History of Table Tennis The game originated as a sport in Britain during the 1880s, where it was played among

the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game, then commonly known as "wiffwaff". A row of books were to be stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Later, table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of "wiff-waff" and "ping-pong". Table tennis is controlled by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926.
Description of Table tennis

Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions.
Rules and regulation of Table tennis

The rules of table tennis have been changed many times in recent years in relation to the service law, but for a casual game of table tennis it remains very simple. The server must stand behind the end of the table to serve. The basic serve involves holding the ball in the palm of your non-playing hand and throwing it upwards .As the ball is falling, you must hit it with your racket (also known as a paddle or bat) held in your playing hand so that it bounces once on your side of the table, and at least once on your opponent's side of the table.
Equipment of table tennis Ball

The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball. The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games . However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed.

Table The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.525 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 inch) high net. An ITTF approved table surface must be in a green or blue color.

Racket Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. The official ITTF term is "racket", though "bat" is common in Britain, and "paddle" in the U.S.The wooden portion of the racket, often referred to as the "blade", commonly features anywhere between one and seven plies of wood, though cork, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, and Kevlar are sometimes used. There are no restrictions on a blade's composition except that it be at least 85% natural wood.]Common wood types include Balsa, Limba, and Cypress or "Hinoki," which is popular in Japan. The average size of the blade is about 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Although there are no official restrictions on the shape or size of the blade itself, these dimensions are optimal for most play styles.

Scoring A point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: After making a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net assembly before being struck by the opponent.

The ball passes over the player's court or beyond his end line without touching his court, after being struck by the opponent. The opponent obstructs the ball. The opponent strikes the ball twice successively. Note that the hand that is holding the racket counts as part of the racket and that making a good return off one's hand or fingers is allowed. It is not a fault if the ball accidentally hits one's hand or fingers and then subsequently hits the racket. The opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface is not covered with rubber. The opponent moves the playing surface or touches the net assembly.

History of Billiard The word "billiards" comes from the Norman French word billiard , which means "stick." The game originated in England in the 14th century as an attempt to adapt lawn bowling to indoor play during the winter. Since no room was large enough for a lawnbowling court, the game was adopted for large tables. Arches were first used instead of pockets, and the original cues were actually maces, or rods with flat wooden heads. Near the end of the 18th century another change was instituted. The point of the cue was beveled all around, thus creating a still broader surface. Leather tips were added later to protect the balls from chipping. In the 19th century an English player, Jack Carr, discovered that chalk applied to the leather tip prevented slipping and let the player give eccentric twists to the cue ball (by striking it off center) that became known as side, or English. The first billiard table on the American continent was brought to Florida in 1565 by a Spanish family.
Description of Billiards

The name billiards can be given to the whole bunch of cue sports. The original name of billiards is 'carom billiards'. It is sometimes also referred to as ' carambole billiards'. This game is played on cloth covered but pocket-less tables. There are various types of carom billiards and some of them are, cushion carom, straight rail, balkline , artistic billiards and three cushion billiards.The word carom which is actually a sort of abbreviation of the Spanish and Portuguese term 'carambola ', which means 'rebound after hitting', came into general use during late 1860. The word was used to describe the red billiards ball. The balls used in carom billiards are relatively heavier and larger than the pool balls. The cloth that is used for the billiards is fast, meaning the balls move more swiftly on it. Billiards is played with three balls, in which one is red, one is white and one is yellow. Of these, both the yellow and white can be used as cue balls or strikers. Rules and Regulation of Billiards There are a large number of different games to be played with a billiard table. All of them involve variations of sinking the balls in the pockets by striking them with ball propelled by a wooden cue. Specific rules for each type of game are long and varied. This article is intended as a brief summation of standardized rules for all types of pocket billiards games, applicable regardless of the game itself. You can add specific rules for the game you are playing on top of them--they usually constitute the order in which the balls must be sunk.

Equipment of Billiard

Billiard balls Billiard balls vary from game to game, in size, design and quantity. Carom billiards balls are larger than pool balls, and come as a set of two cue balls (one colored or marked) and an object ball (or two object balls in the case of the game four-ball). American-style pool balls, used in any pool game and found throughout the world, come in sets of two suits of object balls, seven solids and seven stripes, an 8 ball and a cue ball. Tables There are many sizes and styles of pool and billiard tables. Generally, tables are rectanglestwice as long as they are wide. Most pool tables are known as 7-, 8-, or 9footers, referring to the length of the table's long side. Full-size snooker and English billiard tables are 12 feet (3.7 m) long on the longest side. Pool halls tend to have 9-foot (2.7 m) tables and cater to the serious pool player. Pubs will typically use 7-foot (2.1 m).

Rack A rack is the name given to a frame (usually wood, plastic or aluminum) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond shaped rack used for nine-ball.

Chalk Chalk is applied to the tip of the cue stick, ideally before every shot, to increase the tip's friction coefficient so that when it impacts the cue ball on a non-center hit, no miscue(unintentional slippage between the cue tip and the struck ball) occurs. Cue tip chalk is not actually the substance typically referred to as "chalk" (generally calcium carbonate, also known as calcite or carbonate of lime), but any of several proprietary compounds, with a silicate base. "Chalk" may also refer to a cone of fine, white hand chalk; like talc (talcum powder).

Scoring

Two points are awarded for: Cannon - Cue-ball hits both other balls. Pot white - The opponent's cue-ball is potted. In-off white - Cue-ball goes in-off the opponent's cue-ball. Three points are awarded for: Pot red - Red is potted. In-off red - Cue-ball goes in-off the red. If more than one scoring shot is completed in any one stroke, all are scored, except in the case off a cannon followed by an in-off. In this case, either 2 or 3 points are scored, depending on the first ball hit - 2 for white, 3 for red. Scoring Limitations Consecutive hazards (i.e. pots or in-offs) not in conjunction with with a cannon, are limited to 15.Consecutive cannons, not in conjunction with a hazard, are limited to 75.If the red is potted from the spot or pyramid spot twice in succession (and not in conjunction with another score) it is placed on the centre spot. If again potted, it is placed on the spot.

Fouls
All fouls score 2 points to the opponent. The following shots are fouls: Missing both balls (unless both balls are in baulk and playing from in-hand) Playing more than 15 consecutive hazards Playing more than 75 consecutive cannons Jumping the cue-ball over an object ball If a foul is committed, all points scored before the foul shot are allowed.

History of Golf The origins of golf are unclear and much debated. However it is clearly one of a family of similar and possibly related club and ball games that were recorded across medieval Europe, and many of the unique elements of golf evolved in the port towns around the Firth of Forth in eastern Scotland from the medieval period onwards. Golf spread from Scotland into the rest of the United Kingdom and then to the British Empire and the United States of America during the late 19th century. In April 2005, new evidence re-invigorated the debate concerning the origins of golf. [2] Recent evidence unearthed by Prof. Ling Hongling of Lanzhou University suggests that a game similar to modernday golf was played in China since Southern Tang Dynasty, 500 years before golf was first mentioned in Scotland.

Description of Golf Golf is a precision club and ball sport, in which competing players (or golfers) use many types of clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes.It is one of the few ball games that does not require a standardized playing area. Instead, the game is played on golf "courses", each of which features a unique design, although courses typically consist of either nine or eighteen holes. Golf is defined, in the rules of golf, as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules." Rules and regulation of Golf

The rules of golf are internationally standardised and are jointly governed by The R&A, spun off in 2004 from The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (founded 1754), and the United States Golf Association .The underlying principle of the rules is fairness. As stated on the back cover of the official rule book: There are strict regulations regarding the amateur status of golfers.[20] Essentially, anybody who has ever received payment or compensation for giving instruction, or played golf for money , is not considered an amateur and may not participate in competitions limited solely to amateurs. However, amateur golfers may receive expenses which comply with strict guidelines and they may accept non-cash prizes within the limits established by the Rules of Amateur Status. In addition to the officially printed rules, golfers also abide by a set of guidelines called golf etiquette. Etiquette guidelines cover matters such as safety, fairness, pace of play, and a player's obligation to contribute to the care of the course.

Equipment of Golf Golf clubs Are used to hit the golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance (or 'grip') on the top end and a club head on the bottom. Long clubs, which have a lower amount of degreed loft, are those meant to propel the ball a comparatively longer distance, and short clubs a higher degree of loft and a comparatively shorter distance. Typically, the actual physical length of each club is longer or shorter, depending on the distance the club is intended to propel the ball. The 'driver' is the largest-headed and longest club.

Golf balls Are spherical, usually white (although other colours are allowed), and minutely pockmarked by dimples that decrease aerodynamic drag by increasing air turbulence around the ball in motion, preventing "boundary layer" separation, thereby allowing the ball to fly farther. A tee is allowed only for the first stroke on each hole, unless the player must hit a provisional tee shot or replay his or her first shot from the tee.

Golf bag Is used to transport golf clubs and the player's other or personal equipment. Golf bags have several pockets designed for carrying equipment and supplies such as tees, balls , and gloves. Golf bags can be carried, pulled on a trolley or harnessed to a motorized golf cart during play. Golf bags have both a hand strap and shoulder strap for carrying, and sometimes have retractable legs that allow the bag to stand upright when at rest. Golfers start with the non-dominant side of the body facing the target. At address the body and club are positioned parallel to the target line. The feet are commonly shoulderwidth apart for middle irons and putters, narrower for short irons and wider for long irons and woods. The ball is positioned in the centre of the player's stance for short irons and putters, more to the front for middle irons and even more for long irons and woods. The golfer chooses a golf club, grip, and stroke appropriate to the distance:

The drive is used on the teeing ground to tee-off long distances; The approach is used in long- to mid-distance shots; The chip is used for relatively short-distance shots around the green. The goal of the chip is to land the ball safely on the green allowing it to roll out towards the hole.

Scoring In every form of play, the goal is to play as few strokes per round as possible. A hole in one (or an 'ace') occurs when a golfer sinks his ball into the cup with his first stroke from the tee. Common scores for a hole also have specific terms A hole is classified by its par, meaning the number of strokes a skilled golfer should require to complete play of the hole. For example, a skilled golfer expects to reach the green on a par-4 hole in two strokes: one from the tee (the 'drive') and another, second, stroke to the green (the 'approach'); and then roll the ball into the hole in two putts for par. This would be termed a 'green in regulation' (GIR). A hole is either a par-3, 4 or 5. Par-6 holes are extremely rare. The key factor for classifying the par of a hole is the distance from the tee to the green. A typical par-3 hole is less than 250 yards (225 m) in length, with a par-4 hole ranging between 251 and 475 yards (225434 m), and a par-5 hole being longer than 475 yards (435 m). The rare par-6s can stretch well over 650 yards (595 m). The gradient of the hole can also affect its par. If the tee-to-green distance on a hole is predominantly downhill, it will play shorter than its physical length and may be given a lower par; the opposite is true for uphill holes. Par ratings are also affected by factors such as the placement of hazards or the shape of the green, which can affect the play of a hole by requiring an extra stroke to avoid playing into hazards. Eighteen-hole courses may typically comprise four par-3, ten par-4, and four par-5 holes, though other combinations exist and are not less worthy than courses of par-72. Many major championships are contested on courses playing to a par of 70, 71, or 72. Additionally, in some countries, courses are classified according to their play difficulty, which may be used to calculate a golfer's playing handicap for a given course. .

Reflection

In activity in table tennis we enjoy, because there are so many have exited to play this sports table tennis. And also myself I can feel comfortable because I know that not all my classmates are playing table tennis. And this activity it can gives an more exiting in everyone that can make a laugh on use. And also to my instructor Mr. closas have also enjoy playing table tennis,when the game start I can feel that this game can give to me a more information and about the game where is started before and it can give what are the rules of this game..in prelim exam me and my instructor playing table tennis and I not feeling will because I have a fever on that time but I can promise to myself that winbut my self talk that Dako gihapon ko og grado. I can defeat my instructor ,when the game have already finished,, I am so glad because I cannot

Reflection

In activity in billiard we enjoy, because there are so many have exited to play this sports in billiard. And also myself I can feel comfortable because I know that not all my classmates are playing table tennis. Also that myself have already know this game because in my house we have billiard table that me and my cousin have played billiardin when activity started I can feel fresh because I can defeat my classmate because they do not know how to play billiard..hehehe this also activity can give more information and you also know how to play this game billiard. when the midterm exam come me and my instructor akong grade ani hehehe playing billiard..I am so happy because I win the game and it can give me higher scoremyself saying Mas dako

Reflection

In activity in badminton I feel not comfortable because I do not know this game Mona egnon nga kabalos lage.. but some of my classmate they are so happy because they know how to play badminton I can pushed myself to know this game , because there are so many have exited to play this sports in Badminton. And Also that myself have already to know this game. when activity started I can feel comfortable because some rules I know itwhen the semi-final coming me and my instructor playing badminton its easy for me because kafoy mag dagana oi..But I can pushed myself to play, but so sad to me because I cannot win the gamebut Its okay for me I can promise to myself that I know already this game I feel that naa gihapon koy grade

Reflection

In activity in table golf we enjoy, because there are so many have exited to play this sports golf. And also myself I can feel comfortable because I know that not all my classmates are playing golf. And this activity it can gives an more exiting in everyone that can make a laugh on use. And also to my instructor Mr. closas have also enjoy playing this sports golf,when the game start I can feel that this game can give to me a more information and about the game where is started before and it can give what are the rules of this game..but myself said last nani mahuman ra jud akong PE.

LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd.., Carmen, Cagayan de Oro city

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 3

In final fulfillment of the course Physical education 3 (Individual/Dual sports)

Submitted to: Mr. Lorenzo Closas Submitted by: Khenn Aligsao