UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

_________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (CEEM222)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : NOOR SYAHADAH BINTI YUSOFF
Group : EMD4M1C
_________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : TENSILE TEST

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1 AMIRRUL AIMAN BIN MUHAMMAD 2022475124

2 MOHAMAD AIMAN SAZWAN BIN SAHARUDIN 2022864862

3 AZFAR DANIEAL BIN AZHAR 2022772269

4 IRDINA WAFA BINTI ISMA ZUBIR 2022946699
5 MOHAMAD HAZMI HAZIQ BIN MAT HASSAN 2022745745

LABORATORY SESSION : 2 OCTOBER 2023

REPORT SUBMISSION : 30 OCTOBER 2023

*By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have
contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result
in an investigation of academic misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or
possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
 ABSTRACT

In tensile testing, a sample is subjected to controlled tension until it fully fails. Testing
materials science and destructive engineering. One of the most used methods for mechanical
testing is this. The strength of a material and the maximum strain it can sustain before
breaking are determined using this method. The tensile mechanical properties of a material
can be precisely determined by tensile testing. To emphasise details like the point at which
the material broke and to offer details of qualities like the elastic modulus, strain, and yield
strength, these characteristics can be shown on a graph as a stress/strain curve. We can
determine the material's yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, strain hardening
characteristics, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio with this test protocol.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………. 2
LIST OF FIGURE…………………………………………………………………………………… 3
LIST OF TABLE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………. 4
2. THEORY…………………………………………………………………………………………... 4
3. EQUATION……………………………………………………………………………………. 4 - 5
4. OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
5. APPARATUS………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 - 6
6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE……………………………………………………………….. 6
7. RESULT AND CALCULATION……………………………………………………………. 7 - 11
8. DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………………. 12 - 16
9. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………... 16 - 18
10. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………… 19

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LIST OF FIGURE

No Figure

1. Figure 2.1: Typical stress-strain of a material.

2. Figure 3.1: Tensile stress formula.

3. Figure 3.2: Normal strain formula.

4. Figure 5.1: Vernier calliper

5. Figure 5.2: Tensile test machine

6. Figure 5.3: Mild steel specimen

7. Figure 5.4: Load gauge

8. Figure 6.1: Graph stress vs strain

9. Figure 6.2: Graph load vs elongation

LIST OF TABLE

No Table

1. Table1: List of apparatus.

2. Table2 : Result taken from mild steel specimen.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Uniaxial tensile test is known as a basic and universal engineering test to achieve
material parameters. These important parameters obtained from the standard
tensile testing are useful for the selection of engineering materials for any
applications required.

2. THEORY

Figure 2.1 :Typical stress-strain of a material

3. EQUATION

Figure 3.1:Tensile stress formula

Where,

σ is the tensile stress

F is force acting

A is a cross-sectional area.

Figure 3.2: Normal strain formula

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 Where,

ϵ is normal strain

δ is change in the specimen’s length

L is original length

4. OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the tensile properties subjected to tensile loading.

2. To identify Types of fracture surface under pure torque

3. To validate the data between experimental and theoretical values

5. APPARATUS
Table 1: List of apparatus
FIGURE NAME

Vernier calliper

Figure 5.1

Tensile test machine

Figure 5.2

Mild steel specimen

Figure 5.3

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 Load gauge

Figure 5.4

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. The length of specimens was measured using a vernier calliper.

2. The thickness and width of specimens is measured.

3. The specimen is mounted to the jaw grip of the tensile test machine. Then, the
specimen will be stretched by turning the load anchor clockwise until the gauge
records a slight reading.

4. The extensometer is placed on the vertical flat of the inner jaw to record
elongation of the specimen.

5. The Extensometer is set to zero.

6. The load anchor had to turn to the clockwise direction until extensometer records
a change of 0.1 mm

7. The load gauge reading has been recorded.

8. The rate change in step 5 must be changed into 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm.

9. Change the rate gradually to 0.1, when a load gauge recorded decreasing in
reading until specimen break.

10. The final length is recorded.

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7. RESULT AND CALCULATION

Table 2: Result taken from mild steel specimen

Load (kN) Extension (mm) Stress, σ(MPa) Strain, ε

0 0 0 0

1.4 0.1 50520 0.00251

4 0.2 144343 0.00502

7.5 0.3 270644 0.00752

11 0.4 396945 0.01003

15 0.5 541288 0.01254

17 0.6 613460 0.01505

18 0.7 649546 0.01755

18.2 0.8 656763 0.02006

18.4 0.9 663980 0.02257

18.4 1 663980 0.02508

18.5 1.1 667589 0.02758

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18.5 1.2 667589 0.03009

18.6 1.3 3987 0.03260

18.7 1.4 4008 0.03511

18.8 1.5 4030 0.03761

18.8 1.6 4030 0.04012

18.8 1.7 4030 0.04263

18.5 1.8 3965 0.04514

18.4 1.9 3944 0.04764

18.1 2 3880 0.05015

18 2.1 3858 0.05266

17.6 2.2 3773 0.05517

17.5 2.3 3751 0.05767

17.2 2.4 3687 0.06018

17 2.5 3644 0.06269

16.6 2.6 3558 0.06520

16.5 2.7 3537 0.06770

16.2 2.8 3472 0.07021

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 15.8 2.9 3387 0.07272

15.5 3 3322 0.07523

15.3 3.1 3280 0.07773

15 3.2 3215 0.08024

14.5 3.3 3108 0.08275

14.3 3.4 3065 0.08526

14 3.5 3001 0.08776

13.5 3.6 2894 0.09027

13 3.7 2787 0.09278

3.8 2679 0.09529

12.5

12.2 3.9 2615 0.09779

0 4 0 0.10030

Diameter Initial Length Final Length Cross-Section Actual Energy(U)

(m) (m) (m) Area (m^2)
0.00594 0.03988 0.04378 2.77117E-05 0.025

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 Figure 6.1: Graph stress vs strain

Figure 6.2: Graph load vs elongation

Actual characteristics of the material

The type of specimen that was used in this experiment is mild steel. Iron and carbon
are combined to form mild steel. Because of the presence of iron, it developed strong
magnetic characteristics. Mild steel is not an alloy. Since mild steel has a good
surface quality and can have its surface hardness increased in a variety of ways, its
chemical composition is quite different from that of other elements or other steels due
to the greater amount of carbon present. Iron makes up the majority of steel. There

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are three types of steel: low-carbon steel (also known as mild steel or simple carbon
steel), medium-carbon steel, and higher carbon steel.

CALCULATION

Actual energy

𝜎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

ε= 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

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8. DISCUSSION

AMIRRUL AIMAN BIN MUHAMMAD

Are the specimens being tested follows any international standards? Explain
why?

Yes, the specimens are tested in accordance with international standards using
the Gunt Humburg WP 300 universal material tester. The mild steel specimen has two
shoulders separated by a gauge. The shoulders are large enough to be gripped against
the machine. Deformation and failure can occur in the gauge section during the
experiment due to its smaller cross-section.

Any precaution to minimise errors during experiments.

Several steps must be completed before the experiment can begin. Students
must ensure that the mild steel specimen is securely attached to the machine tester's
handle. This is done to prevent the specimen from sliding out during the experiment.
In this experiment, a gauge pressure metre and an extension metre are used. Students
must correctly read the scale. Students should align their eyes parallel to the scale to
reduce inaccuracy. Furthermore, in order to obtain accurate results, students should
collect data repeatedly.

Discuss the type and surface texture of the broken specimen?

Due to the reduction area at the fractured site and the cup-and-cone
appearance of the fracture, the shattered specimen had a ductile fracture,
demonstrating that mild steel is a ductile material.This type of fractured specimen has
an uneven and fibrous core internal surface, indicating plastic deformation. The most
common tensile fracture profile for ductile metals occurs when only a minor degree of
necking occurs prior to the fracture. The fracturing process is typically divided into
stages. The inner part of the cross section develops tiny holes or cavities first when
necking begins. As deformation progresses, these microvoids grow, unite, and merge
to form an elliptical fracture with a long axis perpendicular to the stress direction.

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 The microvoid coalescence process causes the fracture to extend in a direction
parallel to its main axis. Finally, fracture is caused by the rapid spread of a crack
along the outside of the neck's border.

IRDINA WAFA BINTI ISMA ZUBIR (2022946699)

The tensile test is a globally recognized and routine procedure essential for
assessing material properties, ensuring compliance with standards, and determining
suitability. This test provides valuable mechanical data, including:

- Tensile strength

- Yield strength

- Modulus of elasticity

- Toughness

- Resilience

The test is conducted with predefined parameters, employing mild steel in a dog bone
shape, with meticulous control to ensure accurate readings for comparison with
theoretical engineering results.

The texture of the specimen after fracture has also changed resulting in dramatic
changes. One of the changes was that the broken part of the specimen had U-shaped
elongation around the fracture part of the specimen. Next, the other change would be
the spiky texture visible on the far end of the broken part where the fracture had
occured. This spiky texture was caused by the tensile stress acted upon the specimen
where tensile fracture occurs.

MOHAMAD AIMAN SAZWAN BIN SAHARUDIN(2022864862)

Perpendicular force will be applied to mild steel specimens in this experiment.

A tensile test machine is the apparatus used in this experiment. This experiment
delivered load (kN) and extension (mm) data. The specimen's stress and strain will be
determined using the data that has been gathered. According to the table, the
specimen's maximum load was 18.8 kN, and its length was altered during the

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extension. It may extend up to 3.9 mm. Therefore, the specimen's greatest length
before breaking is 43.78mm.

We can observe from the provided table that strain grows in parallel with stress. Other
than that,with the information gathered we can identify the features and tensile
qualities of mild steel. Mild steel has a high tensile strength and is ductile because of
the fracture's cup-and-cone shape and reduced area at the fractured location.
Regretfully, the experimental results of this investigation deviate from the theoretical
interpretations because of several errors that were committed throughout the
experiment.For example, the specimen is not properly aligned in the grips of the
testing machine, it can lead to uneven stress distribution, affecting the test results and
errors in measuring the cross-sectional area of the specimen can lead to inaccuracies
in calculating stress.

To ensure accurate tensile testing, it is essential to follow standardised testing

procedures, carefully prepare specimens, and maintain precise control over testing
conditions and equipment calibration. Additionally, regular quality control and
verification of results are essential to identify and correct errors.

MOHAMAD HAZMI HAZIQ BIN MAT HASSAN (2022745745)

The main purpose of this experiment to be carried out is to investigate the

tensile characteristics of materials subjected to tensile stress, including identifying
kinds of fracture surfaces under pure torque. The mild steel specimen was tested with
a Tensile Test Machine to illustrate how the tensile test mechanism works, including
the necking to fracture stage. The length of the sample, the load, and the formula
provided have all been utilised to determine and complete the data that requires both
stress (σ) and strain (ε).

By following the correct method and procedure, the values of both stress (σ) and
strain (ε) have been calculated and recorded in the table above. From that, we have
plotted two different types of graphs which are ‘Stress vs Strain’ and ‘Load vs
Extension’. From the first graph, we can find many properties such as fracture point,
necking point, Young’s modulus, elastic deformation, uniform plastic deformation and
others. Also, we can observe the line between stress and strain in the first graph,

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where there is a straight line at the beginning of the experiment and begins to form a
curve line as it reaches the necking stage. The ultimate tensile strength is then
estimated to be about 4030 MPa. At a load of 2615 MPa, the mild steel sample
fractured into two pieces. Other than that, we can say that the type of fracture happen
for the mild steel specimen is ductile, brittle, and spall fractures. Finally, when
comparing the theoretical and experimental graphs, both are quite comparable,
although there are certain inaccuracies that modify the form of the graph significantly.

To prevent any inaccuracies in the experiment, we must ensure that our eyes are
perpendicular to the instrument's scale, allowing us to read the instrument's exact
readings. Another key method is to thoroughly plan before beginning the experiment,
such as explicitly defining the study topic and objectives.

AZFAR DANIEAL BIN AZHAR (2022772269)

This experiment can be used to determine the tensile properties that are subject
to tensile loading. It's because we need to create graphs for load vs. extension and
stress vs. strain using the information we obtained from the experiment. Seen on the
graph of stress and strain, tensile properties include Young's modulus, ultimate stress,
yield stress, yield point, tensile strength, and other tensile characteristics. Prior to
determining these tensile properties, it is necessary to calculate the stress and strain
based on the information gathered. A material's tensile properties show how it will
react to tension-based forces.

Looking at the stress vs. strain graph, we can see that as the stress increases, the strain
also rises. The graph demonstrates that the relationship between stress and strain is
linear, and it also includes a curve that follows the straight line. The maximum stress
that is directly proportional to strain is 667589 MPa, according to the proportional
limit. Next, the mild steel will fracture into two pieces at a pressure of 2615 MPa.

We can determine the characteristics and tensile properties of mild steel using the data
that has been collected. Mild steel is ductile and has a high tensile strength. To prevent
parallax errors, for instance, we must ensure that our eyes are parallel to the scales
when taking the reading. Last but not least, since the students had to calculate the data

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 to get the desired result, one of the errors is miscalculation. Therefore, in order to
avoid mistakes, we must handle the data with care and refrain from performing
calculations.

9. CONCLUSION

AMIRRUL AIMAN BIN MUHAMMAD

To summarise, we can learn about the tensile properties of aluminium by

performing a tensile test. We can also tell what kind of fracture the specimen has. The
strain increased as the stress increased, according to the graph Stress vs Strain, until it
reached the maximum stress and the necking region. Plastic deformation occurs until
the specimen breaks at that point. Overall, the experiment accomplishes its goal.

IRDINA WAFA BINTI ISMA ZUBIR(2022946699)

In conclusion, the tensile properties of the mild steel sample were assessed

through a tensile test experiment, involving the stretching of the sample and the

observation of its elasticity and deformation. The stress-strain graph derived from this

experiment serves as a valuable tool for determining essential material properties such

as yield strength, Young's Modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture behaviour.

The presence of a ductile fracture surface indicates the mild steel sample's pliability

and malleability. The stress-strain curve reveals that, within the elasticity limit, stress

increases proportionally with strain. However, beyond this point, the curve exhibits a

slight deviation before declining as it approaches the yield point. It's critical to note

that if the strain surpasses the elastic limit, the material undergoes irreversible

deformation or fracture.

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It's worth acknowledging that certain imperfections in the experiment led to

discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical results, resulting in percentage

inaccuracies. To ensure more precise measurements and results in future studies,

precautions should be taken to address these flaws and minimise experimental errors.

This will contribute to a better understanding of the material's behaviour and its

applicability in various engineering applications.

MOHAMAD AIMAN SAZWAN BIN SAHARUDIN(2022864862)

In conclusion, the tensile test remains an indispensable and standardised

method for characterising the mechanical properties of materials, providing valuable

insights into their behaviour under tensile forces. Through this test, we can determine

essential parameters such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, Young's

modulus, and ductility, which are critical for material selection, product design, and

quality control across a broad spectrum of industries. The tensile test not only aids in

ensuring the safety and reliability of engineering components but also offers a deeper

understanding of the material's response to stress. This test's enduring significance

underscores its role in shaping the design and safety of modern structures and

products.

MOHAMAD HAZMI HAZIQ BIN MAT HASSAN (2022745745)

In conclusion, we can finally say that through of this experiment, we can study
and determine more about the tensile properties subjected to tensile loading. In
addition, we can also identify the types of fracture that occurs on the specimen which
is ductile, brittle and spall fractures. Finally, we may confirm the experimental and
theoretical results by referring to the 'Stress vs Strain' graph, where the stress grows as
the strain increases and begins to curve when it approaches the necking point and,
finally, the fracture point.

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AZFAR DANIEAL BIN AZHAR (2022772269)

In conclusion, The tensile test has provided comprehensive insights into the
material's mechanical behaviour under uniaxial loading conditions. The derived
results, which include parameters such as the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength,
elongation, and Young's modulus, offer a detailed understanding of the material's
ductility, strength, and elasticity. These findings are paramount for applications
requiring material resistance to stretching or pulling forces. Ensuring accurate testing
procedures, the tensile test serves as a cornerstone in material selection, design, and
quality assurance processes. In light of the data obtained, informed decisions can be
made regarding the suitability of the material for specific engineering applications and
its performance under tensile stresses.

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 10. REFERENCES

[1] “Tensile Test Experiment | Michigan Technological University.”

https://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/ (accessed May 02, 2023).

[2] “What is Tensile Testing? - TWI.”

https://www.twi-global.com/technicalknowledge/faqs/what-is-tensile-testing (accessed
May 02, 2023).

[3] “Tensile Test.” https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/tensile-test/

(accessed May 02, 2023).

[4] “How to Perform a Tensile Test.”

https://www.nextgentest.com/blog/how-to-performa-tensile-test/ (accessed May 02,
2023).

[5] “Why Everyone Should Care About Tensile Testing (And How to Conduct a Proper
One).”
https://insights.tuv.com/blog/why-everyone-should-care-about-tensile-testingand-how-to-
conduct-a-proper-one (accessed May 02, 2023).

[6] “Tensile Testing of Metals | Laboratory Testing Inc.”

https://labtesting.com/services/materials-testing/mechanical-testing/tensile-testing/
(accessed May 02, 2023).

[7] “Tensile testing experiment Instructions,” 2017, [Online]. Available:

www.flashyscience.com

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