by anxiety; he may be one of the

lesser gang members who runs to the police when his gang mates
are about to be involved in dangerous situation or when the gang
he belongs is hot on the police trail. They are considered as the
weakest link in the composition of the criminal chain.

Self-Aggrandizing Informant + this kind of informant moves around

the center of criminals, group or syndicate and delight in surprising
the police about bits of information.

Mercenary Informant + Sells information. He/she could be one of

the members of the syndicate. (penetration vs infiltration)
Double-Crosser Informant + confesses information as an
excuse to talk to the police in order to get more
information from them more than he gives.

Woman Informant + she could be an associate of the

syndicate. She uses her body, charm & beauty to obtain
more information.

Incidental Informant + individuals who furnish

information with no intention of repeating his services of
furnishing information on continuing basis.
Casual Informant + individuals who by social or professional
position, possesses or has access to information to the investigation
unit, either in response to a specific request or on his own initiative.

Automatic Informants + those by virtue of their official positions are

expected or obligated to furnish information openly to the
investigation unit in normal course of their duty.

Recruited Informant + individuals that are selected, trained and

utilized as continues and covert sources of information concerning
specific counterintelligence targets.

Legitimate Informant - operators of legitimate business

establishments.
BASIC TO INFORMANT RECRUITMENT

1. SELECTION

2.INVESTIGATION

3. APPROACH

4. TESTING
FORMS OF INFORMATION

1. SENSORY FORM (Auditory, visual,

olfactory, gustatory, cutaneous)

2. WRITTEN FORM

3. PHYSICAL FORM
INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION
A PHILOSOPHY OF INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION:

The RIGHT officer

asking the RIGHT questions
in the RIGHT manner
at the RIGHT time and in the RIGHT place
will get the RIGHT answers.
INTERVIEW VS INTERROGATION
INTERVIEW

It is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator.

These are witnesses who voluntarily give their accounts about the
commission of the crime.

Is a conversation with a purpose, motivated by a desire to obtain certain

information from the person being interviewed as to what was done, seen,
felt, heard, tasted, smell or known.

This is the questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge that is in

official interest to the investigator.
INTERROGATION
Is the skillful questioning of a hostile person suspecting of having
committed an offense or a person who is reluctant to make a full
disclosure of information in his possession which is pertinent to
the investigation.

PURPOSES/OBJECTIVES OF INTERROGATION

a. To obtain valuable facts.

b. Eliminate the innocent.
c. Identify the guilty party; and
d. Obtain confession/admission
INSTRUMENTATION
Scientific examination of real evidence, application of instruments
and methods of physical sciences in detecting crime.

It is the sum total of the application of all sciences in

investigation known as “CRIMINALISTICS”.

It is the application of instruments and methods of physical

science to the detection of crimes. In cases where there are no
significant physical evidence to be found, then the use of
instrumentation is relatively unimportant.
THE POLICE SCIENCES INVOLVED

Polygraphy
Police Photography
Forensic Medicine
Forensic Chemistry-Toxicology
Forensic Ballistics
Dactyloscopy
Questioned Document Examination
Odontology
Forensic Psychology
Forensic Computer Technology
PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
(3 FOLD AIM OF INVESTIGATION)
 GATHER AND PROVIDE
LOCATE AND
IDENTIFY THE EVIDENCE TO
APPREHEND THE
SUSPECT ESTABLISH THE GUILT
SUSPECT/S
OF THE ACCUSED.
IDENTIFY THE SUSPECT
THE FOUR METHODS OF IDENTIFYING THE CRIMINALS

1. BY CONFESSION OR ADMISSION

2. BY ACCOUNTS OR TESTIMONIES OF WITNESSES

3. BY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

4. BY ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
CONFESSION AND ADMISSION
TYPES OF CONFESSION

1. Judicial Confession + made by the suspect/accused in open

court.

Sec. 2, Rule 129, Rules of Court states that "Judicial Admission is

made by the party in the pleadings, or in the course of the trial or
other proceedings do not require proof and cannot be contradicted
unless previously shown to have been made through palpable
mistake.“

2. Extra-Judicial Confession + made by the suspect during

custodial investigation this must be supported by evidence of
“Corpus Delicti”
KINDS OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

VOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

RULES TO BE OBSERVED:

• Must be taken preferably in writing and under oath

• It must be written in the language known and understood by
the accused, if not it must be clearly translated
• It must be freely and voluntary given by the accused
• Under the New Constitution, it must be taken in the
presence of competent and independent counsel chosen by
the accused
• Signed by the confessant or thumb marked
INVOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION

• Confessions obtained from the defendant by means of

force or intimidation/violence is null and void, and cannot
be used against him/her in the trial.

• A confession made under the influence of spiritual

advice or exhortation is not admissible.

• The same through as confession made under the

influence of paternal sentiment is not admissible as
evidence.
ACCOUNTS OR TESTIMONIES
OF WITNESSES
KINDS OF CRIMINALS IDENTIFIED BY WITNESSES:

a. Known Criminals (Fugitive)

These are criminals whose pictures are available
from police files and records.

b. Unknown Criminals (Fugitive)

These are criminals whose identification are
furnished by eyewitness only.
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION BY WITNESS

a. Portrait Parle - French word of “speaking likeness”, depends on

the ability of the witness to observe, describe and compare.

b. Rogues Gallery - the use of photographic files, successful if

there is an existing photograph of the suspect on police files.

c. General Photograph - variety of facial types showing different

features of the face is presented to the witness by the investigator.

d. Artist/Cartographic sketch- the witness and prober develop a

picture of the criminal with the help of skilled cartographer.
PROCEDURES OF IDENTIFICATION BY EYE WITNESSES:

A. PHYSICAL LINE-UP/POLICE LINE-UP

is a means of selecting a suspect mixed with a group of innocent
persons usually composed of seven to ten persons. the purpose
of line-up is to eliminate the power of suggestion.

B. PHYSICAL SHOW-UP
only one person is shown to the witness usually at the scene of
the crime and made immediately after the arrest of the suspect.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL
EVIDENCE
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
Facts or circumstances from which, either alone or in connection
with other facts, the identity of the person can be inferred.

WHAT MUST BE INFERRED TO PROVE IDENTITY BY CIRCUMSTANTIAL

EVIDENCE?

Motive + is what induces the criminal to act

Intent +is the result or accomplishment of the act

Opportunity +is the physical possibility that the suspect could

have committed the crime.
ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE

Physical evidence which may identify the criminal by

means of clues, personal properties, or
characteristics patterns of procedure deduced from
the arrangement of objects at the crime scene.
.
MODUS OPERANDI

is the method of operation by a specific criminal or criminal

syndicate. it is a distinct pattern of how a crime is committed
and is established by a series of crimes under one
classification. the modus operandi of one criminal is distinct
and different from the other. it is a criminal trademark, logo
or brand name.

INSP. THOMAS BYRNES

American founder of criminal “Modus Operandi” (“MO”)
IMPORTANCE OF MODUS OPERANDI

A. It is one of the most useful means of identifying

unknown fugitives. Thus every investigation unit should
maintain a modus operandi file.

B. For use of Security Education Programs of the

citizenry over the radio or television programs or in
seminars about safety education.
LOCATE AND APPREHEND
SUSPECT
SURVEILLANCE
is the secret / discreet / clandestine observation of
persons, places, and vehicles for the purpose of
obtaining information concerning the identities or
activities of the subject.
CONSIDERATIONS IN SURVEILLANCE

PLANNING

Pre-Surveillance Conference + a conference held among the team

members, the police intelligence unit before surveillance is conducted.

Surveillance Plan + a plan established as required according to type of

personnel, and the general and specific instructions for surveillance.

Area Target Study + refers to the area of operation of surveillance

activities.
Liason Program + the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to
other agencies in order to obtain information of police intelligence
value. (Agencies like the press, credit agencies, labor unions,
telephone companies)

Safehouse + is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment,

where police undercover men meet for debriefing or reporting
purposes.

Drop + any person in a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place

where police undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing or
reporting purposes.

.
SUBJECT

SURVEILLANT

DECOY

CONVOY

CONTACT
SELECTING ACTION AGENTS

1. Placement + location of prospective agent with respect to the target

2. Access + it is the capability of a prospective agent to obtain the

desired info for the Intel organization or to perform to Intel collection
mission in the area.
• Primary Access + it is the access to the desired info
• Secondary Access + it is the access to the desired info through a
principal source where the latter has the direct access
• Outside Access + the agent is employed outside the target and merely
monitor info from a third person who is monitoring info of the area
PROCUREMENT
Is the aggressive effort to acquire certain specific information that may not
be readily available.

PROCURING AGENT

1. AGENT IN PLACE + has been recruited by an intelligence service within

highly sensitive target

2. DOUBLE AGENT + an enemy agent, who has been captured, turned

around and sent back where he came from as an agent of his captors.
3. EXPENDABLE AGENT + an agent through whom false
information is leaked in the enemy

4. PENETRATION AGENT + an agent who has reached the

enemy gets information and would manage to get back alive

5. AGENT OF INFLUENCE + an agent who uses influence to

gain Information

6. AGENT PROVOCATION
SITUATIONS IN SURVEILLANCE OPERATION:

Made + when subject under surveillance

becomes aware that he is under observation and
identifies the observer.

Lost + when the surveillant does not know the

whereabouts of his subject or the subject had
eluded the surveillance
KINDS OF SURVEILLANCE:

TAILING / SHADOWING

UNDERCOVER / ROPING

CASING / RECONNAISSANCE
TAILING OR SHADOWING
- Observation of person and movement

LOOSE TAIL- this is used when the shadower would like to know
the general impression of the subject’s habit and associates

ROUGH TAIL- this could be done even without special precaution

since the subject is aware that he is being followed.

CLOSED TAIL- this is done with so much precaution from loosing

the subject where constant observation is necessary.
METHODS OF TAILING/SHADOWING

a. ONE-MAN SHADOW +extremely difficult and should be

avoided, if unavoidable, keep subject in view at all times.

b. TWO-MAN SHADOW + two agents are employed to follow

the subject.

c. THREE-MAN SURVEILLANCE OR ABC METHOD + reduces

the risk of losing the subject, affords greater security
agents detection.
METHODS OF TAILING/SHADOWING

d. PROGRESSIVE/LEAPFROG METHOD + This is used in attempting to

locate the hideout of a subject from a vantage-point without moving
after the subject. The following day the shadower/agent takes up a
watch from the point at which the subject was last seen. Poor chances
of obtaining good results, agents are stations at a fixed point assuming
that subject followed the same general route each day.

e. COMBINED FOOT-AUTO SURVEILLANCE + employment of surveillants

on foot and agents in an automobile.
UNDERCOVER OPERATION/ROPING
Is a form of investigation in which the investigator assumes a different
and unofficial identity in order to obtain information

COVER + the means by which an individual group of organization

conceals the true nature of its acts and or existence from the
observer.

COVER STORY + a biographical data through fictional; that will

portray personality of the agent he assumed, a scenario to cover
up the operation.

COVER SUPPORT + an agent assigned in target areas with the

primary mission of supporting the cover story.
TYPES OF COVER

1. NATURAL COVER + using actual or true background

2. ARTIFICIAL COVER + using biographical data adopted

for the purpose

3. COVER WITH A COVER + justification of existence

4. MULTIPLE COVER + any cover you wish

UNDERCOVER MAN

+ it refers to a person trained to observe and

penetrate certain organization suspected of illegal
activities and later reports the observation and
information’s that proper operational action can be
made
CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE
is the surveillance of building, place or area to
determine its suitability and vulnerability in
operations.
METHOD OF CASING

1. Personal Reconnaissance + the most effective method and will

produced the most info since you know just what you’re looking for.

2. Map Reconnaissance + it may not sufficient but it can produce a

certain amount of usable information

3. Research - much info can be acquired through research

4. Prior Information + your unit and of the unit will have file report that
they may provide you with info

5. Hearsay +info usually gain by the person operating in the area and
performing casing job
OBSERVATION AND
DESCRIPTION
OBSERVATION + a complete and accurate observation by
individuals of his surroundings and encompasses the use of all the
major sense to register and recognize its operational or intel
significance.

DESCRIPTION + the actual and factual reporting of one’s

observation of the reported sensory experience recounted by
another.

PSYCHOLOGIST ESTIMATE THAT APPROXIMATELY

85% of our knowledge is gathered through sight
13% through hearing
2% through other three senses
ACCORDING TO INTENSITY AND SENSITIVITY

A.Discreet + subject is unaware that he/she is

under observation

B. Close + subject is aware that he/she is under

observation.

C. Loose + applied frequently or infrequently.

Period of observation may vary on each occasion.
ACCORDING TO METHODS

A.Stationary + observation of place on a fixed point

position.

B. Moving + subject is followed from place to place.

C. Technical + uses communication and electronic

hardware, gadgets, systems and equipment.
GATHER AND PROVIDE
EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH THE
GUILT OF THE ACCUSED
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY CRIMINALS

CORPUS DELICTI+ is the body of the crime or fact of

specific loss or injury sustained. It constitutes the essential
parts or elements in the commission of the crime.

ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE + these are the pieces of evidence

that will link the suspect to the crime scene.

TRACING EVIDENCE + articles which assist the investigator

in locating the criminal.
THREE IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
BEFORE A PHYSICAL EVIDENCE MAY BE INTRODUCED TO
COURT:

1. The article must be properly identified

2. Continuity of chain of custody must be proved

3. Competency must be proved, that the evidence is

MATERIAL AND RELEVANT
CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Is a comprehensive inquiry of a crime by conducting

systematic procedure of various investigative
methodologies which involves recovery of physical and
testimonial evidence for the purpose of identifying the
witnesses, and arrest of perpetrator(s) for prosecution.
WHEN DOES CSI COMMENCE?

CSI shall technically commence upon the arrival

of the FRs and conclude with the lifting of the
security cordon and release of the crime scene by
the IOC;
 CSI SOCO

•Includes identification •Only limited to processing of the

and interview of witnesses crime evidence

•Arrest of the suspect

•Scientific processing of crime

scene
PERSONS INVOLVED IN CSI

1. DESK OFFICER

2. FIRST RESPONDER

3. INVESTIGATOR ON CASE

4. SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATION TEAM

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
PROPER
COMPOSITION OR ORGANIZATION OF AN
INVESTIGATION TEAM

1. TL / IOC
2. Recorder
3. Photographer
4. Evidence Custodian
5. Composite illustrator or artist
Equipment of an Investigating Team

1. Police Line
2. Video camera
3. Voice recorder
4. Measuring Device
5. Gloves
6. Flashlight
7. Fingerprint kit
8. Evidence bag
9. Evidence tag
STANDARD METHODS OF RECORDING INVESTIGATIVE DATA

 Photographs
 Sketching crimes scenes
 Written notes
 Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene
 Gathering Physical Evidence
 Plaster cast
 Tape recording of sounds
 Video tape recordings of the object
 BRIEFING AND
DESIGNATION OF
COMMAND POST

PRELIMINARY SURVEY

PREPARATION OF
NARRATIVE REPORT

CRIME SCENE
DOCUMENTATION

COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE

CONDUCT OF FINAL
SURVEY

RELEASE OF THE CRIME

SCENE
A.RECEIPT OF BRIEFING AND DESIGNATION OF COMMAND
POST

Command Post

an area which, is ideally located adjacent to the Crime

Scene where the CSI Evidence Custodian stays and receives
the pieces of evidence turned over to him for safekeeping by
the other evidence collectors.
B. INITIATION OF PRELIMINARY SURVEY (TEAM LEADER OF CSI
OR SOCO)

Makes a general assessment of the scene;

Takes a cautious walk- through of the crime scene;
Takes down extensive note to document important factors;
Establishes the evidence most likely to be encountered;
Defines the extent of the search area (perimeters + inner,
outer, extended);
Determines the personnel and equipment needed and makes
specific assignments;
From his assessments, he develops a general theory of the
crime scene.
C. PREPARATION OF NARRATIVE REPORT

The Team leader uses the systematic approach

in making a narrative report.
D. CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

GOLDEN RULE AT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Never touch, move, or alter any object at the crime scene unless it has
been photographed, measured, and sketched from any conceivable
angle.

MAC RULE
Do not:
M= Move or Mutilate
A=Alter
C= Change or Contaminate the crime scene.
CRIME RECONSTRUCTION
It is the assessment made by the investigator after crime scene
investigation, of how crime is committed.

KINDS OF RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME SCENE

PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION- reconstructing the crime scene is

based on the physical appearance of the crime scene mainly
focused on the pieces of physical evidence and the accounts of
witnesses and suspects.

MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION- based on the physical

reconstruction some conclusions could be formulated taking
into account all available pieces evidence..
CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

1.PHOTOGRAPHING

2. SKETCHING

3. NOTE-TAKING
CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

It is conducted to create an accurate, objective, visual

and permanent record of the crime scene before any
item is moved or removed as possible physical evidence.

It is recommended to take as many photographs as you

can be giving emphasis to possible physical evidence.
GUIDELINES FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OF A CRIME SCENE:

 • Photograph should be taken as soon as possible, before note taking,

sketching or a search for evidence begins.

 • It must show the original, uncontaminated condition of the crime scene.

 • Photograph of the crime scene only should be taken without spectators

or police personnel

 • It must form an organized sequence and show all relevant location &
object.

 • It must be taken from general to specific.

THREE MAJOR TYPES OF PICTORIAL VIEWS

1. General View or Long-Range

2.Mid-Range View

3.Close-up View
CRIME SCENE SKETCH

It is the graphic representation of the scene

of the crime with complete measurements
of the relative distances of relevant object
and conditions obtaining therein.
ELEMENTS OF SKETCH

a. Measurement
b. Compass direction
c. Essential items
d. Scale and proportion
e. Legend
f. Title
GENERAL KINDS OF SKETCH:

1. ROUGH SKETCH

It is made by the investigator at the crime scene which is

full of important details but without scale of proportion.

Basis for the finished sketch

It is the first pencil-drawn outline of the scene and the

location of objects and evidence within its outline.
GENERAL KINDS OF SKETCH:

2. FINISHED SKETCH

Is often drawn by a draftsman to show proper

relationships and scales.

The finished sketch is more presentable for court

room presentations.
SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES:

1. SKETCH OF LOCALITY/NEIGHBORHOOD SKETCH- give picture of the

scene, the crime and its environs, including neighboring buildings, roads,
etc.

2. SKETCH OF THE GROUND/FLOOR PLAN/OVERVIEW- picture of the scene

of the crime with its nearest physical surrounding.

3. SKETCH IN DETAILS – the immediate scene only.

4. EXPLODED/CROSS PROJECTION + gives the clear impression of the

scene in cases where blood stains or bullet holes are found.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

1. Rectangular Method + this method uses two walls in a room as fixed

points, from which distances are measured at right angle to the
object.

2. Triangulation Method + an object is located by drawing two straight

lines from two fixed points creating a triangle; the object is in an angle
formed by the line. This sketching method requires measuring the
distance of an object along a straight line from two widely separated
fixed reference points.

3. Baseline Method+ a sketching method that makes measurements

along from a single reference line, called a baseline, which can be
established by using a length of string, chalk line, or some other
convenient means.
4. Compass Point Method+ a sketching method that requires a
protractor or some method of measuring angles between two
lines. One point is selected as the origin and a line extending from
the origin becomes an axis from which the angles can be
measured.

5. Cross projection method + a sketching method in which the

ceiling appears to open up like a lid of a hinged box, with the four
walls opening outward. Measurements are then indicated from a
point on the floor to the wall.

6. Azimuth/Polar Coordinates + this method requires two people;

one hold each end of a tape measure. This is best suited for large
pen areas where there might not be any reference points by using
a handheld GPS (Global Positioning System)
METHODS OF SEARCH

a. Strip or Line Search Method + the searchers will proceed at the same pace
along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle.

b. Double Strip or Grid Method + is a combination of the strip search and is

useful for large crime scene.

c. Spiral or Circular Method + the searchers will follow each other in the path of
a spiral, beginning in the outside and spiraling towards the center or vice versa
in a clockwise or counter clock-wise direction.

d. Quadrant of Zone Method + the area to be searched is divided into four

quadrants and each searcher is assigned to one quadrant.

e. Wheel, Radial or Spoke Method + is applicable for area which is considered to

be approximately circular or oval. The area is then divided into six quadrants in
a pie-like fashion.
NOTES TAKING

Note taking must be a constant activity throughout the processing of

the crime scene. Notes must include:

• Detailed written description of the Crime Scene with locations of

recovered physical evidence;
• The time when the physical evidence was discovered;
• The person who discovered and collected the physical evidence;
• The time when evidence was packaged and marked; and
• The disposition of the item when it was collected.
E. COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

The competence to recognize and properly collect physical

evidence is critical to both solving and prosecuting crimes.

The team leader is always informed of significant evidence

located.

The evidence collectors shall put his initial, location and date of
collection on the item and turn it over to the evidence custodian
for documentation and safekeeping.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY

It is the number of persons who handled and

possessed the pieces of evidence the moment
they were collected, marked and tagged, up to the
time of the final disposition of the case.
G. CONDUCT OF FINAL SURVEY

The team leader makes a final

review on the crime scene to
determine whether or not the
processing has been completed.
H. RELEASE OF THE CRIME SCENE

The release of the crime scene is done if the investigator is

satisfied that all pieces of evidence have been recovered.

Thus, the investigator must evaluate the items recovered from the
results of the interrogations of the suspect/s and the interview of
the witnesses.

He must bear in mind that upon the formal release of the crime
scene to the proper authority, the warrant is already required for
his re-entry to the crime scene.
ARREST
(RULE 113)
Section 1. Definition of arrest. *

ARREST is the taking of a person into custody in order

that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an
offense.
(RULE 113)
Section 2. Arrest; how made. *

An arrest is made by an actual restraint of a person to be

arrested, or by his submission to the custody of the person
making the arrest.

No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an

arrest.

The person arrested shall not be subject to a greater

restraint than is necessary for his detention
(RULE 113)
Section 3. Duty of arresting officer. *

It shall be the duty of the officer executing the

warrant to arrest the accused and to deliver him to
the nearest police station or jail without
unnecessary delay.
(RULE 113)
Section 4. Execution of warrant. *

The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest was

delivered for execution shall cause the warrant to be executed
within ten (10) days from its receipt.

Within ten (10) days after the expiration of the period, the
officer to whom it was assigned for execution shall make a
report to the judge who issued the warrant. In case of his
failure to execute the warrant, he shall state the reasons
therefor.
Section 5. Arrest without warrant; when lawful. *

A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant,

arrest a person:

(a)When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has

committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit
an offense;

(b) When an offense has just been committed, and he has

probable cause to believe based on personal knowledge of
facts or circumstances that the person to be arrested has
committed it; and with section 7 of Rule 112. (5a)
Section 5. Arrest without warrant; when lawful. *

(c) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has

escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is
serving final judgment or is temporarily confined while his case
is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one
confinement to another.

In cases falling under paragraph (a) and (b) above, the person
arrested without a warrant shall be forthwith delivered to the
nearest police station or jail and shall be proceeded against in
accordance with section 7 of Rule 112. (5a)
Section 6. Time of making arrest. *

An arrest may be made on any day

and at any time of the day or night.
Section 7. Method of arrest by officer by virtue of warrant. *

When making an arrest by virtue of a warrant, the officer shall

inform the person to be arrested of the cause of the arrest and of
the fact that a warrant has been issued for his arrest, except
when he flees or forcibly resists before the officer has opportunity
to so inform him, or when the giving of such information will
imperil the arrest.

The officer NEED NOT HAVE the warrant in his possession at the
time of the arrest but after the arrest, if the person arrested so
requires, the warrant shall be shown to him as soon as
practicable.
Section 8. Method of arrest by officer without warrant. *

When making an arrest without a warrant, the officer shall

inform the person to be arrested of his authority and the
cause of the arrest, unless the latter is either engaged in the
commission of an offense, is pursued immediately after its
commission, has escaped, flees or forcibly resists before the
officer has opportunity so to inform him, or when the giving
of such information will imperil the arrest.
Section 9. Method of arrest by private person. *

When making an arrest, a private person shall inform the

person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him and
cause of the arrest, unless the latter is either engaged in
the commission of an offense, is pursued immediately
after its commission, or has escaped, flees, or forcibly
resists before the person making the arrest has
opportunity to so inform him, or when the giving of such
information will imperil the arrest.
Section 10. Officer may summon assistance. *

An officer making a lawful arrest may orally

summon as many persons as he deems necessary
to assist him in effecting the arrest. Every person
so summoned by an officer shall assist him in
effecting the arrest when he can render such
assistance without detriment to himself.
.
Section 11. Right of officer to break into building or
enclosure. *

An officer, in order to make an arrest either by virtue

of a warrant, or without a warrant as provided in
section 5, may break into any building or enclosure
where the person to be arrested is or is reasonably
believed to be, if he is refused admittance thereto,
after announcing his authority and purpose.
Section 12. Right to break out from building or
enclosure. *

Whenever an officer has entered the building or

enclosure in accordance with the preceding
section, he may break out therefrom when
necessary to liberate himself.
Section 13. Arrest after escape or rescue. *

If a person lawfully arrested escapes or is

rescued, any person may immediately pursue or
retake him without a warrant at any time and in
any place within the Philippines.
Section 14. Right of attorney or relative to visit person
arrested. *

Any member of the Philippine Bar shall, at the request of

the person arrested or of another acting in his behalf,
have the right to visit and confer privately with such
person in the jail or any other place of custody at any
hour of the day or night. Subject to reasonable
regulations, a relative of the person arrested can also
exercise the same right.
SEARCH AND SEIZURE
RULE 126
Section 1.Search warrant defined. *

A search warrant is an order in writing issued in the

name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a
judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding
him to search for personal property described
therein and bring it before the court.
RULE 126
Section 2. Court where application for search warrant shall be
filed. *

An application for search warrant shall be filed with the following:

a. Any court whose territorial jurisdiction a crime was committed.

b. For compelling reasons stated in the application, any court within

the judicial region where the crime was committed if the place of
the commission of the crime is known, or any court within the
judicial region where the warrant shall be enforced. However, if the
criminal action has already been filed, the application shall only be
made in the court where the criminal action is pending.
Section 3. Personal property to be seized. *

A search warrant may be issued for the search and seizure of

personal property:

(a)Subject of the offense;

(b) Stolen or embezzled and other proceeds, or fruits of the

offense;

(c) Used or intended to be used as the means of committing an

offense.
Section 7. Right to break door or window to effect
search. *

The officer, if refused admittance to the place of

directed search after giving notice of his purpose and
authority, may break open any outer or inner door or
window of a house or any part of a house or anything
therein to execute the warrant or liberate himself or
any person lawfully aiding him when unlawfully
detained therein.
Section 8. Search of house, room, or premise to be
made in presence of two witnesses. *

No search of a house, room, or any other premise

shall be made except in the presence of the lawful
occupant thereof or any member of his family or in
the absence of the latter, two witnesses of sufficient
age and discretion residing in the same locality.
Section 9. Time of making search. *

The warrant must direct that it be served in the day

time, unless the affidavit asserts that the property is
on the person or in the place ordered to be
searched, in which case a direction may be inserted
that it be served at any time of the day or night.
Section 10. Validity of search warrant. *

A search warrant shall be valid for ten

(10) days from its date. Thereafter it
shall be void.
SEARCH AND SEIZURE WHEN VALID WITHOUT A WARRANT

WARRANTLESS SEARCH INCIDENTAL TO LAWFUL ARREST

Section 12, Rule 126 of the Rules of Court, and by prevailing

jurisprudence. In searches incident to a lawful arrest, the
arrest must precede the search; generally, the process cannot
be reversed. Nevertheless, a search substantially
contemporaneous with an arrest can precede the arrest if the
police have probable cause to make the arrest at the outset of
the search.
SEIZURE OF EVIDENCE IN “PLAIN VIEW”

Under the plain view doctrine, objects falling in the plain view of an officer who
has a right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure and
may be presented as evidence. The plain view doctrine applies when the
following requisites concur:

(1) law enforcement officers in search of evidence have a prior justification for
an intrusion or are in a position from which they can view a particular area;

(2) the discovery of the evidence in plain view is inadvertent; and

(3) it is immediately apparent to the officers that the item they observed may
be evidence of a crime, a contraband or is otherwise subject to seizure.
SEARCH OF A MOVING VEHICLE

a warrantless search of a moving vehicle is

justified on the ground that it is not practicable
to secure a warrant, because the vehicle can
be quickly moved out of the locality or
jurisdiction in which the warrant is sought.
CONSENTED WARRANTLESS SEARCH

It is fundamental that to constitute a waiver, it must first

appear that

(1)the right exists;

(2) the person involved had knowledge, either actual or
constructive, of the existence of this right; and
(3) that person had an actual intention to relinquish the
right.
CUSTOMS SEARCH
It has been traditionally understood that persons exercising
police authority under the customs law may effect search and
seizure without a search warrant in the enforcement of
customs laws.

STOP AND FRISK

A “stop and frisk” situation, also known as the Terry search,
refers to a case in which a police officer approaches a person
who is acting suspiciously for the purpose of investigating
possible criminal behavior, in line with the general interest of
effective crime prevention and detection.
INTELLIGENCE
It is the product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of
all available information which should be known in
advance to initiate a particular course of action.
BROAD CATEGORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Knowledge formed from the integration of the intelligence
developed by all government departments, which provide
the valuable inputs or the formulation of national policy
and the promotion and enhancement of national security.

DEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE
Knowledge required by an agency or department of the
government in order to execute its mission.
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
It is the intelligence used in the preparation of military
policies, plans and programs.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE
It is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
analysis, integration, and interpretation of all available
information which concerns one or more aspect of the
criminal environment which is immediately or potentially
significant to police planning.
GENERAL ACTIVITIES IN POLICE INTELLIGENCE

1. Strategic Intelligence + it is an intelligence activity which is primarily

long range in nature with little practical immediate operation value.

2. Line Intelligence + it is an intelligence activity that has the immediate

nature and value necessary for more effective police planning and
operation.

3. National Intelligence - it is the integrated product of intelligence

developed by all the governmental branches, departments concerning
the broad aspect of national security and policy. It is concerned to more
than one department or agency and it is not produced by single entity. It
is used to coordinate all the activities of the government in developing
and executing integrated and national policies and plans.
GENERAL ACTIVITIES IN POLICE INTELLIGENCE

4. Counter-Intelligence + phase of intelligence covering the activity

devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities
and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and
sabotage.

5. Undercover Work + is an investigative process in which disguises

and pretext cover and deception are used to gain the confidence of
criminal suspects for the purpose of determining the nature and
extent of any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or
perpetuating.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE

▪Criminal Intelligence(CRIMINT)
+ essential to the prevention of crimes, investigation,
arrest and prosecution of criminal.

▪Internal Security Intelligence(INSIT)

+ essential to the maintenance of peace and order.

▪Public Safety Intelligence(PUSINT)

+ ensuring the protection of lives and properties.
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
 PLANNING THE
COLLECTION EFFORT

DISSEMINATION AND INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION OF

USE OF INFORMATION INFORMATION
CYCLE

PROCESSING THE
COLLECTED
INFORMATION
PHASE 1 - PLANNING THE COLLECTION EFFORT

It is concerned with identifying the so called Priority Intelligence

Requirement (PIR) or formerly Essential Element of Information
(EEI) - an item of intelligence or information of the characteristics
of the area of operations and the enemy, which the commander
feels he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.

This phase of the cycle involve the determination of the

requirements of intelligence.
PHASE 2 - COLLECTION OF INFORMATION

This phase of the cycle is concerned with

identification of the collecting agency, the
formulation of procedures on the manner of
collecting the information in conjunction with
the plans as achieved in phase one.
PHASE 3 - PROCESSING THE COLLECTED
INFORMATION

This phase of the cycle is concerned with the

examination and collation of all collected information.
STEPS IN PROCESSING RAW INFORMATION

organization of raw data and information into usable form;

COLLECTION grouping similar items of information so that they will be
readily accessible.

reduction of info into writing or some other form of

RECORDING graphical representation and the arranging of this into
groups of related items.

examination of raw information to pertinence of the

EVALUATION information, reliability of the source, and its
credibility or truth of information.

it is establishing the meaning and

INTERPRETATION significance of the information
 INFORMATION
EVALUATION GUIDE
RELIABILITY ACCURACY SOURCES
A – COMPLETELY RELIABLE 1 – CONFIRMED BY OTHER T – DIRECT OBSERVATION OF
SOURCES CMMDR/CHIEF OF UNIT
B – USUALLY RELIABLE 2 – PROBABLY TRUE U – REPORTED BY AGENT

C – FAIRLY RELIABLE 3 – POSSIBLY TRUE V – REPORTED BY PNP/AFP

D – NOT USUALLY RELIBALE 4 – DOUBTFULLY TRUE W – FROM INTERROGATION

CAPTURED ENEMY
E – UNRELIABLE 5 – IMPROBABLE X – OBSERVATION OF GOVT
EMPLOEE
F – RELIABILITY CANNOT BE 6 – TRUTFULLNESS CANNOT Y/Z - DOCUMENTARY
ASCERTAINED / JUDGED BE ASCERTAINED / JUDGED
INTERPRETATION

It involves the following activities:

▪ Analysis + shifting and isolating those elements that have

significance in light of the mission or national objective.

▪ Integration + combining the elements isolated in analysis and

known information to form a logical picture or theory.

▪ Deduction + the formulation of conclusions from the theory

developed, tested and considered valid + determination of
effort and meaning of the information.
PHASE 4 - DISSEMINATION AND USE OF INFORMATION

This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of

transferring the processed information to the proper users,
most particularly the authority that requires the activity.

Processed information can be disseminated through

annexes, estimates, briefing, message, reports, overlays,
and or summaries.
ASPECTS OF SECURITY
ASPECTS OF SECURITY

1. PHYSICAL SECURITY

2. PERSONNEL SECURITY

3. DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY

1. PHYSICAL SECURITY
safeguarding by physical means

2. PESONNEL SECURITY
security measures designed to prevent unsuitable individuals
from gaining access to classified matter

3. DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY

security measures applied for the files, records, documents
CLASSIFICATION OF RISKS
DOCUMENT
any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which
would
TOP SECRET cause exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically,
economically or militarily;

any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which

would
SECRET endanger national security, cause serious injury to the interest or
prestige of the nation or any governmental activity

any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which

would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the nation or
CONFIDENTIAL governmental activity or would cause administrative embarrassment
or unwarranted injury

any information and material which requires special protection other

than those determined to be Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret
RESTRICTED matters
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY

It is an art or science of making, devising,

inventing, or protecting codes and ciphers.

GK “ kryptos”  secret
“graphos”  writing.
Codes + a set of letters, numbers, symbols and etc., that is used
secretly to send messages. Used more for economy than for secrecy.

Ciphers + a way of changing a message to keep it secret.

Encryption + is the process of translating plain text data into

something that appears to be random and meaningless.
Cryptogram (cipher text) + product of the enciphering
process.

Decryption + process of converting cipher text back to plaintext.

Cryptanalysis + it refers to the science of breaking codes and
ciphers
PLAIN TEXT TO CODED CODED TO PLAIN TEXT

CRYPTOGRAPHER CRYPTOANALYST
ENCRYPT/ENCODE DECRYPT/DECODE
CRYPTOGRAPHYE CRYPTOANALYSIS
HUWAG ISIPIN NA MAY NEXT TIME PA!
GOD BLESS, RCrim’s!