Chandu Mwoc 3 - Merged

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Microwave and Optical

Communications Lab (18PC0EC21)
IV B.Tech-ECE I-Semester (2022-23)
LABORATORY MANUAL
(Student Copy)
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

GURU NANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL CAMPUS
(Affiliated to JNUTH, Approved by AICTE)
Ibrahimpatnam, RR Dist-501506
Microwave and Optical Communications Lab (18PC0EC21)
LABORATORY MANUAL

GURU NANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL CAMPUS
(Affiliated to JNUTH, Approved by AICTE)
Ibrahimpatnam, RR Dist-501506
www.gniindia.org
Prepared by:
Document No:
Authorized by
GNITC/ECE/LM/MWOCL Mr.DCHANDRASHEKAR,
Asst.Prof HOD-ECE
Regulation: R18
GURU NANAK INSTITUITONS TECHNICAL CAMPUS
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL
CONTENT PAGE
S.No Description Page No
1 Syllabus I
2 PEO’s & PO’s II
3 List of Experiments III
4 Experiment Planner IV
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad – Syllabus
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY

List of Experiments:
1. Reflex Klystron characteristics
2. Gunn Diode Characteristics
3. Directional coupler characteristics
4. Measurement of scattering Parameters of E Plane TEE
5. Measurement of scattering Parameters of H Plane TEE
6. Measurement of scattering Parameters of HYBRID TEE
7. Measurement of scattering Parameters of Circulator
8. Attenuation Measurement: Fixed and Variable
9. Microwave Frequency Measurement
10. VSWR Measurement
11. Characteristics of LASER Diode
12. Characteristics of Light Emitting Diode (LED)
ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT :
1 . Measurement of Unknown Load Impedance
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave Bench set up with klystron Power Supply

2. Microwave Bench set up with Gunn Power Supply
3. Micro Ammeter
4. VSWR meter
5. Microwave Components
GURU NANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL CAMPUS (AUTONOMOUS)
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

To be a premier Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the region by providing
high quality Education, Research and Employability.
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT:
 M1: Nurture young individuals into knowledgeable, skillful and ethical professionalsin
their pursuit of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
 M2: Transform the students through soft skills , excellent teaching learning process and
sustain high performance by innovations.
 M3: Extensive partnerships and collaborations with foreign universities to enrich the
knowledge and Research.
 M4: Develop industry-interaction for innovation and product development to provide good
placements
I
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES & PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
Programme Educational Objectives:
We, at GNITC are committed to ensure higher standards to educate, enrich & excel in imparting
professional education by top quality faculty members, endeavor to mould the students into quality
professionals through teamwork and research orientation.
PEO1. Graduates shall have the ability to apply knowledge across the disciplines and in emerging areas of
Electronics and Communications Engineering for higher studies, research, employability and handle the
realistic problems.
PEO2. Graduates shall have good communication skills, possess ethical conduct, sense of responsibility to
serve the society, and protect the environment.
PEO3. Graduates shall have strong foundation in academic excellence, soft skills, managerial skills,
leadership qualities and understand the need for lifelong learning for a successful professional career.
Programme Outcomes
The following list of program outcomes describes what graduates are expected to know and be able to
do at the time of graduation. Graduates at graduation will have:
A. An ability to apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering.
B. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
C. An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability, and sustainability.
D. An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams.
E. An ability to identify, formulate and solve Engineering problems.
F. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
G. An ability to communicate effectively.
H. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of Engineering solutions in a global,
economic, environmental and societal context.
I. A need for recognition and an ability to engage in life-long learning.
J. Knowledge of contemporary issues.
K. An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for Engineering
practice.
L. An in depth ability to use a combination of software, hardware and experimental techniques
practiced in Circuits, Physical Electronics, Communication, Networks, Systems and Programming.
MAPPING of PEOs and Pos:
Programme Progrmme Outcomes
Educational
Objectives A B C D E F G H I J K L
PEO 1 √ √ √ √
PEO 2 √ √ √ √ √ √
PEO 3 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
II
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

LABORATORY(18PC0EC21)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
S.No Name of Experiment Page No.

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS. 2
1
GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS. 5
2
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS. 9
3
Measurement of scattering Parameters of E Plane TEE 12
4
Measurement of scattering Parameters of H Plane TEE 15

5
Measurement of scattering Parameters of HYBRID TEE 18

6
Measurement of scattering Parameters of Circulator 21

7
Attenuation Measurement: Fixed and Variable 24

8
9 Microwave Frequency Measurement 27
10 VSWR Measurement 30
11 Characteristics of LASER Diode 33
12 Characteristics of Light Emitting Diode (LED) 36
III

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
LABORATORY MANUAL
Lab Experiment Planner

Batches: A & B Total Number of Experiments: 12
Total Number of Batches: 12 (with a maximum of ‘3’ students/batch)
2021
Experiment/
Exp-10
Exp-11
Exp-12
Exp-1
Exp-2
Exp-3
Exp-4
Exp-5
Exp-6
Exp-7
Exp-8
Exp-9
Exp-1
Exp-2
Addl.
Addl.
Section
Section-1 (A)
Section-1 (B)
Section-2 (A)
Section-2 (B)
Section-3 (A)
Section-3 (B)
Section-4 (A)
Section-4 (B)
Section-5 (A)
Section-5 (B)
IV
IV B.Tech -ECE I-Semester (2022-23) Batches: A & B
Date of Completion (experiment wise)
Experiment/
Exp-10
Exp-11
Exp-12
Exp-1
Exp-2
Exp-3
Exp-4
Exp-5
Exp-6
Exp-7
Exp-8
Exp-9
Exp-1
Exp-2
Addl.
Addl.
Section
Section-1 (A)
Section-1 (B)
Section-2 (A)
Section-2 (B)
Section-3 (A)
Section-3 (B)
Section-4 (A)
Section-4 (B)
Section-5 (A)
Section-5 (B)
V
GURUNANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL CAMPUS (Autonomous)
School of Engineering and Technology
MICROWAVEAND OPTICAL
COMMUNICATIONS LAB
1
Department of ECE: MW-OC Laboratory Manual
Experiment No-1
REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:- To plot the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron and calculate Mode numbers, Quality factor and
reflector to resonator space ‘So’.
APPARATUS:-
1.Reflex Klystron power supply
2.Reflex Klystron tube with mount.
3. Isolator / Circulator / Attenuator.
4. Frequency meter (direct / micrometer type).
5. Ammeter (0-10mA).
6. Detector.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the Reflex Klystron microwave test bench as per the block diagram.
2. Keep the modulation switch in CW mode.
3. Adjust the repeller voltage (Vr) in maximum position.
4. Switch on the power supply and HT is ON condition.
5. Adjust beam current slowly, by increasing the beam voltage (Vo) slowly till the beam current reaches 22mA to
23mA.
6. Vary the repeller voltage in 5 to 7 steps and simultaneously note the output of the detector and also note the
frequency for each mode of operation till you get the dip in the output current in the ammeter by tuning the
frequency meter.
7. Vary the repeller voltage to obtain at least 3 different modes of Klystron.
8. Plot output current Vs repeller voltage and repeller voltage Vs frequency.
9. Calculate the mode number, Q and So for constant frequency output.
FORMULAE:-
N1/N2 = (Vo+VR2)/(Vo+VR1) ………(1) (or)
N1/N2 = Vo – (- VR2)/ Vo – (-VR1)
N2-N1 = 1.................. (2)
To= 4So [ mVo/ 2e] / ( Vo+VR )
N= f To To= N/f
So = N/f * ((Vo+VR) / 4 ( mVo/ 2e)).
2
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Vbeam = Volts Ibeam = mAmps
S.NO Repeller Frequency Output

Voltage (Dip frequency Current
(volts) from frequency meter) (in mA)
3
EXPECTED GRAPH:
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the dimensions of wave-guide at X-band (i.e. a & b)?
2. How is a wave launched in microwave test bench from Reflex Klystron tube?
3. How many cavities are present in Reflex Klystron?
4. How many types of couplings are there and what are they?
5. State the importance of impedance spiral?
6. What is the importance of admittance spiral?
7. What is electronic type tuning in Reflex Klystron?
8. What is mechanical type tuning in Reflex Klystron?
9. Explain the bunching process in Reflex Klystron?
10. Draw the equivalent circuit for reflex Klystron?
11. Indicate the bunching condition in Reflex Klystron.
4
Experiment No-2
GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:- To study the characteristics of a Gunn diode oscillator.
APPARATUS:-
1. Gunn power supply
2. Gunn oscillator with micrometer
3. Isolator (or) Circulator
4.Tunable frequency meter
5.Detector
6. Ammeter(0-10mA)
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
( a )THIS SET UP FOR GUNN CHARACTERISTICS
( b)THIS SETUP FOR V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN

OSCILLATOR
5
PROCEDURE:-
1. First connect the Gunn test bench as shown in block diagram(a). Switch on the Gunn power
supply.
2. The Gunn bias is adjusted to 9V(below 10V).
3.The micrometer of the Gunn oscillator is varied.
4. The tunable frequency meter is tuned until there is a dip in the ammeter.
5. The reading of the frequency meter gives the operating frequency in terms of mm.
6. The Gunn oscillator micrometer reading and the corresponding frequency are shown in the frequency conversion
charts.
7. Similar frequency conversion charts are provided for the frequency meter reading.
8. Note the frequency corresponding to Gunn oscillator micrometer reading and the frequency corresponding to
frequency meter reading.
9. Both the frequency readings should be the same.
10. The above procedure is repeated for different values of the Gunn oscillator micrometer values.
11.For V-I characterisitcs of Gunn connect the test bench as block diagram( b ).
12. Vary Gunn supply voltage from minimum (i.e 0v to 6V), note down the corresponding Gunn current when it is
in current ( I ) mode.
13. Plot graph between Gunn supply voltage Vs Gunn supply current.
TABULAR COLUMN:-
(a)
Gunn Corresponding Frequency Corresponding Output
Oscillator Frequency (Dip frequency Frequency Current
Micrometer (GHz) from frequency (GHz) (mA)
Reading(mm ) meter)in mm
6
(b)
S.NO Gunn supply Gunn supply
voltage current
EXPECTED GRAPH:-
(a)
7
(b)
RESULT:-
QUESTIONS
1. What is GUNN diode made up of?
2. Draw the equivalent Circuit for GUNN
3. What are the different modes in GUNN diode oscillator?
4. How many junctions are there in GUNN?
5. Explain the transferred electron effect in GUNN?
6. What are applications of GUNN?
8
Experiment No-3
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:- To observe the characteristics of a Directional coupler.
APPARATUS:-
1. Klystron power supply
2. Klystron oscillator with mount
3. Isolator (or) Circulator (or) Attenuator
4. Tunable frequency meter
5. Directional coupler 3dB, 6dB, 10dB, 20 dB
6. 20dB Cross directional coupler
7. Matched termination
8. Detector
9. Ammeter (0-10mA)
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
2. Keep the Modulation switch in CW mode.
3. Adjust the repelled voltage ( Vr ) in maximum position.
5. Adjust beam current slowly, by increasing the beam voltage (Vo) slowly till the
beam current reaches 22mA to 23mA.
6. Note the output current. Tune the frequency meter and observe the dip in the
ammeter and note the corresponding frequency (i.e. operational frequency).
7. Detune the frequency meter.
8. Connect 3dB directional coupler to the klystron microwave test bench. The output
current noted earlier is input to the port 1 (i.e. input port) of the directional coupler.
9. The port 4of the directional coupler is permanently matched.
10. Matched termination at the 2nd port and connect the detector at the port 3 (i.e.
output port) to observe the output current.
9
11. Interchange the match termination and outputs ports and observe the output
current.
12. Repeat the above steps for port 2,port 3 as input ports.
13. Repeat the steps 8 to 12 for 6dB, 10dB, 20dB directional couplers
14. Connect cross directional coupler port1 to reflex klystron microwave test bench
and match terminate port 2 and port 3 and observe the output current at port 4.
15. Repeat the above step for different port combinations i.e. port 1, port 2, port 3 as
inputs.
16. Calculate the coupling factor and directivity for all the directional couplers.
17. Calculate the coupling factor for cross directional coupler.
FORMULAE:-
For Directional coupler :
Coupling factor = 10 log (P1/P3 )
Directivity = 10 log ( P3/P4)
For Cross directional coupler:

Coupling factor = 10 log (P1/P4)
TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.NO INPUT PORT MATCHED OUTPUT PORT OUTPUT
NUMBER PORT NUMBER CURRENT
NUMBER (mA)
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER :
Note:P4 is permanently matched in directional coupler.
10
RESULT:
QUESTIONS
1.Define the coupling factor?
2.Define directivity?
3. Give the applications of a directional coupler?
4. Differentiate between reciprocal & non-reciprocal devices?
5.How the power is divided in directional coupler?
6.Explain the principle of matched termination?
11
Experiment No-4
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF E-PLANE TEE
AIM:-To measure the Scattering parameters of a E-Plane Tee.
APPARATUS:-
1.Klystron power supply.
2.Klystron oscillator with mount.
3.Isolator (OR) Circulator.
4.Tunable Frequency meter.
5.VSWR meter.
6.Slotted section with tunable probe and Movable Probe carriage.
7.Magic Tee
8.Precision Movable short plunger.
9.Detector.
10.Ammeter (0-10)mA.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the Reflex Klystron Microwave test bench as per the block diagram shown.
3. Adjust the repelled voltage (Vr) in maximum position.
23mA.
6. Note the output current. Tune the frequency meter and observe the dip in the ammeter and note the
corresponding frequency( i.e. operational frequency)
12
8. Do not change the repelled voltage, beam voltage and the beam current once they are
adjusted for maximum output.
9. Keep modulation switch in AM mode.
10. Connect the tunable probe of slotted section and VSWR meter using BNC cable.
11. Connect the load. Connect precision movable short to the load. Position the micrometer of
the precision movable short at ‘0’.
12. Observe the Vmin1 position and Vmin2 position (moving the probe carriage may move the
indicator of the VSWR meter away from position ‘1’ and at another position it will move
towards ‘1’. Keep the probe carriage at that position on venire scale to get V min position) to
calculate the g using the formula
g/2= (Vmin1-Vmin2)
g = (Vmin1-Vmin2)* 2(in cm)
13. Vary the plunger distance by g/16. i.e. g/16measure the VSWR and its corresponding V min
positions for g/16,2g/16,3g/16,4g/16,5g/16,6g/16,7g/16, 8g/16 using the following
procedure.
14. Keep range switch of VSWR meter in 30db or 40db position.
15. Keep meter selector in normal position and input selection in crystal position.
16.Keep the tunable probe at extreme right by using probe carriage of slotted section.
17. Tune the probe so that the indicator in VSWR meter will move towards ‘1’.
18. Adjust the amplitude and frequency of modulation so that the indicator in VSWR meter move towards ‘1’ in
upper scale
19. Now adjust the fine and coarse so that indicator is positioned on ‘1’
20. Now the probe is on Vmax position, move the probe carriage such that indicator is deflected away from ‘1’
and a dip is observed on meter. Now the probe is positioned in Vmin position. The meter reading directly gives the
VSWR.
21. If the range switch is placed on 30db the reading must be taken from 1 to 3 scale. If the range switch is 40db
position, 3 to 10 scale is considered. If the variation of probe carriage in the above two scales exceeded then
change the range switch to 50db and consider the scale 1 to 3 multiplied by 10. If the reading is beyond the scale
then change the range switch to 60 db and consider 3 to 10 scale multiplied by 10.
22. Calculate Vmin position at shorting condition i.e Vsmin.(shorting plate must be connected to slotted section)
23. Identify the Vmin positions on a smith chart and calculate the S-parameters.
13
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Calculations:
(from smith chart values)
R= ;r= ;
S11 =OO’ =
S21 =O’H / R
S22 =CO’ / R
RESULT
QUESTIONS
1. Explain the principle of detector?
2. What is the number of crystal diode?
3. Write S-matrix as E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee, Magic Tee, Isolator, Circulator?
4. Why will we use Precision movable short in S-parameter measurement?
5.Why S-parameters are preferred over impedence parameters?
6. Write the general expression of S-matrix?
7. What is the importance of S-parameters experiment?
8.Write the S-matrix of a two port junction?
14
Experiment No-5
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF H-Plane TEE
AIM:-To measure the Scattering parameters of a H-Plane Tee.
APPARATUS:-
5.VSWR meter.
7.Magic Tee
9.Detector.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
23mA.
15
procedure.
upper scale
VSWR.
16
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Calculations:
R= ;r= ;
S11 =OO’ =
S21 =O’H / R
S22 =CO’ / R
RESULT
QUESTIONS
17
Experiment No-6
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF HYBRID TEE
AIM:-To measure the Scattering parameters of a Hybrid Tee.
APPARATUS:-
5.VSWR meter.
7.Magic Tee
9.Detector.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
23mA.
18

procedure.
upper scale
VSWR.
19
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Calculations:
R= ;r= ;
S11 =OO’ =
S21 =O’H / R
S22 =CO’ / R
RESULT
QUESTIONS
20
Experiment No-7
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR
AIM:-To measure the Scattering parameters of a Circulator.
APPARATUS:-
5.VSWR meter.
7.Circulator
9.Detector.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the Reflex Klystron Microwave test bench as per the block diagram
shown.
5. Adjust beam current slowly, by increasing the beam voltage (Vo) slowly till the
beam current reaches 22mA to 23mA.
6. Note the output current. Tune the frequency meter and observe the dip in the
ammeter and note the corresponding frequency( i.e. operational frequency)
21

8. Do not change the repelled voltage, beam voltage and the beam current once they
are adjusted for maximum output.
11. Connect the load. Connect precision movable short to the load. Position the
micrometer of the precision movable short at ‘0’.
12. Observe the Vmin1 position and Vmin2 position (moving the probe carriage may
move the indicator of the VSWR meter away from position ‘1’ and at another
position it will move towards ‘1’. Keep the probe carriage at that position on
venire scale to get Vmin position) to calculate the g using the formula
2.Vary the plunger distance by  g/16. i.e. g/16measure the VSWR and its
corresponding Vmin positions for g/16,2g/16,3g/16,4g/16,5g/16,6g/16,7g/16,
8g/16 using the following procedure.
14.Keep meter selector in normal position and input selection in crystal position.
17.Adjust the amplitude and frequency of modulation so that the indicator in VSWR
meter move towards ‘1’ in upper scale
19. Now the probe is on Vmax position, move the probe carriage such that indicator is
deflected away from ‘1’ and a dip is observed on meter. Now the probe is
positioned in Vmin position. The meter reading directly gives the VSWR.
20. If the range switch is placed on 30db the reading must be taken from 1 to 3 scale.
If the range switch is 40db position, 3 to 10 scale is considered. If the variation of
probe carriage in the above two scales exceeded then change the range switch to
50db and consider the scale 1 to 3 multiplied by 10. If the reading is beyond the
scale then change the range switch to 60 db and consider 3 to 10 scale multiplied by
10.
21. Calculate Vmin position at shorting condition i.e Vsmin.(shorting plate must be
connected to slotted section)
Calculations:
R= ;r= ;
S11 =OO’ =
S21 =O’H / R
S22 =CO’ / R
22
TABULAR COLUMN:-
RESULT
QUESTIONS
6.Write the general expression of S-matrix?
23
Experiment No-8
ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT:FIXED AND VARRIABLE
AIM:- To measure the Attenuation for the given fixed and variable attenuators.
APPARATUS:-
1.Reflex Klystron power supply.
2.Reflex Klystron tube with mount.
4. Tunable frequency meter.
5. Fixed attenuators (3dB, 6dB, 10dB) and variable attenuator (20dB).
6.Detector.
7.Ammeter (0-10mA).
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
Fixed Attenuator
Variable Attenuator
24
PROCEDURE:-
23mA.
6.Note the output current. Tune the frequency meter and observe the dip in the ammeter and note the
corresponding frequency (i.e. operational frequency)
7.Detune the frequency meter.
8.Connect the Port1 of the 3dB fixed attenuator to the microwave test bench and observe the output at Port2.
9.Repeat the above step for 6dB and 10dB attenuators.
10.Connect the Port1 of the 20dB variable attenuator to the microwave test bench.
11.Vary the micrometer of the attenuator and observe the output at Port2.
TABULAR COLUMN:-
For fixed Attenuators
Input current (mA) =
Variable Attenuator
Input current (mA) =
25
RESULT:
QUESTIONS
1 What is the principle of fixed Attenuator?
2. Write the formula for attenuation measurement?
3. Explain the principle of fixed attenuator?
4.What are the other parameters that can be measured from attenuation?
26
Experiment No-9
MICROWAVE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT
AIM:- To calculate the impedance of the given load and measure the frequency of the
Klystron.
APPARATUS:-
1. Reflex Klystron power supply.
2. Reflex Klystron tube with mount
3. Isolator or Circulator or Attenuator
4. VSWR meter
6. Slotted section with tunable probe and movable probe carriage
7. Shorting plate
8. Loads (Inductive window, Capacitive window, Slide screw tuner, Pyramidal Horn antenna, H-
horn antenna, E-horn Antenna)
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
23mA. Do not change the beam voltage, repeller voltage and beam current through out the experiment.
27
corresponding frequency (i.e. operational frequency).
8. Keep the modulation switch in AM mode.
9. Connect the tunable probe of the slotted section and VSWR meter using BNCcable.
10.Connect the required load to the slotted section .
11. Keep Range switch of VSWR meter in 30dB or 40 dB position.
12. Keep meter selector in normal position and input selection in Xtal position.
14.Tune the probe so that the indicator in VSWR meter will move towards ‘1’.
upper scale
17. Now the probe is on Vmax position, move the probe carriage such that indicator is deflected away from ‘1’ and
a dip is observed on meter. Now the probe is positioned in Vmin position. The meter reading directly gives the
VSWR.
18. If the range switch is placed on 30db the reading must be taken from 1 to 3 scale. If the range switch is 40 db
change the range switch to 50db and consider the scale 1 to 3 multiplied by 10.If the reading is beyond thescale
19. Plot the smith chart for the observed values of VSWR for corresponding loads and then calculate the
normalized load impedance from the smith chart.
20. Find the required load impedance for the corresponding load according to the given formula.
FORMULA:-
c=2a , o =120
a=2.25cm
o = o/1-(o/c)2 , ηo = 120π , o =c/f and c = 2a where a = 2.25 cm.
Zl/Zo = normalized load impedance ( from the smith chart)
Load impedance (Zl) = Zo * normalized load impedance
28
TABULAR COLUMN:-
RESULT:
QUESTIONS
1.Indicate the frequency Vs wave length for X-band?
2.Explain the principle of isolator & circulator?
3. Explain the principle of frequency meter?
4. What type of frequency meter used in microwave test bench?
29
Experiment No-10
VSWR MEASUREMENT
AIM:- To study the VSWR measurement experimentally.
APPARATUS:-
1. Reflex Klystron power supply.
2. Reflex Klystron tube with mount
3. Isolator or Circulator or Attenuator
4. VSWR meter
6. Slotted section with tunable probe and movable probe carriage
7. Shorting plate
8. Loads (Inductive window, Capacitive window, Slide screw tuner, Pyramidal Horn antenna, H-
horn antenna, E-horn Antenna)
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
30
PROCEDURE:-
23mA. Do not change the beam voltage, repeller voltage and beam current through out the experiment.
corresponding frequency (i.e. operational frequency).
8. Keep the modulation switch in AM mode.
9. Connect the tunable probe of the slotted section and VSWR meter using BNCcable.
10.Connect the required load to the slotted section.
11. Keep Range switch of VSWR meter in 30dB or 40 dB position.
15.Adjust the amplitude and frequency of modulation so that the indicator in VSWR meter move towards ‘1’ in
upper scale
17. Now the probe is on Vmax position, move the probe carriage such that indicator is deflected away from ‘1’ and
a dip is observed on meter. Now the probe is positioned in V min position. The meter reading directly gives the
VSWR.
18. If the range switch is placed on 30db the reading must be taken from (1 to 3) scale. If the range switch is 40 db
position, (3 to 10) scale is considered. If the variation of probe carriage in the above two scales exceeded then
change the range switch to 50db and consider the scale (1 to 3) multiplied by 10. If the reading is beyond the scale
then change the range switch to 60 db and consider (3 to 10) scale multiplied by 10.
TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No LOAD VMIN VSWR VMAX

POSITION POSITION
31
RESULT
QUESTIONS
1. What is the principle of Slotted section and how wave radiates from slot or not.
why?
2. Explain the principle of VSWR meter?
3. Why modulation is required in VSWR measurement?
4. How to identify Vmax &Vmin?
5. Explain the principle of inductive window & capacitive window?
6.Write the relation of g in terms of 0 and c ?
7. What are different methods of measuring frequency?
8. Give the relation between VSWR and impedence?
32
Experiment No-11
Characteristics of LASER Diode
AIM:
Measuring operating characteristics for a diode laser, including threshold
current, output power versus current, and slope efficiency.
THEORY:
Diode lasers have been called “wonderful little devices.” They are small and
efficient. The laser operation occurs at a p-n junction that is the boundary region
between p-type and n-type materials. Such a junction can serve as a rectifying
diode for electrical circuits, but it is also the critical region for laser operation. In
the neighborhood of the junction, the energy bands undergo a shift. An energy
barrier restricts electrons in the conduction band from flowing to the right or holes
in the valence band from flowing to the left. Thus the junction has electrical
rectification properties. Figure 1 shows the output characteristics of a laser diode
as a function of input current. At low values of the input, the device acts as a light-
emitting diode (LED), producing a relatively small amount of incoherent light. At
a threshold value, where the population inversion is large enough so that gain by
stimulated emission can overcome the losses, the coherent light is emitted. As
current increases above the threshold value, the light output increases much more
rapidly than in the LED region. Ideally, the light output should increase linearly
with current, as shown in figure (1).
A relatively simple circuit suitable for driving a continuous un modulated laser
diode is shown in Figure 2.
Fig.1 Schematic sketch of the output of a laser diode as a function of

drive current.
33
Fig. 2 Basic form of drive circuit for continuous diode laser
Procedure:
1- Set up the drive circuit for continuous diode laser.
2- Turn on the power supply. Then open the switch and adjust the
potentiometer slowly to increase the current. Be sure to stay below
the maximum value of current specified by the manufacturer.
When turning off the laser, reverse the procedure. At first adjust
the temperature at 150C
3- Direct the beam from the laser into the power meter. The distance
between the laser and the power meter should be short to ensure
that all laser light enters the meter. Gradually increase the current
in steps from below the threshold for laser operation to well above
the threshold. At each step, record the output power, the current
through the diode and the voltage equal to 12V.
4- Tabulate your results in table (1).
Table(1)
T= 150 T= 200 T= 250

I mA Po Po Po
34
Calculations:
1- Plot the output power as a function of the current through the
diode for each temperature. From the plot, identify the threshold
current for laser operation.
2- Identify two points on the curve above the laser threshold and in
a region where the curve is linear. Calculate the slope efficiency
from the equation:
Slope Efficiency = [(P1 - P2)/ (I1V1 - I2V2)]* 100%
Where point 1 is considered to be the point with higher output; P1, I1, and V1 are
the output power, current, and voltage at point 1; and P2, I2, and V2 are the output
power, current, and voltage at point 2.
Discussion:
1- Describe proper procedures for turning on and off a continuous
laser diode, so as to minimize current transients.
2- List laser diode failure?
3- How the temperature affects the laser diode
operation? 4- What is the difference between laser
diode and LED? 5- Is it true that laser diodes don't
have a resonator?
35
Experiment No-12
Characteristics of LED
AIM:
In this experiment, we study and measure the P-I characteristics of Light Emitting
Diode (LED), which used in optical fiber communication as a light source.
Apparatus
1. Optical Fiber Communication Experiment Kit
2. Optical fiber power meter
3. Oscilloscope
4. AVO meter
5. Wires
6. 5m multimode optical fiber
Theory
The role of the optical transmitter is to convert an electrical input signal into the
corresponding optical signal and then launch it into the optical fiber serving as a
communication channel. The major component of optical transmitters is an optical source.
Fiber-optic communication systems often use semiconductor optical sources such as light-
emitting diodes (LEDs) and semiconductor lasers because of several inherent advantages
offered by them. Some of these advantages are compact size, high efficiency, good
reliability, right wavelength range, small emissive area compatible with fiber core
dimensions, and possibility of direct modulation at relatively high frequencies [1].
A forward-biased p–n junction emits light through spontaneous emission, a

phenomenon referred to as electroluminescence. In its simplest form, an LED is a forward
biased p–n homo-junction. Radiative recombination of electron–hole pairs in the depletion
region generates light; some of it escapes from the device and can be coupled into an
optical fiber. The emitted light is incoherent with a relatively wide spectral width (30–60
nm) and a relatively large angular spread.
The characteristic curve of output power versus input current for a LED is linear over a
suitable range of current for a particular LED as shown in Fig.(1). This range generally
extends from a few milli-amperes up to approximately 50 milli-amperes for a LED without
a heat sink, or up to 150 milli-amperes for a LED with a heat sink. At lower currents the
electron- photon conversion efficiency is low while at higher currents a saturation
phenomenon occurs due to the heating of the semiconductor.
Several key characteristics of LEDs determine their usefulness in a given application.

These are:
Peak Wavelength: This is the LED emits most power at central wavelength; therefore, it
should be matched to the wavelengths (850 nm and 1310 nm) that are transmitted with the
least attenuation through optical fiber.
36
Fig.(1): P-I characteristics of LED at several temperatures
Spectral Width: Ideally, all the light emitted from an LED would be at the peak
wavelength, but in practice, the light is emitted in a range of wavelengths centered at the
peak wavelength. This range is called the spectral width of the source.
Emission Pattern: The pattern of emitted light affects the amount of light that can be
coupled into the optical fiber. The size of the emitting region should be similar to the
diameter of the fiber core.
Speed: A source should turn on and off fast enough to meet the bandwidth limits of the
system. LEDs have slower rise and fall times than lasers.
Linearity: is another important characteristic for some applications. Linearity represents
the degree to which the optical output is directly proportional to the electrical current input.
Procedure
1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig.(2) by using optical fiber trainer.
2. Connect the optical fiber to the LED.
3. Connected second end of optical fiber to the optical power meter.
4. Switch on optical fiber trainer.
5. Change the injection current by varying the variable resistor in steps and
record the voltage of photo diode as in table below.
37
ILD(mA) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Po(W)
Po(dBm)
ILD(mA) 55 60 65 70 75 80 65
Po(W)
Po(dBm)
6. Plot the relation between the optical power and current.
Vcc  Vd  Id  10
Rb  I
Fig 2
38
Result:
Plot the relationship between the optical output power and emitter current.
Discussion
1. Comment on your results
2. What we mean by spectral width of LED? Is it important?Why?
3. Why we said " LEDs are generally more reliable than lasers"?
39
13. MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN LOAD IMPEDANCE
Aim:
To determine impedance of unknown load by measuring VSWR and the position of first field minimum.
Apparatus Used:
 Klystron power supply MTI KP 503

 Klystron tube /2k25
 Isolator MTI/ NVIS- 204
 Frequency Meter MTI/NVIS – 205A
 Variable Attenuator MTI/ NVIS - 206
 Detector mount MTI/ NVIS - 209
 Waveguide stands MTI/NVIS
 VSWR meter MTI VS 501/NVIS
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Scientech -801C
 Slotted section
 Tunable probe
 Movable short
 SS Tuner
 Short.
41. Experimental
Setup: V.S.W
.R
Klystr meter/C
on power Tuna RO
supply ble
Prob SS
e Tuner
Klystr Varia
on Isolat ble Slotted
mou or attenua line
nt tor Movabl
e
Short/H
orn
Antenn
42. a
Theory
40
The waveform from generator incident on the load is reflected (if the load is not a characteristic
impedance).The magnitude and hence VSWR, the phase and hence the relative position (with respect to
short-circuit) of the VSWR minimum, are characteristic properties of the load. Determining these, load
can be determined.
The input impedance of a transmission line is given by
cosh ϒ+ 0 sinh ϒ
Zin = =
cosh ϒ+ /0 sinh ϒ
For lossless line ϒ=α+jβ (α=0) of ‘∆l’ length
Z +jZ tanβ∆l
Zin = Z0 R 0
Zo+jZR tanβ∆l
Where ZR is, the impedance at the receiving end i.e impedance of load, Zo is the characteristic impedance
and Zin is the impedance at the input of the transmission line, |D o|, being the electrical distance, is
measured in wavelengths between position of termination and standing wave minimum, or
ρ−j tanβ∆l
ZR= Z0
1−jρ tanβ∆l
Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment’s as shown in figure above.

2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Termination the receiving end with unknown load.
4. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply
Beam voltage - Off
Mod-switch - Full anti clockwise
Reflector Voltage Knob - Full clockwise
Am-amplitude Knob - Full clockwise
Am frequency and amplitude knob - Mid position
Switch On the klystron power supply, VSWR meter & cooling fan.
Switch On the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 260 V.
Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of am modulation.
Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
5. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below:
I. Switch : Normal
II. Input switch : Low impedance
III. Range db switch : 40db
IV. Gain control knob : Fully clockwise
6. Connect detector output to SWR meter.
7. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1 KHz.
8. Tune the detector by adjusting short plunger for maximum meter deflection.
9. Move the probe along slotted line; adjust it at standing wave minimum. Record the probe position as
X1(this is the position of reference minimum) and next successive minimum position as X2.
10. Replace load by short circuit termination and move the probe carriage to new standing wave
minimum record the probe position as Xs (This is known as position of reference plane)
41
11. Find the shift minima (Xs- X2 or Xs – X1 ). It will be positive if minimum is shifted towards load (i.e.,
for inductive load) and negative if minimum is shifted towards generator (for capacitive load). Shift
in minimum for different loads can be easily known form the standing wave patterns given below.
12. Convert the shift in wavelength units, i.e.,( Xs- X1)/I. Wavelengths.
13. Position on minimum can be known more accurately if it is taken as midpoint of positions of equal
response on either side of minimum
Fig.2 Standing wave patterns for different loads
Observation: ( Include your own Table
relevant to the Experiment)
S.NO. Position of Load VSWR Frequency of excited Shift in Direction of shift

minimum wave minima<λ/4 towards load/generator
Load λg =2(d2- d1) Capacitive/Inductive
1
2
..
…
AT. Conclusions: (Write your Own)

(A) Using formula:
Guide wavelength, ‘λg/2’ =2*distance between two successive minima’s
=2*(Xs- X1)
Calculate free space wavelength λ0 using relation 1/ λ02= 1/ λg2+ 1/ λc2
Compute load, using
ρ−j tanβ∆l
ZL= Z0
1−jρ tanβ∆l
β∆l = 2π (Xs- X1)/λ
42
(B) Using smith chart:

1. Note VSWR and shift in minima ‘X’ in terms of wavelength.
2. Use smith chart and draw a VSWR circle with radius I/VSWR.
3. Locate a point at a distance X from 0.0 (short circuit) moving in anti-
clockwise direction (shift towards load) at the circumference. Join this point to
the center of smith chart.
4. Point of intersection of VSWR circle and this line gives load; reactive component
on reactive circleand resistive components on real circles.
5. This normalized impedance multiplied by characteristic impedance of the
guide gives load impedance. Characteristic impedance of guide is given by
20 relation
(1−()2 )
Z0 o= .
AU. Analysis of Results: (Write your own)

(Include sample calculations/Display/plot/typical graph)
AV. Observation: ( Include your own Table relevant to the Experiment)
S.NO. Position Load Frequency Shift in Direction of shift

of VSWR of excited minima<λ/ towards
minimum wave 4 load/generator
Load λg =2(d2- d1) Capacitive/Inductive
AW. Conclusions: (Write your Own)
(C) Using formula:

Guide wavelength, ‘λg/2’ =2*distance between two successive minima’s
=2*( Xs- X1)
Calculate free space wavelength λ0 using relation 1/ λ0 2= 1/ λg2+ 1/ λc 2
Compute load, using
1−jρ tanβ∆l
= Z0
ρ−j tanβ∆l
β∆l = 2π ( Xs- X1)/λ
(D) Using smith chart:

6. Note VSWR and shift in minima ‘X’ in terms of wavelength.
7. Use smith chart and draw a VSWR circle with radius I/VSWR.
8. Locate a point at a distance X from 0.0 (short circuit) moving in anti-
clockwise direction (shift towards load) at the circumference. Join this point to
the center of smith chart.
9. Point of intersection of VSWR circle and this line gives load; reactive component
on reactive circleand resistive components on real circles.
10. This normalized impedance multiplied by characteristic impedance of the
guide gives load impedance. Characteristic impedance of guide is given by
20 relation
(1−()2 )
Z0 o= .
AX. Analysis of Results: (Write your own)

(Include sample calculations/Display/plot/typical graph)
43

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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Microwave and Optical

IV B.Tech-ECE I-Semester (2022-23)

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

IV B.Tech-ECE I-Semester (2022-23)

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY

S.No Description Page No

2 PEO’s & PO’s II

3 List of Experiments III

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY

1 . Measurement of Unknown Load Impedance

1. Microwave Bench set up with klystron Power Supply

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

IV B.Tech-ECE I-Semester (2022-23)

S.No Name of Experiment Page No.

Measurement of scattering Parameters of H Plane TEE 15

Measurement of scattering Parameters of HYBRID TEE 18

Measurement of scattering Parameters of Circulator 21

Attenuation Measurement: Fixed and Variable 24

9 Microwave Frequency Measurement 27

11 Characteristics of LASER Diode 33

12 Characteristics of Light Emitting Diode (LED) 36

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Lab Experiment Planner

Total Number of Batches: 12 (with a maximum of ‘3’ students/batch)

N1/N2 = (Vo+VR2)/(Vo+VR1) ………(1) (or)

N1/N2 = Vo – (- VR2)/ Vo – (-VR1)

N2-N1 = 1.................. (2)

To= 4So [ mVo/ 2e] / ( Vo+VR )

So = N/f * ((Vo+VR) / 4 ( mVo/ 2e)).

Vbeam = Volts Ibeam = mAmps

S.NO Repeller Frequency Output

1. What are the dimensions of wave-guide at X-band (i.e. a & b)?

3. How many cavities are present in Reflex Klystron?

5. State the importance of impedance spiral?

6. What is the importance of admittance spiral?

7. What is electronic type tuning in Reflex Klystron?

8. What is mechanical type tuning in Reflex Klystron?

9. Explain the bunching process in Reflex Klystron?

10. Draw the equivalent circuit for reflex Klystron?

11. Indicate the bunching condition in Reflex Klystron.

( a )THIS SET UP FOR GUNN CHARACTERISTICS

( b)THIS SETUP FOR V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN

3.The micrometer of the Gunn oscillator is varied.

9. Both the frequency readings should be the same.

Coupling factor = 10 log (P1/P3 )

Directivity = 10 log ( P3/P4)

For Cross directional coupler:

Note:P4 is permanently matched in directional coupler.

3. Give the applications of a directional coupler?

4. Differentiate between reciprocal & non-reciprocal devices?

5.How the power is divided in directional coupler?

6.Explain the principle of matched termination?

AIM:-To measure the Scattering parameters of a E-Plane Tee.

g = (Vmin1-Vmin2)* 2(in cm)

AIM:-To measure the Scattering parameters of a H-Plane Tee.

g = (Vmin1-Vmin2)* 2(in cm)

AIM:-To measure the Scattering parameters of a Hybrid Tee.