Lec. 2

Ain Shams University
Mech. Power Eng. Dept

4th Year, Pipeline Network

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Power Engineering Department
Course Title: Pipeline Network

4th Year
Lecture # 2
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

14 October 2015 Dr. Walid Torky 1
Objective
 Simple Pipe Problems

Simple Pipe Problem (No minor losses):

By “simple pipe problems” we refer to pipes or pipelines in which pipe friction is
the only loss. The pipe may be laid at any angle with the horizontal.
Six variables enter into the problems (the fluid is treated as incompressible):
Q, L, D, hf , ν , ε.
And 4 equations are given:
𝝅
1. 𝑸= 𝑫𝟐 V Continuity Equation
𝟒
𝑳 𝑽𝟐
2. 𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇 Darcy-Weisbach Equation
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝑽 𝑫
3. 𝑹𝒆 = Reynold’s Number
𝝂
4. Moody Chart or any formula to calculate f
 In general, the length L, fluid kinematic viscosity v, and absolute

roughness ε, are given or may be determined. The simple pipe problems may
then be treated as three types:
Given To find
I. Q, L, D, v, ε hf
II. hf, L, D, v, ε Q
III. hf, Q, L, v, ε D
In each of these cases the Darcy-Weisbach equation, the continuity equation, and
the Moody diagram are used to find the unknown quantity.

Type I : Solution for hf
Example
Determine the head (energy) loss for flow of 140 L/s of oil, v = 0.00001 m2/s,
through 400 m of 200-mm-diameter cast-iron pipe.
Solution:
4Q 4∗0.14
𝐑𝐞 = = = 𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟕 (Not in the complete turbulent region)
𝜋𝜈𝐷 𝜋∗0.00001∗0.2
The relative roughness is ε /D = 0.15 mm/200 mm = 0.0075.

From Moody chart, by interpolation, f = 0.035, and by solution of Haaland
equation f = 0.0353;
𝟏.𝟏𝟏
𝟏 𝛜/𝐝 𝟔. 𝟗
= −𝟏. 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +
𝐟 𝟏/𝟐 𝟑. 𝟕 𝐑𝐞𝐝
𝟖𝐟𝐋 𝟖∗𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟓∗𝟒𝟎𝟎
hence, 𝐡𝐟 = 𝟐 𝟓 𝐐𝟐 = ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 = 𝟕𝟏 𝒎
𝛑 𝐠𝐃 𝛑𝟐 ∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏∗𝟎.𝟐𝟓
Type II : Solution for Q
𝝅
𝟒
𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝑽 𝑫
𝝂
• In the second case, V and ƒ are unknowns, and the Darcy-Weisbach equation
and Moody diagram must be used simultaneously to find their values.
• Since ε/D is known, a value of f may be assumed by inspection of the Moody
diagram. Substitution of this trial ƒ into the Darcy-Weisbach equation
produces a trial value of V, from which a trial Re is computed. With this Re an
improved value of ƒ is found from the Moody diagram.
• When ƒ has been found correct to two significant figures, the corresponding V
is the value to be considered and Q is determined by multiplying by the area.
Example
Water at 15°C flows through a 300-mm-diameter riveted steel pipe, ε= 3 mm, with
a head loss of 6 m in 300m. Determine the flow.
Solution:
The relative roughness is ε/D = 0.003/0.3 = 0.01, and from Moody chart a trial f is
taken as 0.04. By substituting into :
𝐋 𝐕𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝐕 𝟐
𝐡𝐟 = 𝐟 𝐬𝐨, 𝟔=
𝐕 𝟐𝐠 𝟎. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
from which V = 1.715 m/s. For water, v = 1.13 x 10-6 m2/s , and so
Complete 𝑽𝑫 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑
𝑹𝒆 = = = 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
turbulent flow 𝝂 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
And from the Moody diagram f = 0.038. With another trial, it turns out that no
further change occurs in the value of f and
𝟐
𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝐦𝟑
𝐐 = 𝐀 ∗ 𝐕 = 𝛑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐬
Another Solution:
An explicit solution for discharge Q may be obtained from the Colebrook
equation and the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
𝟖𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟖∗𝑸
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐 𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 , =
𝝅 𝒈𝑫 𝒇 𝒇 𝑫𝟓
𝝅 𝒈 ∗ 𝒉𝒇 ∗
𝑳
Substituting in Colebrook Equation:
𝟏 𝛜/𝐝 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
= −𝟐 log + 𝟏
𝐟 𝟏/𝟐 𝟑. 𝟕
𝐑𝐞𝐝 . 𝐟 𝟐
𝟐
𝒈𝑫𝒉𝒇 𝛜/𝐝 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟓𝝂
𝑸 = −𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝑫 𝐥𝐧 +
𝑳 𝟑. 𝟕 𝒈𝑫𝒉𝒇
𝑫
𝑳
This equation, first derived by Swamee and Jain is as accurate as the equation
and holds for the same range of values of ε/D and Re. Thus for the above
example, D = 0.3 m, g = 9.81 m/s2, hf/L= 0.02, ε/D = 0.01 and
v = 1.13 x 10-6 m2/s, yields Q = 0.1231 m3/s.
Type III : Solution for D
𝝅
𝟒
𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝑽 𝑫
𝝂
• In the third case, with D unknown, there are three unknowns in Darcy Equ., f,
V, D; two in the continuity equation, V, D; and three in the Reynolds number
𝜺
equation, V, D, Re. The relative roughness = 𝝈 is also unknown.
𝑫
• Normally only one or two trials are required. Since standard pipe sizes are
usually selected, the next larger size of pipe than that obtained by calculations is
taken.
Example:
Determine the size of clean wrought-iron pipe required to convey 250 L/s of oil, 𝝂
= 1 x l0-5 m2/s, 3000 m long with a head loss of 25 m
Solution:
Assume D:
•From Q get v
•Calculate Re & σ
•From Moody chart get f
•From hf get D
•Compare the new D with the assumed value
Or;
Assume V:
•From Q get D
•Calculate Re & σ
•From Moody chart get f
•From hf get V
•Compare the new V with the assumed value
Another Solution:
Following Swamee and Jain, an empirical equation to determine diameter directly
by using dimensionless relations yields:
This equation is valid for:
𝟒.𝟕𝟓 𝟓.𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟒
𝟏.𝟐𝟓
𝑳𝑸𝟐 𝟗
𝑳
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝜺 + 𝝂𝑸 . 𝟒
𝒈𝒉𝒇 𝒈𝒉𝒇
This equation will yield a value for D within 2 percent of the value obtained by
the method using the Colebrook equation.
Solution of the above example using Swamee and Jain Eq.

Q = 0.25 m3/s, ε= 0.046 mm, L = 3000 m, hf = 25 m , 𝝂= 1 x 10-5 m2/s, and g =
9.81 m/s2 yields D = 0.418 m.

In each of the cases considered, the loss has been expressed in units of energy per
unit gravity force. For horizontal pipes, this loss shows up as a gradual reduction
in pressure along the line. For non horizontal cases, the energy equation is applied
to the two end sections of the pipe, and the loss term is included; thus:
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
Total Energy upstream Total energy downstream


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Ain Shams University

Mech. Power Eng. Dept

Ain Shams University

Course Title: Pipeline Network

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Simple Pipe Problem (No minor losses):

 In general, the length L, fluid kinematic viscosity v, and absolute

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

The relative roughness is ε /D = 0.15 mm/200 mm = 0.0075.

Solution of the above example using Swamee and Jain Eq.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

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