Plot with straight lines joining the points

20

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-10
ax2 + bx
y

ax2 + c
y = ax2 + bx + c
-20

-30

-40

-50
x
 Plot with smoothed lines

20

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-10
ax2 + bx
ax2 + d
y

y = ax2 + bx + d
-20

-30

-40

-50
x
Practice with quadratic functions
Here is the general expres
we will use the parameter values:
a= -2
y  ax 2  bx  c
b= 3
c= 12 The roots of this equation

Plot the horizontal axis in convenient steps: here steps of 1 Three cases:
Then plot the components of y = ax2 + bx + c (i) special case: c
(i) (ii) (iii)
therefore: when ax 2 
x ax 2
bx ax + bx ax + c
2 2
y = ax2 + bx + c
-4 -32 -12 -44 -20 -32 and then either x  0 o
-3 -18 -9 -27 -6 -15
-2 -8 -6 -14 4 -2 (ii) special case: b
-1 -2 -3 -5 10 7
0 0 0 0 12 12 therefore: when ax 2 
1 -2 3 1 10 13
2 -8 6 -2 4 10
(ii) general case: y
3 -18 9 -9 -6 3
4 -32 12 -20 -20 -8 therefore when ax 2  b
quadratic equation:

Solve for the roots:

 b  b 2  4ac
(i) x= 0 or 1.5 x
(ii) x= 2.44949 or -2.44949 2a
(iii) x= -1.811738 or 3.311738
Here is the general expression for a quadratic function:
y  ax 2  bx  c

The roots of this equation are the values of x for which y = 0

Three cases:
(i) special case: c = 0 so y  ax 2  bx
therefore: when ax 2  bx  0 , we can write: xax  b   0
and then either x  0 or ax  b  0  x   b a

(ii) special case: b = 0 so y  ax 2  c

therefore: when ax 2  c  0 we get: x 2   c a  x    c a

(ii) general case: y  ax 2  bx  c

therefore when ax 2  bx  c  0 we use the general formula for the roots of a
quadratic equation:

 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
Practice with quadratic functions
highlight cell with parameter
value, click on top left NAME Here is the general expres
we will use the parameter values:
a= -2
BOX, insert parameter name, y  ax 2  bx  d
press return. Do not use r or c
b= 3 as parameter name.
d= 12 The roots of this equation

Plot the horizontal axis in convenient steps: here steps of 1 Three cases:
Then plot the components of y = ax2 + bx + d (i) special case: d
(i) (ii) (iii)
therefore: when ax 2 
x ax 2
bx ax + bx ax + d
2 2
y = ax2 + bx + d
-4 -32 -12 -44 -20 -32 and then either x  0 o
-3 -18 -9 -27 -6 -15
-2 -8 -6 -14 4 -2 (ii) special case: b
-1 -2 -3 -5 10 7
0 0 0 0 12 12 therefore: when ax 2 
1 -2 3 1 10 13
2 -8 6 -2 4 10
(ii) general case: y
3 -18 9 -9 -6 3
4 -32 12 -20 -20 -8 therefore when ax 2  b
quadratic equation:

Solve for the roots:

 b  b 2  4ad
(i) x= 0 or 1.5 x
(ii) x= 2.44949 or -2.44949 2a
(iii) x= -1.811738 or 3.311738

Formulas expressed using

named cells: a, b, d
Here is the general expression for a quadratic function, note we use d instead of c:
y  ax 2  bx  d

The roots of this equation are the values of x for which y = 0

Three cases:
(i) special case: d = 0 so y  ax 2  bx
therefore: when ax 2  bx  0 , we can write: xax  b   0
and then either x  0 or ax  b  0  x   b a

(ii) special case: b = 0 so y  ax 2  d

therefore: when ax 2  d  0 we get: x 2   d a  x    d a

(ii) general case: y  ax 2  bx  d

therefore when ax 2  bx  d  0 we use the general formula for the roots of a
quadratic equation:

 b  b 2  4ad
x
2a
Dollar signs indicating absolute references
You probably know that a formula can refer to cells. That’s one reason Excel formulas are so powerful — the results can chang

Absolute cell references

When a formula contains an absolute reference, no matter which cell the formula occupies the cell reference does not change:

Relative cell references

In contrast, a relative reference changes if the formula is copied or moved to a different cell (i.e., a cell other than where the for

Mixed cell references

A mixed reference uses a dollar sign either in front of the row letter or in front of the column number, but not both – for example

Reference:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2011/08/17/making-sense-of-dollar-signs-in-excel/
werful — the results can change based on changes made in other cells. When a formula refers to a cell, it uses a cell reference. In the “A1”

ell reference does not change: if you copy or move the formula, it refers to the same cell as it did in its original location. In an absolute refere

a cell other than where the formula was originally entered). The row and column portions of a relative reference are not preceded by a “$” –

ber, but not both – for example, A$1is a mixed reference in which the row adjusts, but the column does not. So if you move a formula conta
es a cell reference. In the “A1” reference style (the default), there are three kinds of cell references: absolute, relative, and mixed.

location. In an absolute reference, each part of the reference (the letter that refers to the row and the number that refers to the column) is p

ce are not preceded by a “$” – for example, A1 is a relative reference to cell A1. If moved or copied, the reference changes by the same nu

o if you move a formula containing that reference one cell down and one cell to the right, it becomes B$1.
relative, and mixed.

r that refers to the column) is preceded by a “$” – for example, $A$1 is an absolute reference to cell A1. Wherever the formula is copied or

rence changes by the same number of rows and coulmns as it was moved. So, if you move a formula with the relative reference A1 one ce
erever the formula is copied or moved, it always refers to cell A1.

e relative reference A1 one cell down and one cell to the right, the reference changes to B2.