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Communication
All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Jia Liang, Caixing Wang, Yanrong Wang, Zhaoran Xu, Zhipeng Lu, Yue Ma, Hongfei Zhu, Yi Hu,
Chengcan Xiao, Xu Yi, Guoyin Zhu, Hongling Lv, Lianbo Ma, Tao Chen, Zuoxiu Tie, Zhong Jin, and Jie Liu
J. Am. Chem. Soc., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10227 • Publication Date (Web): 26 Nov 2016
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Page 1 of 10 Journal of the American Chemical Society

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7 All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
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9 Jia Liang,† Caixing Wang,† Yanrong Wang,† Zhaoran Xu,† Zhipeng Lu,† Yue Ma,† Hongfei Zhu,†
10 Yi Hu,† Chengcan Xiao,† Xu Yi,† Guoyin Zhu,† Hongling Lv,† Lianbo Ma,† Tao Chen,† Zuoxiu
11
12
Tie,† Zhong Jin,†,* and Jie Liu†,‡,*
13 †
Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sci-
14 ences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
15 ‡
16 Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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19 Supporting Information Placeholder
20
21 ABSTRACT: The research field on perovskite solar cells (PSCs) backs, if not adequately addressed, will hinder the batch produc-
22 is seeing frequent record breaking in the power conversion effi- tion and practical deployment of PSCs.
23 ciencies (PCEs). However, organic-inorganic hybrid halide perov- Considering that the instability of PSCs is mainly owing to the
24 skites and organic additives in common hole-transport materials decomposition of labile organic components, there are anticipated
25 (HTMs) exhibit poor stability against moisture and heat. Here we benefits to developing all-inorganic PSCs by excluding all of
report the successful fabrication of all-inorganic PSCs without organic species sensitive to ambient environment. Following this
26
any labile or expensive organic components. The entire fabrica- line of thought, here we show the successful fabrication of all-
27 tion process can be operated in ambient environment without inorganic PSCs without any labile or expensive organic compo-
28 humidity control (e.g. glovebox). Even without encapsulation, the nents. The all-inorganic PSCs show remarkable stability under
29 all-inorganic PSCs present no performance degradation in humid high humidity condition (90-95% RH, 25 °C) and extreme tem-
30 air (90-95% RH, 25 °C) for over 3 months (2640 h), and can en- peratures (100 °C or -22 °C) even without encapsulation, there-
31 dure extreme temperatures (100 °C and -22 °C). Moreover, by fore the instability of traditional hybrid PSCs can be well avoided.
32 eliminating expensive HTMs and noble metal electrodes, the cost Unlike the hybrid PSCs, the entire fabrication process of all-
33 was significantly reduced. The highest PCE of first-generation all- inorganic PSCs can be operated in ambient atmosphere without
inorganic PSCs reaches 6.7%. This study opens the door for the humidity control. Additionally, by eliminating expensive organic
34 next-generation PSCs with long-term stability in harsh conditions, HTMs (~350 USD per gram) and noble metal electrodes (~50
35 making practical application of PSCs a real possibility. USD per gram), the cost was greatly reduced, paving the way for
36 mass production and application.
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39 Since the first demonstration of the use in solar cells,1 organic-
40 inorganic hybrid halide perovskites have become promising can-
41 didates for efficient solar energy harvesting.2-8 The power conver-
sion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibited
42
meteoric rise over the past few years, and the certified highest
43 PCE has reached 22.1% recently.9-13 Despite the rapid increase in
44 PCEs associated with the evolution of new perovskite materials
45 and fabrication techniques, the instability of PSCs remains unre-
46 solved.14-20 The problem is mainly because the mostly-studied
47 hybrid perovskites, such as methylammonium lead triiodide
48 (MAPbI3) and formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3), have poor
49 stability against moisture and heat. Some organic additives in
commonly-used hole transport materials (HTMs), such as lithium
50 bis(thifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and tert- Figure 1. (a) Schematic cross-sectional view of CsPbBr3/carbon
51 butylpyridine (tBP), are also hygroscopic and deliquescent that based all-inorganic PSCs with the configuration of FTO/c-
52 promote the performance degradation.21-22 Moreover, the fabrica- TiO2/m-TiO2/CsPbBr3/carbon. (b) Energy level diagram of CsP-
53 tion of hybrid PSCs still relies on precise environmental control, bBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs, showing smooth electron
54 such as gloveboxs or dryrooms. The necessary route to improve injection and hole extraction. (c) Crystal structure of inorganic
the stability of the PSCs is to explore novel perovskite materials perovskite CsPbBr3. (d) XRD spectrum of CsPbBr3/carbon based
55 all-inorganic PSCs without the coating of carbon layer, showing
56 and HTMs with high stability against humidity and heat. Besides,
growing efforts are being devoted to find cheap alternatives for the XRD peaks generated by CsPbBr3, FTO and TiO2, respective-
57 ly. (e) Absorbance spectrum and (f) corresponding (Ahv)2 vs.
replacing expensive organic HTMs, such as 2,2’,7,7’-
58 tetrakis(N,N’-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene energy (hv) curve of CsPbBr3 film. The optical band gap of CsP-
59 (spiro-MeOTAD) or polytriarylamine (PTAA).23-25 These draw- bBr3 is measured to be ~2.3 eV.
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Figure 1a shows the schematic cross-sectional view of all- Figure 2a shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image
1 inorganic PSCs. The cell consists of functional layers of fluorine- of the cross-sectional structure (sliced by a diamond cutter) of
2 doped tin oxide (FTO)/compact TiO2 (c-TiO2)/mesoporous TiO2 CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs, which depicts a uni-
3 (m-TiO2)/inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3/carbon (see Methods). form deposition. Figures S2a and S2b show the plane-view SEM
4 The intention behind using inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 as the images of c-TiO2 and m-TiO2 layers, respectively. The inorganic
light absorber is that CsPbBr3 is known to be much more stable perovskite CsPbBr3 layer has dense and uniform surface (Figure
5
than hybrid perovskites (e.g. MAPbI3 and FAPbI3) at high- 2b), which is beneficial for its application in PSCs. The morphol-
6 temperature.26-30 Recent studies also showed that CsPbBr3 has ogy characterization (Figure 2c) and Raman spectrum (Figure S3)
7 high carrier mobility and mean free path.27 A layer of carbon was of carbon electrode that served as both HTM and counter elec-
8 deposited on CsPbBr3 to work as a bi-functional film for both trode were also investigated. Further surface characterizations via
9 effective hole extraction and collection, since it has an appropriate atomic force microscopy (AFM, Figure S4) on the four functional
10 work function (-5.0 eV) closed to that of gold (-5.1 eV).23,31 layers (c-TiO2, m-TiO2, CsPbBr3 and carbon) are in accordance
11 Moreover, carbon electrode is very stable, processable and cheap. with the SEM characterizations. To identify the compositions of
12 Figure 1b shows the energy band levels of FTO, TiO2, CsPbBr3 CsPbBr3 layer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis
and carbon layers, revealing the smooth electron extraction from was performed (Figure S5a). With the binding energy of C 1s
13
CsPbBr3 conduction band to TiO2 conduction band and hole ex- peak arisen from adventitious carbon set at 284.6 eV, the attribu-
14 traction from CsPbBr3 valence band to carbon electrode. Figure tion of other peaks was determined. Figures S5b-d presents the
15 1c shows the crystal structure of CsPbBr3 ascribed to the cubic high-resolution XPS spectra of Cs 3d, Pb 4f, and Br 3d regions,
16 (Pm3m) phase, exhibiting a three-dimensional framework of cor- respectively; the binding energies and atomic ratios are listed in
17 ner-connected PbBr6 octahedrons with Cs+ cations located be- Table S1, confirming that the inorganic perovskite layer is CsP-
18 tween the octahedrons.30,32 Figure 1d shows the X-ray diffraction bBr3.
19 (XRD) spectrum of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs
20 (without the coating of carbon layer). In the XRD pattern, 8 char-
acteristic peaks are found, in which 2 peaks are from the FTO
21
substrate. The (101) peak of anatase TiO2 has a relative low inten-
22 sity, owing to the thin thickness of c-TiO2/m-TiO2 layer. The
23 other 5 peaks are generated by the CsPbBr3 layer, confirming that
24 CsPbBr3 is in the cubic perovskite phase.30,32 Figure 1e displays
25 the absorbance spectrum of CsPbBr3, showing that CsPbBr3 ab-
26 sorbs light with wavelength shorter than ~540 nm. The method
27 adopted by Tandon and Gupta was used to evaluate the optical
28 bandgap of CsPbBr3.29 Figure 1f gives the plots of (Ahv)2 vs.
photo energy (hv), indicating that the bandgap of CsPbBr3 is ~2.3
29 eV. Additionally, according to the valance band XPS spectrum
30 (Figure S1), the position of valence band maximum (VBM) and
31 conduction band minimum (CBM) of CsPbBr3 was determined, as
32 shown in Figure 1b. Owing to the high stability of all the compo-
33 nents in all-inorganic PSCs, and the much simpler device configu-
34 ration than traditional hybrid PSCs, the fabrication process of all-
35 inorganic PSCs is more feasible for large-scale production.
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43 Figure 3. (a) J-V plot of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic
44 PSCs. The inset shows the corresponding photovoltaic parame-
45 ters. (b) Statistical histogram of the PCEs of 40 individual CsP-
46 bBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs. (c) Normalized PCEs of
47 CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs, MAPbI3/carbon and
48 MAPbI3/spiro-MeOTAD based hybrid PSCs as a function of stor-
49 age time in humid air (90-95% RH, 25 °C) without encapsulation.
(d) Normalized PCEs of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic
50 PSCs and MAPbI3/carbon based hybrid PSCs as a function of
51 time heated at high temperature (100 °C) in high-humidity ambi-
52 Figure 2. (a) Cross-sectional SEM image of CsPbBr3/carbon ent environment (90-95% RH, 25 °C) without encapsulation. (e)
53 based all-inorganic PSCs. The thickness of CsPbBr3 layer be- Normalized PCEs of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs as
54 tween TiO2 and carbon electrode is ~600 nm. The carbon elec- a function of storage time during temperature circles (between -22
55 trode coated by doctor blading forms a capping layer of ~900 nm °C and 100 °C) in high-humidity ambient environment (90-95%
56 thick. (b) SEM image of inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 layer. (c) RH, 25 °C) without encapsulation.
57 SEM image of carbon electrode that served as both HTM and
Figure 3a displays the current density-voltage (J-V) plot of
counter electrode, showing carbon nanoparticles with average
58 diameter of ~80 nm.
CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs with optimized thick-
59 nesses of m-TiO2 and CsPbBr3 layers. As control experiments, all-
60 inorganic PSCs with other thicknesses were also fabricated, as

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Page 3 of 10 Journal of the American Chemical Society
shown in Figure S6 and Table S2. The corresponding photovolta-
1 ic parameters of the all-inorganic PSCs under optimized condition
2 with an active area of 0.12 cm2, including short-circuit density
3 (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and power con-
4 version efficiency (PCE), are summarized in the inset in Figure
3a, showing a PCE as high as 6.7%, which is higher than that of
5
previous reports.33,34 Compared to the traditional hybrid PSCs,9-12
6 the CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs exhibit a lower JSC
7 but with a much higher VOC (Figure 1e and f). The maximum
8 photocurrent density is ~9 mA/cm2, owing to the relatively-wide
9 bandgap of CsPbBr3 (2.3 eV). Intriguingly, though the bandgap of
10 CsPbBr3 is unfavorable to JSC, it is beneficial to VOC. The VOC of
11 CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs is 1.24 V, much higher
12 than that of MAPbI3 based hybrid PSCs.2-3,9,12 In order to demon-
strate the repeatability, 40 cells were fabricated and characterized
13
(Figure 3b), showing a PCE histogram distributed in a small
14 range and with an average value of 5.7%. The high reproducibility
15 is ascribed to the homogeneous morphology and thickness of
16 CsPbBr3 layers. It is also a result of the much simplified fabrica-
17 tion process due to the advantages of all-inorganic components in
18 the devices.
19 The remarkable stability of CsPbBr3 is an important factor that
20 ensures the reproducibility and excellent stability of all-inorganic
21 PSCs. It is noteworthy that all fabrication steps of all-inorganic
22 PSCs were done in ambient air with no need of humidity or tem-
perature control. The performance insensitivity of all-inorganic
23
PSCs against environment is a major advantage for practical ap-
24 plications. To further demonstrate the long-term stability, the
25 photovoltaic parameters of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic
26 PSCs as a function of storage time in humid air (90-95% RH,
27 25 °C) without encapsulation were investigated (Figure 3c and
28 Figure S7, labeled as CsPbBr3/carbon). As control devices, two
29 types of reference cells based on traditional hybrid perovskite
30 MAPbI3 with the structures of FTO/c-TiO2/m-
TiO2/MAPbI3/carbon (labeled as MAPbI3/carbon) and FTO/c-
31
TiO2/m-TiO2/MAPbI3/spiro-MeOTAD/carbon (labeled as MAP-
32 bI3/spiro-MeOTAD) were also fabricated in Ar-filled glovebox
33 without encapsulation. Because of the intrinsic deliquescent char-
34 acteristics of MAPbI3 and organic additives (LiTFSI and tBP) in
35 Spiro-MeOTAD, the MAPbI3/spiro-MeOTAD based hybrid PSCs
36 show the poorest stability among the three devices. Meanwhile,
CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs display significantly
37
improved stability as compared to MAPbI3/carbon based hybrid
38
PSCs, even though both types of PSCs possess the same structure
39
except for the perovskite layer. Specifically, the PCE of CsP-
40 bBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs exhibited no degradation
41 even after storing in humid air (90-95% RH, 25 °C) for more than
42 3 months (2640 h) without any sealing (Figure 3c). In contrast,
43 the MAPbI3/carbon and MAPbI3/spiro-MeOTAD based hybrid
44 PSCs degraded to ~10% of their initial PCEs within 30 days
(~720 h) and 20 days (~480 h) in the same condition, respectively,
45
resulted from the great decreases in JSC (Figure S7). These results
46
indicate that the CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs have
47 far superior stability in high humidity than the traditional hybrid
48 PSCs. As shown in Figure S8, the XRD patterns and photographs
49 of bare CsPbBr3 film before and after exposed in humid air (90-
50 95% RH, 25 °C) for 15 days show no change of XRD peaks or
51 color, further confirming the high stability of CsPbBr3 against
52 humidity.
53 The stability of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs and
54 MAPbI3/carbon based hybrid PSCs heated to high temperature
(100 °C) in high-humidity ambient environment (90-95% RH,
55
25 °C) without encapsulation was also investigated (Figures 3d
56
and S5). The PCE of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs
57
reached a stable value after 20 h and exhibited remarkable stabil-
58 ity during a long testing period of 840 h (Figures 3d and S9). It is
59 noteworthy that the final PCE of CsPbBr3/carbon based all-
60
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inorganic PSCs is slightly higher than its initial value. In contrast,
the PCE of MAPbI3/carbon based hybrid PSCs kept relatively
stable during the first 20 h, attributed to the protection of carbon
electrode; however, thereafter the PCE dramatically decreased to
~10% of its initial value within 100 h (Figures 3d and S9). This
is ascribed to the rapid degradation of MAPbI3. Moreover, it was
confirmed that the CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs can
also endure low temperature (-22 °C) by storing in refrigerator
without encapsulation (Figure S10), the performance shows no
degradation for over 840 h. In real life, solar cells have to work
outdoors with temperature circles instead of constant temperature.
Therefore, we also tested the stability of CsPbBr3/carbon based
all-inorganic PSCs during temperature circles between -22 °C and
100 °C (see Methods), as shown in Figure 3e. The results re-
vealed that the all-inorganic PSCs exhibited no degradation dur-
ing the circles of extreme temperatures for 80 hours without en-
capsulation, further confirming its high stability. In short, com-
pared with the MAPbI3/carbon based hybrid PSCs, the CsP-
bBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs show much better stability
in harsh conditions without the need of any encapsulation.
Figure 4. (a) J-V plots of a CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic
PSC with a large active area of 1.0 cm2 measured by forward and
reverse scanning modes, respectively. (b) Corresponding IPCE
spectrum and integrated current density of the PSC in (a).
Moreover, CsPbBr3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs with large
active area (1.0 cm2) were also fabricated. Figure 4a shows the J-
V plots of a large-area PSC measured by forward and reverse
scanning modes, respectively. The corresponding photovoltaic
parameters were summarized in Table S3. The large-area PSC
exhibited a minor hysteresis between the two scanning modes and
revealed a PCE of 5.0%, comparable to the average value (5.7%)
of the PSCs with an active area of 0.12 cm2. Figure 4b displays
the incident photon-to-electric current conversion efficiency
(IPCE) spectrum of this large-area all-inorganic PSC. The value
of IPCE starts to increase at 540 nm, which is consistent with the
UV-Vis spectrum of CsPbBr3 (Figure 1e), and reaches 90% at
~400 nm. By calculating the overlap integral of the IPCE spec-
trum, the integrated photocurrent density was measured to be 5.68
mA cm-2, which is slightly lower than the JSC of 6.98 mA cm-2
measured from the J-V curve (Figure 4a). This difference is
mainly because the IPCE value in the ultraviolet region (wave-
length short than 400 nm) cannot be obtained due to the limit of
the instrument.
Actually, not every inorganic perovskite material has such good
stability. The choice of the right materials is very important. For
example, the performance of cubic-phase CsPbI3 with a bandgap
smaller than CsPbBr3 (~1.7 eV, Figure S11) was not as outstand-
ing as that of CsPbBr3. Figure S12 and Table S4 show the J-V
plots and corresponding photovoltaic parameters of sealed CsP-
bI3/carbon based all-inorganic PSCs and after exposed in humid
air (90-95% RH, 25 °C) without encapsulation for 30 s and 60 s,
respectively. The sealed CsPbI3 based all-inorganic PSCs have a
PCE of ~3.6%. However, the PCE of CsPbI3/carbon based all-
inorganic PSCs exposed in humid air rapidly decreased to 1.13%
after 30 s and then 0.45% after 60 s. This is because cubic-phase
CsPbI3 is unstable in humid atmosphere and would rapidly con-
vert to the non-perovskite orthorhombic phase, as revealed by the
 Journal of the American Chemical Society Page 4 of 10

color change and XRD analysis (Figure S13). Therefore, CsPbBr3 (14) You, J.; Meng, L.; Song, T.; Guo, T.; Yang, Y.; Chang, W.;
1 is proved to be a much better choice than CsPbI3 for all-inorganic Hong, Z.; Chen, H.; Zhou, H.; Chen, Q.; Liu, Y.; Marco, N.; Yang, Y.,
2 PSCs owing to the outstanding stability. Although the PCE of Nat. Nanotech. 2016, 11, 75-81.
CsPbBr3/carbon-based all-inorganic PSCs is not quite high due to (15) Tai, Q.; You, P.; Sang, H.; Liu, Z.; Hu, C.; Chan, H.; Yan, F.,
3
the relatively-wide bandgap of CsPbBr3, it is possible to reduce Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 11105.
4 (16) Kaltenbrunner, M.; Adam, G.; Glowacki, E.; Drack, M.;
the bandgap and further improve the PCE, e.g. by partially replac-
5 Schwodiauer, R.; Leonat, L.; Apaydin, D.; Groiss, H.; Scharber, M.;
ing Br- with I- and/or replacing Pb2+ with Sn2+,34 to find more
6 optimized solutions for simultaneously improving PCE and stabil-
White, M.; Sariciftci, N.; Bauer, S., Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 1032-1039.
7 (17) Tsai, H.; Nie, W.; Blancon, J.; Stoumpos, C.; Asadpour, R.;
ity. Our future work will focus on the optimization of composi- Harutyunyan, B.; Neukirch, A.; Verduzco, R.; Crochet, J.; Tretiak, S.;
8 tions and band structure of inorganic perovskites to further im- Pedesseau, L.; Even, J.; Alam, M.; Gupta, G.; Lou, J.; Ajayan, P.;
9 prove the overall performances of all-inorganic PSCs. We expect Bedzyk, M.; Kanatzidis, M., Nature 2016, 536, 312-316.
10 this study will push forward the development and practical de- (18) Li, X.; Dar, M.; Yi, C.; Luo, J.; Tschumi, M.; Zakeeruddin,
11 ployment of next-generation stable and economical PSCs. S.; Nazeeruddin, M.; Han, H.; Gratzel, M., Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 703-711.
12 (19) Leijtens, T.; Eperon, G.; Noel, N.; Habisreutinger, S.; Pet-
13 ASSOCIATED CONTENT rozza, A.; Snaith, H., Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 201500963.
(20) Manser, J.; Saidaminov, M.; Christians, J.; Bakr, O.; Kamat,
14 Supporting Information P., Accounts Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 330-338.
15 Experimental section, additional figures and tables. This material (21) Liu, J.; Wu, Y.; Qin, C.; Yang, X.; Yasuda, T.; Islam, A.;
16 is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. Zhang, K.; Peng, W.; Chen, W.; Han, L., Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7,
17 2963-2967.
18 AUTHOR INFORMATION (22) Kazim, S.; Ramos, F.; Gao, P.; Nazeeruddin, M.; Gratzel,
M.; Ahma, S., Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 1816-1823.
19 (23) Mei, A.; Li, X.; Liu, L.; Ku, Z.; Liu, T.; Rong, Y.; Xu, M.; Hu,
Corresponding Author
20 M.; Chen, J.; Yang, Y.; Gratzel, M.; Han, L., Science 2014, 345, 295-
21 Email: zhongjin@nju.edu.cn (Z. J.); j.liu@duke.edu (J. L.) 298.
22 (24) Christians, J.; Fung, R.; Kamat, P., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 136, 758-764.
23
(25) Wang, K.; Jeng, J.; Shen, P.; Chang, Y.; Diau, E.; Tsai, C.;
24 This work was supported by National Materials Genome Project Chao, T.; Hsu, H.; Lin, P.; Chen, P.; Guo, T.; Wen, T., Sci. Rep. 2014,
25 (2016YFB0700600), National 973 Basic Research Program (No. 4, 4756.
26 2015CB659300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (26) Chung, I.; Song, J.; Im, J.; Androulakis, J.; Malliakas, C.; Li,
27 (No. 21403105 and 21573108), China Postdoctoral Science Foun- H.; Freeman, A.; Kenney, J.; Kanatzidis, M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012,
dation (No. 2015M580413, 2015M581769 and 2015M581775), 134, 8579-8587.
28 Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Jiangsu Prov- (27) Yettapu, G.; Talukdar, D.; Sarkar, S.; Swarnkar, A.; Nag, A.;
29 ince (No. BK20160647, BK20150571 and BK20150583), the Ghosh, P.; Mandal, P., Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 4838-4848.
30 Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the (28) Kulbak, M.; Cahen D.; Hodes, G., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015,
31 Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Edu- 6, 2452-2456.
32 cation Institutions (PAPD). (29) Chung, I.; Lee, B.; He, J.; Chang, R.; Kanatzidis, M., Nature
33 2012, 485, 486-494.
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