Introduction to Statistics

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Dr. Hanaa Moussa
Main Textbook:
1. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, by: Ronald E. Walpole,
Raymond H. Myers, Sharon L. Myers, and Keying Ye. Pearson

2. Elementary Statistics: A step by step approach, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, Authors:

Allan G. Bluman.

E-learning web site:

http://www.cic-cairo.com/cms

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 LECTURE 2

CHAPTER I

DATA DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT

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 Ogive or Cumulative Frequency Graph

An ogive displays data by using lines connecting points.

 The point on the abscissa (x-axis) represents the upper

class limit.

 The point on the ordinate (y-axis) represents the class

Cumulative Frequency.

 Ogives are useful for determining the number of values

below a particular value.

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 Example (4)
The following data represent the record high temperatures for
each of the 50 U.S. states.
1. Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the data with
7 classes.
2. Draw an O-give

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 Solution
Determine class width
 Find the range :Range =133-100=33
 Divide the range by the number of classes.
W=(33+1)/7=4.85 So the width is 5

Class limits Frequency Relative

(F) Frequency (R.F)
100-<105 2 2/50=0.04
105-<110 8 8/50=0.16
110-<115 18 18/50=0.36
115-<120 13 13/50=0.26
120-<125 7 7/50=0.14
125-<130 1 1/50=0.02
130-<135 1 1/50=0.02
Total 50 1

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e.g. Recording High Temperatures

Class limits Frequency Cumulative

(F) Frequency
100-<105 2 2
105-<110 8 2+8=10
110-<115 18 28
115-<120 13 41
120-<125 7 48
125-<130 1 49
130-<135 1 50

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 Relative Frequency Graphs

• Relativefrequencies are useful in comparing different data

sets, such as.

 Population size is different and using frequencies will be

misleading.

 Histograms could then be done using relative frequency,

and Ogives could be done using cumulative relative
frequency Relative Frequency Graphs

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 Relative Frequency Graphs

e.g. Recording High Temperatures

Class limits Frequency Relative

(F) Frequency (R.F)
100-<105 2 2/50=0.04
105-<110 8 8/50=0.16
110-<115 18 18/50=0.36
115-<120 13 13/50=0.26
120-<125 7 7/50=0.14
125-<130 1 1/50=0.02
130-<135 1 1/50=0.02
Total 50 1

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 Other Graphs

A pie graph

A Bar Graphs

A Dot plot

A stem-and-leaf plot

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 A pie graph

The Pie Graph Pie graphs are used extensively in statistics. The purpose of the pie graph
is to show the relationship of the parts to the whole by visually comparing the sizes of the
sections. Percentages or proportions can be used. The variable is nominal or categorical.

A pie graph:
is a circle that is divided into sections or wedges according to
the percentage of frequencies in each category of the
distribution.

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 A pie graph

Example:

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 A pie graph

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 A pie graph

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Dr. Hanaa Moussa
 A pie graph

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 Bar Graphs

When the data are qualitative or categorical, bar graphs can be used to represent
the data. A bar graph can be drawn using either horizontal or vertical bars

A bar graph: represents the data by using vertical or horizontal

bars whose heights or lengths represent the frequencies of the
data.

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 Bar Graphs

Example:

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 Bar Graphs

Solution

1.Draw and label the x and y axes. For the horizontal bar graph place the
frequency scale on the x axis, and for the vertical bar graph place the frequency
scale on the y axis.

2. Draw the bars corresponding to the frequencies.

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 Bar Graphs

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 A Dot plot

Steps to Create a Dot Plot

1. Order numbers from least to greatest.

2. Draw a number line.
3. Label the number line with the minimum and the
maximum then all the numbers that fall between them.
4. Put a dot above each number on the number line for
each data entry in your set.
5. Don’t forget a title and labels!

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 Worked Examples
Example1
In an airline training program, the students are given a test
in which they are given a set of tasks and the time it takes
them to complete the tasks is measured. The following is a
list of the time (in seconds) for a group of new trainees.
72, 73, 64, 67, 71, 61, 81, 81 61, 71, 74, 75, 77,
79, 80, 83 , 70, 71 , 74
Display the data in a dot plot.
Solution
Order numbers from least to greatest
61, 61, 64, 67, 70, 71, 71, 71, 72, 73, 74, 74, 75, 77,
79, 80, 81, 81, 83
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 Airline Training Program Test

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83

Time in Seconds

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 Example2

Solution
First we arrange the data in an ascending order

64,64,66,67,69,70,70,74,74,74,76,76,76,76,76,78,78,79,81,82,82,83,83,83,86,86,
88,93,93,96

64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

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 A stem-and-leaf plot

Process:

1. Split the digits in the number into right most digit called the
leaf and any remaining digits to the left called the stems

2. List all possible stem values once in increasing order

3. Draw a vertical line to the right of the stems

4. List the leaves sequentially and horizontally to the right of

the vertical line with their respective stems as often as occurs

Note: A stem value is listed once while leaves are listed as

often as they occur in a data value

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 Worked Examples
Example1:

29 students were set a simple task. Their completion times to

the nearest second were:
47 61 53 43 46 46 68 48 72 57 48 54 41 63 49
42 58 65 45 44 43 51 45 38 46 44 52 43 47
set these data into a stem and leaf diagram
Solution

put values into preliminary diagram:

3 8

4 7 3 6 6 8 8 1 9 2 5 4 3 5 6 4 3 7

5 3 7 4 8 1 2

6 1 8 3 5

7 2
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 re draw diagram with leafs in numerical order:

3 8
4 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9
5 1 2 3 4 7 8
6 1 3 5 8
7 2

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 Example 2:

Data: 114 133 125 123 113 104 102 101 111 111 132 143 142 141 132 131

set these data into a stem and leaf diagram

Solution

10 421
11 4311
12 53
13 3221
14 321

10 124
11 1134
12 35
13 1223
14 123

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Thanks