Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà

ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ

2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 1 / 17
ã°ãäëèéí á³òýö ãýæ þó âý?

Òîäîðõîéëîëò
ã°ãä°ëä ³ð ä³íòýé õàíäàæ, °°ð÷ë°õèéí òóëä °ã°ãäëèéã çîõèîí
áàéãóóëàõ, òîäîðõîé ôîðìàòàä îðóóëàõ àðãà, àëãîðèòìóóäûã õýëíý.

Çóðàã: A. Íýðýýð ýðýìáýëñýí íîìûí òàâèóð, íîì õàéõàä õÿëáàð Á. “ñãýýð íü

èíäåêñýëñýí òîëü áè÷èã ýõëýëèéí ³ñãýýð ³ã õàéõàä õÿëáàð

(a) A (b) Á

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 1 / 17
ã°ãäëèéí á³òýö õè÷ýýëýýð

Àãóóëãà
ã°ãä°ëä íýìýõ, óñòãàõ, õàéõ, °°ð÷ë°ëò õèéõ ñîíãîäîã àëãîðèòì,
àðãóóäûã ³çýæ õýðýãæ³³ëíý.

Õè÷ýýëèéí øààðäëàãà
Ñè õýë ìýääýã áàéõ

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 2 / 17
Ñóðàõ áè÷èã

1 ã°ãäëèéí á³òýö áà àëãîðèòì

2 Introduction to algorithms

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 3 / 17
ijí

Õè÷ýýëèéí ä³í õýðõýí ãàðàõ âý?

Äààëãàâàð 60
1 “íäñýí äààëãàâàð
2 Íýìýëò äààëãàâàð: Íýìýëò îíîî áîëæ îðíî

ßâöûí øàëãàëò 10
Óëèðëûí øàëãàëò 30

ijðýì
Õ³íèé êîäûã àâ÷èðæ ³ç³³ëýõã³é. Êîäûã °°ð°° áè÷íý.
Èíòåðíåòýýñ õ³íèé áè÷ñýí êîäûã äàãàæ áè÷èõã³é.
ijí àìààð ãóéæ ãàðàõã³é. â÷èí, çîâëîí, òýìöýýí óðàëäààí ãýõ ìýò ãýíýòèéí õ³íäýòãýõ øàëòãààíû
³åä ç°âõ°í I, E ³íýëãýý òàâèíà.
W ³íýëãýý òàâèóëàõ áîë õè÷ýýëèéí 2/3 ñóóñàí áàéõ ¼ñòîé.

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 4 / 17
Õè÷ýýëèéí àãóóëãà

Îðóóëàõ, ñîíãîõ, á°ìá°ëã°í ýðýìáýëýëò (Insertion, Selection and

Bubble sorts)
Íýãòãýõ ýðýìáýëýëò, õóðäàí ýðýìáýëýëò (Mergesort, Quicksort)
Á³òýí õî¼ðòûí ìîä (Complete Binary Tree)
Õàéø õ³ñíýãò (Hash table)
Îâîîëãî á³òýö (Heap)
Äàðààëàë, æàãñààëò, ñòàê (List, Queue, Stack)
Õî¼ðòûí õàéëòûí ìîä, òýíöâýðò ìîä (Binary Search Tree, Balanced
Tree)
Ïîñòôèêñ õ°ðâ³³ëýëò, ðåêóðñèâèéã ñòàêààð õýðýãæ³³ëýõ (Postx)
KMP, BM, RabinKarp òåêñòýýñ õàéõ àëãîðèòì
Ãðàô äýýðõ ã³íèé õàéëò, ò°âøíèé õàéëò (DFS, BFS)
Íýãòãýí îëîõ àëãîðèòì (Union-Find)

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 5 / 17
Òîîöîîëëûí çàãâàð: Random-Access-Machine(RAÌ)
çàãâàð

Ìàòåìàòèê ôóíêö, àëãîðèòìûí òîîöîîëëûí äàðààëëûã Random Access

Machine (RÀÌ) ãýæ íýðëýãäýõ õèéñâýð êîìïüþòåð äýýð ñóóðèëóóëàí
õèéäýã. Òîîöîîëëûí ýíý çàãâàð íü
(+, −, ∗, =, if ) ãýõ ìýò ýíãèéí ³éëäë³³ä õóãàöààíû ãàíö àëõàì.
Äàâòàëò áîëîí ôóíêö³³ä ýíãèéí ³éëäë³³ä áèø á°ã°°ä îëîí ýíãèéí
³éëäë³³äýä çàäàðäàã òóë íèéò õóãàöààíû àëõìûã æèæèã
àëõìóóäûí òîîãîîð òîãòîîíî.
Ñàíàõ îéä õóãàöààíû ãàíö àëõìààð õàíäàíà. Ñàíàõ îé õÿçãààðã³é.
ãýæ ³çíý.
Ýíýõ³³ çàãâàð äýýð ³íäýñëýí òóõàéí àëãîðèòì õèð çýðýã ³ð ä³íòýé
àëãîðèòì áý? ãýäýãò øèíæèëãýý õèéæ áîëäîã.

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 6 / 17
RAÌ çàãâàð

Çóðàã: RAM çàãâàð

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 7 / 17
Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 8 / 17
Big-Oh òýìäýãëýãýý

Àëãîðèòìûí õèéæ áàéãàà ³éëäëèéí òîîã îðîëòîîñ õàìààðóóëæ

îéðîëöîîãîîð îëäîã òóë 0 ≈0 òýìäýãëýãýýã 0 =0 -ð îðëóóëàõ øààðäëàãà
ãàðñàí.
Òîäîðõîéëîëò
f , g íü áîäèò òîîí äýä îëîíëîã äýýð òîäîðõîéëîãäñîí ôóíêö³³ä áîë

f (x) = O(g (x)), x → ∞ ⇐⇒ ∃M, x0 ∈ R+ , ∀x ≥ x0

õóâüä |f (x)| ≤ M|g (x)|

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 9 / 17
Big-Oh òýìäýãëýãýý

Æèøýý
f (x) = 6x 4 − 2x 3 + 5, g (x) = x 4 =⇒ f (x) = O(x 4 )
Òîäîðõîéëîëò ¼ñîîð ñîíãîñîí òîãòìîë x0 , M òîî áîëîí á³õ x0 ≤ x -èéí
õóâüä |f (x)| ≤ M|x 4 | áîëíî.
Òýãâýë x0 = 1, M = 13 òîîíóóä äýýðõèéã õàíãàæ ÷àäíà.

|6x 4 − 2x 3 + 5| ≤ 6x 4 + |2x 3 | + 5
≤ 6x 4 + 2x 4 + 5x 4
= 13x 4

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 10 / 17
Big-Oh òýìäýãëýãýý

Æèøýý
f (n) = 32 n2 + 92 n − 2, g (n) = n2 =⇒ f (n) = O(n2 )
Òîäîðõîéëîëò ¼ñîîð ñîíãîñîí òîãòìîë n0 , M òîî áîëîí á³õ n0 ≤ n-èéí
õóâüä |f (n)| ≤ M|n2 | áîëíî.
Òýãâýë n0 = 0, M = 6 òîîíóóä äýýðõèéã õàíãàæ ÷àäíà.

3 2 9 3 2 9 2
n + n−2 ≤ n + n
2 2 2 2
2
≤ 6n

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 11 / 17
 Çóðàã: Big-Oh òýìäýãëýãýý: f (x) ∈ O(g (x)) áîë ∃c > 0, x0 îëäîõ á°ã°°ä
∀x ≥ x0 , f (x) ≤ c · g (x) áàéíà

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 12 / 17
 Çóðàã: Big-Theta òýìäýãëýãýý: f (x) ∈ Θ(g (x)) áîë ∃c1 , c2 > 0, x0 îëäîõ á°ã°°ä
∀x ≥ x0 , c1 · g (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ c2 · g (x) áàéíà

c2g(x)

f(x)

c1g(x)

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 13 / 17
 Çóðàã: Big-Omega òýìäýãëýãýý: f (x) ∈ Ω(g (x)) áîë ∃c > 0, x0 îëäîõ á°ã°°ä
∀x ≥ x0 , f (x) ≥ c · g (x) áàéíà

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 14 / 17
 Çóðàã: Big-Omega òýìäýãëýãýý: f (x) ∈ Ω(g (x)) áîë ∃c > 0, x0 îëäîõ á°ã°°ä
∀x ≥ x0 , f (x) ≥ c · g (x) áàéíà

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 15 / 17
 Çóðàã: Big-Omega òýìäýãëýãýý: f (x) ∈ Ω(g (x)) áîë ∃c > 0, x0 îëäîõ á°ã°°ä
∀x ≥ x0 , f (x) ≥ c · g (x) áàéíà

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 16 / 17
Õàìãèéí ñàéí, ìóó òîõèîëäîë

Àëãîðèòì øèíæèëãýýíä èõýâ÷ëýí õàìãèéí ìóó òîõèîëäëûã àâ÷ ³çäýã.

Insertion ýðýìáýëýõ àðãûí õóâüä õàìãèéí ìóó òîõèîëäîëäîî O(n2 ).
Õàðèí õàìãèéí ñàéí òîõèîëäëûí õóâüä õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý íü O(n) áà
àëãîðèòìûí õóãàöààíû äîîä ³íýëãýý íü Ω(n) áàéíà.

Çóðàã: Õàìãèéí ñàéí òîõèîëäëûí ³íýëãýý

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 17 / 17
 Äààëãàâàð
1 Ñè õýëýý ñýðãýýõ äààëãàâàð.
2 Insertion, Selection, Buble ýðýìáýëýõ àðãûã õýðýãæ³³ëýõ.
3 Õàìãèéí ñàéí, ìóó òîõèîëäëóóäûí õóãàöààíû ³íýëãýý õèéõ.

Ìàã. Ã.Ãàíòóëãà (ÌÓÈÑ-ÕØÓÈÑ) Ëåêö 1: Õóãàöààíû ýýäðýý 2022 îíû 9-ð ñàðûí 5 18 / 17