Lec. 1

Ain Shams University
Mech. Power Eng. Dept

4th Year, Pipeline Network

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Power Engineering Department
Pipeline Network – MEP 421

4th Year
Lecture # 1
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

10 October 2015 Dr. Walid Torky 1
Review
 Steady Incompressible Flow Through Pipe Systems
 Pipe Flow
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Moody Diagram
Simple Pipe Problems

Steady Incompressible Flow Through Pipe Systems - Pipe Flow:

In each of the cases considered, the loss has been expressed in units of energy per unit gravity force. For
horizontal pipes, this loss shows up as a gradual reduction in pressure along the line. For non horizontal
cases, the energy equation is applied to the two end sections of the pipe, and the loss term is included;
thus:
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
Total Energy in the upstream section Total energy in the downstream section
The Darcy-Weisbach equation:
This equation is generally adopted for pipe flow calculations, where:

𝐋 𝐕𝟐 hf : head loss or drop in hydraulic grade line, [m of flowing fluid]
𝐡𝐟 = 𝐟
𝐃 𝟐𝐠 L & D : pipe length and diameter, [m]
V : average velocity, [m/s]

Major flow losses
 Major flow loss is due to friction which counts for any flow regime.
𝐟𝐋𝐕 𝟐 𝐋 𝐕𝟐 𝟖𝐟𝐋 𝟐
𝐡𝐟 = =𝐟 = 𝐐
𝟐𝐠𝐝 𝐃 𝟐𝐠 𝛑𝟐 𝐠𝐃^𝟓
Darcy-Weisbach equation
 The dimensionless parameter f is called Darcy friction factor, defined by Henry Darcy (1803–
1858), a French engineer whose pipe-flow experiments in 1857 first established the effect of
roughness on pipe resistance. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is valid for duct flows of any
cross section and for laminar and turbulent flow. It was proposed by Julius Weisbach, a
German professor who in 1850 published the first modern textbook on hydrodynamics.
 hf has the dimension length and is expressed in terms of meter of the fluid flow. The
friction factor ƒ is a dimensionless factor that is required to make the equation produce
the correct value for losses. All quantities in the above equation except 𝒇 can be
measured experimentally.
 The friction factor ƒ must be so selected that Darcy equation correctly yields the head
loss; hence, ƒ cannot be a constant but must depend upon:
velocity V, diameter D, density 𝝆, viscosity μ, and certain characteristics of the wall
roughness signified by 𝛆, 𝛆’, and m, where 𝛆 is a measure of the size of the roughness
projections and has the dimensions of a length, 𝛆’ is a measure of the arrangement or spacing
of the roughness elements and also has the dimensions of a length, and m is a form factor,
depending upon the shape of the individual roughness elements and is dimensionless.
The term f, instead of being a simple constant, it turns out to depend upon seven, quantities:
ƒ =f(V, D, 𝝆, μ, 𝛆, 𝛆‘, m, age)

Thus, for pipes the terms 𝛆, 𝛆‘ may be made dimensionless by dividing by D.

Therefore, in general:
𝐕𝐃𝛒 𝛆 𝛆′ 𝜺
𝐟=𝐟 , , ,𝐦 In rough pipes the term is called the relative roughness.
𝛍 𝐃 𝐃 𝑫
𝜺
Experiments show that for one value of the ƒ, Re curve is smoothly
𝑫
connected regardless of the actual pipe diameter.

Types of flow:
• Laminar Flow: Re <= (2000-2300)
• Turbulent Flow: Re > 100000
Laminar Flow:
The straight line marked “laminar flow” in the above figure is the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. In this
type of flow:
𝟔𝟒
𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫 =
𝐑𝐞
𝟑𝟐𝛍𝐋𝐯 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝛍𝐋𝐐
𝐡𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫 = =
𝛒𝐠𝐝𝟐 𝝅𝛒𝐠𝐝𝟒
This equation, which plots as a straight line with slope —1 on a log-log chart, may be used for the
solution of laminar flow problems in pipes. It applies to all rough nesses, as the head loss in laminar
flow is independent of wall roughness.
The Reynolds critical number is about 2000, and the critical zone, where the flow may be either
laminar or turbulent, is about 2000 to 4000.

Turbulent Flow:
𝛆
 It should be noted that the relative-roughness curves = 0.000001 and
𝐃
smaller approach the smooth-pipe curve for decreasing Reynolds numbers. This
can be explained by the presence of a laminar film at the wall of the pipe that
decreases in thickness as the Reynolds number increases. For certain ranges of
Reynolds numbers in the transition zone, the film completely covers small
roughness projections, and the pipe has a friction factor the same as that of a
smooth pipe.
 For larger Reynolds numbers, projections protrude through laminar film, and
each projection causes extra turbulence that increases the head loss. For the
zone marked complete turbulence, rough pipes, the film thickness is negligible
compared with the height of roughness projections, and each projection
contributes fully to the turbulence. Viscosity does not affect the head loss in this
zone, as evidenced by the fact that the friction factor does not change with the
Reynolds number. In this zone the loss follows the V2 law; i.e., it varies directly
as the square of the velocity.
Smooth Pipe: ( ε / D ) ≤ 10-6
For smooth pipe 𝛆 = 𝛆’ = 𝐦 = 𝟎, leaving f dependent upon the first four

quantities. They can be arranged in only one way to make them dimensionless,
𝑽𝑫𝝆
namely, = 𝑹𝒆, which is the Reynolds number.
𝝁
Blasius was the first to correlate the smooth pipe experiments in turbulent flow.
He presented the results by an empirical formula that is valid up to about Re =
100000.
The Blasius formula is:
𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟔
𝐟= 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝟒
Rough Pipe:
For rough pipes the terms 𝛆, 𝛆‘ may be made dimensionless by dividing by D.
Therefore, in general:
𝛆 𝛆′ 𝜺
𝐟 = 𝐟 𝐑𝐞, , , 𝐦 In rough pipes the term is called the relative roughness.
𝐃 𝐃 𝑫
𝛆
Experiments show that for one value of the ƒ, Re curve is smoothly connected
𝐃
𝛆‘
regardless of the actual pipe diameter. These tests did not permit variation of or
𝐃
m but proved the validity of the equation:
𝛆
𝐟 = 𝐟 𝐑𝐞, for one type of roughness.
𝐃
Because of the extreme complexity of naturally rough surfaces, most of the
advances in understanding the basic relations have been developed around
experiments on artificially roughened pipes. Moody has constructed one of the
most convenient charts for determining friction factors in clean, commercial
pipes. This chart, presented in the following figure, is the basis for pipe flow
calculations in this chapter.
Moody chart
𝐑𝐞𝐝
𝛜/𝐝 𝐟

Moody chart

Friction factor of turbulent flow:

• Colebrook* combined the smooth wall and fully rough relations into an interpolation formula:
𝟏 𝛜/𝐝 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
= −𝟐 log + 𝟏
𝐟 𝟏/𝟐 𝟑. 𝟕
𝐑𝐞𝐝 . 𝐟 𝟐
• It was plotted in 1944 by Moody into what is now called the Moody chart for pipe friction
• An alternate explicit formula given by Haaland**:
𝟏.𝟏𝟏
𝟏 𝛜/𝐝 𝟔. 𝟗
= −𝟏. 𝟖 log +
𝐟 𝟏/𝟐 𝟑. 𝟕 𝐑𝐞𝐝
* C. F. Colebrook, “Turbulent Flow in Pipes, with Particular Reference to the Transition between the Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws,” J.
Inst. Civ. Eng. Lond., vol. 11, 1938–1939, pp. 133–156.
** S. E. Haaland, “Simple and Explicit Formulas for the Friction Factor in Turbulent Pipe Flow,” J. Fluids Eng., March 1983, pp. 89–90.

In place of the Moody diagram, the following explicit formula for f may be utilized
with the restrictions placed on it.
This equation yields an ƒ within 1 percent of the Colebrook equation and may
be conveniently used with an electronic calculator.
Inception of Moody chart indicates that, for high Reynolds number and
relative roughness, the friction factor becomes independent of Reynolds
number in the fully turbulent regime. In this case:


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Ain Shams University

Mech. Power Eng. Dept

Ain Shams University

Pipeline Network – MEP 421

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Steady Incompressible Flow Through Pipe Systems - Pipe Flow:

The Darcy-Weisbach equation:

This equation is generally adopted for pipe flow calculations, where:

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

ƒ =f(V, D, 𝝆, μ, 𝛆, 𝛆‘, m, age)

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Thus, for pipes the terms 𝛆, 𝛆‘ may be made dimensionless by dividing by D.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Smooth Pipe: ( ε / D ) ≤ 10-6

For smooth pipe 𝛆 = 𝛆’ = 𝐦 = 𝟎, leaving f dependent upon the first four

The Blasius formula is:

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Friction factor of turbulent flow:

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

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