Bezathren

Application

Unique ideas. Unique solutions.

 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

2 CHT I BEZema

1. General information
BEZATHREN dyes are vat dyes with an outstanding fastness
level for this dye class. They can be used for all cellulosic
fibres such as cotton, linen and regenerated cellulose and
meet the highest of demands.
No other dye class can meet the high light, wet and chlorine
fastness properties of the range on cellulose fibres.
2. Commercial form
BEZATHREN dyes can be very easily dispersed and permits
the use of all conventional dyeing processes depending on the
application. BEZATHREN dyes are suitable for various types
of application and can be allocated to the related application
processes using the abbreviations E (exhaust process), PS
(continuous process), EPS (exhaust and continuous process).
3. Dye classification
BEZATHREN dyes are water-insoluble dyes that are converted
to soluble leuco compounds by means of alkaline reduction. In
this form the dyes go onto the cellulose substantively. Oxida-
tive after-treatment then forms the non-soluble, colour-fast
dye. The dye molecule is converted to a crystalline form by
soaping in a slightly alkaline medium. The final shade is only
then obtained and optimum fastness properties achieved. Due
to their different dyeing properties, the BEZATHREN dyes are
categorised as follows:
• BW dyes
• BN dyes
3.1 BW dyes
In the leuco form BW dyes have a lower affinity to cellulose
and therefore require electrolytes (Glauber’s salt) to achieve
an optimum colour yield. The usage of Glauber’s salt rather
than common salt is to be preferred due to the higher purity.
The standard dyeing temperature is 50 °C. Dyes of this group
have a very good levelling capacity, which is why they are
­particularly suitable for light shades.
A special dye in this group is BEZATHREN Red LGG, that is
used in the special SP2 process due to the dye characteristics.
B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N
3.2 BN dyes
In the leuco form the BN dyes have a very high affinity to cellu-
lose and are therefore dyed without adding electrolytes. The
optimum dyeing temperature is 60 °C. The dyeing temperature
can be kept higher to improve levelness and dye penetration
with this dye group depending on the individual elements.
Due to their economy and to some extent lower migration
capacity the BN dyes are mainly used for medium and dark
shades.
This group contains several special dyes such as the black
and blue shades. Some blue elements require higher alkali
quantities as well as over-reduction protection during dyeing at
temperatures of above 60 °C (refer to the process information).
The black dyes are normally dyed at 80 °C with higher caustic
soda solution and hydrosulphite quantities with the special
process SP1. The BEZATHREN Black BB has an exceptional
position, as it is used for dyeing with the SP3 process due to
the special oxidation.
3.3 Dispersing the dyes
The dye is dispersed after being sprinkled into 10 – 20 times
the quantity of water at a temperature of 40 °C using a suita-
ble mixer.
4. Dyeing methods
The dyeing methods vary with regard to the dyeing tempera-
ture, as well as the addition of caustic soda solution, sodium
hydrosulphite and salt. Reduction is generally carried out with
caustic soda solution and sodium hydrosulphite. The stability
of the reduction bath depends on many factors and therefore
the state of the vat is to be tested at regular intervals with
­yellow paper. The main dyeing processes are given below:
• Semi-pigmentation process
• Leuco process
• Pre-pigmentation process
• BEZADOS process
• HT process
• Rapid dye process
• Jigger process
• Pad jig process
• Pad dry pad steam process
• Pad dry pad steam process with REDULIT EX
• Process for BEZATHREN black dyes (SP1)
• Process for BEZATHREN Red LGG (SP2)
• Process for BEZATHREN Black BB (SP3)
CHT I BEZema 3
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

Standard process for dyeing with BEZATHREN dyes

BW dyes BN dyes

Chemical
Dye Liquor ratio Liquor ratio
additives

% 1:20 1:10 1:5 1:2.5 1:20 1:10 1:5 1:2.5

Caustic soda <1 5-6 8-9 12-15 18-21 10-12 15-17 20-25 28-32
solution
1-3 6-8 9-12 15-20 21-26 12-15 17-22 25-30 32-42
32.5 % (38 °Bé)
in ml/l 3-5 8-10 12-15 20-25 26-32 15-18 22-26 32-40 42-52

<1 1.5-2 2-3 4-5 6-8 2-2.5 2.5-4 4-7 8-10

Sodium hydrosul-
phite 1-3 2-3 3-5 5-8 8-12 2.5-3 4-6 7-9 12-14
in g/l
3-5 3-4 5-7 8-12 12-16 3.5-5 5.5-8 10-12 14-18

<1 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 – – – –

Common or
Glauber’s salt 1-3 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 – – – –
in g/l
3-5 15-25 15-20 15-20 15-20 – – – –

Temperature 45-50 °C 50-60 °C

Special process for BEZATHREN black dyes (SP1)

Liquor ratio
1:20 1:10 1:5
Caustic soda solution 32.5 % ml/l 20-30 30-40 45-55
(38 °Bé)
Sodium hydrosulphite g/l 8 10 12
Temperature °C 80/60 80/60 80/60

Remarks:
The necessary quantities of caustic soda solution and sodium
hydrosulphite are shown in the standard recommendation for
dyeing with BEZATHREN dyes or can be calculated with our
WellVAT optimisation programme. The remaining air volume in
the dyeing system must be taken into account;

1.7 l caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) / m3 air

1.7 kg sodium hydrosulphite / m3 air

Machines or systems that run with the addition of nitrogen only

require 50 percent of the quantity of caustic soda solution and
hydrosulphite for elimination of the remaining oxygen. If, how-
ever, the system is pressurised to around 2 bar, the required
quantity of caustic soda solution and hydrosulphite for the air
space is doubled!

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 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

4.1 Semi-pigmentation process 4.2 Leuco process

The principle of this process is based on the lower vatting
speed at low temperatures. Partial pigmentation is achieved as
a result. The dye is converted to its leuco form and goes onto
the fibre by means of controlled heating.
With articles that are difficult to achieve level dyeing results, a
levelling phase can also be carried out at higher temperatures
with subsequent cooling and final dyeing at 50 °C (BW), or
60 °C (BN) for 20 – 30 minutes.
This classic process is mainly recommended for dyeing wound
packages in deep shades. Standard process for yarn dyeing,
whereby the complete dye bath is prepared in a secondary
vessel and pumped over to the dyeing system after a short
vatting time. Starting the dyeing with the dye already vatted
prevents filtration in the fabric package.
120

110 BN
BW G
100
120
90
110 BN
BW G 80
100

Temperature [°C]
70
90
ABC F
60
80 D
50
Temperature [°C]

70 E
F 40
60
D 30
50
E 20
40
10
30 ABC
0
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
10 Time [min]

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Time [min]

2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE

2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE

A 0 – 2.0
0.5 g/l

g/l
KOLLASOL CDS
HEPTOL ESW
(for a water hardness of more than 10 °dH)
0.5 g/l KOLLASOL CDS
A 0 – 2.0 g/l
HEPTOL ESW
(for a water hardness of more than 10 °dH) B x % BEZATHREN dyes

0 – 2.0 g/l BIAVIN BPA y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)

B x % BEZATHREN dyes C 0.3 – 2.5

z
%
g/l
SARABID VAT
Sodium hydrosulphite

C
y
0.3 – 2.5
ml/l
%
Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
SARABID VAT D 0 – 25.0 g/l Salt for BW dyes

E
z g/l Sodium hydrosulphite
Overflow rinsing

D 0 – 25.0 g/l Salt for BW dyes

F 3.0 – 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

E Overflow rinsing
G 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS

F 3.0 – 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

G 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS

When dyeing with BN sp. dyes (blue shades), 15 % sodium
nitrite calculated on the basis of the total quantity of sodium
hydrosulphite must be added at above 60 °C. Above 80 °C,
2.0 g/l glucose is used.
When dyeing with BN sp. dyes (blue shades), 15 % sodium
nitrite calculated on the basis of the total quantity of sodium
hydrosulphite must be added at above 60 °C. Above 80 °C,
2.0 g/l glucose is used.

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 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

4.3 Pre-pigment process 4.4 BEZADOS process

The pre-pigment process is used for light and medium shades
on yarn dyeing machines and HT-beams to achieve an even
distribution of the dye on the goods in the pigmentation phase.
As vatting is not carried out until after the pigmenting phase, a
high level of levelness is achieved.
With dark shades this process should not be used, as filtration
of the dye pigment can occur in the yarn package.
As the result of dosing the dispersed dye over 20 – 30 minutes
into the dye bath heated to 80 °C, the dye is equally distributed
over the goods during several passages. The migration
temperature of 80 °C results in fast and complete vatting,
optimum penetration and excellent migration and diffusion.
Subsequent cooling to the optimum dyeing temperature
results in maximum bath exhaustion.

120 120

110 BN 110 BN
BW G BW G
100 100

90 90 20 – 30 min dos.
ABC ABC
80 80
Temperature [°C]

Temperature [°C]
70 70
F F
60 60
D D
50 50
E E
40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Time [min] Time [min]

2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE 2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE

A 0.5

0 – 2.0
g/l

g/l
KOLLASOL CDS
HEPTOL ESW
A
0.5

0 – 2.0
g/l

g/l
KOLLASOL CDS
HEPTOL ESW
(for a water hardness of more than 10 °dH) (with a water hardness of more than 10 °dH)
0 – 2.0 g/l BIAVIN BPA

B x % BEZATHREN dyes
y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) B 0.3 – 2.5 % SARABID VAT

C 0.3 – 2.5
z
%
g/l
SARABID VAT
Sodium hydrosulphite
z g/l Sodium hydrosulphite

C x % BEZATHREN dyes

D 0 – 25.0 g/l Salt for BW dyes

D 0 – 25.0 g/l Salt for BW dyes

E Overflow rinsing

E Overflow rinsing

F 3.0 – 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

F 3.0 – 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

G 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS

G 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS

When dyeing with BN sp. dyes (blue shades), 15 % sodium

nitrite calculated on the basis of the total quantity of sodium When dyeing with BN sp. dyes (blue shades), 15 % sodium
hydrosulphite must be added at above 60 °C. Above 80 °C, nitrite calculated on the basis of the total quantity of sodium
2.0 g/l glucose is used. hydrosulphite must be added at above 60 °C. Above 80 °C,
2.0 g/l glucose is used.

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 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

4.5 HT-process 4.6 Rapid dye process

The HT process is used if levelling problems occur or if a The rapid dye process is a quick dyeing process for machine
higher penetration is required with dense fabrics. Used for yarn dyeing with selected BEZATHREN dyes for dyeings of up to
and HT beam dyeing to achieve optimum levelness and dye 0.5 %.
penetration with light to medium shades. The semi-pigmentation process serves as a basis. The low
The HT resistance of the dyes must be taken into account and starting temperature and the low dye concentration permit a
an HT resistant reduction agent must be selected. As its effect regular pigment distribution in the fabric package. The dyeing
drops at below 90 °C, re-priming with caustic soda solution temperature at which the dyes have an optimum levelling and
and sodium hydrosulphite is carried out during cooling at 80 °C, diffusion capacity is reached as quickly as possible by heating
to achieve the optimum state of vat reduction and therefore the system quickly. As a result a very good levelness and dye
­allow the dye to adsorb fully. penetration can be achieved in spite of the shorter process.
The already high bath exhaustion is increased further by
adding salt at 80 °C and cooling to 60 °C.
120

110
When the temperature of 60 °C is reached, oxidisation is
100
H already possible in the dyebath by adding MEROPAN XRN
90
D
PEARLS. The use of MEROPAN XRN PEARLS contributes to a
ABC
80
very high process reliability and reproducibility. It must be en-
Temperature [°C]

70
G sured that the quantity of MEROPAN XRN PEARLS is sufficient
60

50
E to oxidise the remaining hydrosulphite and the dye.
F
40 Subsequent soaping is carried out in a fresh bath.
30

20
BN
10 BW 120

0 110
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 F
100
Time [min]
90
D
80
2°/min
Temperature [°C]

70
E
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE 60
3°/min

A 0.5

0 – 2.0
g/l

g/l
KOLLASOL CDS
HEPTOL ESW
50

40
(with a water hardness of more than 10 °dH) 30
ABC

B
20
x % BEZATHREN dyes (HT)
10

0
y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)

C
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
0.3 – 2.5 % SARABID VAT Time [min]

at least 5.0 g/l HT-resistant reduction agent

D
3.0 ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
3.0 g/l Sodium hydrosulphite 2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE

E 0 – 25.0 g/l Salt for BW dyes A 0.5

0 – 2.0
g/l

g/l
KOLLASOL CDS
HEPTOL ESW
(with a water hardness of more than 10 °dH)

F Overflow rinsing
B x % BEZATHREN dyes (rapid dye)

G 3.0 – 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)

H 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS C 2.0

z
%
g/l
SARABID VAT
Hydrosulphite

When dyeing with BN sp. dyes (blue shades), 15 % sodium

D 0 – 10.0 g/l Glauber’s salt

nitrite calculated on the basis of the total quantity of sodium

hydrosulphite must be added at above 60 °C. Above 80 °C,
E 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

2.0 g/l glucose is used. F 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS

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 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

4.7 SP1 process for black shades
This process is especially suitable for black shades. While jet
dyeing can be started with dispersed dye, when dyeing bob-
bins the dye must be vatted at 80 °C before starting. The dye-
ing phase at 80 °C guarantees optimum penetration and even
dyeing results. To increase the colour yield, cooling to 60 °C is
necessary before overflow rinsing.
120
4.8 SP2 process for BEZATHREN Red LGG
BEZATHREN Red LGG is preferred for medium to rich,
brilliant red shades. The highest colour yield is achieved with
this dye with the SP2 special process. With this process the
caustic soda solution is replaced with the same quantity of
sodium carbonate. The vatting temperature is 60 °C, whereby
dyeing is finished at 40 °C due to the low substantivity of
BEZATHREN Red LGG. Shock oxidation directly afterwards is
recommended. Combination options for dyeing are:

110
BEZATHREN Yellow 5GF, BEZATHREN Yellow F3GC,
100
F BEZATHREN Red F3B and BEZATHREN Blue CLF.
90 In comparison to the classic BW system, a considerably
80
brighter and deeper red shade is achieved with BEZATHREN
Temperature [°C]

Red LGG.
70
E
60

50
D
40
120
30
ABC 110
20 F
100
10
90
0
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Temperature [°C]

Time [min] 70
ABC D
60

50

40
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE E
30
0.5 g/l KOLLASOL CDS
A
20
HEPTOL ESW Shock
0 – 2.0 g/l 10 oxidation
(with a water hardness of more than 10 °dH)
0
0 – 2.0 g/l BIAVIN BPA
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

B
Time [min]

x % BEZATHREN dyes

y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)

C 0.3 – 0.5
z
%
g/l
SARABID VAT
Sodium hydrosulphite
2.0
0.5
g/l
g/l
MEROPAN DPE
KOLLASOL CDS
A HEPTOL ESW

D
0 – 2.0 g/l
Overflow rinsing (with a water hardness of more than 10 °dH)
0 – 2.0 g/l BIAVIN BPA

E 3.0 – 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

B x % BEZATHREN Red LGG

F 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS y g/l Sodium carbonate

C 0.3 – 2.5
z
%
g/l
SARABID VAT
Sodium hydrosulphite
When dyeing with BN sp. dyes (blue shades), 15 % sodium
nitrite calculated on the basis of the total quantity of sodium D 0.0 – 25.0 g/l Salt

hydrosulphite must be added at above 60 °C. Above 80 °C,

2.0 g/l glucose is used. E 3.0 – 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

F 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS

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 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

4.9 SP3 process for BEZATHREN Black BB 4.10 Jigger process

The dyeing process is the same as the conventional process
for BEZATHREN black dyes. The dyeing phase at 80 °C
­ensures optimal penetration and even dyeing results. To in-
crease the colour yield, cooling to 60 °C is necessary before
the overflow rinsing. However, the special oxidation process
with sodium persulphate at 98 °C has to be applied.
120
On the jigger pre-pigmenting is always performed first and
vatting afterwards to achieve good levelling results. Pre-pig-
menting is performed with the lowest possible liquor level to
achieve maximum dye application. This is normally when the
lower deflecting rollers are just covered by the liquor. As a
result of pre-pigmenting, the dispersed dye pigment is equally
­distributed over the entire fabric surface. To improve penetra-
tion, pre-pigmenting is recommended at 80 °C. Vatting is then

110
performed in one step so that the full redox potential is available
100
E as quickly as possible. The number of passages in the individu-
90 al process stages depends on the fabric properties and yard-
80
age. In addition the vat should be checked after each passage
Temperature [°C]

and if necessary re-primed with 2 ml/l caustic soda solution

70

60

50
32.5 % (38 °Bé) and 2 g/l sodium hydrosulphite.
40
D
30 ABC • Pre-pigmenting:
20

10
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 0.5 g/l KOLLASOL CDS
Time [min]
0 – 2.0 g/l HEPTOL ESW*
½ quantity BEZATHREN dyes
1 passage
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
0.5 g/l KOLLASOL CDS
½ quantity BEZATHREN dyes
A 0 – 2.0 g/l
HEPTOL ESW
(with a water hardness of more than 10 °dH)
1 passage

0 – 2.0 g/l BIAVIN BPA

• Development:

B x % BEZATHREN Black BB
y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5
y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) % (38 °Bé)
C 0.3 – 0.5
z
%
g/l
SARABID VAT
Sodium hydrosulphite
0.3 – 2.5 % SARABID VAT
z g/l Sodium hydrosulphite
D Overflow rinsing 0.5 g/l redulit EX

E
4.0 g/l Sodium persulphate
• The dyeing temperature depends on the selected dyes.
3.0 ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
2 passages
½ quantity Salt for BW dyes
When dyeing with BN sp. dyes (blue shades), 15 % sodium 1 passage
nitrite calculated on the basis of the total quantity of sodium ½ quantity Salt for BW dyes
hydrosulphite must be added at above 60 °C. Above 80 °C, 2 – 4 passages
2.0 g/l glucose is used.
• Rinsing: Light to medium dyes are rinsed with overflow
during one passage with cold, soft water and
then oxidised.
With dark dyes a cold, reductive rinsing bath
should be used before oxidising to improve
the rubbing fastness properties with 2 ml/l
caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38° Bé),
2 g/l sodium hydrosulphite and
1 g/l CHT-DISPERGATOR SMS.

• Oxidising: 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS

2 passages at 60 °C

• Soaping: 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS

2 passages at
boiling temperature

* for a water hardness of more than 10 °dH

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4.11 Pad jig process 4.12 Pad dry pad steam process
This process is particularly recommended if dense fabric of The prerequisite for this process is an optimally pre-treated
mercerised cotton or viscose is to be dyed through. The dye fabric. Only such pre-treatment ensures good dye penetration
is applied to the fabric as a pigment and developed on the and correspondingly level dye results.
jigger with or without intermediate drying.
• Pigment padding liquor:
• Pigment padding liquor:
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE 2.0 g/l colorcontin MCD
0.5 g/l colorcontin MCD 0 – 2.0 g/l HePtol ESW*
0 – 2.0 g/l HEPTOL ESW* 5.0 – 10.0 g/l MIGRASOL SAP
5.0 – 10.0 g/l MIGRASOL SAP x g/l BEZATHREN dyes
(only with intermediate drying) Padding temperature: 20 – 30 °C
x g/l BEZATHREN dyes Liquor pick-up: 60 – 80 %
Padding temperature: 20 – 30 °C Drying temperature: 120 °C
Liquor pick-up: 60 – 80 %
• Chemical padding:
• Jigger development:
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE 2.0 g/l colorcontin AS6
0.5 g/l KOLLASOL CDS 0 – 2.0 g/l HEPTOL ESW*
0 – 2.0 g/l HEPTOL ESW* y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 %
y ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
(38 °Bé) z g/l Sodium hydrosulphite
0.3 – 2.5 % SARABID VAT 2.0 g/l Glucose (with BN sp. dyes)
z g/l Sodium hydrosulphite 20.0 – 40.0 ml/l Padding liquor
0.5 g/l redulit EX (for first trough filling)
20.0 – 40.0 ml/l Padding liquor
0 – 25.0 g/l Salt for BW dyes • Padding temperature: 20 – 30 °C

• Dyeing temperature: Depending on the fabric, dye and • Liquor pick-up: 80 – 100 %
required penetration
50 – 80 °C • Steaming: 45 – 60 sec. at 102 °C
Saturated steam
• Rinsing: Light to medium dyes are rinsed
during one passage with overflow * for a water hardness of more than 10 °dH
with cold, soft water and then
oxidised.
When dyeing dark colours a cold, Caustic soda and hydrosulphite quantities are calculated on
reductive rinsing bath should be the basis of a liquor pick-up of 100 %:
used before oxidising to improve
the rubbing fastness properties BEZATHREN dyes Caustic soda solution Sodium hydrosulphite
32.5 % (38 °Bé)
with 2 ml/l caustic soda solution
up to 10 g/l 38 ml/l 19 g/l
32.5 % (38° Bé), 2 g/l sodium up to 20 g/l 44 ml/l 22 g/l
hydrosulphite and up to 30 g/l 55 ml/l 23 g/l
up to 40 g/l 62 ml/l 31 g/l
1 g/l CHT-DISPERGATOR SMS. up to 50 g/l 74 ml/l 37 g/l
up to 60 g/l 85 ml/l 43 g/l
• Oxidising: 5.0 g/l MEROPAN XRN PEARLS up to 70 g/l 95 ml/l 48 g/l
up to 80 g/l 105 ml/l 52 g/l
2 passages at 60 °C
If the liquor pick-up is different, corresponding recalculation is
• Soaping: 1.0 g/l COTOBLANC RS necessary.
2 passages at
boiling temperature

* for a water hardness of more than 10 °dH

10 CHT I BEZema
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

4.13 Pad dry pad steam process with REDULIT EX 5. Important notes
The modified pad dry pad steam process with REDULIT EX
permits hydrosulphite savings of 40 %. 5.1 Water quality
The following applies as the basis for calculation: The leuco compound of a number of vat dyes forms insoluble
Required hydrosulphite quantity – 40 %. compounds with Ca, Mg and Fe salts. It is therefore very im-
The application amount of REDULIT EX corresponds to 8 % of portant to use soft water.
the remaining hydrosulphite quantity. The vat is stabilised by As the cotton also often additionally contains such mineral
the use of REDULIT EX. salts, it is recommended to add 1 g/l HEPTOL ESW and 2 g/l
The process corresponds to the conventional pad dry pad MEROPAN DPE.
steam process.
5.2 Over-reduction
• Pigment padding liquor: Dyes such as BEZATHREN Blue BC, BEZATHREN Blue RS,
BEZATHREN Blue RCL and BEZATHREN Dark Blue DB have
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE a tendency to over-reduction during bath dyeing at tempera-
2.0 g/l COLORCONTIN MCD tures above 60 °C. This means that at high temperatures the
0 – 2.0 g/l HEPTOL ESW* reduction effect is increased and the resulting reduction prod-
5.0 – 10.0 g/l MIGRASOL SAP ucts can no longer be oxidised. Over-reduction results in light,
x g/l BEZATHREN dyes dull dyeing results with negative fastness properties. After the
Padding temperature: 20 – 30 °C dyebath the addition of protective agents such as sodium
Liquor pick-up: 60 – 80 % nitrite (up to 80 °C) or glucose (from 80 °C) should be used to
Drying temperature: 120 °C avoid this. Changes in the shade caused by over-reduction
are irreversible.
• Chemical padding:
5.3 Over-oxidation
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE With the dyes BEZATHREN Blue RS, BEZATHREN Blue BC,
2.0 g/l COLORCONTIN MCD BEZATHREN Blue RCL and Bezathren Dark Blue DB, over-
0 – 2.0 g/l HEPTOL ESW* oxidation normally produces a greenish result. The shade can
x ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) be restored by means of a cold blank vat. Oxidation with
y g/l Hydrosulphite MEROPAN XRN PEARLS, which practically cannot lead to an
z g/l REDULIT EX over-oxidation, is advantageous.
2.0 g/l Glucose (with BNsp. dyes)
20.0 – 40.0 ml/l Padding liquor 5.4 Salt additives
(for first chassis filling) Generally Glauber’s salt or common salt is used. The necessary
quantities are shown in the table (standard instructions for
dyeing with BEZATHREN BW dyes). We principally recommend
• Padding temperature: 20 – 30 °C using Glauber’s salt, as common salt often contains more im-
purities and also considerably more Mg salts which have a neg-
• Liquor pick-up: 80 – 100 % ative influence on the stability of the leuco dye. The salt should
be added after a dyeing time of 20 – 30 minutes in the leuco
• Steaming: 45 – 60 sec. at 102 °C phase. In addition it should be added slowly or in portions to
Saturated steam prevent any unlevelness.

* for a water hardness of more than 10 °dH 5.5 Levelling agents

Notes on the continuous processes 4.12 and 4.13:
Pigment padding liquor: To prevent migration of the dye during
the drying process, we recommend the addition of 5 – 10 g/l
MIGRASOL SAP.
SARABID VAT is a levelling agent with a high dye affinity that
forms loose addition compounds with the leuco compounds
of the BEZATHREN dyes. This prevents excessively fast and
unlevel dye pick-up. Due to the cationic character, the prod-
uct should be added separately after adding the alkali.

Padding of chemicals: Before padding the fabric must always

be cooled. To prevent tailing by bleeding of dye into the chemi-
cal padding bath a defined amount of pigment padding liquor
can be added to it.

Steaming: After the exit from the pad dyer, exposure to air on
the way to the steamer should be as short as possible. To
achieve a good fastness level it is important that the dye is still
in a reduced form after the steamer or the water lock (check
with yellow paper).
CHT I BEZema 11
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N
5.6 State of vat reduction
This must be checked during the dyeing process. ­
If necessary add:
1.0 – 2.0 ml/l caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) and
1.0 – 2.0 g/l sodium hydrosulphite
It is also important that the vat is in perfect condition at the
end of the dyeing process.
5.7 Vat acid
To prevent vat acid formation, always ensure a high water
throughput during rinsing. The pH value of 11 should be passed
through as quickly as possible. Vat acid results in destruction of
the dye molecule and results in unlevelness, negative fastness
to rubbing and other dulling of the shades.
5.8 Rinsing process for dark shades
To achieve best fastness to rubbing with dark and black dyes
in machine and jigger dyeing processes, it is advantageous to
rinse 1 – 3 times with overflow in a cold, blank vat immediately
after dyeing, depending on the colour depth. The following
quantities are recommended:
2.0 ml/l caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
2.0 g/l sodium hydrosulphite
1.0 g/l CHT-DISPERGATOR SMS
With this method the unfixed dye which is still in the leuco
form can be rinsed out.
5.9 Migration inhibitor
For pad dry jig or pad dry pad steam dyeing the anti-migrant
agent MIGRASOL SAP should be added with 5 – 10 g/l to re-
duce the migration of the BEZATHREN dye during the drying
phase.
12 CHT I BEZema
6. Special dyes
6.1 BEZATHREN Red LGG (SP2)
BEZATHREN Red LGG is preferred for medium to rich, brilliant
red shades. The highest colour yield is obtained with this dye
with the special process SP2, which also differs in the use of
the same quantity of sodium carbonate instead of caustic so-
da solution. The vatting temperature is 60 °C, whereby cooling
to 40 °C takes place after dyeing due to the low substantivity
of BEZATHREN Red LGG. Shock oxidation directly afterwards
is recommended. Combination options for dyeing are:
BEZATHREN Yellow 5GF,
BEZATHREN Yellow F3GC,
BEZATHREN Red F3B and
BEZATHREN Blue CLF.
6.2 BEZATHREN Black BB (SP3)
BEZATHREN Black BB is a very strong black dye with high
light and chlorine fastness. Due to its dye characteristics, a
special oxidation process is required.
To achieve a deep black shade, oxidation with sodium persul-
phate at boiling temperature or sodium hypochlorite at room
temperature is necessary. If weaker oxidation agents are used,
an olive-green shade is achieved.
BEZATHREN Black BB is mainly used as a single dye.
The following elements can be used for shading:
BEZATHREN Orange RRTS
BEZATHREN Rubine R
BEZATHREN Green FFB
BEZATHREN Brown LBG
BEZATHREN Olive T
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

6.3 BEZATHREN blue dyes (BN sp.) 7. Dye selection

BEZATHREN blue dyes require special attention. Their charac-
teristics are very different than those of other vat dyes. For this
reason they are categorised in a separate type class, the BN
sp. dyes. ­The following dyes are classified as BN sp. types:
BEZATHREN Blue RCL
BEZATHREN Blue RS
BEZATHREN Blue BC
BEZATHREN Dark Blue DB
Dye selection during vat dyeing depends on the fastness re-
quirements and especially on the shade to be dyed. In con-
trast to classic dyeing with a ternary, vat dyeing involves one
main dye and corresponding shading dyes.
Another criterion is the colour depth. For very light colours,
dyes with a very good levelling power should be chosen.
All BEZATHREN dyes are listed in a table below according to
their suitability.

BEZATHREN blue dyes are particularly sensitive to fluctuations

Pastel shades Light / Medium shades Deep shades
in the caustic soda solution concentration. For this reason the
caustic soda solution concentration is increased by 35 %
during recipe calculation. Yellow 5GF Yellow F3GC Yellow GC
Golden Orange 3G Golden Yellow RK* Scarlet EFR
Other characteristics are sensitivity to over-reduction and over- Yellow 3RT Golden Orange G Red LGN
oxidation. Red F3B Orange RRTS Rubine R
Violet B Orange GR Dark Blue BOA
At a dyeing temperature of more than 60 °C, BN sp. dyes Blue CLF Scarlet GG Dark Blue DB
have a tendency to over-reduction. To counter this, sodium Green FFB Red FBB Navy GN
Brown G Bordeaux RR Olive Green MW
nitrite is added during dyeing up to 80 °C. The application Brown R Violet 2R Brown LBG
amount of sodium nitrite corresponds to 15 % of the em- Olive R Violet 3B Brown HRR*
Grey CL Blue RCL Olive T
ployed hydrosulphite quantity. Glucose is used at above 80 °C. Blue RS Black RB
The recommended application amount is 2 g/l. Blue BC Black R
Olive Green B Black RI
MEROPAN XRN PEARLS has proven its worth as an oxidation Brown BR Black BB
agent. Grey RBN
Grey CB and all dyes from the
It is especially important to pay attention to the water hardness light / medium shade
in the dyebath with these blue dyes. If the water is hard, the and all dyes from the group
pastel shade group
shade can become dull, there can be a loss of colour depth
and degradation of rubbing fastness properties. This can be
avoided with MEROPAN DPE up to 10 °dH and HEPTOL ESW
above 10 °dH.
To achieve the final, bright shade of these blue dyes it is nec-
essary to carry out the soaping process completely. Ideally
soaping should be carried out in a slightly alkaline pH range
with COTOBLANC RS.

CHT I BEZema 13
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

Yellow Orange Brilliant red Red Violet Light Blue

Yellow 5GF Golden Orange 3G Red LGG Red LGN Violet 2R Blue BC
Yellow GC Golden Orange G Red LGN Red FBB Violet B Blue CLF
Yellow F3GC Orange RRTS Scarlet EFR Red F3B Violet 3B
Golden Yellow RK* Orange GR Rubine R
Yellow 3RT

Golden Orange 3G Yellow 5GF Yellow 5GF Yellow 5GF Red LGN Red F3B
Golden Orange G Yellow GC Yellow GC Yellow GC Red FBB Violet B
Orange RRTS Yellow F3GC Yellow F3GC Yellow F3GC Red F3B Green FFB
Red FBB Golden Yellow RK* Golden Orange G Golden Yellow RK* Rubine R Olive Green MW
Red F3B Yellow 3RT Orange RRTS Golden Orange 3G Blue RCL Brown G
Green FFB Red FBB Orange GR Golden Orange G Blue RS Brown R
Brown R Red F3B Scarlet GG Yellow 3RT Blue BC Brown BR
Olive R Green FFB Red FBB Orange RRTS Blue CLF Olive R
Brown R Red F3B Scarlet GG Grey CL
Scarlet EFR Grey CB
Violet B
Blue RCL
Blue RS
Blue BC
Blue CLF
Brown G
Brown R
Brown BR

* Only recommended for continuous processes.

Royal Blue Navy / Dark Blue Beige Grey-Blue Green / Dark green Olive

Blue RCL Dark Blue BOA Brown R Navy GN Green FFB Olive Green B
Blue RS Dark Blue DB Brown G Grey RBN Olive Green B Olive Green MW
Blue BC Navy GN Grey CL Olive R
Grey CB Olive T

Red FBB Yellow F3GC Yellow 5GF Golden Orange G Yellow 5GF Yellow 5GF
Red F3B Yellow 3RT Yellow F3GC Yellow 3RT Yellow F3GC Yellow F3GC
Rubine R Orange RRTS Golden Yellow RK* Orange RRTS Golden Yellow RK* Golden Yellow RK*
Violet 2R Red FBB Golden Orange 3G Red FBB Golden Orange 3G Golden Orange G
Violet B Red F3B Golden Orange G Red F3B Golden Orange G Yellow 3RT
Violet 3B Rubine R Yellow 3RT Rubine R Yellow 3RT Orange RRTS
Green FFB Green FFB Red FBB Violet B Blue RCL Red FBB
Olive Green B Red F3B Blue RCL Blue RS Red F3B
Olive Green MW Violet B Blue RS Blue BC Dark Blue DB
Brown LBG Blue CLF Blue BC Navy GN Navy GN
Brown G Green FFB Blue CLF Dark Blue DB Green FFB
Brown R Olive R Green FFB Brown LBG Brown LBG
Brown BR Grey CL Olive Green B Brown G Brown G
Brown HRR* Grey CB Olive Green MW Brown R Brown R
Olive T Brown G Brown BR Brown BR
Black RB Brown R Olive R Brown HRR*
Black R Olive T Grey CL Grey CL
Black RI Grey CB Grey CB
Black RB Black RB
Black R Black R
Black RI Black RI

* Only recommended for continuous processes.

14 CHT I BEZema
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

Brown Light grey / Grey Dark grey Black Deep black

Brown LBG Grey RBN Grey RBN Black RB Black BB

Brown G Grey CL Black RB Black R
Brown R Grey CB Black RI
Brown BR
Brown HRR*

Yellow 5GF Golden Orange 3G Golden Orange 3G Yellow F3GC Orange RRTS
Yellow F3GC Yellow 3RT Golden Orange G Golden Orange 3G Rubine R
Golden Yellow RK* Red FBB Yellow 3RT Golden Orange G Green FFB
Golden Orange 3G Red F3B Orange RRTS Yellow 3RT Brown LBG
Golden Orange G Violet B Red FBB Orange RRTS Olive T
Yellow 3RT Blue CLF Red F3B Red FBB
Orange RRTS Green FFB Rubine R Red F3B
Red FBB Olive Green MW Blue RS Rubine R
Red F3B Brown G Blue BC Dark Blue DB
Blue RS Brown R Dark Blue DB Navy GN
Blue BC Brown BR Olive Green MW Green FFB
Blue CLF Olive R Brown LBG Olive Green MW
Dark Blue DB Brown G Brown LBG
Navy GN Brown R Brown G
Olive Green MW Brown BR Brown R
Olive R Brown HRR* Brown BR
Olive T Olive R Brown HRR*
Grey CL Olive T Olive T
Grey CB

* Only recommended for continuous processes.

Dye selection for the rapid dye process:

< 0.5 % colour depth

Yellow 5GF
Golden Orange 3G
Yellow 3RT
Red F3B
Violet B
Blue CLF
Green FFB
Brown G
Brown R
Olive R
Grey CL

CHT I BEZema 15
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

8. Dyeing phenomena 8.2 Light tenderers

Some vat dyes cause decomposition of the dyed fibres when
8.1 Catalytic fading exposed to intense light. This mainly applies to yellow, orange
During vat dyeing a phenomenon can occur with which combi- and red dyes which absorb in the short-wave, high-energy
nations of certain dyes can behave unfavourably when ex- spectrum range. The mechanism can be explained by the fact
posed to light and weathering. When dyeing with yellow, green that the vat dye acts as an oxidation catalyst for the formation
and blue dyes in a recipe, the green and blue dye with the of oxycellulose. The dye is initially reduced by light to the leuco
higher light fastness fades, which results in a shift of the shade form. Peroxide is formed during reoxidation with oxygen in the
towards yellow. This behaviour depends on a wide range of air. The peroxide causes oxidative damage to the cellulose.
factors such as:
• The employed dyes and their mixing ratios,
• The colour depth,
• The substrate and its moisture content,
• The spectral distribution and intensity of the radiation,
• The atmospheric humidity.
There are no generally applicable regulations specifying which
dyes can be combined and which not. Not all yellow vat dyes
behave in the same way with blue and green shades. It is pos- The presence of hydrogen peroxide was determined during
sible that a yellow dye attacks a green or blue dye with very tests. Free radicals can form which can cause decomposition
good light fastness properties in a very short time, and has a of the cellulose.
very negative effect on the light fastness. On the other hand a
yellow dye may attack green or blue dyes with lower light fast- The following vat dyes are light tenderers:
ness properties either only slightly or not at all. • BEZATHREN Yellow 5GF
Other yellow dyes have the opposite effect. They can even im- • BEZATHREN Yellow GC
prove the light fastness properties. This behaviour cannot be • BEZATHREN Yellow F3GC
calculated or defined by means of a general rule. Catalytic fad- • BEZATHREN Golden Orange G
ing only depends on the chemical constitution of the dyes and • BEZATHREN Golden Orange 3G
not on the dye finish. • BEZATHREN Yellow 3RT
The only general rule is: • BEZATHREN Golden Yellow RK
The higher the yellow element of a dye, the lower the light fast- • BEZATHREN Orange RRTS
ness of the dyeing results. • BEZATHREN Red F3B
Atmospheric humidity is an important factor for catalytic fad- • BEZATHREN Rubine R
ing. ­A resin-finished fabric reduces the moisture absorption • BEZATHREN Brown BR
and can lower the tendency to catalytic fading.
Another factor which should not be ignored is the fabric itself. 8.3 Dyeing tenderers
Dyeing on mercerised cotton or non-matted cellulosic regener- Dyeing tenderers are dyes which cause decomposition of the
ated fibres produces better light fastness properties. cellulose, especially regenerated cellulosic fibre, if oxidation
It must also be noted that vat dyes which are not correctly and reduction alternate frequently. Cellulose decomposition is
soaped have lower light and weathering fastness properties. indicated by loss of strength.
With all possible combinations between yellow-blue and
yellow-green dyeing, the brilliant, yellow-hued and also some- The following dyes are included in this category:
what dull green shades are mainly subject to this light fastness • BEZATHREN Yellow 5GF
anomaly. Olive green or greenish brown shades can be dyed • BEZATHREN Yellow GC
without yellow dyes and catalytic fading thus countered. Oth- • BEZATHREN Orange RRTS
erwise it is advisable to run preliminary tests on green shades. • BEZATHREN Red LGN
Dyeing with yellow, orange, blue, green and olive dyes is • BEZATHREN Red FBB
illustrated in the WellVAT optimisation programme. ­These were • BEZATHREN Red F3B
dyed in various mixing ratios to determine the subsequent light • BEZATHREN Rubine R
fastness properties. • BEZATHREN Violet 2R
• BEZATHREN Dark Blue BOA
• BEZATHREN Dark Blue DB
• BEZATHREN Navy GN
• BEZATHREN Brown G
• BEZATHREN Brown BR
• BEZATHREN Olive R
• BEZATHREN Grey CL
• BEZATHREN Grey MIR

16 CHT I BEZema
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

8.4 Photochromy 9. Remedying faulty dye results

Dyes are defined as photochromic if their colour changes con-
siderably after brief exposure to light, but the original colour is Technical machine or application problems can occasionally
restored after a certain storage time in darkness. During this cause faulty batches. Unlevel dyeing can normally be levelled,
process their structure changes, resulting in a shift of individual while lightening dark dyeings is difficult. Examples of recipes
absorption bands in the visible spectrum. for levelling and lightening on various machines are given below.
This is due to a new isomeric position (e.g. tautomerisation) of
certain dye molecules caused by the effects of light and ener- 9.1 Levelling out
gy absorption.
This mainly affects dyes based on diazo sulphones in ortho- Jigger:
and para-position. Liquor ratio 1:3 – 1:5
The bath, which is heated to 75 – 80 °C, is filled with:
2.0 – 4.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
x ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
UV/VIS 2.0 – 5.0 % SARABID VAT
no exposure to light y g/l Sodium hydrosulphite
after exposure to light 0.5 g/l redulit EX
Abs.

Light 3.0 – 4.0 g/l CHT-DISPERGATOR SMS

Dark
2 – 4 passages are treated at 75 – 80 °C. Then 15 – 20 % of
the dye is added
(in relation to the total dye quantity), divided among 2 passages,
and levelling is performed at the same temperature for
Wavelenght (nm) another 2 – 4 passages.
The procedure is completed in the same way as the original
process.
Photochromy effects are often clearly visible with yellow, beige,
grey and olive shades; at first glance such effects can hardly Machine, winch beck, jet:
be differentiated from low colour fastness towards light. Liquor ratio 1:10 – 1:30
In addition to excellent colour fastness properties and certain The bath, which is heated to 75 – 80 °C, is filled with:
metamerism requirements, a very low photochromy is also 2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
often expected for high-quality textile products. x ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
No dyes with a high photochromy are contained in the 1.0 – 2.0 % SARABID VAT
BEZATHREN dye range. It is important that the dyes are y g/l Sodium hydrosulphite
optimally soaped. This lowers the risk of photochromy. 1.0 – 2.0 g/l CHT-DISPERGATOR SMS
Treatment is continued for 20 minutes at 75 – 80 °C. 15 – 20 %
of the dye is then added (in relation to the total dye quantity)
and levelling is performed at a constant temperature for
another 30 minutes.
The procedure is completed in the same way as the original
process.

Machine and jet under HT conditions:

Levelling under HT conditions should only be performed with
dyeings made with HT-resistant dyes.
Liquor ratio: 1:10 – 1:20
The bath, which is heated to 80 °C, is filled with:
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
x ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
1.0 – 2.0 % SARABID VAT
y g/l HT-resistant reduction agent
15.0 – 20.0 % Dye (in relation to the total
dye quantity)
The bath is then heated quickly to 110 – 115 °C and treatment
is continued at a constant temperature for 30 minutes. It is
then cooled to 80 °C, 1 – 2 ml/l caustic soda solution 32.5 %
(38 °Bé) and 1 – 2 g/l sodium hydrosulphite is added and
treatment is continued for another 20 minutes at 75 – 80 °C.
Finishing is then carried out as in the original process.

CHT I BEZema 17
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

9.2 Lightening 10. Cleaning of machines and equipment

Jigger: To ensure reliable production, machines and equipment must

Lightening in the jigger should be performed at the highest be cleaned at regular intervals after dyeing. Vat dyes, which
possible liquor ratio. The jigger trough must be filled to the rim adhere in their insoluble form to the inside of the machine
and the treated fabric quantity should not be too large. walls, are especially difficult to remove. Special auxiliaries are
The indirectly heated treatment bath is filled at 40 – 50 °C necessary for removing such deposits. The INTENSOL brands
with: meet these requirements.
2.0 – 4.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE
20.0 ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) 10.1 Cleaning of jets and equipment:
10.0 g/l Sodium hydrosulphite 2.0 – 5.0 g/l INTENSOL MR 150 / OLI
0.5 g/l redulit EX 5.0 – 10.0 g/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé)
3.0 – 4.0 g/l CHT-DISPERGATOR SMS 3.0 – 5.0 g/l Sodium hydrosulphite
2.0 – 3.0 g/l RETINOL M or
With dark shades treatment should not exceed 20 minutes. 3.0 – 5.0 g/l HT-resistant reduction agent
Longer treatment times can cause precipitation which is Heating to 80 °C. With HT-resistant reduction agents cleaning
difficult to dissolve. If necessary, treatment can be repeated. is possible at temperatures of 90 – 120 °C.
Finishing is carried out in accordance with the original process. Treat for 30 minutes. Then rinse thoroughly hot and cold.

Machine, winch beck and jet: 10.2 Cleaning pad dyer rollers:
The highest possible liquor ratio should also be selected to The cleaning agent is poured over the entire width of the pad
achieve positive stripping results in a machine, winch beck or dyer rollers while the pad dyer moves at a slow speed and
jet, or the quantity of the treated material should be limited. with a low roller pressure. This is then quickly followed by
The bath, which is heated to 40 – 50 °C, is filled with: ­thorough rinsing with hot and cold water. The active time of
2.0 g/l MEROPAN DPE the cleaning agents should only be short as otherwise the
10.0 – 15.0 ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) ­rubber coating of the rollers can be attacked. No problems
5.0 – 7.0 g/l Sodium hydrosulphite have been reported when the agent is used correctly.
1.0 – 3.0 g/l CHT-DISPERGATOR SMS
2.0 – 3.0 g/l RETINOL M 10.3 Cleaning steamers:
The fabric is then treated for 30 minutes at a constant temper- The forerunner of the steamer is impregnated on a pad dyer
ature. Finishing is carried out in accordance with the original with a liquor containing approx. 50 – 100 g/l of one of the
process. INTENSOL brands. The liquor pick-up should be as high as
possible. The forerunner is moved into the heated steamer and
Continuous dyeing: then to the right and left until it reaches the ends of the rollers.
Pad-steam only chemical padding. This procedure is continued until the rollers are clean.
With 100 % liquor pick-up: It is possible to leave the forerunner overnight in the steamer
80.0 – 120.0 ml/l Caustic soda solution 32.5 % (38 °Bé) while impregnated with the cleaning liquor. The next day the
40.0 – 60.0 g/l Sodium hydrosulphite steamer is thoroughly sprayed with hot and cold water.
60.0 – 90.0 g/l SARABID PAW
3.0 g/l Glucose (BN sp.)
If the liquor pick-up is low, adapt the auxiliary quantities!
Steam at 102 °C with saturated steam for 60 seconds.
Finishing is carried out in accordance with the original process.

18 CHT I BEZema
 B E z a t h r e n A P P L I C AT I O N

For further information and technical advice please

contact our technical department.

Our technical advice imparted verbally, in writing or test reports

is given to our best knowledge. It is, however, non-binding. This
also applies in connection with any rights of third parties and
does not free you from examining the suitability of the supplied
product for your intended processes and purposes. The appli-
cation, use and processing of the products is outside our con-
trol and is therefore solely your responsibility.

No responsibility is taken for the correctness of this information. CHT I BEZema 19

 dachcom
07/13_en

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