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1
Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology. Copyright
c 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
2 POLYMERIC MICELLES
Fig. 2. Various complex polymer structures that can be achieved via ATRP or RAFT, (a)
linear; (b) graft; (c) brush or comb; (d) ring; (e) star An Bn ; (f) star-block (AB)n ; (g) AB2
star; (h) palm tree ABn ; (i) dumb-bell (pom-pom); and (j) H-shaped B2 AB2 . Adapted from
Prog. Polym. Sci., Vol. no. 37, A. Gregory and M. H. Stenzel, Complex polymer architec-
ture via RAFT polymerization: From fundamental process to extending the scope using
click chemistry and nature’s building blocks. Page No. 38–105, Copyright (2012), with per-
mission from Elsevier.
Fig. 3. Major methods for self-assembling block copolymers into polymeric micelles in
solution: direct dissolution method and the dialysis method. Adapted from Colloid Surf.
B, Vol. no. 16, C. Allen, D. Maysinger, and A. Eisenberg, Nano-engineering block copoly-
mer aggregates for drug delivery, Page No. 3–27, Copyright (1999) with permission from
Elsevier.
and sometimes by the rate of water dropping to the copolymer solvent mixture
(41,42).
The spontaneous formation of micelles can be explained on the basis of free
energy theory. The decrease in the free energy of a system is the major driving
force for the self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers into micelles. After the re-
moval of the cosolvent by dialysis or evaporation, the hydrophobic chains become
incompatible in aqueous solution by forming the core of the micelle to reduce the
interface energy. In addition, the hydrophobic core is protected from water by the
hydrophilic coronas. This effect is often called the hydrophobic effect (1).
Critical Micelle Concentration. In colloidal and surface chemistry, the
critical micelle concentration (CMC) is defined as the concentration of surfactants
above which micelles form and almost all additional surfactants added to the
system go to micelles (41).
In polymer self-assembly, the process of self-assembling amphiphilic block
copolymers into micelles is a thermodynamically driven and reversible process,
which is similar to the surfactants. However, CMCs of polymers are much lower
than surfactants.
Why Is CMC Important?. When the polymer concentration is lower than
CMC, the copolymer exists in aqueous solutions as individual chains. The self-
assembly process begins when the concentration of the copolymer reaches a spe-
cific value called CMC. The chemical nature and length ratio of hydrophilic and
hydrophobic chains determine the CMC value (4). Also the value of the CMC for a
given polymer in a given medium depends on temperature, pressure, the presence
and concentration of other surface-active substances, and electrolytes.
POLYMERIC MICELLES 5
There are various ways to classify the polymeric micelles. In traditional clas-
sification, generally, there are two kinds of micelles: star-like and crew-cut mi-
celles (40,60), which are also named as regular and reverse micelles. Whether
the micelles belong to star-like or crew-cut micelles depends on the relative
block lengths of the block copolymers. If the micelle core is much smaller than
the corona, such assemblies are defined as star-like micelles. Another kind of
micelles, the crew-cut micelles, has a bulky core and a relatively short corona
(40,60). Both the star-like and crew-cut micelles have been deeply explored re-
cently because of their variable structure and potential applications.
Another classification is based on the morphology of the micelles, for exam-
ple, spherical, tubular, worm-like, ring-like, and spiral micelles.
Figure 6 shows the different morphologies of polymeric micelles prepared
using the self-assembly method. Figure 6c is a kind of spherical micelles self-
assembled by using a PEO–PGMA–PDEA triblock copolymer with subsequent
shell cross-linking. PEO chains form the outer coronas of the micelles, whereas
POLYMERIC MICELLES 9
Fig. 6. (a) Cylindrical micelles self-assembled from PI250 -PFS50 . Adapted from Ref. 5,
copyright 2007, with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Tubular micelles
by PS-b-PAA (40); Adapted from with permission from Ref. 40. Copyright (1999) American
Chemical Society. (c) Spherical micelles by PEO113 -PGMA50 -PDEA65 . Adapted from Ref. 5
with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Worm-like micelles by PDMA165 -
b-PNIPAM202 . Adapted from with permission from Ref. 61. Copyright (2009) American
Chemical Society. See the full name of block copolymers in the Glossary section.
PDMA forms the core of the micelles and the PGMA segment serves as the link-
age shell between the core and the coronas.
The spherical micelles are most conventional ones that have been deeply
explored in recent years. The application of spherical micelles in drug and gene
delivery and nanoreactors will be discussed in a later section. Polymeric micelles
with other morphologies, for example, cylinder (Fig. 6a), tube (Fig. 6b), and worm-
like (Fig. 6d) have also been explored by other researchers.
Amphiphilic polymers can self-assemble into a variety of nanostructures,
such as micelles, vesicles, and cylinders (5,40,61,62). Recently, the preparation of
micelles with more complex nanostructures such as toroids, disks, multicompart-
ment structures (63), and Janus and patchy particles has showed great interest
due to their special structure and applications (64). For example, multicompart-
ment micelles are an intriguing class of self-assembled aggregates with subdi-
vided solvophobic cores. These micelles have unique morphological and seques-
tration properties because they have multiple distinct chemical environments be-
ing in close proximity within one nanostructure. This special structure can be
used as the carrier to deliver multiple incompatible drug payloads.
Anisotropic micelles can be classified according to their morphologies, as
shown in Figure 7: (1) Janus micelles, (2,3) Janus–Janus micelles, (4) Janus
multicompartment micelles, (5) patchy Janus micelles, (6) multicompartment mi-
celles, (7) patchy multicompartment micelles, and (8) patchy micelles (64).
Fig. 7. Schematic representation of anisotropic polymer micelles: (1) Janus micelles, (2,3)
Janus–Janus micelles, (4) Janus multicompartment micelles, (5) patchy Janus micelles,
(6) multicompartment micelles, (7) patchy multicompartment micelles, (8) patchy micelles.
Adapted from Ref. 64 with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
solution, and the solvent properties such as the type of organic solvent, the ratio
of organic solvent/water, salt concentration, solution pH, and temperature (65).
Among these factors, the volume ratio of the hydrophilic to hydrophobic block is
proposed to be an important parameter in the self-assembly process. The solvent
compatible block has a swollen tendency to form the exterior structures of the
aggregates, whereas the solvent incompatible block trends to form the interior
parts (Fig. 8). Whether the block copolymers form vesicles or micelles can be ex-
plained on the basis of the following equation: The packing parameter, p, is used
to distinguish the type of self-assemblies formed by amphiphiles (66,67):
v
p=
alc
where v is the volume occupied by the densely packed copolymer block (hy-
drophobic for aqueous media); lc is the statistical critical length normal to in-
terface, which correlates with the contour length of the polymer chain; and a is
an effective cross-sectional area per the amphiphilic block copolymer molecule
at the interface (66,67). Amphiphiles with p below 1/3 form spherical micelles.
When p is between 1/3 and 1/2, amphiphiles form micelles with the spherical to
POLYMERIC MICELLES 11
from polymer micelles to vesicles upon increasing the solution pH, with clear co-
existence of micelles and vesicles at intermediate pH (70).
What’s more, the polydispersity of the polymer has also a great influence
on the final morphology of the micelles. For example, Hillmyer and co-workers
prepared several sets of poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-b-poly(DL-lactide) diblock
copolymers with controlled molecular weights, compositions, and polydispersity
indices. They found that the domain spacing increased with increasing polydis-
persity and demonstrated that an increase in polydispersity at the constant poly-
lactide composition can result in a change in morphology for compositionally
asymmetric diblock copolymers (71). Other studies on the effects of molecular
weight distribution on diblock copolymer self-assembly have been reported by
Matsushita and co-workers (72–74).
Polymeric micelles are good candidates for drug and gene delivery, nanoreactors,
and templates, and so on. It is important for the polymeric micelles to respond to
external stimuli such as a change in pH, oxidation/reduction, light, and tempera-
ture to release drugs in targeted tumor cells.
pH-Responsive Micelles. It is of great interest to use pH-responsive
nanoparticles for controlled release and encapsulation in vivo because of the wide
range of pH gradients present in biological and physiological systems. In general,
the pH-responsive property of a polymer is obtained via the protonation and de-
protonation cycle of a weak polybase and/or weak polyacid in the block copolymers
at different pH (9). The variable pH can also induce the conformation changes in
the copolymers that may lead to the transformation of the self-assembled ag-
gregates (75,76). Both block copolymers and synthetic block copolypeptides have
been used to make pH-responsive polymer vesicles or micelles (9).
For example, tumor-targeting polymer micelles had been prepared
on the basis of folic acid (FA)-functionalized diblock copolymers con-
taining 2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and either 2-
(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMA) or 2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl
methacrylate (DPA) (77). The FA-MPC30 -DMA50 block copolymer (Fig. 9) was
first dissolved in water at pH 2 and then added pH 8–9 water to form polymeric
micelles. These FA-functionalized MPC–DMA diblock copolymers are good
candidates for gene therapy and the drug delivery due to the cell-targeting agent
FA (77). In many types of cancer cells, the folate receptor has an elevated level
than the normal cells. Folic acid has a strong binding affinity functions with
the folate receptor. Once inside the cancer cells, the relatively low pH ∼ 5.0
will dissociate the responsive micelles and release the drugs. Therefore, these
pH-triggered polymeric micelles with a FA-targeting agent will have a great
potential in clinical applications (1,77).
Redox-Responsive Micelles. There is significant interest in the prepa-
ration of nanostructures that respond to a change in redox environment. Poly-
meric micelles with a redox-responsive property have also attracted researchers
in recent years (9). For example, a new type of sheddable micelle was prepared
on the basis of the biodegradable disulfide linked dextran-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)
POLYMERIC MICELLES 13
Fig. 9. Structure of FA-MPC-DMA block copolymer (77). Adapted with permission from
Ref. 77. Copyright (2005) American Chemical Society.
Fig. 10. DOX-loaded Dex-SS-PCL micelles are readily prepared with high drug loading
efficiency; following endocytosis, dextran shells are shed off due to cleavage of the inter-
mediate disulfide bond triggered by GSH tripeptide, which results in fast destabilization
of micelles and quantitative release of DOX in the cytosol and into the cell nucleus (78).
Adapted with permission from Ref. 78. Copyright (2010) American Chemical Society.
with PEO coronas and a PPy core. Polymer micelles dissociate on the UV light
irradiation because the chemical bond breaking detaches the chromophore from
the polymer and transforms the hydrophobic block into a hydrophilic block (81).
Another kind of both light- and pH-sensitive polymeric micelles is reported
in 2012 (76). The azobenzene-containing block copolymer PEO-b-P(DEA-stat-
PPHMA) was synthesized by ATRP (Fig. 12). The block copolymer can self-
assemble into vesicles in aqueous solution at pH 8 and turn into micelles at pH 3
(Fig. 13). The same phenomenon (vesicles to micelles transition) can be observed
on addition of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to the PEO-b-P(DEA-co-PPHMA) solution at
pH 8. After adding β-CD into the solution, both UV and visible light can also
induce the reversible micelle-to-vesicle transition because of the photoinduced
trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene units (76).
Thermo-Responsive Micelles. A block copolymer may self-assemble
into polymeric micelles in aqueous solution if the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity
of one segment of the copolymer can by changing temperature. It is well known
that N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) is a thermo-responsive monomer and its
polymer (PNIPAM) has a LCST, which depends on the molecular weight, end
POLYMERIC MICELLES 15
Fig. 11. (a) Schematic illustration of light-induced detachment of dye pendant groups,
resulting in the hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic switch. (b) Chemical structure of the pyrene-
containing amphiphilic diblock copolymer and its photosolvolysis under UV light irradia-
tion. Adapted with permission from Ref. 81. Copyright (2005) American Chemical Society.
can self-assemble into micelles, which showed great sensitivity to the temper-
ature. The thermo-responsive micelles obtained from these polymers were ap-
proximately 25 nm when below the LCST of 40◦ C, and their sizes increased to
an average of approximately 600 nm above the LCST due to aggregation of the
micelles (Fig. 14) (85).
In related work, Liu and co-workers also reported thermo-sensitive uni-
molecular star polymer micelles as templates for the in situ preparation of silver
nanoparticles. The unimolecular micelles also showed a good thermo-sensitive
property with a LCST around 32◦ C (83).
Dual or multiresponsive polymeric micelles offer more control over the
drug release system. For example, both pH- and temperature-sensitive polymer
micelles were prepared (75). A PNIPAM-b-PAA diblock copolymer was synthe-
sized by using RAFT polymerization in methanol. PNIPAM is a temperature-
responsive polymer with a LCST of ∼32◦ C in aqueous solutions (82–84), whereas
the PAA block is pH sensitive. The PAA-b-PNIPAM block copolymers form mi-
celles with PAA coronas and a PNIPAM core when pH >4 and T > T c , whereas it
forms reverse micelles with a PAA core and PNIPAM coronas when pH < 4 and
T < T c . In other conditions, the block copolymer can form other nanostructures
or even gels (Fig. 15) (75).
POLYMERIC MICELLES 17
Fig. 15. pH- and temperature-responsive aggregate formation for PNIPAM-b-PAA di-
block copolymer in aqueous solution. Adapted with permission from Ref. 75. Copyright
(2004) American Chemical Society.
Applications
Drug and Gene Delivery. One of the most important applications of the
polymeric micelles is drug and gene delivery (12–17,86–92). The method of drug
incorporation mostly depends on the method for the micelle preparation and the
particular block copolymer in the solution. If the micelles are formed by direct
dissolution in water, the hydrophobic drug and the polymer can be added into
the water together in order that the drug can be incorporated in the micelle core
(93). If the micelles are prepared by using the dialysis method, then the drug
is added with the copolymer to the common organic solvent and then dialysis is
conducted to remove the organic solvent and free drug (93). Figure 16 shows the
two different methods to incorporate drugs into polymeric micelles.
Multifunctional polymeric micelles with a cancer-targeting capability for
controlled drug delivery and efficient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast
characteristics have been reported in 2006 (87). The hydrophobic drug such as
DOX can be loaded in the core of the micelles, whereas the hydrophilic micelle
coronas are connected with some targeting ligand that can be recognized by the
particular tissue or cell. What’s more, the iron oxide is also introduced to the core
of the micelles for efficient MRI (87). The structure of the micelles is shown in
Figure 17.
Except for the application of the polymeric micelles in drug delivery, the
micelles can also be used in gene delivery (88,94). In 2008, Lin and co-workers
reported an intelligent gene delivery systems based on the PEO–PDMA poly-
meric micelles (88). The structure of the block copolymer is shown in Figure 18.
The block copolymer can self-assemble into micelles with PDMA as the core and
PEO as the coronas. In body fluid circumstance at pH ∼7.4, the PDMA core ab-
sorbs positive charge due to the protonation of their tertiary amine groups so the
18 POLYMERIC MICELLES
Fig. 17. Multifunctional nanomedicine platform for targeted drug delivery. Adapted with
permission Ref. 87. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society.
plasmid DNA with negative charge will easily appeal to the micelle core. This
intelligent gene delivery system has great potential in clinic.
By now, as far as we know, at least four kinds of polymeric micelles have
been approved for clinical trials, such as drug vehicles, including Genexol-PM,
SP1049C, NK911, and NC-6004 (95,96).
For Genexol-PM, the polymeric micelles were self-assembled by PEO-b-PLA
diblock copolymers with the biodegradable and hydrophobic PLA as the core and
hydrophilic and biocompatible PEO as the coronas. The diameter of the micelles
is around 20–50 nm. The hydrophobic drug, paclitaxel, which is a taxane de-
rived from the Pacific yew tree that has a wide spectrum of antitumor activity
POLYMERIC MICELLES 19
Fig. 18. Illustration of the process of PEO-b-PDMA polymeric micelles incorporated with
plasmid DNA. Adapted with permission from Ref. 88. Copyright (2008) American Chemi-
cal Society.
(97,98), is preferred to stay in the micelle core to form the Genexol-PM product.
Figure 19 shows the whole process of the formulation of polymeric micelle based
Genexol-PM. Genexol-PM was found to have threetime higher maximum toler-
ated dose (MTD) in nude mice, and the biodistribution of Genexol-PM showed
2–3 fold higher levels in various tissues including liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and
more importantly in tumors.
Another vital product that has been approved for clinical trials is NK 911
(99). NK911 is a novel supramolecular nanocarrier designed for the enhanced
delivery of DOX and is one of the successful polymeric micelle systems, which
exhibits an efficient accumulation in solid tumors in mice (99). The polymeric
micelles consist of PEG-b-poly(aspartic acid) block copolymers conjugated with
DOX. PEG is believed to form the outer coronas of the micelle, whereas the
poly(aspartic acid) segments form the micelle core to entrap DOX (99). The drug
delivery systems have longer plasma half-lives, accumulate in tumors more ef-
fectively because of the EPR effect, and exhibit a stronger antitumor activity
20 POLYMERIC MICELLES
Fig. 20. Spatial and temporal control of drug distribution using tunable pH-sensitive
polymeric micelles. Adapted from Pharmaceut. Res., Vol. 27, 2010, 2330–2342, PEG-poly
(amino acid) block copolymer micelles for tunable drug release, A. Ponta, with kind per-
mission from Springer Science and Business Media.
than free DOX when administered in mice (99). The NK911 nanocarrier is a kind
of pH-sensitive polymeric micelles that has been studied by some researchers
(100). Figure 20 shows the design and the control of drug delivery to tumor mi-
croenvironment using these tunable pH-sensitive polymeric micelles (100). The
polymeric micelles with tunable drug release may provide good methods for both
early-prompt and late-prolonged chemotherapeutic treatment (101).
The third product is SP1049C. SP1049C is a novel anticancer product con-
taining DOX and two nonionic pluronic block copolymers micelles. In preclinical
studies, SP1049C demonstrated increased efficacy compared to free DOX (102).
The fourth system that has been approved for clinical trial is NC-6004 (103).
NC-6004 is a kind of cisplatin-incorporating polymeric micelles consisting of Cis-
platin (cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (CDDP, which is a key drug in the
chemotherapy for cancer, including lung, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary can-
cer) and PEG-b-P(Glu). PEG serves as the hydrophilic chain, which constitutes
the outer coronas of the micelles, whereas the P(Glu) segments form the micelle
core to incorporate CDDP (103).
In addition, polymeric carriers with sufficient amount of drugs to the tumor
site have always been an important requirement for polymer–drug conjugates.
However, the loading capacity of the polymeric micelles acting as a drug vehicle is
often limited (104), usually less than 40% (101,105,106). Therefore, development
of polymeric micelles with a higher payload becomes necessary. Another challenge
of polymeric micelles in the drug delivery application is to use more products
in the clinic because it needs additional measures to prove the clinical benefits.
However, it usually takes a long time and much cost. Although polymeric micelles
have great potentials in drug delivery, the optimization of the system toward
clinical applications is really a great challenge based on the above discussion
POLYMERIC MICELLES 21
Fig. 21. Hollow nanosphere is formed using PS-PAA-PEO micelles as templates. Adapted
from J. Colloid Interf. Sci., Vol. No. 307, M. Sasidharan, N. Gunawardhana, H. N. Luitel,
T. Yokoi, M. Inoue, et al., Novel LaBO3 hollow nanospheres of size 34 ± 2 nm templated by
polymeric micelles, Page No. 51–57, Copyright (2012) with permission from Elsevier.
(104). Genexol-PM, SP1049C, NK911, and NC-6004 are four kinds of promising
products. However, the use of polymeric micelles as drug delivery units is still
limited, which raises a vital question to chemists, biologists, and doctors.
Nanoreactors. The polymeric micelles are widely used as the template
for biomineralization. For example, as shown in Figure 21, PS-PAA-PEO tri-
block self-assembles into micelles with a core–shell–corona architecture, which
serves as an efficient soft template for fabrication of LaBO3 hollow particles us-
ing sodium borohydride (NaBH4 ) and LaCl3 ·7H2 O as the precursors (107). In this
nanotemplate, the PS core serves as the template of the void space of hollow par-
ticle, the anionic PAA block (shell) acts as a reaction field for absorbing the La3+
ions, and the PEO block (corona) stabilizes the polymer–lanthanum composite
particles (107). After calcinations, the LaBO3 hollow sphere is achieved. LaBO3
hollow nanospheres are good candidates for their lithium-ion battery (LIBs)
applications.
In 2010, Du and co-workers reported a novel patchy multicompartment mi-
celles by direct dissolution of a primary amine based triblock copolymer, PEO-b-
PCL-b-PAMA in water with PCL chains forming the micelle cores and the PEO
and PAMA chains forming patchy or hemispherical coronas (108). The patchy mi-
celles can be used as templates to deposit silica on the PCL core adopting water
insoluble tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) as the silica source. The deposition
reaction is catalyzed by cationic polymer chains PAMA. Therefore, the silica only
aggregates on the PAMA hemispheres without touching the PEO hemispheres
(Fig. 22). In this article, the researchers provided a good method for revealing the
structure of the Janus micelles using the TMOS as a silica source. The TMOS also
played the role of the staining agent so that the patchy micelles can be observed
in the TEM (Fig. 23). TMOS trends to aggregate in PAMA hemispherical coronas
of micelles because of the catalysis of PAMA chains in a sol–gel reaction.
22 POLYMERIC MICELLES
Characterization
The morphology of the polymeric micelles can be observed via TEM, SEM and
AFM. Of the three above-mentioned techniques, TEM is most widely adopted
because the diameter of the micelles is much small usually around 10–100 nm
and the morphology can be better revealed by TEM. To get a good TEM image, the
aqueous micelle solution is often stained to enhance the contrast of the polymeric
micelles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) are
POLYMERIC MICELLES 23
Fig. 23. TEM images of silicified micelles prepared from a PEO43 -b-PCL63 -b-PAMA73 tri-
block copolymer in water at pH 5 (a) and pH 7 (b): Janus micelles with no patches (eg,
particles 1 and 3); Janus micelles with different patches (particles 2, 3–8); patchy multi-
compartment micelles (particles in panel b). The arrows indicate two chemically segre-
gated hemispheres comprising PEO chains (white) and PAMA chains (black). In panel a,
some unlabeled particles are also believed to be Janus micelles (eg, particle 9) but are
simply viewed at a different angle. Others are patchy multicompartment micelles (eg, par-
ticle 10 and particles in the top-left corner). Adapted from Ref. 108 with permission of The
Royal Society of Chemistry.
adopted to measure the hydrodynamic radius (Rh ) and radius of gyration (Rg )
of the polymeric micelles, and on the basis of the DLS and SLS tests, we can
preliminary judge whether the aggregates self-assemble into micelles, vesicles,
or other agglomerations based on the Rg /Rh value, as shown in Table 1 (9,68).
Although the rapid progress in the preparation of smart and functional polymeric
micelles in recent years, some general issues still exist in this area. The first is-
sue is the large-scale preparation. As we know, most of polymeric micelles are
prepared in dilute solution in the laboratory, which is really difficult to meet
the industrial demand for large production. Besides the scaling-up issue, an-
other question that should be paid much attention is the cytotoxicity of polymeric
micelles for biomedical use. Noncytotoxic polymeric materials are the essential
24 POLYMERIC MICELLES
requirement when the polymeric micelles are used in clinics. Furthermore, poly-
mers with biocompatible and biodegradable properties are preferred. However,
only a few polymers are allowed to be used in vivo such as PEO, PLA, PCL, and
so on (97,99,102,103).
Polymeric micelles are diverse materials that can be used in many fields such as
nanoreactors and drug, gene delivery. In this review, we briefly introduced some
basic knowledge of polymeric micelles, which include the definition, the prepara-
tion, the classification, and the applications of polymeric micelles. The research
on smart polymeric micelles, for example, pH-responsive, thermo-responsive,
redox-responsive, and light-responsive micelles has highly developed in recent
years. One of the future research work is to focus on improving the biocompat-
ibility and biodegradability of the polymeric micelles for their use in biomedical
applications. For the nanoreactor application, the method to form micelles should
be optimized to meet the large-scale demands. The design of multifunctional poly-
meric micelles is another prospective trend. Significant work in the field of poly-
meric micelles should also be directed to the more efficient, less costly, and time-
consuming preparation of these materials.
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28 POLYMERIC MICELLES
JIANZHONG DU
HANG LU
Tongji University, Shanghai
People’s Republic of China
Glossary