Bonding in Substances

IONIC BONDING
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Outcomes
 Describe the ionic bond in terms of transfer of
electrons and force of attraction between cations
and anions
 Construct “dot and cross” diagrams of simple ionic
compounds
 Relate the type of bonding to the property of
materials
 Write down the chemical formula for ionic
compounds given their names.
 Write the chemical names for compounds given
their chemical formula

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Quick Review...
True of False?

 If a substance has only one type of atom, its called an element.

 Compounds are formed when atoms are joined physically.
 The rows in the Periodic Table are called Groups.
 There are 8 major groups in the Periodic Table.
 The most reactive element in the Halogens family is Fluorine.
 The most reactive element among the Alkali Metals is
Potassium.
 Metals in Group 2 are more reactive than metals in Group 1.

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Chemical compounds VERY
IMPORTANT

 Atoms of elements are not chemically

stable until they have 8 valence electrons
(octet rule)
 Atoms gain, lose or share electrons with
other atoms to become chemically stable
(have 8 valence electrons)
 Compounds
 Most elements react with
other elements to form
compounds

 CHEMICAL
COMPOUND substance
formed by the chemical
combination of one or
more elements in definite
proportions
 Physical and chemical properties usually very
different from those of the elements from which
they are formed

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 The noble gases do not usually form
compounds
 The atoms of all elements other than noble gases
have incomplete outer shells.

 By reacting with other atoms/bonding together,

atoms can obtain full outer shells and so become
electronically more stable, i.e become like Noble
Gases in electron arrangement.

 Bonding produces new substances and usually

involves only the 'outer shell' or 'valency' electrons.
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 Bonding
 CHEMICAL BOND - refers to the strong electrical
force of attraction between the atoms or ions in the
structure.

 When atoms react:

 they lose or gain electrons or
 share electrons to form full shells.

These electrons are called valency electrons.

 The valency of an element tells you the number of

electrons its atoms lose or gain or share.
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 18Cl

11Na
Losing or Gaining electrons: -
Ions
 Atoms of some elements can obtain
full shells by losing or gaining electrons
when they react with other atoms.

 Ions: Any atom becomes an ion if it

loses or gains an electron.

 An ion is a charged particle.

◦ It is charged because it contains an
unequal number of protons and electrons.
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 Positive ions

Losing electrons:
positive ions formed (H+)

The outer
shell
is full; so
This outer the ion
shell (Na+)
is stable
disappears

P = Proton (Mg2+)
N = Neutron 14
 Negative ions
Gaining electrons : negative ions formed

The outer
shell
is full; so
(O2-) the ion
is stable

P = Proton
N = Neutron

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(Cl-)
Positive ions

Losing electrons:
positive ions formed (H+)

The outer
shell
is full; so
This outer
the ion
shell (Na+)
is stable
disappears

P = Proton (Mg2+)
N = Neutron 16
 Negative ions
Gaining electrons : negative ions formed

The outer
shell
is full; so
(O2-) the ion
is stable

P = Proton
N = Neutron

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(Cl-)
 Ionic Bond
 An ionic bond is formed when electrons are
transferred between two or more atoms and the
resulting ions of opposite charge attract each other.

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 Ionic Bonds
 Since ions have positive or
negative charges, they can
attract each other and form
chemical bonds called ionic
bonds.
 Ionic bond is the
electrostatic force of
attraction between two
oppositely charged ions

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 Cl-

Na+ Na+

Cl- Cl- Cl-

Na+ Na+

Cl-
Ionic Bond
 Example: A Group 1 metal + a Group 7 non-metal
 Lithium + fluorine ==> lithium fluoride
The bonding is the same in
ANY compound formed
between a group 1 metal and
a group 7 non-metal.

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More ions
 Hydrogen and metals form positive ions, which have the
same names as the atoms.

 The non-metals form negative ions. Their names end in

–ide

 Elements of Group 4 do not form ions, because their

atoms would have to gain or lose 4 electrons and that
takes too much energy.

 The elements of Group 0 do not form ions because

their atoms already have full outer shells.

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Dot & Cross diagrams for ionic compounds
 Dot-and-cross diagrams are used to represent electron
arrangement of ionic or covalent compounds.
 Electron shells are drawn as circles, with the outer electrons on
each shown as dots or crosses.
 Here are some examples:

Combining a metal from Groups 1 with a non-metal from Group 7.

_
x

+
Na + Cl Na Cl

x
Na (2,8,1) + Cl (2,8,7)  Na+ (2,8) Cl- (2,8,8)

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 Dot & Cross diagrams for ionic compounds
 Combining a metal from Groups 2 with a non metal from
Group 6.

2-

x
x

2+
Mg + O Mg O

x
x

Mg (…….) + O (……..)  Mg2+ (………) O2- (…..)

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 Combining a metal from Groups 2, with a
non-metal from Group 7. _

Cl
Cl

x
2+
x

Ca + Ca _
x

Cl Cl

x
Ca (……….) + 2Cl (……….)  Ca2+ (………) 2Cl- (……)

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 The Structure of Sodium Chloride
 When sodium reacts with chlorine,
billions of sodium and chloride ions
form and are attracted to each other.

 The ions do not stay in pairs.

 They cluster together to so that each

ion is surrounded by six ions of
opposite charge.
The giant structure is
 They are held together by strong the compound sodium
ionic bonds. chloride – an ionic
compound
 A giant lattice is formed.

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 Properties of Ionic Solids
E.g. Sodium Chloride
 Packed in a lattice
 Crystalline – straight edges & flat faces
 Have high melting and boiling points,
because ionic bonds are very strong and
it takes a lot of heat energy to break up
the lattice and form liquid
 They are brittle.
 Usually soluble in water, but insoluble in
other solvents
 Do not conduct electricity when solid,
but can conduct electricity when they
are melted or dissolved as in these
forms ions will be free to move.

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Valence (oxidation number)
 The Valence of an element is the charge
an atom takes when it loses or gains
electrons and becomes an ion.
 Metal atoms lose electrons and become
cations
 Non-metals gain electrons and becomes
anions
Valance (Oxidation Numbers)
Symbols of common ions
 Symbols of common ions
Valency Simple Ions Polyatomic Ions
1 Chloride ion, Cl- Hydroxide ion, OH-
Fluoride ion, F- Nitrate ion, NO3-
Bromide ion, Br - Carbonate ion, CO32-
Sodium ion, Na+ Ammonium ion, NH4+
Potassium ion, K+
Lithium ion, Li +
2 Magnesium ion, Mg+2 Sulphate ion, SO42-
Calcium ion, Ca+2
Zinc ion, Zn+2
3 Aluminium ion, Al+3 Phosphate ion, PO43-
Iron(III), Fe+3
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Writing the formula of an ionic
compound
 The formula is simply the whole number ratio
of the positive and negative ions in the
structure.
 An ionic compound has no overall charge. So
the total positive charge must balance the
total negative charge
 Adjust the number of ions in the formula until
the total charges balance.
The 5 steps for writing an ionic
compound formula:
1. Write the symbols of the
two elements
2. Write the valence of each
as superscripts
3. Drop the positive and
negative signs
4. Crisscross the superscripts
so that they become
subscripts
5. Reduce when possible
1. Write the symbols of the two elements
B O
2. Write the valence of each as superscripts
B3+ O-2
3. Drop the positive and negative signs

B3 O2
4. Crisscross the superscripts so that they
become subscripts
B3 O2
5. Reduce when possible

B2O3
 Watch out for POLYATOMIC
ions!!

• Ammonium is the only polyatomic ion with a positive

charge
• Treat polyatomic ion like any other ion – crisscross to
determine the formula
• If you need more than one of them to balance the
charges, put brackets around their symbol
• E.g. sodium hydroxide is NaOH but magnesium
hydroxide is Mg(OH)2
Writing the formula: Examples
Naming Ionic Compounds
 The first part of the name is the
cation (name of the metal)
Na Na+
 Second part of the name of the anion
Cl Cl-

Sodium chloride